Index.pdf

Introduction.pdf

Chapter 1 - Magnet Power.pdf

ShenHe Wang’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

John Ecklin’s Magnetic-Shielding Generator.

Howard Johnson’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

The “Carousel” Permanent Magnet Motor/Generator.

Robert Tracy’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Ben Teal’s Electromagnet Motor.

The Jines Permanent Magnet Motor.

Stephen Kundel’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Charles “Joe” Flynn’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Steorn’s Magnetic Devices.

George Soukup’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Dietmar Hohl’s Permanent Magnet Motor

Simple Permanent Magnet Motors

Muammer Yildiz’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Donald Kelly’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Mike Brady’s “Perendev” Magnet Motor.

Chapter 2 - Moving Pulsed Systems.pdf

The Motor/Generator of Robert Adams.

Phemax’s Inertial-Propulsion and Electrical Generation System.

Raymond Kromrey’s Electrical Generator.

Teruo Kawai’s COP=1.6 Magnetic Motor.

James Hardy’s Self-Powered Water-Pump Generator.

Georges Mourier’s COP=10,000 Motor/Generator Patent.

The “RotoVerter” Power Amplification System.

Power Boosting Through Coil Short-Circuiting.

Raoul Hatem’s Magnetic Coupling System.

Lawrence Tseung’s COP=3.3 Pulsed-Flywheel.

Art Porter’s Magnetic System.

DC Motor Efficiency

Chapter 3 - Motionless Pulsed Systems.pdf

Graham Gunderson’s Solid-State Electric Generator.

Charles Flynn’s Magnetic Frame.

Lawrence Tseung’s Magnetic Frame.

The Transformers of Thane Heins.

Combining Magnetic Frames

The Solid-State Magnetostrictive System of Annis and Eberly.

The Motionless Generator of Richard Willis.

The Generator Proposal of “Silverhealtheu”.

Stephan Leben’s Circuits.

Floyd Sweet’s “VTA” Generator.

The Optical Generator of Pavel Imris.

The Michel Meyer and Yves Mace Isotopic Generator.

The Colman / Seddon-Gilliespie Generator.

Robert Norrby’s Generator

The High-Power Devices of Don Smith.

A Practical Implementation of one of Don Smith’s Designs

Tesla Coils Back-to-Back

Making a Solid-State Tesla Coil.

Constructing High-Quality Coils.

A Russian Implementation of Don Smith’s Design

Sergei’s Dynatron circuitry

Tariel Kapanadze’s Self-Powered Generators

The Kapanadze coil analysed by William J. McFreey.

The Cold Electricity Coil of ‘UFOpolitics’

Stanley Meyer’s Electrical Particle Generator.

The Work of Russ Gries.

Chapter 4 - Gravitational Pulsed Systems.pdf

Lawrence Tseung’s COP=3.4 Pulsed-Flywheel Generator.

Chas Campbell’s Flywheel System.

Jacob Byzehr’s Analysis.

The Wilson Self-Powered DC Generator

John Bedini’s COP=8 Pulsed Flywheel.

James Hardy’s Self-Powered Water-Jet Generator.

The Permanent Magnet Pendulum.

Jerzy Zbikowshi’s Mechanical Power Amplifier.

Gravitational Effects.

The Deflected-Weight Generator of Mikhail Dmitriev.

Dale Simpson’s Gravity Wheel Suggestion.

The Abdulsalam Al-Mayahi Gravity Wheel

Veljko Milkovic’s Pendulum/Lever System.

Dale Simpson’s Hinged-Plate Suggestion.

Amr Al-Hossary’s Patent.

Murilo Luciano’s Gravity Chain Suggestion.

Other Gravity-Powered Designs.

Chapter 5 - Energy-Tapping Pulsed Systems.pdf

Frank Prentice’s COP=6 Pulsed Aerial System.

Dave Lawton’s Solid-State Circuit.

John Bedini’s Battery-Charging Circuit.

The Tesla Switch.

Bozidar Lisac’s Power-Boosting System.

Bob Boyce’s Toroid.

Don Smith’s High-Power Devices.

Tariel Kapanadze’s Self-Powered Generators.

The Insights of Vladimir Utkin

Walter Ford’s High-powered Crystal Set

Lawrence Tseung’s Self-Powered “FLEET” Generator.

Ed Gray’s Power System.

Tesla’s Experiments.

The Alberto Molina-Martinez Generator.

Alfred Hubbard’s Self-Powered Generator.

Joseph Cater’s Version of the Hubbard Generator.

A Suggestion

Floyd Sweet’s “VTA” Self-Powered Generator.

Rosemary Ainslie’s COP=17 Heater.

Joseph H. Cater

Dr Oleg Gritskevitch’s 1.5 Megawatt Self-Powered Generator.

Chapter 6 - Battery-Charging Pulsed Systems.pdf

John Bedini’s Battery-Charging System.

Roger Andrews’ Switching System.

Ronald Knight’s Professional Advice on Battery Safety.

Ron Pugh’s Battery Charger.

The Self-Charging Battery Charger.

The Relay Coil Battery Charger.

The Modified Fan Battery Charger.

The Automotive relay Battery Charger.

The Self-Charging Motor.

The ‘Alexkor’ Solid-State Battery Charger Circuits.

Alexkor’s Self-Charging Circuit.

Howerd Halay’s Battery Charging Techniques

The Ron Cole One-Battery Switch.

The Tesla Switch.

The Self-charging Motor

The ‘UFOpolitics’ Motor

Chapter 7 - Aerial Systems and Electrostatic Generators.pdf

Nikola Tesla’s Aerial System.

Jes Ascanius’ Version of Nikola Tesla’s Aerial System.

Thomas Henry Moray’s Aerial System.

Hermann Plauson’s Aerial Systems.

Roy Meyer’s Aerial Device.

The Aerial System of Raymond Phillips Senior.

The “Alexkor” Aerial System.

The TREC

Harmonic Energy Exchange Device

Electrostatic Generators

The Charles Goldie Electrostatic Generator

The Le May Electrostatic Generator

The Onezime Breaux Electrostatic Generator

Chapter 8 - Fuel-less Engines.pdf

Bob Neal’s Compressed Air Engine.

Scott Robertson’s Compressor System.

The Retro-fit Compressed Air Vehicle System of Leroy Rogers.

The Vortex Tube.

Eber Van Valkinburg’s Engine.

Richard Clem’s Motor.

Josef Papp’s Inert Gas Engine Conversion.

Robert Britt’s Inert Gas Motor.

Michael Eskeli’s Turbines.

James Hardy’s Self-Powered Water-jet Generator.

The Heat Pump System of Arthur Cahill and John Scott.

The “Hidro” Self-Powered Generator of James Kwok.

Chapter 9 - Passive Systems.pdf

The Devices of Hans Coler.

Thomas Trawoeger’s Electricity-Producing Pyramid.

Antoine Bovis’ Discoveries.

James Brock’s Experiments.

The Patent of Peter Grandics.

The Pyramids of Les Brown.

Joseph Cater’s Pyramid Analysis.

The Devices of Pier Luigi Ighina.

The Joe Cell.

Recent Joe Cell Developments.

Electrets Constructed from Co-axial Cable.

The Energy Boxes of Joseph H. Cater.

Chapter 10 - Vehicle Systems.pdf

Simple DC Boosters.

Feeding HHO Gas to an Engine.

The “Smack’s” Booster.

The “Hotsabi” Booster.

The “Zach West” Electrolyser.

The “DuPlex” Booster designed by Bill Williams.

The “Hogg” Electrolyser from Selwyn Hughes.

Advanced DC Boosters.

Bob Boyce’s High-Efficiency Electrolyser.

Pulsed Water-Splitters.

Dave Lawton’s Replication of Stan Meyer’s “Water Fuel Cell”.

Stan Meyer’s Style of Construction.

Dave Lawton’s 3-Phase Circuit.

Dave Lawton’s Single-Phase Circuit:

Dr Scott Cramton’s Cell Construction.

Bob Boyce’s High-Gain Toroidal System.

Resonance.

Dave Lawton’s Auto-Tune Circuit.

Running Electrical Generators on Water Alone.

Running an Unmodified Generator on HHO

Stan Meyer’s Water Injection System.

Peter Lindemann’s Lawnmower Running on Water Alone.

Peter Lowrie’s High-Current Electrolyser System.

The Use of Water in Engines.

Ted Ewert’s “Vortex” Air-Feed System.

Cam-Timing Issues in America.

Robert Krupa’s “FireStorm” Spark Plug.

Plasma Ignition.

Roger Maynard’s Water Vapour Injection System.

“Fuelsavers” Streamlining Fins.

Robert Patterson’s “Ram Implosion Wing” Streamlining System.

High-mpg Carburettors.

Allen Caggiano

Fuel Vapouriser Bubbler.

Vortex Fuel Reforming.

Electric Power.

The Weird Nature of Water and Advanced Electrolysis.

The Charles Garrett Electrolyser.

The Archie Blue Electrolyser.

The Petro Dollar

Chapter 11 - Other Devices and Theories.pdf

Nikola Tesla’s Ionised-Air Electrical Generator.

Dr Harold Aspden’s Electrical Power Generator Patent.

Comments by Dr Aspden on 19th March 2006:

The Design of Paulo and Alexandra Correa.

Professor Konstantin Meyl.

Nikola Tesla’s Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion Drive.

The Nature of Gravity by Maurice Cotterell.

John Searle’s Permanent Magnet Drive/Generator.

Dave Lawton’s Gravity-Wave Detector.

Butch Lafonte’s Motor/Generator.

Joseph Newman’s Motor.

Daniel Cook’s Motionless Generator.

Michael Eskeli’s “No Work” Generator.

The Work of Karl Schappeller.

Condensation-Induced Water-Hammer.

William Hyde’s 10 Kilowatt, COP=10, Electrostatic Power Generator.

The Suppression of Knowledge.

Bob Beck’s Electronic Pulser.

Joseph Cater’s Comments.

Chapter 12 - Electronics Tutorial.pdf

Voltage.

Resistance.

Ohm’s Law (resistive Circuits only).

The Potentiometer.

Semiconductors.

Transistor Testers.

The Diode.

Light-Emitting Diodes.

Thyristors (“SCR”s) and Triacs.

Opto-Isolators.

Alternating Current.

Coils (“Inductors”) and Solenoids.

Transformers.

Rectification and Power Supplies.

The Voltage Doubler.

Multivibrators: The Bistable.

the Monostable Multivibrator.

The Astable Multivibrator.

Inverters and Truth Tables.

Gating.

The NAND Latch.

Gate Circuits.

The NAND Gate as an Amplifier.

The NE555 Timer Chip.

The 741 Operational Amplifier.

The SCR and Triac.

A Hex Inverter Signal Generator.

The 4022 Divide-by-Eight Chip.

The 4017 Divide-by-Ten Chip.

A Divide-by-Twenty-five Circuit.

The PIC Revolution.

Capacitors.

AC Power Factors.

Resonance.

Choosing components which are not specified.

Constructing Prototypes.

Test Equipment.

The ‘Bench’ Power Supply.

The Oscilloscope.

Measuring Magnetic Field Strength.

The Weird Stuff.

Chapter 13 - Doubtful Devices.pdf

Paul Baumann’s “Thestatika” Machine.

The Homopolar or “N-Machine”.

The ‘Romag’ and ‘Mini-Romag’ Generators.

Cold Fusion.

The Frolov / Moller Atomic Hydrogen Generator.

Muammer Yildiz’s “Ocean Star” Electrical Generator.

Jesse McQueen’s System.

The “Nitro” Cell.

The “HydroStar” and “HydroGen” Systems.

Hydrogen from Aluminium.

Francois Cornish Hydrogen System.

An Ultrasonic System for Producing Hydrogen.

Valeri Ivanov’s Motionless Generator.

The “MEG” Motionless Electricity Generator.

A Hitchhiker's Guide to the "Free Energy" MEG

The Devices of Hans Coler

Chapter 14 - Renewable Energy Devices.pdf

Heaters.

The Wood-Gas Stove.

Solid Fuel Producing Electricity

The HHO Gas Option.

Henry Paine’s Patent.

The Heaters of Sang Nam Kim.

Heating With Electric Power.

Eugene Frenette’s Patent.

Eugene Perkins’ Patent.

Peter Davey’s AC Heater.

The Series-connected Heater.

The Home Power, Home-Build Wind-Powered Electrical Generator.

William McDavid’s Wind-Powered Generator.

Frank Herbert’s Wind-Powered Generator.

The Mead and Holmes Power System.

Solar Ovens.

The “Easy Lid” Solar Cooker.

Drinking Water Collection Systems.

Toribio Bellocq’s Water Pump.

Richard Dickinson’s Water Pump.

Arthur Bentley’s Water Pump.

The Ram Self-Powered Pump.

Wave Power.

Other Systems.

Cooling Using Heat.

Solar Panels.

Chapter 15 - The Present Situation.pdf

The Situation in the UK

Meet Your Strawman

The Comments of John Harris

What The UK Police Can, and Can’t Do

The Situation in America

The Economic Hit-Men

The Technique:

The Consequences:

Web Links

The Practical Situation

The Situation in Australia

The Comments of Brian Collins

The Economic Techniques

Chapter 16 - Questions and Answers.pdf

Topic: What To Build

A Matter of Opinion

Devices Which are the Easiest to Build

Devices which are of Medium Difficulty

Devices which require higher skill levels

Devices which are unlikely to be practical

Devices which are not really possible

Topic: Electrolysis

Topic: Magnetic Motors

Topic: Don Smith’s Devices

Topic: General Items

Magnetic Heaters:

Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Version: 22.3 Release date: 6th October 2012

Preface

Here is a small amount of background information in order that you can understand the nature of this “Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices”.

I am just an ordinary person who became interested in “free-energy” as a result of a television programme entitled ‘It Runs on Water’ shown in the 1980s by a UK television company called ‘Channel 4’. This programme has since been put on the internet and at this time can be seen at

http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=It+Runs+On+Water#q=It%20Runs%20On%20Water&start=20 . From my point of view, the content of this documentary seemed to be rather unsatisfactory as it suggested quite a number of very interesting things but gave no real hard and fast specifics for the viewer to follow up on to investigate the subject further. However, it had the enormous benefit of making me aware that there was such a thing as “free-energy”.

My attempts to find out more were not very successful. I bought paper copies of several of Stan Meyer’s hydroxy gas patents from the Patent Office in 1986 but while they were interesting, they did not provide much in the way of additional information. Searching on the internet at that time did not produce much more in the way of practical information. Things have changed dramatically since then and there has been an enormous increase in available information. But, even today, it is relatively difficult to find direct, useful and practical information on free-energy systems and techniques. Much of the information consists of chatty, lightweight articles describing people, events and inventions in vague, broad outline terms which are almost completely lacking in specifics.

These articles have the style of saying “There is a new invention called a ‘bus’ which is used to carry passengers from place to place. We saw one the other day, it was painted green and blue and looked most attractive. It is driven by Joe Bloggs who wears an engaging smile and a hand-knitted sweater. Joe says that even his children could drive a bus as it is so easy to do. Joe expects to retire in six months time as he is going to take up gold prospecting.” While I’m sure that an article like that is interesting, the sort of description which I would want would be: “There is a new invention called a ‘bus’ which is used to carry passengers from place to place. We saw one the other day, and were very impressed as it has seats for some forty-five people. It has bodywork made of pressed aluminium, a wheel at each corner of its considerable 40’ x 10’ structure, a five litre diesel engine made by the Bosworth Engineering Company of Newtown, and has power-assisted steering, hydraulic brakes and ……”.

There are also many articles, scientific papers and books which, quite frankly, I am not able to understand as the authors think mathematically and express themselves in equations (where they frequently do not define the terms which they use in their equations, making them effectively meaningless). I do not think in mathematical equations, so I do not share in this much higher level of thinking and analysis, though I do have some of these papers on my web site for the benefit of visitors who do have the ability to understand them easily.

After a long period of searching and investigating I was beginning to gather enough information to be fairly confident of what was being done, what had already been achieved, and some of the possible background reasons for the effects which were being observed. Early in 2005 I decided that as I had encountered so much difficulty and had to put in so much effort to find out the basics of “free-energy” that it could be helpful to others if I shared what I had found out. So I wrote the first edition of this presentation and created a simple web site to make it available to others. Of course, this body of information is not static – on the contrary, it is very fast-moving. Consequently, this information digest is updated and refined typically once or twice per week. The present form of presentation is the third style of layout which has been used as the volume of material has increased.

It should be stressed that this information is what I have discovered as part of my interest in the subject and is mainly a reporting on what is being said by other people. I have not built and proved every device described – to do that would take many lifetimes, so please understand that this is just an attempt to aid your own investigation. While it can be proved that some device works as described, through independent replication and verification, the reverse is not true. If someone were to build a device and fail to get it to work as described, then the most that can honestly be said is that an unsuccessful attempt was made to replicate it. It does not, of course, show that the original device did not operate exactly as described, just that the (possibly inept) attempt at replication, was not successful. In some instances, you will see that I have expressed the opinion that the device is not viable, or, as in the case of the ‘Nitro Cell’ that I do think that it does work, but as many people have tried to build it and failed to get the results described, that it can’t be recommended as an investigation project.

I do not suggest that this set of information covers every possible device, nor that my description is by any means the complete and definitive statement of everything to be known on the subject. The old saying applies here: “If you think you know all the answers, then you just haven’t heard all the questions!” So, this material is just an introduction to the subject and not an encyclopaedia of every known device.

I should like to thank the very large number of people who have most kindly given me their permission to reproduce details of some of their work, providing photographs, checking what I have written, suggesting additions, etc. Also those kind people who have given me permission to reproduce their own works directly on my web sites or in my documents. There seems to be a common thread of concern among many people that shows as a desire to share this information freely rather than to try to make money from selling it, and I thank these people for their generosity.

Many people hold “conspiracy theory” views and believe that there is a concerted effort to suppress this information, and more especially, to prevent free-energy devices reaching the market. Personally, I think that while that is certainly true, the bulk of this opposition is just the normal reaction of vested commercial interests. If you were making a profit of literally millions per hour, would you welcome the introduction of a system which would eventually cut your income to zero? If not, then how much would you be willing to pay someone to make sure that the present system is never changed – a million? A billion? While this opposition is definitely there and people who stand to lose money and/or power through change will continue to oppose this knowledge, and to a much greater extent, the introduction of any commercial free-energy device, this is not something which I feel is immediately relevant to this presentation, and so almost the entire focus of the information is on devices – what they do, how they are made and how they may operate when they draw additional energy from the local environment.

Let me stress again, that this set of information is not by any means the final word on the subject, but just an introduction to the subject by a single person who makes no claims to knowing all the answers. Enjoy your research – I hope you are successful in every respect.

April 2008

A Practical Guide to ‘Free-Energy’ Devices

Contents

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I -1

Chapter 1: Magnet Power

The ShenHe Wang permanent magnet motor-generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1

The Ecklin-Brown generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 4

The Howard Johnson magnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 6

The ‘Carousel’ permanent magnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 7

The Robert Tracy permanent magnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 9

The Ben Teal electromagnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 9

The Jines permanent magnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11

The Stephen Kundel permanent magnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 12

Charles Flynn’s permanent magnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 13

Steorn's Magnet Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 22

George Soukup’s Magnet Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 24

Dietmar Hohl’s V-Magnet Motor and Jes Ascanius’ implementation of it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 27

Muammer Yildiz’s Magnet Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 29

Donald Kelly's Magnet Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 48

Mike Brady's Perendev Magnet Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 49

Chapter 2: Moving Pulsed Systems

The Adams Motor/Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1

The Phemax Self-Powered motor/generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 12

The Kromrey No-Drag Electrical Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 15

The Teruo Kawai Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23

James Hardy’s Water-jet Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25

Georges Mourier’s COP=10,000 Motor/Generator Patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27

The RotoVerter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 37

Coil-shorting techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 42

Raoul Hatem’s Energy System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 46

Lawrence Tseung's COP = 3.3 Pulsed Rotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 48

Art Porter’s Electromagnetic Motor System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 54

Raising DC Motor Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 55

Chapter 3: Motionless Pulsed Systems

Graham Gunderson’s Solid-State Electric Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1

Charles Flynn’s devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2

Lawrence Tseung's magnetic frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 3

Thane Heins' dual toroidal magnetic frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 4

Cascading magnetic frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 8

The Motionless Generator of Theodore Annis and Patrick Eberly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 10

The Richard Willis COP>1 Motionless Electrical Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 11

The ‘silverhealtheu’ bar generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 13

Stephan W. Leben's device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 14

Floyd Sweet’s VTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 15

Pavel Imris’ Optical Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 17

The Michel Meyer and Yves Mace Isotopic Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 19

The Colman / Seddon-Gilliespie Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 20

Robert Norrby’s Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 22

Don Smith’s Magnetic Resonance System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 28

A practical construction of one of Don Smith’s devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 58

Using two Tesla Coils back-to-back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 79

Making a Solid-state Tesla Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 83

Construction of high-quality coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 87

A Russian implementation of one of Don Smith’s Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 88

The Dynatron device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 93

Tariel Kapanadze’s Self-powered Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 108

William McFreey’s Kapanadze analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 113

The Cold Electricity Coil of ‘UFOpolitics’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 126

Stanley Meyer’s Magnetic Particles Power Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 134

Chapter 4: Gravitational Pulsed Systems

Lawrence Tseung's Gravity Impact wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1

The Chas Campbell System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4

Jacob Bitsadze’s Pulley Ratio Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 9

The Wilson self-powered DC generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 10

The Bedini Pulsed Flywheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11

James Hardy’s Water-jet Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 12

The Two-year magnetic Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 12

Jerzy Zbikowski’s Chain Drive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 16

Gravitational Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 17

Mikhail Dmitriev’s nudged weights gravity wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 18

The Dale Simpson Gravity Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 21

Abdulsalam Al-Mayahi’s Gravity Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 23

The Veljko Milkovic Pendulum / Lever system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 27

The Dale Simpson Hinged-Plate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 28

Amr Al-Hossary's Hinged-PlateDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 30

The Murilo Luciano Gravity Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 30

Other Gravity Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 30

Chapter 5: Energy-Tapping Pulsed Systems

Frank Prentice’s horizontal wire system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 1

Dave Lawton’s Water Fuel Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 3

John Bedini’s Battery Pulse-Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4

The Tesla Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 5

Bozidar Lisac's 1-battery charger patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 11

Bob Boyce’s Toroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 20

Don Smith’s devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 26

Tariel Kapanadze's system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 27

The insights of Vladimir Utkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 27

Walter Ford’s high-powered crystal set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 121

Lawrence Tseung’s “FLEET” toroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 123

The Ed Gray / Marvin Cole Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 127

Tesla’s Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 130

The Alberto Molina-Martinez Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 135

The Hubbard Self-powered Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 136

The Joseph Cater Self-powered Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 139

A Hubbard coil high-power design suggestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 146

Floyd Sweet’s VTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 148

Rosemary Ainslie's COP=17 heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 150

Joseph H Cater's Self-sustaining generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 151

Dr Oleg Gritskevitch's COP=100 1.5 MW generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 152

Chapter 6: Battery-Charging Pulsed Systems

Bedini Pulsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 2

Roger Andrews’ switching system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 2

Ron Knight’s professional battery advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 5

Ron Pugh’s Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 5

The Self-charging Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 18

The Relay Coil Battery Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 20

The Re-wired Fan Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 21

The Automotive Coil Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 22

The Self-charging Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 24

The Alexkor multiple battery charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 25

Howerd Halay’s cold electricity conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 32

The Ron Cole One-Battery Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 34

The Tesla Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 34

The self-charging motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 34

The ‘UFOpolitics’ motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 39

Chapter 7: Aerial Systems and Electrostatic Generators

Nikola Tesla’s Aerial Plate Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 1

The Jes Ascanius replication of Tesla’s Aerial Plate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 9

The printed circuit board of Dragan Kljajic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 12

Thomas Henry Moray’s System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 14

Herman Plauson’s System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 30

Roy Meyer’s System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 32

Raymond Phillips’ RF System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 33

The ‘Alexkor’ Aerial System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 37

The ‘TREC’ Aerial System of Lawrence Rayburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 38

The Patent Application of Harold Deyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 40

The Electrostatic Generator of Charles Goldie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 50

The Electrostatic Generator of D. Le May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 54

The Electrostatic Generator of Onezime Breaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 67

Chapter 8: Fuel-less Motors

The Bob Neal Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 1

The Scott Robertson air compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4

The Leroy Rogers Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 6

The Vortex Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 21

The Eber Van Valkinburg Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 23

The Clem Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 23

The Papp Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 25

The Robert Britt Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 28

The Michael Eskeli Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 28

James Hardy’s Water-Jet Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 47

The Cahill & Scott Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 48

James Kwok’s “Hidro” Self-Powered Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 53

Chapter 9: Passive Systems

Hans Cohler’s device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 1

Thomas Trawoeger’s pyramid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 3

Peter Grandics’ pyramid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 20

Les Brown’s pyramid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 22

Joseph H. Cater’s explanation of how a pyramid actually works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 29

Pier Luigi Ighina’s “ERIM” and “Elios” passive devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 31

The Joe Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 35

Co-axial Cable Electrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 67

Joseph Cater’s free-energy box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 69

Chapter 10: Vehicle Systems

Booster design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 1

Simple DC boosters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 2

The “Smack's” booster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 17

The “Hotsabi” booster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 18

The Zach West booster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 18

Bill Williams’ “DuPlex” booster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 27

The ‘Hogg’ Electrolyser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 28

Advanced Boosters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 34

The Bob Boyce DC electrolyser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 34

Pulsed Water-Splitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 35

Dave Lawton's Meyer Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 35

Dr Cramton's water-splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 54

Bob Boyce's Toroidal water-splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 60

John Bedini Water-Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 61

Dave Lawton’s Auto-Tune Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 62

Running an Electrical Generator on Water Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 63

Running an Unmodified Generator on Water Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 86

Stan Meyer's Water Injection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 90

Peter Lindemann running a lawnmower on water alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 95

Peter Lowrie’s High-Current Electrolyser System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 96

Water use in engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 97

Ted Ewert’s Vortex Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 100

Cam timing Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 105

Robert Krupa’s ‘FireStorm’ Spark Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 106

Plasma Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 107

Roger Maynard’s Water Vapour Injection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 108

“Fuelsavers” streamlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 110

The Ram Implosion Wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 110

High mpg Carburettors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 110

Allen Caggiano’s High-mpg carburettor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 112

A Fuel Vapourisation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 116

Vortex Fuel Reforming (GEET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 117

Electric Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 119

The Weird Nature of Water and Advanced Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 121

The Electrolyser of Charles Garrett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 127

The Electrolyser of Archie Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 128

Chapter 11: Other Devices and Theories

The Tesla Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 1

The Aspden Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 3

Paulo & Alexandra Correa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 15

Professor Konstantin Meyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 16

Tesla’s MHD unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 16

The Unified Field Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 18

Maurice Cotterell’s Explanation of Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 23

John R. R. Searle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 30

The Gravity Wave Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 30

The Butch Lafonte Motor / Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 32

The Joseph Newman’s COP = 8 Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 37

Daniel Cook’s Induction Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 48

Michael Eskeli’s Fuel-less Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 43

Karl Schappeller’s Free-energy Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 57

Condensation-Induced Water Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 72

William Hyde's COP = 10 Electrostatic Power Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 73

The Suppression of Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 82

Chapter 12: Electronics Tutorial

Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 1

Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 2

Semiconductors – Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 10

Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 15

Alternating Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 17

Coils (Inductors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 17

The Ben Teal Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 19

Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 21

Rectification and Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 22

Multivibrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 26

The Bistable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 26

The Monostable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 27

The Astable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 28

Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 29

Digital Logic and Truth Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 29

The NAND gate and Gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 31

The Latch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 34

The NE555 Timer Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 38

The 741 Op-amp Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 54

The SCR (Thyristor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 58

The Triac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 59

A simple, adjustable oscillator using a Schmitt inverter chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 60

A simple, versatile, Schmitt inverter signal generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 60

The CD4022BC Divide-By-Eight Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 61

The cascaded CD4017B Divide-By-N circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 64

The PIC chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 65

Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 68

AC Circuitry, inductors and resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 70

Choosing unspecified component values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 75

Prototype Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 78

Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 82

Power Supply Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 86

The Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 88

Measuring magnetic field strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 89

The Weird Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 90

Chapter 13: Doubtful Devices

Paul Baumann’s “Thestakia” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 1

The Homopolar or “N-Machine” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 4

The Borderland Science Homopolar AC Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 5

The “Romag” and “Mini-Romag” Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 6

Cold Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 9

Moller’s Atomic Hydrogen Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 9

Muammer Yaldiz’s “Ocean Star” Electrical Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 11

Jesse McQueen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 18

The Nitro Cell (“D18”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 21

The HydroStar and HydroGen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 40

Hydrogen from Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 44

Francois Cornish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 45

Ultrasonic water-splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 46

Valeri Ivanov’s Motionless Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 47

The MEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 48

Dave Lawton’s assymetric MEG variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 50

The Hitch-Hiker’s MEG description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 51

The Devices of Hans Coler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 60

Chapter 14: Renewable Energy Devices

Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 1

The Wood-gas Stove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 1

The solid-fuel electricity stove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 3

Sang Nam Kim's HHO heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 6

Eugene Perkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 9

Eugene Frenette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 9

The Peter Davey Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 13

The re-wired halogen heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 15

Home-build Wind Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 15

William McDavid’s Wind-Power or Water-Power Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 16

Frank Herbert’s Wind Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 17

Mead and Holmes Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 19

Solar Ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 20

Solar Water Pasteurisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 41

Solar Water Stills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 47

Sonic Water Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 50

The Ram Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 53

Wave Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 55

Cooling Using Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 59

Solar Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 61

Chapter 15: The Present Situation

Why free-energy devices are not in your local shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 1

Chapter 16: Questions and Answers

What to Build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 1

Questions on Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 7

Questions on Magnet Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 17

Questions on Don Smith’s Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 19

Questions on General Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 22

Appendix

US and UK Wire sizes and capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A -1

Frank Fecera’s permanent magnet motor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 2

Howard Johnson’s permanent magnet motor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 46

Harold Ewing’s Carousel permanent magnet-generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 56

The Pavel Imris minimal power lighting system patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 74

The Colman/Seddon-Gillespie 70-year battery patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 83

The Jon Sok An Lenz-less electrical generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 87

The Molina Martinez self-powered electrical generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 100

Michael Ognyanov’s solid-state electrical generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 113

Edwin Gray’s electric motor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 119

Edwin Gray’s electric power supply patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 142

The Adams-Aspden electrical motor-generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 148

William Barbat’s self-powered electrical generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 164

John Reardon’s AC generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 196

Geoffrey Spence’s self-powered electrical generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 213

Robert Alexander’s COP = 2.93 electrical generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 228

Shigeaki Hayasaka’s electrical generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 236

Larry Jamison’s electrical generator patent application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 252

Teruo Kawai’s COP>1 electric motor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 259

Joseph Newman’s Energy Generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 280

Philip Brody’s very high output ceramic solar devices patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 298

Charles Flynn’s controlled magnetic devices patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 338

The Motionless Electromagnetic Generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 411

Dan Davidson’s acoustic-magnetic electrical generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 427

John Bedini’s battery-charging patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 434

John Bedini’s motor-generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 445

John Bedini’s pulse-charging system patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 456

Richard Weir and Carl Nelson’s battery replacement patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 470

Hermann Plauson’s aerial power systems patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 485

Roy Meyers’ Electricity-producing device patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 524

Paulo and Alexandra Correa’s free-electricity patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 532

Paulo and Alexandra Correa’s energy conversion patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 561

The Mead-Nachamkin ZPE to electricity conversion patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 603

Stanley Meyer’s Water Fuel patent 4,936,961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 620

Stanley Meyer’s hydrogen injection system for vehicles patent 4,389,981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 627

Stanley Meyer’s hydrogen gas burner patent 4,421,474 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 637

Stanley Meyer’s hydrogen generation and enhancement patent 5,149,407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 642

Stanley Meyer’s water fuel generator patent CA 2,067,735 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 659

Stanley Meyer’s WFC control circuitry patent WO 92/07861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 670

Stephen Meyer’s water-splitting patent application 2005/0246059 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 680

Henry Puharich’s water-splitting patent 4,392,230 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 689

Shigeta Hasebe’s spiral electrolyser patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 719

Stephen Chambers’ hydroxy generator patent (Xogen Power Inc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 725

Charles Garrett’s water carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 740

Archie Blue’s electrolyser patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 748

Ruggero Santilli’s plasma arc electrolysis patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 754

Chak Chang’s low-voltage low-temperature plasma patent application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 764

Juan Aguero’s water-engine patent application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 823

Stephen Horvath’s water-powered car patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 830

Christopher Eccles’ water-splitting cell patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 857

Spiro Spiros’ COP>1 electrolyser patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 864

Henry Paine’s hydroxy gas conversion patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 901

Boris Volfson’s gravity drive patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 904

Charles Pogue’s first high-mpg carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 919

Charles Pogue’s second high-mpg carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 927

Charles Pogue’s third high-mpg carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 932

Ivor Newberry’s high-mpg carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 940

Robert Shelton’s high-mpg carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 945

Harold Schwartz’s high-mpg carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 949

Oliver Tucker’s high-mpg carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 952

Thomas Ogle’s high-mpg carburettor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 955

Stephen Kundel’s permanent magnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 968

Charles Flynn’s permanent magnet motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 992

Claude Mead and William Holmes’ wind power storage system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1021

The Richard Willis COP>>1 electrical generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1028

Graham Gunderson's pulsed toroid generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1038

Mark McKay's investigation into Edwin Gray's technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1046

Mike Brady’s “Perendev” magnet motor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1107

Donald Kelly’s magnet motor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1118

Bob Neal’s compressor patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1127

Leroy Rogers’ compressed air engine patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1133

Eber Van Valkinburg’s compressed air/oil engine patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1149

Josef Papp’s inert-gas engine patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1154

Robert Britt’s Inert-gas engine patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1187

Floyd Sweet’s “VTA” Electrical Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1197

Meguer Kalfaian’s Electrical Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1211

Theodore Annis and Patrick Eberly’s Motionless Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1221

William McDavid’s Wind-Power or Water-power Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1223

Scientific Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1253

Web links to Scientific Papers and Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1255

Alphabetical Index of Devices

AC generator patent, John Reardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 196

Acoustic-magnetic electrical generator patent, Dan Davidson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 427

Acoustic water pumps: Bellocq, Dickinson and Benson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 60

Advanced Electrolysis, Moray B. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 122

Aerial power systems patent, Hermann Plauson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 485

Aerial system, Frank Prentice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 1

Aerial system, Harold Deyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 40

Aerial system, Hermann Plauson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 30

Aerial system, Jes Ascanius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 9

Aerial system, Lawrence Rayburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 38

Aerial system, Nikola Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 1

Aerial system, Raymond Phillips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 33

Aerial system, Roy Meyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 32

Aerial system, Thomas Henry Moray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 14

Air Vortex Turbine, Ted Ewert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 90

Amr Al-Hossary's Hinged-Plate Gravity Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 30

Aspden Effect, Harold Aspden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 130

Asymmetrical Motionless Generator, Dave Lawton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 50

Atomic Hydrogen generator, William Lyne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 9

Automotive Relay battery pulser, Imhotep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 22

Battery-charging patent, John Bedini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 434

Battery-pulser, Bozidar Lisac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 12

Battery-pulser, Alexkor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 25

Battery-pulser, John Bedini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 2

Battery-pulser, Ron Pugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 5

Battery replacement patent, Richard Weir and Carl Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 470

Battery technology, Ronald Knight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 5

Bi-filar Coil, Nikola Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 132

Blood electrifier, Bob Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 85

Boosters, Various . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 1

Britt Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 28

Capacitor Battery Pulser, Ron Cole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 34

Caravan Power System, Claude Mead and William Holmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 19

Car relay pulse charger, Imhotep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 22

Chain Drive, Jerzy Zbikowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 16

Clem engine, Richard Clem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 23

Co-axial Cable Electrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 67

Cold Electricity Coil of ‘UFOpolitics’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 126

Colloidal Silver, Bob Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 85

Compressed-air engine, Bob Neal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 1

Compressed-air engine, Leroy Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 6

Compressed-air tank, Scott Robertson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4

Compressed-air/oil engine, Eber Van Valkenburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 23

Controlled magnetic devices patent, Charles Flynn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 338

COP = 2.93 electrical generator patent, Robert Alexander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 228

COP>1 electric motor patent, Teruo Kawai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 259

COP>1 electrolyser patent, Spiro Spiros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 864

Davey water heater, Peter Davey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 13

Drinking Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 46

Dynatron electrical generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 93

Electrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 68

Electrical energy from air, Nikola Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 1

Electrical free-energy generation, Harold Aspden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 3

Electrical generator, Alfred Hubbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 136

Electrical generator, Arthur Cahill & John Scott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 48

Electrical generator, Joseph Cater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 151

Electrical generator, Alberto Molina-Martinez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 135

Electrical generator, Borderland Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 6

Electrical generator, Ecklin-Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 4

Electrical generator, Graham Gunderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1

Electrical generator, Dr Oleg Gritskevitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 152

Electrical generator patent application, Larry Jamison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 252

Electrical generator, Meyer-Mace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 19

Electrical generator, Raoul Hatem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 46

Electrical generator, Raymond Kromrey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 15

Electrical generator, Richard Willis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 11

Electrical generator, self-powered, Mr Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 10

Electrical Generator, ‘silverhealtheu’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 13

Electrical generator patent, Shigeaki Hayasaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 236

Electrical Generator, Stan Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 134

Electrical Generator, Tariel Kapanadze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 108

Electrical Generator, William McFreey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 113

Electrical motor-generator patent, Adams-Aspden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 148

Electricity-producing device patent, Roy Meyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 524

Electricity-producing solid-fuel stove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 3

Electric motor, Ben Teal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 9

Electric motor, Ben Teal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6

Electric motor patent, Edwin Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 119

Electrical motor, Georges Mourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27

Electrical motor, Edwin Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 127

Electric motor, Robert Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1

Electric motor, Teruo Kawai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23

Electric power supply patent, Edwin Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 142

Electrolyser, Archie Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 128

Electrolyser, Bob Boyce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 20

Electrolyser, Bob Boyce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 34

Electrolyser, Bob Boyce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 60

Electrolyser, Charles Garrett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 127

Electrolyser, Peter Lowrie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 96

Electrolyser, Zach West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 18

Electrolyser patent, Archie Blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 748

Electrostatic Power Generator, Onezime Breaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 67

Electrostatic Power Generator, Charles Goldie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 50

Electrostatic Power Generator, William Hyde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 73

Electrostatic Power Generator, D. Le May . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 54

Elios device, Pier Luigi Ighina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 34

Energy-conversion patent, Paulo and Alexandra Correa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 561

Energy Generator patent, Joseph Newman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 280

ERIM device, Pier Luigi Ighina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 31

Fan Battery Pulser, Imhotep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 21

FireStorm spark plug, Robert Krupa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 106

FLEET power toroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 123

Francois Cornish hydrogen generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 45

Free-electricity patent, Paulo and Alexandra Correa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 532

Free-energy box, Joseph H Cater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 69

Free-energy device, Karl Schappeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 57

Fuelsavers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 110

GEET fuel re-former system, Paul Pantone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 108

Generator running on water alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 63

Gravity-chain device, Murilo Luciano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 30

Gravity device, Amr Al-Hossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 30

Gravity device, Dale Simpson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 28

Gravity drive patent, Boris Volfson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 904

Gravity-tapping generator, Chas Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4

Gravity Wave Detector, Dave Lawton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 30

Gravity wheel, Abdulsalam Al-Mayahi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 23

Gravity wheel, Dale Simpson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 21

Gravity wheel, Lawrence Tseung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1

Gravity wheel, Mikhail Dmitriev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 18

Heater, Fuel-less, Michael Eskeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 50

Heater, COP=17 by Rosemary Ainslie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 150

Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 1

Heater, Magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 39

Hidro Generator, James Kwok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 53

High-mpg carburettor patent, Charles Pogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 919

High-mpg carburettor patent, Charles Pogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 927

High-mpg carburettor patent, Charles Pogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 932

High-mpg carburettor patent, Harold Schwartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 949

High-mpg carburettor patent, Ivor Newberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 940

High-mpg carburettor patent, Oliver Tucker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 952

High-mpg carburettor patent, Robert Shelton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 945

High-mpg carburettor patent, Thomas Ogle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 955

Hinged-plate gravity device, Dale Simpson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 28

Hogg electrolyser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 28

Homopolar generator, Michael Faraday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 4

Hotsabi booster, "Hotsabi" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 18

Hydraulic Ram Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 53

Hydrogen from Aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 44

Hydrogen gas burner patent 4,421,474, Stanley Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 637

Hydrogen generation and enhancement patent 5,149,407, Stanley Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 642

Hydrogen injection system for vehicles patent 4,389,981, Stanley Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 627

HydroStar and HydroGen devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 40

Hydroxy gas conversion patent, Henry Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 901

Hydroxy generator patent, Stephen Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 725

Hydroxy-burning heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 6

Induction Coil generator, Daniel Cook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 48

Inert-gas engine, Josef Papp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 25

Inert-gas engine, Robert Britt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 28

Inverter system, Jesse McQueen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 18

Joe Cell, Joe Nobel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 35

Joseph Newman Motor, Joseph Newman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 37

Lead-out energy, Lawrence Tseung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1

Lawnmower running on water alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 95

Lenz-less electrical generator patent, Jon Sok An . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 87

Long-life battery, Colman / Seddon-Gillespie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 20

Low-voltage low-temperature plasma patent application, Chak Chang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 764

Magnet motor-generator, permanent 5kW, Shen He Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1

Magnet Motor, Art Porter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 55

Magnet motor, Carousel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 7

Magnet-generator patent, Carousel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 56

Magnet motor patent, Charles Flynn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 13

Magnet Motor, Dietmar Hohl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 27

Magnet Motor, Jes Ascanius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 27

Magnet motor patent, Frank Fecera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 2

Magnet Motor, George Soukup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 24

Magnet motor, Howard Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 6

Magnet motor patent, Howard Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 46

Magnet motor, John Jines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11

Magnet motor, Donald Kelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 48

Magnet motor, Perendev (Mike Brady) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 49

Magnet motor, Robert Tracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 9

Magnet motor, Steorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 22

Magnet motor, Stephen Kundel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 12

Magnetic Conversion, Don Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 28

Magnetic Conversion, Don Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 26

Magnetic flux, Charles Flynn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2

Magnetic frame, cascading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 3

Magnetic frame, Lawrence Tseung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 3

Magnetic frame, Thane Heins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 4

Magnetohydrodynamic drive, Nikola Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 17

MEG, Tom Beardon et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 48

Minimal power lighting system patent, Pavel Imris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 74

Motionless Generator of Valeri Ivanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 47

Motionless Electromagnetic Generator patent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 411

Motor-generator, Butch Lafonte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 30

Motor-generator patent, John Bedini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 445

Motor-generator patent, Georges Mourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27

N-machine generator, Michael Faraday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 2

Neal Compressed-air Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 1

Nitro Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 20

Ocean-Star generator, Muammer Yaldiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 11

One-battery switch, Ron Cole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 34

Optical Amplifier, Pavel Imris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 17

Pancake Coil, Nikola Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 130

Pendulum/lever device, Veljko Milkovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 27

Phase-Lock-Loop water-splitting circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 62

Plasma arc electrolysis patent, Ruggero Santilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 754

Power System for Caravans, Mead and Holmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 19

Power tube, Edwin Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 127

Pulse-charging system patent, John Bedini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 456

Pulsed DC Motor, Ted Ewert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 6

Pulsed flywheel generator, Jacob Bitsadze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 9

Pulsed flywheel generator, Chas Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4

Pulsed flywheel generator, John Bedini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11

Pulsed flywheel generator, Jim Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 7

Pulsed flywheel generator, Lawrence Tseung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 48

Pyramid, James Brock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 15

Pyramid, Joseph H. Cater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 29

Pyramid, Les Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 22

Pyramid, Paulo and Alexandra Correa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 15

Pyramid, Peter Grandics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 21

Pyramid, Thomas Trawoeger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 3

Radium power generation, Nikola Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 2

RF aerial to DC power, Raymond Phillips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 33

Raising DC motor efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 55

Ram Implosion Wing, Robert Patterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 110

Ram Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 53

Refrigeration through heating, Albert Einstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 59

Romag generator, Magnetic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 6

RotoVerter, Hector Torres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 37

Searle Effect Device, John R. R. Searle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 30

Self-powered water-jet electrical generator, James Hardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25

Self-powered water-jet electrical generator, James Hardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 12

Self-powered water-jet electrical generator, James Hardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 47

Self-powered electrical generator patent, Geoffrey Spence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 213

Self-powered electrical generator, Joseph H Cater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 151

Self-powered electrical generator patent, Molina Martinez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 100

Self-powered electrical generator patent, Tariel Kapanadze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 108

Self-powered electrical generator, Stephan W. Leben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 14

Self-powered electrical generator patent, William Barbat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 164

Seventy-year battery patent, Colman/Seddon-Gillespie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 83

Smack's Booster, Eletrik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 17

Solar ovens, BYU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 20

Solar panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 61

Solar Still Water-makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 47

Solid-state electrical generator patent, Michael Oyganov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 113

Spiral electrolyser patent, Shigeta Hasebe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 719

Stromerzeuger, Hans Coler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 60

Stromerzeuger, Hans Coler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 1

Tesla Coil, Correas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 15

Tesla Coil, Don Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 28

Tesla Switch, Nikola Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 6

Tesla Switch, Nikola Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 35

Testatika, Paul Baumann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 1

Toroidal Power Unit, Bob Boyce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 20

Turbine, Michael Eskeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 28

Ultrasonic hydrogen generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 46

Very high output ceramic solar devices patent, Philip Brody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 298

Vortex Fuel Reformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 117

Vortex tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 21

VTA, Floyd Sweet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 15

VTA, Floyd Sweet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 148

VTA, Floyd Sweet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1196

Waste spark handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 71

Water Acoustic Pump, Toribio Bellocq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 50

Water Acoustic Pump, Richard Dickinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 51

Water Acoustic Pump, Arthur Bentley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 52

Water carburettor patent, Charles Garrett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 740

Water clusters, Moray B. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 740

Water-engine patent application, Juan Aguero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 823

Water Fuel Cell, Dr Scott Cramton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 54

Water Fuel Cell, Dave Lawton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4

Water Fuel Cell, Dave Lawton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 35

Water fuel generator patent CA 2,067,735, Stanley Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 659

Water Fuel patent 4,936,961, Stanley Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 620

Water-jet self-powered generator, James Hardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25

Water-jet self-powered generator, James Hardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 47

Water-maker, Calice Courneya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 49

Water-maker, Elmer Grimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 49

Water-makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 46

Water Heater, Peter Davey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 13

Water-powered car patent, Stephen Horvath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 830

Water-Powered Generator, William McDavid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 16

Water-Powered Generator, William McDavid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1233

Water-splitting cell patent, Christopher Eccles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 857

Water-splitting patent application 2005/0246059, Stephen Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 680

Water-splitting patent 4,392,230, Henry Puharich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 689

Water vapour injection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 108

Water injection systems, Stan Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 90

WFC control circuitry patent WO 92/07861, Stanley Meyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 670

Wind Generator, Dan Bartmann and Dan Fink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 15

Wind Generator, Frank Herbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 17

Wind-Powered Generator, William McDavid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 16

Wind-Powered Generator, William McDavid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1233

Wind Power Storage System, Claude Mead and William Holmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1021

Wire sizes and capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A -1

ZPE to electricity conversion patent, Mead-Nachamkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 603

Alphabetical Index of People

Adams, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 1

Adams, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 148

Aguero, Juan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 823

Alexander, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 228

Al-Hossary, Amr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 27

Al-Mayahi, Abdulsalam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 23

Ainslie, Rosemary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 150

An, Jon Sok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 87

Andrews, Roger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 3

Annis, Theodore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 10

Ascanius, Jes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 3

Aspden, Harold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 3

Aspden, Harold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 148

Barbat, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 164

Bartmann, Dan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 10

Baumann, Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 1

Beardon, Tom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 48

Bearden, Tom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 411

Beck, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 85

Beck, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 44

Bedini, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11

Bedini, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4

Bedini, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 2

Bedini, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 434

Bedini, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 445

Bedini, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 456

Bellocq, Toribio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 50

Bentley, Arthur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 52

Bitsadze, Jacob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 9

Borderland Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 5

Blue, Archie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 128

Blue, Archie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 748

Boyce, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 20

Boyce, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 34

Boyce, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 34

Brady, Mike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 49

Brady, Mike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1107

Breaux, Onezime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 67

Brinkley, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 44

Britt, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 28

Britt, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1186

Brock, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 16

Brody, Philip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 298

Brown, Les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 23

Bundock, Jim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 37

Byzehr, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 9

Caggiano, Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 112

Cahill, Arthur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 34

Campbell, Chas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 4

Cater, Joseph H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 139

Cater, Joseph H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 151

Cater, Joseph H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 29

Cater, Joseph H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 69

Cater, Joseph H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 86

Chambers, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 725

Chang, Chak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 764

Clem, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 23

Coe, Graham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 14

Cole, Marvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 127

Cole, Ron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 34

Coler, Hans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 60

Coler, Hans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 1

Colman, Harold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 20

Colman, Harold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 83

Cook, Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 48

Cornish, Francois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 45

Correa, Paulo and Alexandra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 15

Correa, Paulo and Alexandra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 561

Cotterell, Maurice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 23

Courneya, Calice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 49

Cramton, Dr Scott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 54

Davidson, Dan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 427

Davson, Cryil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 57

Deyo, Harold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 40

Dickinson, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 51

Dmitriev, Mikhail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 18

Drbal, Karel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 7

Eberly, Patrick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 10

Eccles, Christopher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 857

Ecklin, John W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 4

Einstein, Albert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 59

Electrodyne Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 5

EnergeticForum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 93

Eskeli, Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 50

Eskeli, Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 28

EVGRAY, Yahoo forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 31

Ewert, Ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 100

Ewing, Harold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 56

Faraday, Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 4

Fecera, Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 2

Fink, Dan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 15

Flynn, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 13

Flynn, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 2

Flynn, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 338

Flynn, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 992

Ford, Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 121

Frenette, Eugene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 9

Garrett, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 127

Garrett, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 740

Giannopoulos, Nikanor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 79

Goldie, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 50

Grandics Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 21

Gray, Edwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 127

Gray, Edwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 119

Gray, Edwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 142

Gray, Edwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1046

Grimes Elmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 49

Gritskevitch, Dr Oleg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 152

Gunderson, Graham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1

Gunderson, Graham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1038

Hardy, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25

Hardy, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 12

Hardy, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 47

Hasebe, Shigeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 719

Hatem, Raoul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 46

Hayasaka, Shigeaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 236

Heath, Brian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 21

Heins, Thane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 4

Herbert, Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 17

Hohl, Dietmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 27

Holdgate, Ed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 34

Holmes, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 29

Holmes, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1021

Horvath, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 830

Hubbard, Alfred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 136

Hyde, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 73

Hydrogen Garage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 34

Ighina, Pier Luigi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 31

Imhotep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 20

Imhotep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 22

Imris, Pavel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 17

Imris, Pavel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 74

Ivanov, Valeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 47

Jamison, Larry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 252

Jines, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11

Johnson, Howard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 5

Johnson, Howard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 46

Kalfaian, Meguer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1210

Kapanadze, Tariel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 115

Kapanadze, Tariel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 27

Kawai, Teruo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23

Kawai, Teruo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 259

Kelly, D. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 1

Kelly, D. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 48

Kelly, D. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1117

Kenny, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 48

Kim, Sang Nam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 6

King, Moray B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 20

King, Moray B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 122

Kljajic Dragan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 12

Knight, Ronald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 5

Kromrey, Raymond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 15

Krupa, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 106

Kundel, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 12

Kwok, James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 53

Lafonte, Butch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 32

Lawton, Dave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 50

Lawton, Dave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 4

Lawton, Dave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 35

Lawton, Dave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 30

Leben, Stephan W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 14

Le May, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 54

Lindemann, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 55

Lindemann, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 94

Lisac, Bozidar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 12

Lowrie, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 96

Luciano, Murilo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 30

Lyne, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 7

Mace, Yves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 19

Martinez, Molina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 100

Maynard, Roger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 108

McDavid, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 16

McDavid, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1233

McFreey, William . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 113

McKay, Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1046

McQueen, Jesse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 18

Mead, Claude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 19

Mead, Claude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1021

Mead, Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 603

Meyer, Michel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 19

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 134

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 84

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 620

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 627

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 637

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 642

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 659

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 670

Meyer, Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 680

Meyers, Roy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 32

Meyers, Roy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 524

Milkovic, Veljko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 19

Molina-Martinez, Alberto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 135

Moller, Nikolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 9

Moore, Kenneth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 48

Moore, Dr. Terry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 30

Moray, Thomas Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 14

Mourier, Georges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27

Nachamkin, Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 603

Naudin, Jean-Louis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 4

Neal, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 1

Neal, Bob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1126

Nelson, Carl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 470

Newberry, Ivor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 940

Newman, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 37

Newman, Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 280

Nobel, Joe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 35

Nunnerley, Michael John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 110

Ogle, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 955

Ognyanov, Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 113

Paine, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 901

Papp, Josef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 25

Papp, Josef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1153

Patrick, Stephen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 48

Patterson, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 112

Perkins, Eugene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 9

Phillips, Raymond Snr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 33

Plauston, Hermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 30

Plauston, Hermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 485

Pogue, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 919

Pogue, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 927

Pogue, Charles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 932

Porter, Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 54

Prentice, Frank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 1

Pugh, Ron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 6

Puharich, Henry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 689

Quirey, David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 689

Rayburn, Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 38

Reardon, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 196

Robertson, Scott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 4

Rogers, Leroy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 6

Rogers, Leroy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1132

Rothman Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 42

Santilli, Ruggero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 754

Schappeller, Karl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 53

Schwartz, Harold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 949

Scott, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 48

Searle, John R. R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 30

Seddon-Gillespie, Ronald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 20

Seddon-Gillespie, Ronald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 83

Shelton, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 945

Silverhealtheu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 13

Simpson, Dale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 21

Simpson, Dale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 28

Smith, Donald Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 28

Smith, Donald Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 26

Soukup, George . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 24

Spence, Geoffrey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 213

Spiros, Spiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 864

Steorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 22

Stevens, Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 14

Sweet, Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 15

Sweet, Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 148

Sweet, Floyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1196

Szilard, Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 - 59

Teal, Ben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 5

Tesla, Nikola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 6

Tesla, Nikola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 130

Tesla, Nikola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 1

Tesla, Nikola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 1

Tesla, Nikola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 17

Tewari, Paramahamsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 6

TheGuru2You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 14

Torres, Hector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 37

Tracy, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 9

Trawoeger, Thomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 3

Tseung, Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 48

Tseung, Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 3

Tseung, Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 1

Tseung, Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 123

Tucker, Oliver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 952

UFOpolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 55

UFOpolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 126

UFOpolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 39

Utkin, Vladimir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 27

Valera, Cherepanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 25

Van Valkenburg, Eber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 23

Van Valkenburg, Eber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1148

Volfson, Boris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 904

Wang, ShenHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 1

Watson, Jim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 11

Weir, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 470

West, Zach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 18

Willis, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 11

Willis, Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A - 1028

Wilson, Mr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 10

Yildiz, Muammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 - 11

Zbikowski, Jerzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 16

Zorzi, Kim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 1

A Practical Guide to ‘Free-Energy’ Devices

Overview

This document contains most of what I have learned about this subject after researching it for a number of years. I am not trying to sell you anything, nor am I trying to convince you of anything. When I started looking into this subject, there was very little useful information and any that was around was buried deep in incomprehensible patents and documents. My purpose here is to make it easier for you to locate and understand some of the relevant material now available. What you believe is up to yourself and none of my business. Let me stress that almost all of the devices discussed in the following pages, are devices which I have not personally built and tested. It would take several lifetimes to do that and it would not be in any way a practical option. Consequently, although I believe everything said is fully accurate and correct, you should treat everything as being “hearsay” or opinion.

Some time ago, it was commonly believed that the world was flat and rested on the backs of four elephants and that when earthquakes shook the ground, it was the elephants getting restless. If you want to believe that, you are fully at liberty to do so, however, you can count me out as I don’t believe that.

The Wright brothers were told that it was impossible for aeroplanes to fly because they were heavier than air. That was a commonly believed view. The Wright brothers watched birds flying and since, without question, birds are considerably heavier than air, it was clear that the commonly held view was plain wrong. Working from that realisation, they developed aeroplanes which flew perfectly well.

The years passed, and the technology started by the Wright brothers and their careful scientific measurements and well-reasoned theory, advanced to become the “science” of aeronautics. This science was used extensively to design and build very successful aircraft and “aeronautics” gained the aura of being a “law”.

Unfortunately, somebody applied aeronautic calculations to the flight of bumblebees and discovered that according to aeronautics, bumblebees couldn’t possibly fly as their wings could not generate enough lift to get them off the ground. This was a problem, as it was perfectly possible to watch bees flying in a very competent manner. So, the “laws” of aeronautics said that bees can’t fly, but bees actually do fly.

Does that mean that the laws of aeronautics were no use? Certainly not - those “laws” had been used for years and proved their worth by producing excellent aircraft. What it did show was that the “laws” of aeronautics did not yet cover every case and needed to be extended to cover the way that bees fly, which is through lift generated by turbulent airflow.

It is very important to realise that what are described as scientific “laws” are just the best working theories at the present time and it is virtually certain that those “laws” will have to be upgraded and extended as further scientific observations are made and further facts discovered. Let’s hope those four elephants don’t get restless before we have a chance to learn a bit more!

Introduction

It should be stressed at this point, that this material is intended to provide you with information and only that. If you should decide, on the basis of what you read here, to build some device or other, you do so solely and entirely at your own risk and on your own responsibility. For example, if you build something in a heavy box and then drop it on your toe, then that is completely your own responsibility (you should learn to be more careful) and nobody other than yourself is in any way liable for your injury, or any loss of income caused while your toe is recovering. Let me amplify that by stating that I do not warrant that any device or system described in this document works as described, or in any other way, nor do I claim that any of the following information is useful in any way or that any device described is useful in any way or for any purpose whatsoever. Also, let me stress that I am not encouraging you to actually construct any device described here, and the fact that very detailed construction details are provided, must not be interpreted as my encouraging you to physically construct any device described in this document. You are welcome to consider this a work of fiction if you choose to do so.

I apologise if this presentation seems very elementary, but the intention is to make each description as simple as possible so that everybody can understand it, including people whose native language is not English. If you are not familiar with the basic principles of electronics, then please read the simple step-by-step electronics tutorial in Chapter 12 which is intended to help complete beginners in the subject.

At this point in time - the early years of the twenty-first century - we have reached the point where we need to realise that some of the “laws” of science do not cover every case, and while they have been very useful in the past, they do need to be extended to cover some cases which have been left out until now.

For example, suppose a bank robber broke into a bank and stole all of the cash there. How much could he take? Answer: “every coin and every note”. The limit is the sum total of all cash in the building. This is what the “Law” of Conservation of Energy is all about. What it says is very simple – you can’t take out any more than there is there in the beginning. That seems pretty straightforward, doesn’t it?

As another example, consider a glass tumbler filled completely with water. Using common sense, tell me, how much water can be poured out of the glass? For the purposes of this illustration, please take it that temperature, pressure, gravity, etc. all remain constant for the duration of the experiment.

The answer is: “the exact volume contained inside the tumbler”. Agreed. This is what present day science says. To be strictly accurate, you will never be able to pour all of the water out as a small amount will remain, wetting the inside of the glass. Another way of putting this is to say that the “efficiency” of the pouring operation is not 100%. This is typical of life in general, where very few, if any, actions are 100% efficient.

So, are we agreed with current scientific thinking then – the maximum amount of water which can pour out of the tumbler is the total volume inside the tumbler? This seems simple and straightforward, doesn’t it? Science thinks so, and insists that this is the end of the story, and nothing else is possible. This arrangement is called a “closed system” as the only things being considered are the glass, the water and gravity.

Well, unfortunately for current scientific thinking, this is not the only possible situation and “closed systems” are almost unknown in the real world. Mostly, assumptions are made that the effects of anything else around will cancel out and add up to a net zero effect. This is a very convenient theory, but unfortunately it has no basis in reality.

Let’s fill our glass with water again and begin to pour it out again, but this time we position it underneath a source of flowing water:

So, now, how much water can be poured out of the tumbler? Answer: “millions of times the volume of the tumbler”. But hang on a moment, haven’t we just said that the absolute limit of water poured from the tumbler has to be the volume inside the tumbler? Yes, that’s exactly what we said, and that is what current science teaching says. The bottom line here is that what current science says does in fact hold true for most of the time, but there are cases where the basic assumption of it being a “closed system” is just not true.

One popular misconception is that you can’t get more energy out of a system than you put into it. That is wrong, because the sentence was worded carefully. Let me say it again and this time, emphasise the key words: “you can’t get more energy out of a system than you put into it”. If that were true, then it would be impossible to sail a yacht all the way around the world without burning any fuel, and that has been done many times and none of the driving energy came from the crews. If it were true, then a grain mill driven by a waterwheel would not be able to produce flour as the miller certainly does not push the millstones around himself. If that were true, then nobody would build windmills, or construct solar panels, or tidal power stations.

What the statement should say is “more energy can’t be taken out of a system than is put into it or is already in it” and that is a very different statement. When sailing a yacht, the wind provides the driving force which makes the trip possible. Notice that, it is the environment providing the power and not the sailors. The wind arrived without them having to do anything about it, and a lot less than 100% of the wind energy reaching the yacht actually becomes forward thrust, contributing to the voyage. A good deal of the energy arriving at the yacht ends up stretching the rigging, creating a wake, producing noise, pushing the helmsman, etc. etc. This idea of no more energy coming out of a system than goes into it, is called “The Law of Conservation of Energy” and it is perfectly right, in spite of the fact that it gets people confused.

“Free-Energy Devices” or “Zero-Point Energy Devices” are the names applied to systems which appear to produce a higher output power than their input power. There is a strong tendency for people to state that such a system is not possible since it contravenes the Law of Conservation of Energy. It doesn’t. If it did, and any such system was shown to work, then the “Law” would have to be modified to include the newly observed fact. No such change is necessary, it merely depends on your point of view.

For example, consider a crystal set radio receiver:

Looking at this in isolation, we appear to have a free-energy system which contradicts the Law of Conservation of Energy. It doesn’t, of course, but if you do not view the whole picture, you see a device which has only passive components and yet which (when the coil is of the correct size) causes the headphones to generate vibrations which reproduce recognisable speech and music. This looks like a system which has no energy input and yet which produces an energy output. Considered in isolation, this would be a serious problem for the Law of Conservation of Energy, but when examined from a common sense point of view, it is no problem at all.

The whole picture is:

Power is supplied to a nearby transmitter which generates radio waves which in turn, induce a small voltage in the aerial of the crystal set, which in turn, powers the headphones. The power in the headphones is far, far less than the power taken to drive the transmitter. There is most definitely, no conflict with the Law of Conservation of Energy. However, there is a quantity called the “Coefficient Of Performance” or “COP” for short. This is defined as the amount of power coming out of a system, divided by the amount of power that the operator has to put into that system to make it work. In the example above, while the efficiency of the crystal set radio is well below 100%, the COP is greater than 1. This is because the owner of the crystal radio set does not have to supply any power at all to make it work, and yet it outputs power in the form of sound. As the input power from the user, needed to make it work is zero, and the COP value is calculated by dividing the output power by this zero input power, the COP is actually infinity. Efficiency and COP are two different things. Efficiency can never exceed 100% and almost never gets anywhere near 100% due to the losses suffered by any practical system.

As another example, consider an electrical solar panel:

Again, viewed in isolation, this looks like (and actually is) a Free-Energy device if it is set up out of doors in daylight, as current is supplied to the load (radio, battery, fan, pump, or whatever) without the user providing any input power. Again, Power Out with no Power In. Try it in darkness and you find a different result because the whole picture is:

The energy which powers the solar panel comes from the sun.. Only some 17% of the energy reaching the solar panel is converted to electrical current. This is most definitely not a contravention of the Law of Conservation of Energy. This needs to be explained in greater detail. The Law of Conservation of Energy applies to closed systems, and only to closed systems. If there is energy coming in from the environment, then the Law of Conservation of Energy just does not apply, unless you take into account the energy entering the system from outside.

People sometimes speak of “over-unity” when talking about the efficiency of a system. From the point of efficiency, there is no such thing as “over-unity” as that would mean that more power was coming out of the system than the amount of power entering the system. Our trusty bank robber mentioned above would have to take out of the bank vault, more money than was actually in it, and that is a physical impossibility. There are always some losses in all practical systems, so the efficiency is always less than 100% of the power entering the system. In other words, the efficiency of any practical system is always under unity.

However, it is perfectly possible to have a system which has a greater power output than the power input which we have to put into it to make it work. Take the solar panel mentioned above. It has a terribly low efficiency of about 17%, but, we don’t have to supply it with any power to make it work. Consequently, when it is in sunlight, it’s Coefficient Of Performance (“COP”) is it’s output power (say, 50 watts) divided by the input power needed to make it work (zero watts) which is infinity. So, our humble, well-known solar panel has terrible efficiency of 17% but at the same time it has a COP of infinity.

It is now generally accepted that “Dark Matter” and “Dark Energy” form more than 80% of our universe. There is nothing sinister about the adjective “Dark” as in this context, it merely means that we cannot see it. There are many useful things which we utilise, which we can’t see, for example, radio waves, TV signals, magnetism, gravity, x-rays, etc. etc.

The fact of the matter is, that we are sitting in a vast field of energy which we can’t see. This is the equivalent of the situation for the crystal set shown above, except that the energy field we are in is very, very much more powerful than the radio waves from a radio transmitter. The problem is, how to tap the energy which is freely available all around us, and get it to do useful work for us. It can definitely be done, but it is not easy to do.

Some people think that we will never be able to access this energy. Not very long ago, it was widely believed that nobody could ride a bicycle faster than 15 miles per hour because the wind pressure on the face of the rider would suffocate him. Today, many people cycle much faster than this without suffocating - why? - because the original negative opinion was wrong.

Not very long ago, it was thought that metal aircraft would never be able to fly because metal is so much heavier than air. Today, aircraft weighing hundreds of tons fly on a daily basis. Why? - because the original negative opinion was not correct.

It is probably worth while, at this point, to explain the basics of Zero-Point Energy. The experts in Quantum Mechanics refer to how the universe operates as “Quantum Foam”. Every cubic centimetre of “empty” space is seething with energy, so much in fact, that if it were converted using Einstein’s famous equation E = mC2 (that is Energy = Mass x a very big number), then it would produce as much matter as can be seen by the most powerful telescope. There is actually nothing “empty” about space. So why can’t we see anything there? Well, you can’t actually see energy. All right then, why can’t you measure the energy there? Well, two reasons actually, firstly, we have never managed to design an instrument which can measure this energy, and secondly, the energy is changing direction incredibly rapidly, billions and billions and billions of times each second.

There is so much energy there, that particles of matter just pop into existence and then pop back out again. Half of these particles have a positive charge and half of them have a negative charge, and as they are evenly spread out in three-dimensional space, the overall average voltage is zero. So, if the voltage is zero, what use is that as a source of energy? The answer to that is “none” if you leave it in it’s natural state. However, it is possible to change the random nature of this energy and convert it into a source of unlimited, everlasting power which can be used for all of the things we use mains electricity for today - powering motors, lights, heaters, fans, pumps, ... you name it, the power is there for the taking.

So, how do you alter the natural state of the energy in our environment? Actually, quite easily. All that is needed is a positive charge and a negative charge, reasonably near each other. A battery will do the trick, as will a generator, as will an aerial and earth, as will an electrostatic device like a Wimshurst machine. When you generate a Plus and a Minus, the quantum foam is affected. Now, instead of entirely random plus and minus charged particles appearing everywhere, the Plus which you created gets surrounded by a sphere of minus charge particles popping into existence all around it. Also, the Minus which you created, gets surrounded by a spherical-shaped cloud of plus-charge particles popping into existence all around it. The technical term for this situation is “broken symmetry” which is just a fancy way of saying that the charge distribution of the quantum foam is no longer evenly distributed or “symmetrical”. In passing, the fancy technical name for your Plus and Minus near each other, is a “dipole” which is just a techno-babble way of saying “two poles: a plus and a minus” - isn’t jargon wonderful?

So, just to get it straight in your mind, when you make a battery, the chemical action inside the battery creates a Plus terminal and a Minus terminal. Those poles actually distort the universe around your battery, and causes vast streams of energy to radiate out in every direction from each pole of the battery. Why doesn’t the battery run down? Because the energy is flowing from the environment and not from the battery. If you were taught basic physics or electrical theory, you will probably have been told that the battery used to power any circuit, supplies a stream of electrons which flows around the circuit. Sorry Chief - it just ain’t like that at all. What really happens is that the battery forms a “dipole” which nudges the local environment into an unbalanced state which pours out energy in every direction, and some of that energy from the environment flows around the circuit attached to the battery. The energy does not come from the battery.

Well then, why does the battery run down, if no energy is being drawn from it to power the circuit? Ah, that is the really silly thing that we do. We create a closed-loop circuit (because that’s what we have always done) where the current flows around the circuit, reaches the other battery terminal and immediately destroys the battery’s “dipole”. Everything stops dead in it’s tracks. The environment becomes symmetrical again, the massive amount of readily available free-energy just disappears and you are back to where you started from. But, do not despair, our trusty battery immediately creates the Plus and Minus terminals again and the process starts all over again. This happens so rapidly that we don’t see the breaks in the operation of the circuit and it is the continual recreation of the dipole which causes the battery to run down and lose it’s power. Let me say it again, the battery does not supply the current that powers the circuit, it never has and it never will - the current flows into the circuit from the surrounding environment.

What we really need, is a method of pulling off the power flowing in from the environment, without continually destroying the dipole which pushes the environment into supplying the power. That is the tricky bit, but it has been done. If you can do that, then you tap into an unlimited stream of inexhaustible energy, with no need to provide any input energy to keep the flow of energy going. In passing, if you want to check out the details of all of this, Lee and Yang were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1957 for this theory which was proved by experiment in that same year. This eBook includes circuits and devices which manage to tap this energy successfully.

Today, many people have managed to tap this energy but very few commercial devices are readily available for home use. The reason for this is human rather than technical. More than 10,000 Americans have produced devices or ideas for devices but none have reached commercial production due to opposition from influential people who do not want such devices freely available. One technique is to classify a device as “essential to US National Security”. If that is done, then the developer is prevented from speaking to anyone about the device, even if he has a patent. He cannot produce or sell the device even though he invented it. Consequently, you will find many patents for perfectly workable devices if you were to put in the time and effort to locate them, though most of these patents never see the light of day, having been taken by the people issuing these bogus “National Security” classifications for their own use.

If you feel that this opposition to free-energy and related technology is a figment of my imagination and that the people who state that more than 40,000 free-energy device patents have already been suppressed, then please consider this extract from a 2006 reminder to Patent Office staff in America to single out all patents which have to do with free-energy and any related subjects and take those patent applications to their supervisor to be dealt with differently to all other patent applications:

Here “USPTO” is the United States Patent and Trademark Office, which is a privately owned commercial company run to make money for it’s owners.

The purpose of this eBook is to present the facts about some of these devices and more importantly, where possible, explain the background details of why and how systems of that type function. As has been said before, it is not the aim of this book to convince you of anything, just to present you with some of the facts which are not that easy to find, so that you can make up your own mind on the subject.

The science taught in schools, colleges and universities at this time, is well out of date and in serious need of being brought up to date. This has not happened for some time now as people who make massive financial profits have made it their business to prevent any significant advance for many years now. However, the internet and free sharing of information through it, is making things very difficult for them. What is it that they don’t want you to know? Well, how about the fact that you don’t have to burn a fuel to get power? Shocking, isn’t it !! Does it sound a bit mad to you? Well, stick around and start doing some thinking.

Suppose you were to cover a boat with lots of solar panels which were used to charge a large bank of batteries inside the boat. And if those batteries were used to operate electric motors turning propellers which drive the boat along. If it is sunny weather, how far could you go? As far as the boat can travel while the sun is up and if the battery bank is large, probably most of the night as well. At sun-up on the next day, you can continue your journey. Oceans have been crossed doing this. How much fuel is burned to power the boat? None !! Absolutely none at all. And yet, it is a fixed idea that you have to burn a fuel to get power.

Yes, certainly, you can get power from the chemical reaction of burning a fuel - after all, we pour fuel into the tanks of vehicles “to make them go” and we burn oil in the central heating systems of buildings. But the big question is: “Do we have to?” and the answer is “No”. So why do we do it? Because there is no alternative at present. Why is there no alternative at present? Because the people making incredibly large financial profits from selling this fuel, have seen to it that no alternative is available. We have been the suckers in this con trick for decades now, and it is time for us to snap out of it. Let’s have a look at some of the basic facts:

Let me start by presenting some of the facts about electrolysis. The electrolysis of water is performed by passing an electric current through the water, causing it to break up into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. This process was examined in minute detail by Michael Faraday who determined the most energy efficient possible conditions for electrolysis of water. Faraday determined the amount of electric current needed to break the water apart, and his findings are accepted as a scientific standard for the process.

We now bump into a problem which scientists are desperate to ignore or deny, as they have the mistaken idea that it contradicts the Law of Conservation of Energy – which, of course, it doesn’t. The problem is an electrolyser design by Bob Boyce of the USA which appears to have an efficiency twelve times greater than Faraday’s maximum possible gas production. This is a terrible heresy in the scientific arena and it gets the average “by the book” scientist very up-tight and flustered. There is no need for this worry. The Law of Conservation of Energy remains intact and Faraday’s results are not challenged. However, an explanation is called for.

To start with, let me show the arrangement for a standard electrolyser system:

Here, current is supplied to the electrolyser by the electrical supply. The current flow causes breakdown of the water contained in the electrolyser, resulting in the amount of gas predicted by Faraday (or less if the electrolyser is not well designed and accurately built).

Bob Boyce, who is an exceptionally intelligent, perceptive and able man, has developed a system which performs the electrolysis of water using power drawn from the environment. To a quick glance, Bob’s design looks pretty much like a high-grade electrolyser (which it is) but it is a good deal more than that. The practical construction and operational details of Bob’s design are shown in http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk/D9.pdf , but for here, let us just consider the operation of his system in very broad outline:

The very important distinction here is that the power flowing into the electrolyser and causing the water to break down and produce the gas output, is coming almost exclusively from the environment and not from the electrical supply. The main function of Bob’s electrical supply is to power the device which draws energy in from the environment. Consequently, if you assume that the current supplied by the electrical supply is the whole of the power driving the electrolyser, then you have a real problem, because, when properly built and finely tuned, Bob’s electrolyser produces up to 1,200% of Faraday’s maximum efficiency production rate.

This is an illusion. Yes, the electrical input is exactly as measured. Yes, the gas output is exactly as measured. Yes, the gas output is twelve times the Faraday maximum. But Faraday’s work and the Law of Conservation of Energy are not challenged in any way because the electrical current measured is used primarily to power the interface to the environment and nearly all of the energy used in the electrolysis process flows in from the local environment and is not measured. What we can reasonably deduce is that the energy inflow from the environment is probably about twelve times the amount of power drawn from the electrical supply.

At this point in time, we do not have any equipment which can measure this environmental energy. We are in the same position as people were with electrical current five hundred years ago – there was just no equipment around which could be used to make the measurement. That, of course, does not means that electrical current did not exist at that time, just that we had not developed any equipment capable of performing measurement of that current. Today, we know that this environmental energy exists because we can see the effects it causes such as running Bob’s electrolyser, charging batteries, etc. but we can’t measure it directly because it vibrates at right-angles to the direction that electrical current vibrates in. Electrical current is said to vibrate “transversely” while this zero-point energy vibrates “longitudinally”, and so has no effect on instruments which respond transversely such as ammeters, voltmeters, etc.

Bob Boyce’s 101-plate electrolyser produces anything up to 100 litres of gas per minute, and that rate of production is able to power internal combustion engines of low capacity. The vehicle alternator is perfectly capable of powering Bob’s system, so the result is a vehicle which appears to run with water as the only fuel. This is not the case, nor is it correct to say that the engine is powered by the gas produced. Yes, it does utilise that gas when running, but the power running the vehicle is coming directly from the environment as an inexhaustible supply. In the same way, a steam engine does not run on water. Yes, it does utilise water in the process, but the power that runs a steam engine comes from burning the coal and not from the water.

The Basics of "Free-Energy":

This beginner's introduction presumes that you have never heard of free-energy before and would like an outline sketch of what it is all about, so let's begin at the beginning.

We tend to have the impression that people who lived a long time ago were not as clever as we are - after all, we have television, computers, mobile phones, games consoles, aeroplanes, …. But, and it is a big "but", the reason why they did not have those things is because science had not advanced far enough for those things to become possible. That did not mean that the people who lived before us were any less clever than we are.

For example, could you, personally, come up with an accurate calculation of the circumference of the Earth? This has to be without prior knowledge, no satellites, no astronomical information, no calculators, no computers and no experts to guide you. Eratosthenes did by observing the shadows in two wells some 800 kilometres apart. When was that? More than two thousand years ago.

You have probably heard of the geometry of Pythagoras who lived hundreds of years before Eratosthenes, and that geometry is still used in remote areas to lay out the foundations for new buildings. You have probably heard of Archimedes who worked out why things float. He lived more than two thousand years ago. So, how do those people stack up against you and me? Were they stupid people?

This is quite an important point because it demonstrates that the body of scientific information enables many things which were not thought possible in earlier times. This effect is not restricted to centuries ago. Take the year 1900. My father was a youngster then, so it is not all that long ago. It would be another three years before Orville and Wilbur Wright made their first 'heavier-than-air' flight, so there no aircraft around in 1900. There were no radio stations and most definitely, no television stations, nor would you have found a telephone inside a house. The only serious forms of information were books and periodicals or teaching establishments which relied on the knowledge of the teachers. There were no cars and the fastest form of transport for the average person was on a galloping horse.

Today, it is difficult to grasp what things were like not all that long ago, but come closer in time and look back just fifty years. Then, people researching in scientific fields had to design and build their own instruments before they ever got to experimenting in their chosen fields of knowledge. They were instrument makers, glass-blowers, metal workers, etc. as well as being scientific researchers. Nowadays there are measuring instruments of all kinds for sale ready-made. We have silicon semiconductors which they didn't have, integrated circuits, computers, etc. etc.

The important point here is the fact that advances in scientific theory have made possible many things which would have been considered quite ridiculous notions in my father's time. However, we need to stop thinking as if we already know everything there is to know and that nothing which we think of as "impossible !!" could ever happen. Let me try to illustrate this by remarking on just a few things which as recently as the year 1900 would have marked you out as a "lunatic crank", things which we take for granted today because, and only because, we are now familiar with the science behind each of these things.

Certainties in the year 1900

A metal aeroplane weighing 350 tons couldn't

possibly fly - everyone knows that !!

You couldn't possibly watch someone who is a

thousand miles away - talk sense !!

No ! Of course you can't speak to somebody who lives in a different country unless you visit them !

The fastest way to travel is on a galloping horse.

A machine could never beat a man at chess - be realistic !

Today, we know that these things are not just possible, but we take them for granted. We have a mobile phone in our pocket and could easily use it to talk to friends in other countries almost anywhere in the world. It would seem very strange if we could not do that any more.

We each have a television and can watch, say, a golf tournament taking place at the other side of the world. We watch in real time, seeing the result of each stroke almost as soon as the golfer does himself. Even suggesting that such a thing was possible might have got you burnt at the stake for witchcraft, not all that long ago, but not having television would seem a very strange situation for us today.

If we see a 350 ton metal Boeing 747 aircraft flying past, we would not think it to be strange in any way, let alone think it was "impossible". It is routine, casual travel at 500 mph, a speed which would have been considered to be a fantasy when my father was young. The fact that the aircraft is so heavy, is of no concern to us as we know that it will fly, and does so, routinely, every day of the year.

We take for granted, a computer which can do a million things in one second. Today, we have lost the understanding of how big "a million" is, and we know that most people are likely to lose a game of chess if they play against a computer, even a cheap chess computer.

What we need to understand is that our present scientific knowledge is far from being comprehensive and there is still a very large amount to be learned, and that things which the average person today would consider "impossible" are quite liable to be casually routine day-to-day devices in just a few years time. This is not because we are stupid but instead it is because our current science still has a long way to go.

The objective of this website ( www.free-energy-info.com ) is to explain some of the things which current science is not teaching at the present time. Ideally, we want a device which will power our homes and cars without the need to burn a fuel of any kind. Before you get the idea that this is some new and wild idea, please remember that windmills have been pumping water, milling grain, lifting heavy loads and generating electricity for a very long time now. Water wheels have been doing similar work for a very long time and both of these devices are fuel-less.

The energy which powers windmills and water wheels comes to us via our Sun which heats air and water, causing wind and rain, feeding power to our devices. The energy flows in from our local environment, costs us nothing and will keep on coming whether we make use of it or not.

Most of the pictures of wind generators and water wheels which you will see, show devices which would take a large amount of money to set up. The title of this eBook is "The Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices" and the word "practical" is intended to indicate that most of the things spoken about are things which you, personally, have a reasonable chance of constructing for yourself if you decide to do so. However, while in chapter 14 there are instructions for building your own wind-powered electrical generator from scratch, pumping water uphill without using a fuel and utilising wave power at low cost, these things are subject to the weather. So, because of this, the main subject is the next generation of commercial devices, devices which do not need a fuel in order to function and power our homes and vehicles, devices which operate no matter what the weather is doing.

Perhaps I should remark at this point, that the commercial introduction of this new wave of hi-tech devices is being actively opposed by people who will lose a very large stream of revenue when it does eventually happen, as it most certainly will. For example, Shell BP which is a typical oil company, makes about US $3,000,000 profit per hour, every hour of every day of every year, and there are dozens of oil companies. The government makes even more than that out of the operation, with 85% of the sale price of oil in the UK being government tax. No matter what they say, (and they both do like to talk "green" in order to gain popularity), neither would ever for a single moment, consider allowing the introduction of fuel-less power devices, and they have the financial muscle to oppose this new technology at every possible level.

For example, some years ago Cal-Tech in the USA spent millions proving that on board fuel reformers for vehicles would give us all better fuel economy and cleaner air. They did long-term testing on buses and cars to provide proof. They teamed up with the very large auto-parts supplier Arvin Meritor to put these new devices in production vehicles. Then "One Equity Partners" bought out Arvin Meritor's division that did all the final work to get fuel reformers put into all new vehicles. They created a new company, EMCON Technologies, and that company dropped the fuel reformer from their product line, not because it did not work, but because it did work. This is not "conspiracy theory" but a matter of public record.

Some years ago, Stanley Meyer, a very talented man living in America, found a very energy-efficient way of breaking water into a mixture of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. He pushed on further and found that a vehicle engine could be run on quite a small amount of this "hydroxy" gas if it was mixed with air, water droplets and some of the exhaust gas coming from the engine. He got funding to allow him to start manufacturing retro-fit kits which would allow any car to run on water alone and not use any fossil fuel at all. You can imagine how popular that would have been with the oil companies and the government. Just after getting his funding, Stan was eating a meal at a restaurant when he jumped up, said "I've been poisoned !", rushed out into the car park and died on the spot. If Stan was mistaken, and he died of 'natural causes', then it was remarkably convenient timing for the oil companies and the government, and his retro-fit kits were never manufactured.

Even though Stan left behind many patents on the subject, until recently nobody managed to replicate his very low-power electrolyser, then Dave Lawton in Wales achieved the feat and many people have since replicated it by following Dave's instructions. More difficult still is getting an engine to run on no fossil fuel as Stan did, but recently, three men in the UK achieved just that by getting a standard petrol-engined electrical generator to run with water as the only fuel. Interestingly, this is not something which they want to pursue as they have other areas which appeal more to them. Consequently, they have no objections to sharing the practical information on what they did and the details are in chapter 10.

In very brief outline, they took a standard 5.5 kilowatt generator and delayed the spark timing by some eleven degrees, suppressed the 'waste' spark and fed the engine a mix of air, water droplets and just a small amount of hydroxy gas (measured at three litres per minute). They test-loaded the generator with four kilowatts of electrical equipment to confirm that it worked well under load, and then moved on to larger engines. This is the general style of generator which they used:

And their arrangement for running it without petrol, is shown in outline here, the full details being in chapter 10, including how to make your own high-performance electrolyser:

Conventional science says that it can prove mathematically that it is quite impossible to do this. However, the calculation is massively flawed in that is not based on what is actually happening and worse still, it makes initial assumptions which are just plain wrong. Even if we were not aware of these calculations, the fact that it has been done is quite enough to show that the current engineering theory is out of date and needs to be upgraded.

Now, let us consider a device built by John Bedini, another talented man in America. He built a battery-powered motor with a flywheel on the shaft of the motor. This, of course, does not sound like startling stuff, but the crunch is that this motor ran in his workshop for more than three years, keeping it's battery fully charged during that time - now that is startling. The arrangement is like this:

What makes this arrangement different from a standard set-up is that the battery powered motor is not connected directly to the battery but instead is fed with a rapid series of DC pulses. This has two effects. Firstly, that method of driving a motor is very efficient electrically speaking and secondly, when a flywheel is driven with a series of pulses, it picks up additional energy from the local environment.

One other unusual feature is the way that the motor shaft spins a disc with permanent magnets mounted on it. These sweep past a matching set of coils attached to a stationary board, forming an ordinary electrical generator and the resulting electrical power which is generated is converted to DC current and fed back to the driving battery, charging it and maintaining its voltage.

Standard theory says that a system like this has to be less than 100% efficient because the DC motor is less than 100% efficient (true) and the battery is well below the 100% efficient mark (true). Therefore, the conclusion is that the system cannot possibly work (false). What is not understood by conventional science is that the pulsed flywheel draws in additional energy from the local environment, showing that conventional science theory is inadequate and out of date and needs to be upgraded.

An American called Jim Watson built a much larger version of John's system, a version which was twenty feet (6 meters) long. Jim's version not only powered itself, but generated 12 kilowatts of excess electrical power. That extra 12 kilowatts of power must be a considerable embarrassment for conventional science and so they will either ignore it, or deny that it ever existed, in spite of the fact that it was demonstrated at a public seminar. This is what Jim's device looked like:

Working quite independently, an Australian called Chas Campbell, discovered the same effect. He found that if he used an AC motor plugged into the mains, that it was possible to get more work done that the amount it takes to drive the motor.

He used his motor to drive a series of shafts, one of which has a heavy flywheel mounted on it, like this:

The final shaft drives a standard electrical generator and Chas found that he could power electrical equipment from that generator, electrical mains equipment which required greater current that his mains-driven motor did.

Chas then took it one stage further and when the system was running at full speed, he switched his mains motor over from the wall socket to his own generator. The system continued to run, powering itself and driving other equipment as well.

Conventional science says that this is impossible, which just goes to show that conventional science is out of date and needs to be upgraded to cover system like this where excess energy is flowing in from the local environment. Here is a diagram of how Chas Campbell's system is set up:

Another man has put a video on the web, showing a variation of this same principle. In his case, the flywheel is very light and has simple paddles attached around the rim of the wheel:

He then aims a powerful jet of water from a high-powered water pump, directly at the paddles, driving the wheel round with a rapid series of pulses. The shaft, on which the wheel is mounted, drives a standard electrical generator which lights an ordinary light bulb:

The really interesting part comes next, because he then unplugs the electrical supply to the water pump and switches it over to the generator which the wheel is driving. The result is that the pump powers itself and provides excess electricity which can be used to power other electrical equipment. The arrangement is like this:

Once again, conventional science says that this is impossible, which in turn, demonstrates that conventional science is out of date and needs to be expanded to include these observed facts.

Permanent Magnets have continuous power. This should be obvious as one will support its own weight on the vertical face of a refrigerator, for years on end. Conventional science says that permanent magnets can't be used as a source of power. However, the reality is that conventional science just doesn't know the techniques necessary for extracting that power.

The New Zealander, Robert Adams produced a motor which appears to be, typically, 800% efficient. This, of course, is impossible according to conventional science. Robert was told that if he shared the information, he would be killed. He decided that at his age, being killed was not a major thing, so he went ahead and published all the details.

Motors driven by electrical pulses are always less than 100% efficient. The Adams motor looks like that sort of design but it is not. The motor power comes from the permanent magnets mounted on the rotor and not from an electrical pulse applied to the electromagnets attached to the stator. The magnets are attracted to the metal cores of the stationary electromagnets. This provides the driving power of the motor. The electromagnets are then powered just enough to overcome the backwards drag of the magnets when they have just passed by the cores of the electromagnets.

The system works like this:

1. The magnets are attracted to the iron cores of the electromagnets, rotating the drive shaft and powering the motor.

2. The moving magnets generate electrical power in the windings of the electromagnets and this power is used to charge the driving battery.

3. When the permanent magnets reach the electromagnets, a small amount of electrical power is fed to the windings of the electromagnets in order to overcome any backward pull hindering the rotation of the drive shaft.

4. When that power supplied to the electromagnets is cut off, the Back EMF pulse is captured and used to charge the driving battery.

5. Although not shown in the diagram above, there are normally additional pick-up coils mounted round the rotor and if they are connected briefly at the right moment, they generate extra current and when they are switched off, their resulting reversed magnetic field also boosts the rotor on it's way, and that can raise the COP over 1000. One replication using this technique has an electrical input of 27 watts and a 32 kilowatt output.

When operated in this way, the Adams Motor has a power output far in excess of the input power needed to make it run. The design confuses conventional science because conventional science refuses to accept the concept of energy flow into the motor, from the local environment. This is all the more strange, considering that windmills, water wheels, hydro-electric schemes, solar panels, wave-power systems, tidal power systems and geothermal energy systems are accepted and considered perfectly normal, in spite of the fact that they all operate on energy flowing in from the local environment. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that vested interests are working hard to prevent conventional science accepting the fact that free-energy is all around us and there for the taking. Perhaps it is the case that they want us to go on paying for fuel to burn to "make" energy to power our homes and vehicles.

Another example of magnet power being used in the design of a powerful motor comes from Charles Flynn. He uses a similar method of electrical screening to prevent magnetic drag hindering the drive shaft rotation. Instead of using electromagnets, Charles uses permanent magnets on both the rotor and the stator, and a flat coil of wire to create the blocking fields:

When the coil does not have current flowing through it, it does not produce a magnetic field and the South pole of the rotor magnet is attracted equally forwards and backwards by the North pole of the stator magnet. If there are two coils as shown below, and one is powered and the other is not powered, the backward pull is cancelled out and the forward pull causes the rotor to move forwards:

Conventional science takes a quick glance at this arrangement and proclaims that the motor efficiency has to be less than 100% because of the large electrical pulse needed to make the shaft turn. This just demonstrates a complete lack of understanding of how the motor operates. There is no "large electrical pulse" because the motor is not driven by electrical pulses, but instead it is driven by the attraction of many pairs of magnets, and only a very small electrical pulse is applied to cancel the backward drag as the magnets move past. To put this in context, the powerful prototype motor built by Charles ran at 20,000 rpm and the power for the coils was supplied by an ordinary 9-volt "dry-cell" battery quite incapable of supplying heavy currents.

The motor is easily made more powerful by using a stator magnet on both side of the rotor magnet, as shown here:

There is no real limit to the power of this motor as layer after layer of magnets can be mounted on a single drive shaft as shown here:

The electrical pulses to the screening coils can be synchronised by the light from Light-Emitting Diodes mounted in the timing section, shining through holes in a timing disc attached to the drive shaft of the motor. The light falling on light-dependant resistors on the other side of the disc, provide the switching for the coil-powering electricity.

An alternative method is to skip the timing section altogether and provide the synchronising pulses from an adjustable-frequency electronic pulsing circuit. To start the motor, very slow pulses are generated to get the drive shaft moving, and then the pulse rate is increased to speed the motor up. This has the advantage of providing speed control which can be useful for some applications.

Aerial systems. We are surrounded by so much energy that a simple aerial and earth connection can draw in very large amounts of electrical power from the local environment.

Thomas Henry Moray ran frequent public demonstrations during which he lit banks of light bulbs to show that useful amounts of energy could be drawn from the environment:

Moray's device could produce output powers up to fifty kilowatts and it had no moving parts, just a simple aerial and an earth. In spite of the frequent demonstrations, some people would not believe that this was not a hoax, so Moray invited them to choose a place and he would demonstrate the power available at any location they wanted.

They drove out into the countryside and picked a really isolated spot away from all power lines and the very few commercial radio stations in the area. They set up a very simple aerial estimated by one observer to be just fifty seven feet long and only seven or eight feet off the ground at its lowest point:

The earth connection was an eight-foot length of gas pipe which was hammered into the ground. The bank of lights being powered by Moray's device, grew brighter as the gas pipe was driven further and further into the ground, providing a better and better earth connection. Moray then demonstrated that when the aerial was disconnected, the lights went out. When the aerial was connected again, the lights were lit again. He then disconnected the earth wire and the lights went out and stayed out until the earth wire was connected again. The sceptics were completely convinced by the demonstration.

Moray's is one of several excellent and very successful devices which I can't tell you exactly how to replicate but the important point here is that a 57-foot aerial raised just 8-feet from the ground can provide kilowatts of electrical power at any location, if you know how to do it.

Moray's demonstrations were highly unpopular with some people and he was shot at in his car. He put bullet-proof glass in his car, so they came into his laboratory and shot at him there. They succeeded in intimidating him into stopping his demonstrations or publishing the exact details of how to replicate his aerial power system.

Lawrence Rayburn has recently developed an aerial system with one part raised thirty feet above the ground. He powers his farm with it and has measured more than 10 kilowatts being drawn from it.

Hermann Plauston has a patent which reads more like a tutorial on how to extract useful power from an aerial. He describes installations of his which produce 100 kilowatts of excess power as being "small" systems.

Frank Prentice has a patent on an aerial system where he drives a wire loop alongside a long length of wire mounted just seven or eight inches (200 mm) above the ground. His input power is 500 watts and the power drawn from the system is 3,000 watts, giving an excess of 2.5 kilowatts:

Nikola Tesla, probably the most famous person in the free-energy field, has a patent on an aerial system which uses a shiny metal plate with insulated faces as the main component of his aerial. As is common in this field, a high-quality capacitor is used to store the energy initially and then that power is pulsed through a step-down transformer which lowers the voltage and raises the current available, as shown here:

Tesla Coils. Instead of using an aerial, it is possible to use a Tesla Coil which produces very high currents if the primary winding is placed in the middle of the secondary winding and not at one end which is the usual configuration. Tesla directs the output on to a single metal plate and powers a load between the plate and the earth.

Don Smith demonstrates this in a video currently on YouTube. He uses a capacitor made from two metal plates with a sheet of plastic between them, instead of Tesla's insulated single plate. The load is powered between the capacitor and earth. The video shows Don using a 28-watt hand-held Tesla Coil and producing what looks like several kilowatts of power in the earth line.

Don Smith Nikola Tesla

Don points out that the output power is proportional to the square of the voltage and the square of the frequency: So if you double the frequency and double the voltage there will be 16 times as much output power.

Tariel Kapanadze demonstrates this in a web video of his interview for Turkish TV. It shows him making an earth connection by burying an old car radiator, and then lighting a row of light bulbs from a Tesla Coil style fuel-less device. While the commentary is not in English, the video is very informative. You will notice that this is a substantial power output coming from a device built with a very basic style of construction where bare wires are twisted together to form an electrical connection.

When the starting battery is removed, the equipment is held in the air to show that it is self-contained and self-powered. This is another confirmation that free-energy is all around us and ready to be taken by anyone who knows how. Tariel is seen here lighting a row of five light bulbs hanging from a broom handle placed across the backs of two chairs - not exactly a high-tech, high-cost form of construction this!

This is a picture of his circuit housing, spark gap and output transformer:

The Colman / Seddon-Gillespie 70-year battery. A quite different approach to getting fuel-less power was taken by Colman and Seddon-Gillespie who developed a tiny tube of harmless chemicals - copper, zinc and cadmium:

They found that if his tube was subjected to a few seconds of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, then it became radioactive for about one hour. During that time, a kilowatt of electrical power could be drawn from this tiny tube. Near the end of the hour, another burst of electromagnetic waves keeps the tube radioactive and maintains the output current. Lead shielding is used to make this a safe device. They have a patent on this device. The expected working life of one of these tubes is estimated as being seventy years.

Electrolysis. Michael Faraday did a really excellent job of investigating how much energy was required to change water from it's liquid state into a mixture of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Conventional science has latched on to this information and refuses to believe that it is not the last possible word on electrolysis.

This is akin to saying that the fastest a man can propel himself over the ground is by running, and refusing to accept the fact that there might be a later invention of a bicycle which would allow a much faster human-powered speed over the ground.

This is maintained in spite of the fact that a patent has been awarded to Shigeta Hasebe for a different style of electrolysis, using magnets and spiral electrodes like this:

In his patent, Shigeta indicates his disappointment that his laboratory tests only showed an efficiency of ten times that of Faraday while his calculations showed that he could be getting twenty times the Faraday result. The different method, along with the use of powerful magnets at the top and bottom of his electrode pairs, bypassed the limits which Faraday had established by changing the working environment.

Bob Boyce of the USA has produced a pulsed electrolysis system which has given measured outputs which are twelve times that of Faraday's established "maximum" efficiency. This makes a nonsense of calculations based on Faraday's results. Excellent as Faraday's results are, they are no longer the limiting factor in splitting water as technology has progress beyond the methods used by Faraday.

Stanley Meyer of the USA discovered a method of splitting water into it's gas form, using very little power. Stan's work has been replicated by Dave Lawton and many other people. For example, Dr Scott Cramton has produced the "hydroxy" gas mix produced by the electrolysis of water, at a rate of 6 litres per minute with a power input of just 36 watts (12 volts at 3 amps). This is dramatically better than Faraday thought was possible and it allows power production through recombining the hydroxy gas to give water again, as the power produced is well above the amount of power needed to split the water in the first place.

John Bedini of the USA has patented a system for the rapid charging of batteries with a pulsed waveform. Using banks of batteries tends to be very expensive, very space-consuming and replacement batteries are needed at frequent intervals, giving the user a disposal problem and additional cost. Batteries have the serious restriction that they get damaged and their life shortened if the rate of discharge is less than 20 hours. So a 100 Amp-Hour battery can only manage a 5 amp current (60 watts) if it is not to be damaged.

John Bedini's spike-generating system can charge several batteries at the same time. The snag is that you can't use the batteries to power equipment while they are being charged, so you need two sets of batteries. The system is easy to make and use, but it is quite difficult to get more genuine power out of the device than is needed to drive it. The best performance that I have come across is where there is eleven times more power output than the power input.

There are several variations on John's pulser. The most common is a bicycle wheel with ferrite permanent magnets attached to the rim:

As the wheel spins, the approaching magnet generates a voltage in one winding of an electromagnet. This triggers a circuit which powers a second winding of the electromagnet. This pulse pushes the magnet away, keeping the wheel spinning. When the power to the coil is cut off, the resulting "Back EMF" voltage spike is fed to the batteries being charged. If the spike is sharp enough, it can cause an inflow of additional energy from the local environment. Interestingly, the rate at which the wheel rotates is directly proportional to the amount of charge in the batteries being charged. Here is a picture of Ron Pugh's high-quality construction of a Bedini pulse charger:

Conclusion:

The term "Free-Energy" generally means a method of drawing power from the local environment, without the need to burn a fuel. There are many different successful methods for doing this and these methods span many countries and many years.

The amount of power which can be collected can be very high and the few kilowatts needed to power a household is most definitely within the reach of most of the devices mentioned.

However, the key to drawing large amounts of electrical power from the local environment, or as Moray puts it "the sea of energy in which the Earth floats", is an ordinary, everyday commercial device, used to power the neon tubes used in advertising displays:

Not particularly expensive, nor difficult to buy, this device produces an AC waveform of thousands of volts at tens of thousands of cycles per second. Connected in the right way, it draws large amounts of power from the environment as described by Don Smith who is a very talented American man. A specially shaped step-up transformer called a Tesla Coil is used to boost the voltage even higher and that has a dramatic effect because the power drawn into the circuit from outside is proportional to the square of the voltage and the square of the frequency. So, if you double the voltage and double the frequency, the extra power is boosted by a factor of sixteen times.

The technique used looks mad if you don't understand what is happening, because you step up the voltage and frequency, and then you step them both down again, which looks like a waste of time, but, and it is a big "but", one simple device described in chapter 3 produces excess power of 160 kilowatts as well as powering itself.

************************

In this brief introduction, not much detail has been given about the devices mentioned and only a small selection of devices have been covered. Much more detail is available in this and the other chapters of this eBook

The 'bottom line' is that energy can definitely be drawn from the local environment in sufficient quantities to supply all of our needs. For whatever reason, conventional science appears determined not to accept this basic fact and denies it at every opportunity. It seems likely that vested financial interests are the root cause of this refusal to accept the facts. The true scientific method is to upgrade scientific theory in the light of observed fact and new discoveries, but the true scientific method is not being followed at the present time.

Therefore, I invite you to examine the facts, read the information in this eBook and the additional information on the website http://www.free-energy-info.com and make up your own mind on the subject. Please note that this is not a fixed body of information and this eBook normally gets a significant upgrade on average once per week. Consequently, I suggest that you download a new copy say, once per month in order to stay up to date with what is happening.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

http://www.free-energy-info.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

Chapter 1: Magnet Power

One thing which we are told, is that permanent magnets can’t do any work. Oh yes, magnets can support themselves against the pull of gravity when they stick on your refrigerator, but, we are told, they can’t do any work. Really?

What exactly is a permanent magnet? Well, if you take a piece of suitable material like ‘soft’ iron, put it inside a coil of wire and drive a strong electrical current through the coil, then that converts the iron into a permanent magnet. What length of time does the current need to be in the coil to make the magnet? Less than one hundredth of a second. How long can the resulting magnet support its own weight against gravity? Years and years. Does that not strike you as strange? See how long you can support your own body weight against gravity before you get tired. Years and years? No. Months, then? No. Days, even? No.

Well if you can’t do it, how come the magnet can? Are you suggesting that a single pulse for a minute fraction of a second can pump enough energy into the piece of iron to power it for years? That doesn’t seem very logical, does it? So, how does the magnet do it?

The answer is that the magnet does not actually exert any power at all. In the same way that a solar panel does not put any effort into producing electricity, the power of a magnet flows from the environment and not from the magnet. The electrical pulse which creates the magnet, aligns the atoms inside the iron and creates a magnetic “dipole” which has the same effect that the electrical “dipole” of a battery does. It polarises the quantum environment surrounding it and causes great streams of energy flow around itself. One of the attributes of this energy flow is what we call “magnetism” and that allows the magnet to stick to the door of your refrigerator and defy gravity for years on end.

Unlike the battery, we do not put it in a position where it immediately destroys its own dipole, so as a result, energy flows around the magnet, pretty much indefinitely. We are told that permanent magnets can’t be used to do useful work. That is not true.

ShenHe Wang’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

This is a picture of a Chinese man, ShenHe Wang, who has designed and built an electrical generator of five kilowatt capacity. This generator is powered by permanent magnets and so uses no fuel to run. It uses magnetic particles suspended in a liquid. It should have been on public display at the Shanghai World Expo from 1st May 2010 to 31st October 2010 but the Chinese government stepped in and would not allow it. Instead, they would only allow him show a wristwatch-size version which demonstrated that the design worked but which would be of no practical use in power generation:

Most inventors don’t seem to realise it, but almost every government is opposed to members of the public getting hold of any serious free-energy device (although they are happy to use these devices themselves). Their objective is to dominate and control ordinary people and a major factor in that is to control the supply and cost of power. A second method used everywhere is to control money, and without noticing it, governments manage to take away about 78% of people’s income, mainly by concealed methods, indirect taxes, charges, fees, … If you want to know more about it, then visit www.yourstrawman.com but please understand that the reason why free-energy devices are not for sale in your local shop has to do with political control and vested financial interests and has nothing whatsoever to do with the technology. All technological problems have been solved, literally thousands of times, but the benefits have been suppressed by those in power.

Two of Mr Wang’s 5 kilowatt generators successfully completed the Chinese government’s mandatory six-month “Reliability and Safety” testing programme in April 2008. One large Chinese consortium has started buying up coal-fired electricity generating stations in China in order to refurbish them with pollution-free large versions of Wang’s generator. Some information on the construction of the Wang motor is available here:

http://www.free-energy-info.com/Wang.pdf .

The motor consists of a rotor which has four arms and which sits in a shallow bowl of liquid which has a colloidal suspension of magnetic particles in it:

There is a patent on the motor but it is not in English and what it reveals is not a major amount.

It was Mr Wang's intention to give his motor design to every country in the world and invite them to make it for themselves. This very generous attitude does not take into account the many vested financial interests in each country, not the least of which is the government of that country, which will oppose the introduction of any device which taps into free-energy and which, consequently, would destroy their continuous streams of income. It is even possible that you would not be allowed to go to China, buy one and bring it back with you for use at home.

It is not easy to arrange permanent magnets in a pattern which can provide a continuous force in a single direction, as there tends to be a point where the forces of attraction and repulsion balance and produce a position in which the rotor settles down and sticks. There are various ways to avoid this happening. It is possible to modify the magnetic field by diverting it through a soft iron component.

There are many other designs of permanent magnet motor, but before showing some of them, it is probably worth discussing what useful work can be performed by the rotating shaft of a permanent magnet motor. With a home-built permanent magnet motor, where cheap components have been used and the quality of workmanship may not be all that great (though that is most definitely not the case with some home construction), the shaft power may not be very high. Generating electrical power is a common goal, and that can be achieved by causing permanent magnets to pass by coils of wire. The closer to the wire coils, the greater the power generated in those coils. Unfortunately, doing this creates magnetic drag and that drag increases with the amount of electrical current being drawn from the coils.

There are ways to reduce this drag on the shaft rotation. One way is to use an Ecklin-Brown style of electrical generator, where the shaft rotation does not move magnets past coils, but instead, moves a magnetic screen which alternatively blocks and restores a magnetic path through the generating coils. A commercially available material called “mu-metal” is particularly good as magnetic shield material and a piece shaped like a plus sign is used in the Ecklin-Brown generator.

John Ecklin’s Magnetic-Shielding Generator.

John W. Ecklin was granted US Patent Number 3,879,622 on 29th March 1974. The patent is for a magnet/electric motor generator which produces an output greater than the input necessary to run it. There are two styles of operation. The main illustration for the first is:

Here, the (clever) idea is to use a small low-power motor to rotate a magnetic shield to mask the pull of two magnets. This causes a fluctuating magnet field which is used to rotate a generator drive.

In the diagram above, the motor at point ‘A’ rotates the shaft and shielding strips at point ‘B”. These rectangular mu-metal strips form a very conductive path for the magnetic lines of force when they are lined up with the ends of the magnets and they effectively shut off the magnet pull in the area of point ‘C’. At point ‘C’, the spring-loaded traveller is pulled to the left when the right-hand magnet is shielded and the left hand magnet is not shielded. When the motor shaft rotates further, the traveller is pulled to the right when the left-hand magnet is shielded and the right hand magnet is not shielded. This oscillation is passed by mechanical linkage to point ‘D’ where it is used to rotate a shaft used to power a generator.

As the effort needed to rotate the magnetic shield is relatively low, it is claimed that the output exceeds the input and so can be used to power the motor which rotates the magnetic shield.

The second method for exploiting the idea is shown in the patent as:

Here, the same shielding idea is utilised to produce a reciprocating movement which is then converted to two rotary motions to drive two generators. The pair of magnets ‘A’ are placed in a housing and pressed towards each other by two springs. When the springs are fully extended, they are just clear of the magnetic shield ‘B’. When a small electric motor (not shown in the diagram) moves the magnetic shield out of the way, the two magnets are strongly repelled from each other as their North poles are close together. This compresses the springs and through the linkages at ‘C’ they turn two shafts to generate output power.

A modification of this idea is the Ecklin-Brown Generator. In this arrangement, the movable magnetic shielding arrangement provides a direct electrical output rather than a mechanical movement:

Here, the same motor and rotating magnetic shield arrangement is used, but the magnetic lines of force are blocked from flowing through a central I-piece. This I-piece is made of laminated iron slivers and has a pickup coil or coils wound around it.

The device operates as follows:

In the position shown on the left, the magnetic lines of force flow downwards through the pickup coils. When the motor shaft has rotated a further ninety degrees, the situation on the right occurs and there, the magnetic lines of force flow upwards through the pickup coils. This is shown by the blue arrows in the diagram. This reversal of magnetic flux takes place four times for every rotation of the motor shaft.

While the Ecklin-Brown design assumes that an electric motor is used to rotate the mu-metal shield, there does not seem to be any reason why the rotation should not be done with a permanent magnet motor.

Another effective power take-off system is that used by the “Phi Transformer” (“Phi” is pronounced “Fi”). In this design, the magnetic drag is reduced by containing the magnetic flux in a laminated iron ring or “toroid”. Again, the design expects an electric motor to be used to spin the rotor, but there does not seem to be any great reason why a permanent magnet motor should not be used instead.

Toroidal shapes are clearly important in many devices which pull in additional energy from the environment, even to the extent that Bob Boyce warns against the high-frequency sequential pulsing of coils wound on a toroid yoke, producing a rotating magnetic field as unpredictable surge events can generate some 10,000 amps of additional current which will burn out the circuit components and can very well trigger a radiant energy build up which can create a lightning strike. Bob himself has been hit by just such a lightning strike and he is lucky to have survived. Lesser systems such as the toroid transformer used in Bob’s electrolyser system are safe even though they generate a power gain. So the many toroidal system designs are definitely worth examining.

Howard Johnson’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Returning to permanent magnet motors themselves, one of the top names in this field is Howard Johnson. Howard built, demonstrated and gained US patent 4,151,431 on 24th April 1979, from a highly sceptical patent office for, his design of a permanent magnet motor. He used powerful but very expensive Cobalt/Samarium magnets to increase the power output and demonstrated the motor principles for the Spring 1980 edition of Science and Mechanics magazine. His motor configuration is shown here:

The point that he makes is that the magnetic flux of his motor is always unbalanced, thus producing a continuous rotational drive. The rotor magnets are joined in stepped pairs, connected by a non-magnetic yoke. The stator magnets are placed on a mu-metal apron cylinder. Mu-metal is very highly conductive to magnetic flux (and is expensive). The patent states that the armature magnet is 3.125” (79.4 mm) long and the stator magnets are 1” (25.4 mm) wide, 0.25” (6 mm) deep and 4” (100 mm) long. It also states that the rotor magnet pairs are not set at 120 degrees apart but are staggered slightly to smooth out the magnetic forces on the rotor. It also states that the air gap between the magnets of the rotor and the stator are a compromise in that the greater the gap, the smoother the running but the lower the power. So, a gap is chosen to give the greatest power at an acceptable level of vibration.

Howard considers permanent magnets to be room-temperature superconductors. Presumably, he sees magnetic material as having electron spin directions in random directions so that their net magnetic field is near zero until the electron spins are aligned by the magnetising process which then creates an overall net permanent magnetic field, maintained by the superconductive electrical flow.

The magnet arrangement is shown here, with the inter-magnet gaps assessed from the drawing in Howard’s patent:

A magazine article on this can be seen at http://newebmasters.com/freeenergy/sm-pg48.html .

The “Carousel” Permanent Magnet Motor/Generator.

US Patent 5,625,241, included in the Appendix, presents the specific details of a simple electrical generator powered by permanent magnets alone. This generator can also be used as a motor. The construction is not particularly complicated:

It uses an arrangement where permanent magnets are associated with every second coil set around the rotor. Operation is self-powered and the magnet arrangement is clearly defined:

And the physical arrangement of the device is not particularly complicated:

This is a patent which is definitely worth reading and considering, especially since it is not a complicated presentation on the part of the authors, Harold Ewing, Russell Chapman and David Porter. This seemingly very effective generator appears to be overlooked at the present time. It seems quite clear that permanent magnet motors are a wholly viable option for the home constructor and they are capable of substantial power outputs over long periods, however, it should be noted that motors using magnets alone are notoriously difficult to get operational and while it can be done, motors which use moving shielding or pulsed electrical shielding are much more viable for the first-time constructor – motors such as the Charles Flynn motor or the Stephen Kundel motor.

Robert Tracy’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Some people have opted for permanent magnet motors where the field is shielded at the appropriate moment by a moving component of the motor. Robert Tracy was awarded US Patent Number 3,703,653 on 21st November 1972 for a “Reciprocating Motor with Motion Conversion Means”. His device uses magnetic shields placed between pairs of permanent magnets at the appropriate point in the rotation of the motor shaft:

Ben Teal’s Electromagnet Motor.

Motors of this kind are capable of considerable power output. The very simple motor, originally built by Ben Teal using wood as the main construction material, was awarded US Patent Number 4,093,880 in June 1978. He found that, using his hands, he could not stop the motor shaft turning in spite of it being such a very simple motor design:

The motor operation is as simple as possible with just four switches made from springy metal, pushed by a cam on the rotor shaft. Each switch just powers it’s electromagnet when it needs to pull and disconnects it when the pull is completed. The resulting motor is very powerful and very simple. Additional power can be had by just stacking one or more additional layers on top of each other. The above diagram shows two layers stacked on top of one another. Only one set of four switches and one cam is needed no matter how many layers are used, as the solenoids vertically above each other are wired together in parallel as they pull at the same time.

The power delivered by the Teal motor is an indication of the potential power of a permanent magnet motor which operates in a rather similar way by moving magnetic shields to get a reciprocating movement. Placing a resistor and capacitor across each switch contact both suppresses sparks and feeds current back to the battery when the contact opens, and this extends the battery life considerably.

The Jines Permanent Magnet Motor.

James E. Jines and James W. Jines were awarded US Patent 3,469,130 on 23rd September 1969 “Means for Shielding and Unshielding Permanent Magnets and Magnetic Motors Utilising the Same” and which is in the Appendix. This magnet motor design uses selective shielding of the drive magnets to produce a continuous force in one direction. It also has a mechanical arrangement to progressively adjust the shielding to adjust the power of the motor.

This is a very interesting design of magnetic motor, especially since it does not call for any materials which are not readily available from many suppliers. It also has the advantage of not needing any form of exact adjustment or balancing of magnetic forces to make it operate.

Stephen Kundel’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Stephen Kundel’s motor design is shown in full detail in his patent which is shown on page A - 968 of the Appendix. It uses a simple oscillating motion to position the “stator” magnets so that they provide a continuous rotational force on the output shaft:

Here, the yellow arm marked 38, rocks to the right and left, pushed by a solenoid coil 74. There is no obvious reason why this rocking motion could not be achieved by a mechanical linkage connected to the rotating output shaft 10. The three arms 20, 22 and 24, being pivoted at their upper points, are pushed into a central position by the springs 34 and 35. The magnets 50, 51 and 52, are moved by these arms, causing a continuous rotation of the output drive shaft 10. The movement of these magnets avoids the position where the magnets reach a point of equilibrium and lock into a single position.

Figures 2 and 3 show the position of the magnets, with the Figure 3 position showing a point in the output shaft rotation which is 180 degrees (half a turn) further on than the position shown in Figure 2.

Some other, more powerful magnet arrangements which can be used with this design are shown in the full patent in the Appendix.

This design does not seem to appeal to many constructors in spite of the fact that it must be one of the easiest magnet motors to set up and make work. The output power level can be as big as you want as additional layers of magnets can be added. The operation is very simple and it can, perhaps, be seen more easily if just one lever arm is considered. The lever arm has just two working positions. In one position it acts on one set of rotor magnets and in the second position it acts on a second set of rotor magnets. So, we will look at each set in turn. If there are two magnets near each other, one fixed in position and the other free to move like this:

The magnets have a strong attraction to each other because of the North and South poles attracting each other. However, as the two South poles repel each other, the movement of the approaching magnet is not directly along the green arrows shown but initially is in the direction shown by the red arrow.

Charles “Joe” Flynn’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Patent US 5,455,474 dated 3rd October 1995 and shown in full in the Appendix, gives details of this interesting design. It says: “This invention relates to a method of producing useful energy with magnets as the driving force and represents an important improvement over known constructions and it is one which is simpler to construct, can be made to be self starting, is easier to adjust, and is less likely to get out of adjustment. The present construction is also relatively easy to control, is relatively stable and produces an amazing amount of output energy considering the source of driving energy that is used. The present construction makes use of permanent magnets as the source of driving energy but shows a novel means of controlling the magnetic interaction or coupling between the magnet members and in a manner which is relatively rugged, produces a substantial amount of output energy and torque, and in a device capable of being used to generate substantial amounts of energy.”

The patent describes more than one motor. The first one is like this when seen from the side:

An exploded view, shows the different parts clearly:

This construction is relatively simple and yet the operation is powerful. The power is provided by three magnets, shown shaded in blue and yellow. The lower magnet is in the form of a disc with the poles arranged on the large, circular, flat faces. This is the stator magnet which does not move. Positioned above it is a disc made of non-magnetic material (shaded in grey) and which has two magnets embedded in it. This disc is the rotor and is attached to the central vertical shaft.

Normally, the rotor would not rotate, but between the two discs there is a ring of seven coils which are used to modify the magnetic fields and produce powerful rotation. The powering up of these coils is very simple and it is arranged by shining a beam of Ultra Violet light from one of the Light-Emitting Diodes through a slot in an optical-timing disc attached to the rotating shaft. The LEDs and the photo-transistors are aligned with the centres of the seven coils. The position and width of the slot controls which photo-transistor gets switched on and for how long it remains powered up. This is a very neat and compact arrangement. The really interesting part of the design is how the coils modify the magnetic fields to produce the output power of the device. The orientation of the magnet poles can be swapped over, provided that this is done for all three magnets.

Shown here is the situation when one of the rotor magnets has rotated to where it is above one of the coils which is not yet powered up. The South pole of the rotor magnet is attracted to the North pole which is the entire upper face of the stator magnet as shown by the three arrows. If a voltage is applied to the coil, then this magnetic coupling is disrupted and altered. If any torque is developed as a result of the coil being powered up, then it will be developed to either side of the energised coil. If the coil is not powered up, then there will be full attraction between the magnets and no rotational force will be produced. You will notice that there are two rotating magnets (an even number) and seven coils (an odd number) so when one of the rotor magnets is above a coil, then the other isn’t. This staggering of the two positions is essential for generating smooth, continuous rotational torque and self-starting without any need to rotate the shaft manually.

The diagram above shows a piece from both sides of the rotor disc, to explain the operation of the coils. On the left, magnet 56 overlaps coil 32 and coil 34. Coil 32 is powered up and this breaks the magnetic link on the left hand side of magnet 56. But, coil 34 is not powered up, so the attraction between magnet 56 and the disc magnet under the coils remains. Even though this attraction is at a downward angle, it creates a push on the rotor, driving it towards the right as shown by the red arrow.

While this is happening, the situation around the other side of the rotor disc, is shown on the right. Here, magnet 54 is above coil 36 and that coil is not powered up, so there is no resulting drive in either direction - just a downward pull on the rotor magnet, towards the stator magnet below it. The adjacent coil 38 is also not powered up and so has no effect on the rotation. This method of operation is very close to that of the motor design of Robert Adams described in the next chapter. It is important to understand that this method of operation is nothing like that of the John Bedini pulsers where the rotation of a disc is caused by the electrical pulse applied to a coil creating a repulsion thrust to a rotor magnet. Instead, here, the coil acts as a magnetic shield, being provided with the minimum possible power to do its job. The coil is, in effect, a shield which has no moving parts, and so is a very clever mechanism for overcoming the tendency for the rotor magnets to lock on to the stator magnets and preventing rotation.

At any moment, six of the seven coils in this design are inactive, so in effect, just one coil is powered. This is not a major current drain. It is important to understand that the power of this motor is provided by the permanent magnets pulling towards each other. Each of the two magnets applies a horizontal pull on the rotor every seventh of a turn, that is, every 51.1 degrees in the rotation. As the coils are an uneven number, the rotor gets a magnetic pull every 25.5 degrees in the rotation, first from one rotor magnet and then from the other rotor magnet.

It follows then, that the power of the motor can be increased by adding more magnets. The first step in this search for additional power is to add a second disc magnet and coils on the other side of the rotor, so that there is a second pull on the magnet. This has the added advantage that it balances the downwards pull of the first disc magnet with an upward pull, giving an enhanced and balanced horizontal thrust as shown here:

The coil switching with the additional layer of coils is shown here:

This produces a larger horizontal thrust. While this design goes for optimum performance, I suggest that a much more simple form of construction with a ring of standard circular neodymium magnets could be used instead of one large disc magnet, and ordinary circular coils placed on top of the circular magnets, and this allows large diameter rotors to be constructed, the larger diameter giving greater output shaft power:

To increase the power of the output shaft further again, additional sets of magnets and coils can be added as shown here:

It should be remembered that the timing section shown above could be replaced by a NE555 timer circuit which generates a steady stream of On / Off pulses. When those pulses are fed to the coils, the motor rotates, slaving itself to the pulse rate. This gives an immediate speed control for the motor as well as avoiding the need for the precise positioning of the slotted disc which allows the LEDs to shine directly on to the phototransistors at the appropriate instant. If that approach is taken, then the timing section shown above would be omitted.

The circuitry that Charles specifies for powering the coils to block the magnetic fields of the permanent magnets uses N-channel MOSFETs and is very simple. Here is his circuit for driving one of the coils:

Just five components are used. The current through the coil is controlled by a transistor. In this case it is a Field-Effect Transistor usually called a "FET". The most common type of FET is used, namely an "N-channel" FET which is the rough equivalent to an NPN transistor as described in Chapter 12. A FET of this type is switched off when the voltage on it's "gate" (marked "g" in the diagram) is 2.5 volts or lower. It is switched on when the voltage on it's gate is 4.5 volts or more.

In this circuit we want the FET to switch on when the motor's timing disc is in the right position and be off at all other times. This is arranged by shining the light from a Light-Emitting Diode or "LED" through a hole in the timing disc which rotates with the shaft of the motor. When the hole is opposite the LED for the coil which is to be powered up, light shines through the hole and on to a light-sensitive device, Charles has opted to use a Light-Sensitive transistor, but a light-dependent resistor such as an ORP12 could be used instead. When the light shines on the "Opto1" device in the circuit diagram, it's resistance falls dramatically, raising the voltage on the gate of the FET and switching it on. When the timing disc hole moves past the LED, the light is cut off and the FET gate voltage drops down, switching the FET off. This arrangement causes the coil of the motor to be switched on and off at just the right time to give a powerful rotation of the motor shaft. In the circuit, the resistor "R1" is there to make sure that the current flowing through the LED is not excessive. The resistor "R2" has a low value compared to the resistance of "Opto1" when no light falls on it, and this holds the gate voltage of the FET down to a low value, making sure that the FET is completely off.

As you can see, this is basically a very simple circuit. However, as one of these circuits is used for each coil (or each pair of coils if there is an even number of coils in this slice of the motor), the circuit in the patent looks quite complicated. It is actually very simple. The resistor "R1" is used to limit the current flow through all of the LEDs used and not just one LED. You could, of course, use one resistor for each LED if you wanted to. The circuit for powering two coils (and not showing the timing disc) looks like this:

The section inside the green dashed line being the identical circuit for the second coil. This addition to the circuit is made for each coil, at which point, the motor is ready to run. If, as would be normal, several layers of magnets are being used, then the coils positioned above each other can be connected in a chain like this:

Connecting several coils "in series" (in a chain) like this, reduces the number of electronic components needed and it makes sure that the pulses to each of these coils is at exactly the same instant. Alternatively, it is possible to wire these coils across each other "in parallel", the choice is generally dictated by the resistance of the coils. The patent drawing shown above seems to indicate that there is a big gap between the LEDs and the optical devices. This is probably not the case as most people would choose to keep the gap between the LED and the light-dependent device as small as possible, mounting them so that they are just clear of the timing disc on each side of it.

In this patent, Charles Flynn remarks that this magnet motor can be used for almost any purpose where a motor or engine drive is required and where the amount of energy available or required to produce the driving force may vary little to nil. Charles has produced motors of this type which are capable of rotating at very high speed - 20,000 rpm and with substantial torque. Lesser speeds can also be produced, and the motor can be made to be self-starting. Because of the low power required to operate the device, Charles has been able to operate the motor using just a nine volt, off-the-shelf dry battery.

One application which seems most appropriate for this motor design is the Frenette heater shown in Chapter 14. Using this motor to drive the discs inside the heater drum would produce a heater which appears to be driven by just a nine-volt battery. However, while that is the appearance, the reality is that the power of this motor comes from the permanent magnets and not from the battery. The battery current is only used to prevent the backward pull of the magnets and it is not used to drive the motor.

While the use of a timing disc is a very satisfactory arrangement, it is also possible to use electronic circuitry instead of the mechanical timing disc, the opto devices and the LEDs. What is needed here is a device which produces a series of voltage pulses which can be used to drive the gate voltage of each FET from below 2.5 volts to over 4.5 volts. It looks as if the well-known 555 timer chip would be suited to this task and it would certainly run off the nine-volt battery. However, we have more than one set of coils which need to be run. For example, if we have say, four sets of coils to drive by powering up four different FET transistors one after the other, then we could use a "Divide-by-Eight" chip, like the 4022 chip. This chip can be set to divide by any number from two to eight. All that is needed to select the number to divide by, is one connection between two of the pins on the chip.

The output voltage on the pins marked "1", "2", "3" and "4" goes high one after the other as shown in the diagram above. So, each of these output pins would be connected to the FET gates in that order and the FETs would get switched on in that same order.

With the 4022 chip, the connections for the rate of division are as follows:

For ‘Divide by 7’ operation, connect pin 10 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 6’ operation, connect pin 5 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 5’ operation, connect pin 4 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 4’ operation, connect pin 11 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 3’ operation, connect pin 7 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 2’ operation, connect pin 3 to pin 15

When using a circuit like this, the pulse rate from the 555 chip is set to a very low value like half a second, so that the motor shaft can get started. Once it gets moving, the pulse rate is gradually increased to speed the motor up. One advantage of this method is that it allows speed control, and if the motor was being used to power a Frenette heater, then the speed control would also act as a temperature control for the heater.

A possible 555 chip circuit might be:

As this allows the speed to be controlled and when the required speed is reached, the pulse width can then be adjusted to give the minimum current draw to maintain that speed. There are, of course, many other suitable circuits which could be used instead of this one and Chapter 12 will fill you in on some of them as well as explaining how circuits work and how to build them.

If it so happens that it is difficult to find suitable circular magnets with the poles on opposing faces, then I suggest that it should be possible to use standard rectangular magnets throughout and rectangular coils as shown here:

And while this arrangement is not as magnetically efficient as a circular magnet, it does have the convenience of allowing the construction of a rotor of any chosen size. Ideally, unlike the stator shown above, there should be an odd number of magnets, or failing that, an odd number of coils. Alternatively, the rotor could have an odd number of magnets so as to allow self-starting. But, it should be noted that if the motor is to be driven by an electronic pulsing system, then it is very much more simple to have an even number of magnets on the stator and start the motor moving by hand. This is because with an odd number of stator magnets, the opto sensors are not exactly opposite each other and so do not fire together. With an even number of stator magnets, the coils which are 180 degrees apart can be wired together as they fire at exactly the same time. With the slotted optical timing disc, the slots are exactly opposite each other and match the width of the rotor magnets, but the coils (nearly) opposite each other are not powered on and off at exactly the same time, although their powered arcs are likely to overlap for part of their operation. This could be catered for electronically by using a monostable delay for the coil on the opposite side of the disc.

The objective of each coil is to just, and only just, cancel out the magnetic field of the permanent magnet underneath it. The magnetic field produced by the coil depends on the current flowing in the coil, the number of turns in the coil and the area of the coil. The current flowing depends on the diameter of the wire and the voltage applied to it. It is probably necessary to mount just one magnet on the stator and experiment with the coil until your current drive and coil allow the rotor to spin freely. Whatever the coil result is, should be ok for all of the magnets even though they are likely to vary in strength a bit.

Steorn’s Magnetic Devices.

The Irish company Steorn have produced a system which is almost identical to the Charles Flynn magnet motor just described. They call their device "Orbo" and its operation is pretty much the same. The advance made by Steorn is that they have devised a very clever magnetic masking system using ferrite toroids wound with a copper wire coil. This is a slick method of switching magnetic attraction on and off. When the coil carries a sufficient current it generates a circular magnetic field spiralling around the toroid and not going outside the toroid. This field does not have an attraction for outside magnets. It makes no difference if the direction of the current flow through the coil is reversed as the resulting magnetic field just spins around the toroid in the opposite direction and performs exactly the same magnetic blocking of the ferrite ring which forms the toroid. If no current flows, then the copper wire does not block off the influence of the ferrite ring and the permanent magnets on the rotor are strongly attracted to it, causing the rotor to spin.

On their web site www.steorn.com , Steorn illustrate their design like this:

In this implementation, eight ferrite rings are mounted on the stator in four locations ninety degrees apart. These are wound with copper wire coils which can be powered by a battery, via a timing mechanism. The rotor has embedded in it, eight pairs of small permanent magnets, also spaced ninety degrees apart.

In exactly the same way as the Adams motor described in chapter 2, the current through the coils is set to the minimum level which allows the rotor to spin freely. The timing mechanism is then switched in and the motor and the rotor given a spin. The rotor magnets are strongly attracted to their corresponding ferrite rings mounted on the stator posts and this accelerates the rotor.

If no current is passed through the coils, then the rotor will oscillate backwards and forwards for a short time before coming to rest with the magnets as close to the ferrite rings as possible. To prevent this happening, the timing circuit senses when the magnets reach the ferrite rings, and passes that minimum current through the coils, trapping the rings inside a magnetic field which has no effect on the rotor magnets. The momentum of the rotor causes it to spin on past the stator rings to a position where the magnets are closer to the next rings than they are to the ones which they have just passed, at which point, the current is cut off and the magnetic attraction to the ferrite rings returns. This is identical to one mode of operation of the Adams motor.

The next step is also identical to that of the Adams motor, namely, to add on some pick-up coils to convert some of the rotating magnetic energy into electrical energy, either to recharge the driving battery or to power other equipment, or both.

Steorn's arrangement for doing this is to add an additional disc, containing permanent magnets, to the rotor and positioning wire coils opposite those magnets as is normal for a generator. Steorn choose to show the resulting energy charging up the battery again:

Video presentations on this style of motor/generator are at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXamGLyRkt8&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rg3rLqYMzN4&feature=related and

http://jnaudin.free.fr/steorn/indexen.htm

We tend to think of this style of magnet-powered motor as being low-power. This is probably because it is often the case that the demonstration proof-of-principle implementations shown are minor devices. These motors can be very powerful and the one shown here, designed and built by Mr Sung of China has an output power of 20 kilowatts or twenty-seven horsepower:

And another design which has a larger diameter and about 144 magnets has a reported output of 225 horsepower:

You will notice that each ring of magnets is positioned further around the rim of the cylinder providing powerful pulses from 64 magnets every 22.5 degrees of rotation, so it is little wonder that the motor has considerable shaft power. Some of the coils can be switched to collect power if the working conditions do not need the full shaft output power, charging the drive battery. The rotating inner cylinder has permanent magnets mounted on it.

George Soukup’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

There used to be a video on the web, showing a magnet motor built on the “V” style of magnet placement which has two sets of permanent magnets spaced like this:

This style of magnet arrangement (North magnets shown in blue and South in red) has a locking point where the switch from wide spacing to narrow spacing occurs and this causes the rotation to stop there.

The implementation shown in this video has the V magnets spaced rather more widely apart as shown here:

The taper is much less pronounced with an inner gap some four times greater than the gap to the outer ring. It also appears that the last inner magnet has a greater gap around the drum than the remaining ring of magnets.

The housing is very simple looking, with an evenly spaced ring of twelve holes to take long magnets with alternating North and South magnetised areas along their length. You will notice from the photographs, that George has cavities to take up to twelve stacks of stator magnets, although he only uses any five of them for his demonstrations.

The housing has considerable clearance for the drum and magnets. The rear shaft bearing is just set into the back of the housing:

The front has two sheets of acrylic, one to hold the insert magnets in place and one to provide the shaft’s front bearing support:

As there is no commentary with the video it is a little difficult to pick up all of the details, but it seems that positioning stator magnets allows the motor to overcome the normal sticking point of the typical V-motor arrangement. The video shows various arrangements including the non-symmetrical grouping shown here where four or five consecutive magnets are used and the remaining slots left empty:

Dietmar Hohl’s Permanent Magnet Motor

If you would like to make a simple motor of this type, then the information provided by Dietmar Hohl, passed to me by Jes Ascanius of Denmark, shows you how. He uses 20 mm diameter round neodymium magnets 10 mm thick, stacked in pairs in the stator of this layout:

This shows a magnetic gate arrangement built on a flat piece of Medium-Density Fibreboard 30 mm thick. The holes drilled in it are 20.1 mm in diameter and positioned so as to take two of the 10 mm thick magnets stacked together. The holes are drilled at an angle of 63 degrees to the horizontal or 27 degrees to the vertical, whichever way you prefer to think of it. On one side of the board, the inserted magnets have their North poles facing upwards, while on the other side of the board, the magnets are inserted with their South poles facing upwards. Dietmar shows six holes to take bolts or screws to fasten the piece of MDF to a larger board or table. Those do not form any part of the magnetic system and can be omitted. A video of one version of it in action can be found at http://www.free-energy-info.com/Vtrack.mpg .

The gate operates by causing a stack of ten of the magnets to roll along the V-shaped track and pass smoothly across the junction with the next set of V-positioned magnets. There can be as many of these V-sets as you want and the magnet stack will still keep rolling. This is one of the few magnetic gate designs which adapts to drum operation as a motor rotor.

The magnets are positioned at an angle in order to use the magnetic fields at the edge of the magnets. They are stacked in pairs in order to increase their power. The power of the motor depends on the strength of the magnets, how close the stator magnet stacks are to the VF-track magnets and the number of stacks of stator magnets. If you decide to construct one of these motors, then it is suggested that you make things easier for yourself by keeping the curvature low, using three or four of the Vs. With Dietmar’s dimensions, a 2-V drum would be 216.5 mm (8.5”) in diameter, a 3-V drum would have a 325 mm (12.8”) diameter and a 4-V drum a diameter of 433 mm (17”) and those dimensions include the 30 mm (1 3/16”) strip which holds the magnets, so the inner drum diameters are 30 mm less in each case.

When making the motor drum, it is possible to use a flexible material to hold the magnets. This allows the strip to be laid out flat while the holes are drilled, and then attached to the outside of a rigid drum with a 60 mm lesser diameter than the ones mentioned above. Jes Acanius of Denmark shows how a jig can be made to make drilling the holes easier:

This one has had a length of copper pipe inserted at the correct angle, in order to direct the drill bit at the exact angle required. This motor has been successfully replicated by Jes Ascanius of Denmark who used 10 mm magnets which were to hand, and again with square magnets which were pushed into round holes and not even angled in this proof-of-concept implementation which only took one hour to build using scrap material to hand, and which did work:

With Dietmar’s design using angles magnet pairs, the number of magnets needed is quite high. For a single V, there are 58 magnets. For a 2-V version, 106 magnets. For a 3-V version, 154 magnets and for a 4-V version, 202 magnets if there is only one stack of stator magnets, so ten extra magnets need to be added to the count for each additional ten-magnet stack of stator magnets. The motor power is likely to increase as the diameter increases as the lever arm that the magnet has to turn the drum, increases – double the diameter to (almost) double the power.

Simple Permanent Magnet Motors

It is very difficult to use the power of permanent magnets to make a motor powered by them alone. The Dietmar Hohl design shown above is one of the very few which can readily be made and tested at home. The problem is that almost all magnets have a symmetrical magnetic field, while what is needed for a magnet-powered motor is an asymmetrical magnetic field. Consequently, magnets have to be combined in ways which distort their normal field shape. You will notice that in the Hohl motor, the drive magnets are angled and that is an important feature of using magnets in motors.

Schools currently teach that the field surrounding a bar magnet is like this:

This is deduced by scattering iron filings on a sheet of paper held near the magnet. Unfortunately, that is not a correct deduction as the iron filings distort the magnetic field by their presence, each becoming a miniature magnet in it’s own right. More careful measurement shows that the field actually produced by a bar magnet is like this:

There are many lines of force, although these diagrams show only two of them. The important factor is that there is a rotating field at each corner of a typical bar magnet. It follows then that if a row of magnets is placed at a an angle, then there will be a resulting net field in a single direction. For example, if the magnets are rotated forty five degrees counter clockwise, then the result would be like this:

With this arrangement, the opposing corners of the magnets as shown here, are lower down and so there should be a net magnetic force pushing to the right just above the set of magnets. However, the situation is not as simple and straightforward as you might imagine. The additional lines of magnetic force which have not been shown in the diagram above, act further out from the magnets and they interact, creating a complex composite magnetic field. It is frequently found that after four or five magnets that a short gap needs to be left before the line of magnets is continued on.

Two boys; Anthony and Andreas, have used this magnet arrangement to create a magnetic track and they have a lot of fun, sending a magnet sliding between two of these rows of angled magnets. Initially, they used the cheaper ceramic magnets and got a very satisfactory movement when using a neodymium magnet as the moving component:

You will notice that they have managed a row of 18 ceramic magnets on each side of their track and the results which they are getting are very good. They have three videos on the web at the present time:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vo2-Qb3fUYs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VeXrFfw4RSU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTbFfEEE_qU

The moving magnet is made up of four 12 mm x 12 mm x 12 mm (or half-inch by half inch by half inch) neodymium magnets attached North - South - North - South - North - South - North - South:

They have not disclosed all of the details of what they are using (accidentally rather than by intention). The ceramic stator magnets are 48 mm x 20 mm x 10 mm with the poles on each of the main faces. They position each magnet with it's North pole facing towards the track and they angle the magnets at 45 degrees. There is a 15 mm gap between the stator magnets and the moving magnets on both sides of the track. Wooden strips direct the moving magnets.

Neodymium magnets have very different characteristics to those of ceramic magnets (and that is not just strength of the magnetic field). It is not unusual for experimenters to find that devices will work well with one type of magnet but not with the other type. Here the developers have also tried using two sets of five angled neodymium magnets on each side of their track and the result was a more powerful thrust on their moving magnets.

The magnets are held in place in this picture, by wooden dowels driven into the base plank. They used these in order to avoid any magnet-fastening material which could alter the magnetic field.

The next step would be for them to power a motor using their magnetic track technique. However, this has been tried many times and the conclusion is that it is VERY hard to change a straight magnetic track into one which forms a complete circle. Therefore, I would suggest the following arrangement:

Here, a simple disc rotor has four magnets (of the type used to move down the magnetic track) attached to the underside of the disc and positioned so that they move through four short sets of angled stator magnets as the disc spins. It does not matter if the rotor shaft is horizontal or vertical. If the disc spins well, then sets of two air-core pick-up coils can be positioned between each of the stator magnet arrays so that electricity is generated as the rotor magnets pass by overhead. If a constructor decides to attach two rotor discs to the one rotor shaft, then the two rotors should be positioned so that the rotor shaft gets pushed every 45 degrees of rotation rather than every 90 degrees as shown here. This style of motor is definitely within the scope of the average person to build should they be inclined to do so.

Muammer Yildiz’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

Muammer Yildiz has developed a powerful permanent magnet motor, patented it, and demonstrated it to the staff and students of a Dutch university. During the demonstration, the mechanical power output was estimated at 250 watts and immediately after the demonstration, the motor was completely taken apart to show that there were no hidden power sources. There is a video showing this demonstration, located at:

http://pesn.com/2010/04/22/9501639_Yildiz_demonstrates_magnet_motor_at_Delft_University/

Please note that this is an attempted translation of the German language text of his patent and so, the accuracy of the content is not absolutely certain although it is likely to be reasonably accurate.

Patent EP 2,153,515 17th February 2010 Inventor: Muammer Yildiz

DEVICE HAVING AN ARRANGEMENT OF MAGNETS

ABSTRACT

The device has a rotating axial drive shaft 5 supported so that it rotates inside a stator 2, which is surrounded by an outer stator 3. The rotor is firmly connected to the drive shaft. The outer stator has dipole magnets 6 which are positioned on the inner surface of a circular cylinder 9. These outer magnets are evenly spaced around the surface of the surrounding cylinder.

DESCRIPTION

This invention is a device for generating an alternating magnetic field that interacts with a stationary magnetic field. The interaction of a stationary magnetic field with an alternating magnetic field has been used for some time, for example in brushless DC motors and in magnetic levitation.

One object of this invention is to provide an improved device for generating an alternating magnetic field that interacts with a stationary magnetic field. This is achieved as described in Claim 1, by the special arrangement of the dipole magnets of the inner stator, the rotor and the outer stator which creates a magnetic effect which keeps the rotor floating freely between the inner stator and the outer stator, and this acts as a magnetic bearing.

Surprisingly, it has been shown that the special layout of the dipole magnets of the inner stator, the rotor and the outer stator during rotation of the rotor, generates an alternating magnetic field is which allows a largely loss-free movement of the rotor as it spins between the inner stator and the outer stator. This very useful effect can be used for a variety of technical applications, for example, a particularly low-friction bearing is preferred for supporting a shaft which has to rotate at high speed.

In the following description, when mathematical terms, especially geometric terms, are used - terms such as “parallel”, “perpendicular”, “plane”, “cylinder”, “angle”, etc. as is typical when producing technical drawings, but it must be understood that these things are never achieved in practice, due to the manufacturing tolerances of the components. It is therefore important to realise that this description refers to the ideal situation, which will never be achieved. Therefore, the reader needs to understand that generally accepted tolerances will be involved in practice.

The output shaft spins around one axis, called the “shaft axis”. The shaft itself is preferably constructed as a straight cylinder of circular cross-section.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the magnets project slightly out of the inner stator. This is also the case for both the rotor and the outer stator. A partial overlap of two magnets is achieved when a plane perpendicular to the shaft axis, passes through both of the two magnets and the two magnets are considered to overlap if this situation occurs.

A partial overlap of three magnets occurs when a plane perpendicular to the shaft axis runs through each of the three magnets. The degree of overlapping does not affect the description and the amount of overlap of any two of the three magnets can be anything from 1% to 100%, where the magnets overlap completely.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the magnets of the inner stator and the rotor are able to align completely. In addition to this, the outer stator is constructed so that it can be rotated around the shaft axis so that the contact ratio between the magnets of the rotor and the magnets of the outer stator can be adjusted to give any degree of overlap from 0% to 100%.

Three imaginary cylinders are produced. One by the magnets of the inner stator, a second by the rotor magnets as they spin around the shaft axis and the third is created by the magnets of the outer stator. The axes of these three cylinders is the same as the shaft axis.

Ideally, the rotor will have the shape of a drum or a cup, that is, a hollow cylinder with a circular cross-section or a piece of pipe whose one end face is covered by circular disk. In the centre of the disc, the rotor has a hole through which the shaft passes. The disc can also have a collar which is used to clamp the rotor to the shaft by means of a bolt passing through the drive shaft or by grub screws tapped into the collar. Whichever method is used, the rotor magnet assembly is connected securely to the drive shaft. The use of a clamping screw has the advantage of allowing the rotor to be taken apart for maintenance or repair. The hollow cylinder section of the rotor, is arranged so that there is a small air gap between it and both the inner and outer stators.

The hollow rotor cylinder has two, or more, permanent magnets mounted on it. These are equally spaced around the circumference of the rotor cylinder and positioned so as to be parallel to the drive shaft axis. The outer stator is cylindrical in shape and surrounds the rotor, leaving a small air gap between them and it’s axis is aligned with the drive shaft axis. Ideally, the magnets mounted on the inside of the outer stator cylinder, are aligned with the drive shaft axis and their pole faces are at right angles to the shaft axis. That is, a line drawn through the North and South pole faces of these magnets will point at the drive shaft, and so one pole face will face the rotor.

It is also possible for the magnets of the outer stator to be rod-shaped and to form a complete ring around the inner face of the outer stator cylinder. If this is done, then the magnetic rings need to be separated from each other by non-magnetic spacers and the whole length of the outer stator will be covered with these magnetic rings and spacers. In this case, the inner and outer stators are mounted in a fixed relationship to each other by means of brackets or other mounting methods.

Ideally, the rotor is held in position by the magnetic fields of the two stators and “floats free” between them. This is the preferred method. However, it is possible for the drive shaft to run the entire length of the device and to be supported in roller bearings.

One possible construction is to have both of the stators made in two separate parts. These need to be exactly symmetrical relative to the drive shaft axis. The outer stator pieces can also be arranged to be capable of rotational adjustment relative to the inner stator which always has a fixed position. Another option with this particular arrangement is to have the distance of the outer stator components adjustable, so that the air gap between the rotor and the outer stator magnets can be manually adjusted.

An angle “alpha” is defined as the angle between the magnetic axis of a magnet of the inner stator and a tangent to the circumference of the inner stator at that point. An angle “beta” is defined as the angle between the magnetic axis of a rotor magnet and a tangent to the rotor circumference at that point. An angle “gamma” is defined as the angle between the magnetic axis of a magnet of the outer stator and a tangent to the circumference of the outer stator at that point. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, each of these angles is between 14 degrees and 90 degrees.

It is a particular advantage if the permanent magnets of both the inner and outer stator have a either a rectangular or trapezoidal cross-section when seen as being cut by a plane perpendicular to the shaft axis. It is also particularly advantageous if the rotor magnets have a circular cross-section when viewed as being cut by that plane perpendicular to the shaft axis. Other, non-symmetrical magnet cross-sections are possible, such as trapezoidal, triangular, or irregularly shaped cross sections.

It is possible for all of the magnets of the inner stator to have identical shapes. Similarly, it is possible for all of the magnets of the outer stator to have identical shapes. It is also possible for all of the rotor magnets to have the same shape. However, the positioning of the magnetic North and South poles of the various magnets will not be identically position as will be seen from the following detailed description.

The magnets of the inner stator, the rotor and the outer stator have a magnetic orientation which causes them to repel each other at every angular position of the rotor. For example, the magnets of the inner stator can have their North poles facing outwards and in that case, the magnets on the rotor will have their North poles facing inwards towards the inner stator. Similarly, the magnets of the outer stator would then have their South poles facing inwards in order to repel the (outer) South poles of the rotor magnets.

Further features, details and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of an embodiment of the invention and the associated drawings as shown here:

Fig.1 is a schematic representation of the device.

Fig.2a is an oblique view of the inner stator without magnets and Fig.2b is a view of the inner stator at right angles to the shaft axis.

Fig.3 Shows a magnet arrangement for the inner stator

Fig.4 a section through the inner stator, along the line A--A indicated in Fig.12b

Fig.5a is a view of the fastening device perpendicular to the shaft axis and Fig.5b is a view of the fastening device in the direction of the shaft axis

Fig.6 is a perspective view of the rotor

Fig.7a is a schematic view of the inner stator and rotor. Fig.7b is a diagram of possible angle of the magnetic axis of the magnets in the rotor;

Fig.8a shows the magnetic arrangement of the rotor, along the direction X--Y indicated in Fig.16. Fig.8b is a detailed view of the rotor shown in Fig.8a.

Fig.9a to 9h show the angles of sets of magnets installed in the rotor when viewed from the side. These are shown in greater detail later in this description.

Fig.10 shows the positions of magnet strings embedded in the rotor. These are given in more detail later on.

Fig.11 shows the arrangement of magnets on both stators and the rotor, shown as a section along the shaft axis.

Fig.12a shows the arrangement of cylinder and fins on the rotor before the rotor magnets are installed in the spaces between the fins.

Fig.12b shows the arrangement of the magnets of the rotor, as seen in a view at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the rotor.

Fig.13 shows the stepped positioning of the magnets of the rotor. This view shows the surface of the rotor and it’s shaft, opened out and laid flat. That is, the rectangle show here is actually the whole of the cylindrical surface of the rotor. In this view, the fins between the magnets are not show in order to emphasise the stepping of the magnets relative to each other.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Fig.1 shows a schematic representation of the device having an inner stator 2, a rotor 1 and an outer stator 3, which are arranged coaxially around the shaft axis 50 of a pivoting rod-shaped shaft 5. The cylindrical inner stator 2 has at each end, an end cap 13 which is in the form of a circular disc with a ball-race bearing 11 mounted on it. The bearing 11, maintains the position of the inner stator 2 relative to shaft 5. The drive shaft 5 is normally made from a non-magnetic material such as plastic, (not steel) and typically, has a diameter of 10 mm to 40 mm and a length of 100 mm to 400 mm.

The inner stator 2 has a core 12 with magnets 8 mounted on it’s outer surface. The inner stator 2 is held stationary by a mounting device 4, which is secured in position in a mechanical housing (not shown), and is held firmly fixed in this way.

The rotor 1 consists of two mirror-image rotor drums, each with a pipe section and a circular disc section which is clamped rigidly to drive shaft 5 by means of grub screws 10. Each of the rotor drums has magnets 7 mounted on it. These magnets 7, are positioned in five distinct places and they have one magnetic pole facing towards the shaft and the other pole facing radially outwards.

The rotor drums are positioned so that there is a cylindrical air gap between them and the inner stator 2. This air gap is usually of the order of 3mm to 50 mm. Although the two halves of the rotor are separated by the clamping mechanism 4 which prevents the inner stator from rotating, the rotor halves are positioned so that the magnets within them are balanced and so there is no irregular force generated when shaft 5 is spun at high speed. At the ends of the rotor drums there are magnets 700 as the objective of this design is to have the rotor suspended magnetically.

The outer stator 3 is composed of two separate half cylinders 9. Each of these cylinders 9, contains magnets 6 mounted on it’s inner face. Although each section of the outer stator consists of a hollow cylinder, the outer ends of the stator housing form a complete disc which surrounds the drive shaft 5 and forming a complete enclosure rather than leaving the device open at the ends. There is an air gap between the faces of the magnets mounted on the inner surface of the cylindrical frame 9 and the faces of the magnets mounted on the rotor. These sets of magnets face each other and the air gap between them is also typically 3 mm to 50 mm. The magnets on each of the stators are parallel to the shaft axis 50. The outer stators is constructed so that it can be moved relative to the inner stator, thus altering their magnetic overlap. This alteration can be made by moving the outer stator when the motor is actually running.

The magnets designated 6, 7, and 8, are dipole magnets and in a preferred embodiment, these are permanent magnets, for example, consisting of SmCo (samarian cobalt) and/or NdFeB (neodymium/iron/boron). It is also possible for one or more of these magnets to be an electromagnet. The magnetic flux density of the magnets 6, 7, and 8 is preferably in a range from 0.4 to 1.4 Tesla.

The frame is preferably made from a non-magnetic material such as aluminium with a wall thickness from 2 mm to 10 mm.

Fig.12a shows an inner stator frame made from a non-magnetic material (such as aluminium or copper). The frame 12 has a circular cylinder 120 which has attached to it’s outer surface, radial ribs 121. Each of these ribs extends along the central axis of the cylinder 120 along the full length of the cylinder, that is, from its’ base to the top surface. The ribs are distributed uniformly over the cylinder circumference, forming grooves 122. Cylinder 120 has a central hole along it’s axis for shaft 5 to run through. Both of the end surfaces of cylinder 120 are recessed to accommodate one of the ball bearings 11. The diameter of the stator core 12 is typically 50 mm to 500 mm with a length of 100 mm to 300 mm. The width of the ribs 121 is generally not more than 100 mm and is usually about 20% of the length of the ribs 121.

Fig.12b shows a schematic representation of the inner stator 2. The inner stator 2 is composed of the inner stator frame 12, the magnets 8 and the end caps 13. The magnets 8 are of equal length but their length is less than the length of the stator core 12. These magnets form the outer surface of the stator. They are seated in the grooves 122 and held in position by the ribs 121. The first magnet 8-1 is inserted flush with the end cap 13. The other magnets 8 each have an axial offset V along the shaft axis 50 arranged so that there is an even stepping of the magnets with the final magnet 8-10 butting up against the second end plate 13. The axial offset V is the total overall gap W divided by (n - 1), where n is the number of magnets and so, V varies with the number of magnets used. In a typical arrangement, V is 5% of the length of the magnets 8.

The end caps 13 have a diameter of 50 mm to 500 mm and a thickness of 5 mm to 20 mm. A typical length for the magnets 8 is 100 mm. The magnet dimensions are arranged so that when they are positioned in the grooves 122, the inner stator 2 has a substantially uniform outer surface.

Fig.13 shows an opened-out view of the outer surface of the inner stator 2. Here, ten magnets 8 are arranged with even spacing. The under side of the magnets taper in the direction of the shaft axis 50 and so they have a lesser width near the centre of the stator than they do at the outside surface. The first magnet 8-1 is positioned with its end face aligned with the base 125 of the inner stator core 12. The remaining nine magnets (8-2 to 8-10) are each offset by the amount V with the last magnet 8-10 reaching the top surface of the inner stator core 126.

Fig.14 shows a cross-section through the inner stator 2 along the plane A--A of Fig.12b. The inner stator 2 has a hollow cylinder 120, through which the central axis of the shaft 5 passes. Running along the outer surface of the cylinder are the ribs 121. The hollow cylinder 120 typically has a diameter of 100 mm and a length of 170 mm. In the gaps formed between the ribs 121 the magnets 8 are placed. When seen in the plane A--A these magnets have a trapezoidal cross-section. These magnets have two magnetic poles and the magnets are positioned so that the magnetic axis 80 which runs through the two poles is radial within the section plane A--A. An angle α [alpha] formed at the intersection of the magnetic dipole axis 80 of a magnet 8 and the tangent 81 to the ribs 121 can have a value between 14 degrees and 90 degrees. In the case shown in Fig.14 the angle alpha is 90 degrees.

Fig.15a shows the fastening device 4 in a view perpendicular to the shaft axis 50. The fastening device 4 has an inner hollow cylinder 40 with a smaller radius and an outer fixing ring plate 41 with larger radius. The inner hollow cylinder 40 and the outer ring fastening plate 41 are connected together. The hollow cylinder 40 is used for receiving and fixing the inner stator 2 by means of screws 10. The fastening ring 41 is part of a mechanical housing (not shown) for holding the device firmly positioned.

Fig.15b shows the fastening device 4 in a view in the direction of the shaft axis 50. The mounting ring plate 41 has at it’s periphery, four screws 10 for attachment to the mechanical housing of the hollow cylinder 40 which has on its circumference, a number of screws 10 for fixing the inner stator in place.

Fig.16 is a view of the rotor 1, which is clamped to shaft 5 by means of the screws 10. The rotor 1 consists of two separate drums attached to a central hollow shaft. Mounted in its outer surface are a series of magnets 7 sunk into circular holes. The rotor itself is constructed using a non-magnetic material such as aluminium or copper. The distance between the two rotor drums is 15 mm and they have an outer diameter of 165 mm, a height of 70 mm and a wall thickness of 26 mm. Each rotor drum has a top surface annular disk 102, into which two or more magnets 700 are sunk. These are positioned uniformly around the circumference of the disc as shown in the diagram. The magnetic dipole axis of magnets 700 is parallel to the shaft axis 50.

Fig.17a is a schematic representation of the possible orientations of the rotor magnets 7 when seen as viewed looking parallel to the shaft axis 50. The magnetic dipole axis 70 of rotor magnets seven is in a plane which is radial to the shaft axis 50. The angle β [beta] between the magnetic dipole axis 70 and the tangent 71 breaks through the outer periphery of the hollow cylinder 101 of the rotor 1 and this angle can have values between 14 degrees and 90 degrees.

Fig17b is a schematic view of one rotor drum and part of the inner stator 2, where the view is perpendicular to the shaft axis 50. The rotor 1 is clamped to the shaft 5 by the screws 10 and held rigidly in position. The shaft 5 passes through a ball bearing inset into the inner stator 2 and so can rotate freely relative to the inner stator. The rotor has two drum, or bell-shaped, sections which surround the inner stator. The rotor 1 has a hollow cylindrical section 101, which extends away from the top surface 102. Since the inner stator is fixed and prevented from rotation by it’s anchoring device (component 4 in Fig.1), the rotor spins the hollow cylinder 101 around it. The hollow cylinder 101 of rotor 1 is separated from the inner stator 2 by an annular air gap G1. The hollow cylinder 101 of rotor 1 has magnets 7 sunk into holes in it. The top surface 102 of the rotor 1 also has holes in it and these are used to install the magnets 700 in it.

Fig.18a shows the outer surfaces of the two halves of the rotor drum 1 laid out flat instead of curved into a circle in the X--Y plane shown in Fig.16. This surface is perpendicular to the shaft axis 50 and rows of magnets 7 are positioned in rows 701 to 708. Each of these rows is slightly offset in relation to the row beside it, resulting in a zig-zag layout of the magnets 7.

Fig.18b shows, in enlarged detail, the positioning of the magnets 7 shown in Fig.18a. The centres of the magnets 7 in the rows 705 and 706 have a constant separation f between their edges. The distance between any two adjacent rows, say, 705 and 706, is chosen so that the arrangement is as shown in Fig.18b with constant magnetic separation of length d between the edges of the magnets in adjacent rows. For example, the magnets 7051 and 7052 are exactly the same distance apart as magnets 7061 and 7062 the adjacent row 706. Also, the centres of the three magnets 7051, 7052 and 7061 form an isosceles triangle. This relationship holds for all of the magnets in all seven series 701 to 708. Although the magnets 7 are shown in the diagrams as being circular, they could well be other shapes such as square or hexagonal.

The length d ranges from about 3 mm to 50 mm. A distance which is particularly preferred, is 5 mm. The distance f ranges from about 10 mm to 70 mm.

Fig.19a shows a longitudinal section through the mechanical housing for the device, i.e. a section parallel to the shaft axis 50. The mechanical housing includes the support piece 4 for clamping the inner stator 2 to prevent it from rotating, the mount 19 for guiding the movable halves of the outer stator 3, and a rotating threaded rod 14 which can move both halves of the outer stator 3 relative to the rotor and/or the inner stator 2. The gear shaft 14 has two threaded sections with threads which run in opposite directions (right-hand and left-hand threads). The rotation of this shaft causes the two halves of the outer stator housing to move in a symmetrical manner in opposite directions, inwards or outwards. The guide devices 19 are mounted on the gear shaft 14 and so they only move in one plane. The outer cylindrical sections 9 which house the outer stator 3 are firmly attached to the end caps 19. Typically, this mechanical housing has a height of 400 to 600 mm, a width of 400 mm and a depth of 530 mm.

Fig.19b is a section through the outer stator 3, the section plane is perpendicular to the shaft axis 50. The outer stator 3 has arranged in it, a ring of non-magnetic fasteners 18, between which magnets 6 are secured. For reasons of clarity, only some of the magnets 6 are shown although these magnets are mounted on the entire circumference of the outer stator 3. The size of the magnets 6 and the non-magnetic fasteners 18 is chosen so that they form a hollow cylinder whose central axis is in the direction of the shaft axis 50. The magnetic dipole axis 60 of the magnets 6 are perpendicular to the shaft axis 50. An angle γ [gamma] between the magnetic dipole axis 60 and a tangent 61 to the outer periphery of the hollow cylindrical outer stator 3 is between 14 degrees and 90 degrees. The outer stator 3 is connected to the mounting block 4, which includes the mounting columns 20.

Fig.20 is a perspective view of the mechanical housing for the device. Additional practical details are available in the patent.

Donald Kelly’s Permanent Magnet Motor.

In 1979, Mr Kelly was granted a patent on a permanent magnet motor design. He comments that apart from it being very difficult to generate sufficient power to mechanically move the stator magnets slightly to achieve continuous rotation, the resulting rate of revolutions is very low. For those reasons, he has opted to move the stator magnets slightly using small DC motors. His design is included here as it is a concept which is relatively easy to understand. The overall idea is not unlike that of Stephen Kundel who rocks the stator magnets with a solenoid, as shown earlier in this chapter. The objective here is to use a small electrical current to generate a powerful rotation far greater than would be possible from the electrical current itself, and so, produce what is in effect, a power multiplication through the use of permanent magnets. A slightly reworded copy of his patent is shown in the Appendix.

The operation is a simple strategy. Eight sets of magnets are mounted on rocker arms. These have two main positions. In the first position, the rocker magnets attract the magnets mounted on the rotor. When the rotor moves because of this attraction and reaches a point where there is about to be a backward drag on the rotor, the position of the rocker arms is altered so that the first set of rocker magnets are moved out of the way to a position where they have little effect due to their increased distance from the rotor magnets. This rocker movement also moves magnets of the opposite polarity which push the rotor magnets on their way. In this design, the attraction and the push are applied to different sets of magnets. If the attraction is on magnets 1, 3, 5, etc. then the push is on magnets 2,4,6, etc. But, in spite of this, the pull and push are applied to every rotor magnet as it passes. The power needed to operate the electric motors is minimal as the power of the motor is provided by the magnets. Instead of two tiny motors, it would be possible to operate the rocker arms using small solenoids and if the motor is used to power an electrical generator, then the design could be made self-powered by using some of the electrical output to provide the necessary input power. The sketch above shows just one layer of the motor, but there can be as many layers as you like, each driving the single output shaft, and increasing it’s power with every layer.

Mike Brady’s “Perendev” Magnet Motor.

One of the most widely known permanent magnet motors is the "Perendev" motor, which catches the imagination of most people. It is said that dozens of these motors have been made and sold as motor/generators with an output of not less than 100 kilowatts. As far as I am aware, this has not been confirmed, nor have there been independent tests made on the motor other than a brief test by Sterling Allan. However, let me stress again that it is very difficult to get any permanent-magnet-only motor operating and it is much easier to start with one like the Adams motor shown in Chapter 2, or the Charles Flynn motor shown earlier in this chapter. Please notice as well, that the magnets used in this design are non-standard magnets and so will be difficult to get and probably very expensive because of that and specialised magnetic shielding is used.

Mike’s Patent Application WO 2006/045333 A1 dated 4th May 2006 is shown in the Appendix. In mid 2010, Mike had so much difficulty in getting his design into commercial production that his financial backers are most unhappy with the situation, and if Mike is having difficulty in replicating it (as did Howard Johnson with his magnet motor) then a newcomer to this field would be well advised to stick with magnet motors which use movement of the stator magnets, such as Don Kelly, Stephen Kundel and others, or magnet motors using mechanical or electrical shielding such as the Charles Flynn motor, the Robert Tracy motor, or the Jines motor.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

http://www.free-energy-info.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 2: Moving Pulsed Systems

There are three categories of pulsed system and we will consider each in turn. These are drive-pulsed systems, energy-tapping pulsed systems and gravity free-energy pulsing systems. Here we will look at systems where an electrical pulse is used to cause the device to operate by creating a temporary magnetic field caused by electric current flowing through a coil or “electromagnet” as it is often called. Many of these systems are rather subtle in the way that they operate. One very well-known example of this is

The Motor/Generator of Robert Adams.

The late Robert Adams, an electrical engineer of New Zealand designed and built several varieties of electric motor using permanent magnets on the rotor and pulsed electromagnets on the frame of the motor (called the "stator" because it does not move). He found that if they were configured correctly, then the output from his motors exceeded their input power by a large margin (800%).

The diagram of his motor intended to show the basic operating principle is shown here:

If a motor is built like this, then it will most certainly work but it will never reach 100% efficiency let alone exceeding the 100% mark. It is only with a specific configuration which is hardly ever publicised that high performance figures can be achieved. While Robert has shown several different configurations, in order to avoid confusion I will describe and explain just one of them. I am indebted to several of Robert's friends and colleagues for the following information and I should like to express my thanks to them for their help and support in bringing you this information.

First and foremost, high performance can only be achieved with the clever use of power collection coils. These coils need to be positioned accurately and their power collection restricted to just a very short arc of operation by connecting them to, and disconnecting them from, the output circuit at just the right instant so that the back EMF generated when the current draw stops, actually contributes to the drive of the rotor, speeding it on it's way and raising the overall efficiency of the motor/generator as a whole.

Next, the shape of the magnets used is important as the length to width proportion of the magnet alters the pattern of it's magnetic fields. In direct opposition to the diagram shown above, the magnets need to be much longer than their width (or in the case of cylindrical magnets, much longer than their diameter).

Further, a good deal of experimentation has shown that the size and shape of the electromagnets and pick-up coils has a major influence on the performance. The cross-sectional area of the core of the pick-up coils should be four times that of the cross-sectional area of the permanent magnets in the rotor. The reverse is true for the cores of the drive coils as their cores should have a cross-sectional area of just one quarter of the rotor magnet cross-sectional area.

Another point which is almost never mentioned is the fact that big circuit gains will not be achieved unless the drive voltage is high. The minimum should be 48 volts but the higher the voltage, the greater the energy gain, so voltages in the 120 volts (rectified US mains voltage) to 230 volts (rectified mains voltage elsewhere) should be considered. Neodymium magnets are not recommended for drive voltages under 120 volts.

This is one of Robert's test circuits:

Notice that the cores of the "generator" pick-up coils are very much wider than the cores of the drive coils. Also notice the proportions of the magnets where the length is much greater than the width or diameter. The four generator windings are mounted on a single disc allowing them to be moved through an angle to find the optimum operating position before being locked in position and the two drive coils are mounted separately and held clear of the disc. Notice also that the power pick-up coils are much wider compared to their length than the drive coils are. This is a practical feature which is explained in greater detail later.

The DC input is shown passing through Robert's custom-made contactor switch which is mounted directly on the shaft of the motor/generator. This is a mechanical switch which allows an adjustable On / Off ratio, which is known as the "Mark/Space Ratio" or, if the "On" period is of particular interest, the "Duty Cycle". Robert Adams indicates that when the motor is running and has been adjusted to it's optimum performance, then the Mark/Space ratio should be adjusted to minimise the On period and ideally get it down to about 25% so that for three quarters of the time, the input power is actually switched off. There are various ways of achieving this switching while still having a very sharp turn on and turn off of the power.

Robert considered mechanical switching of the drive current to be a very good option although he was not opposed to using the contact to power a transistor to do the actual switching and so reduce the current through the mechanical contacts by a major factor. His reasons for his preference for mechanical switching are that it gives very sharp switching, needs no electrical power to make it operate and it allows current to flow in both directions. The current flow in two directions is important because Robert produced various ways of getting the motor to feed current back into the driving battery, allowing it to drive the motor for long periods without lowering its voltage hardly at all. His preferred method of switching is shown here:

This switching gear operates as follows: The timing disk is bolted securely to the drive shaft of the motor and its position is set so that the electrical switch-on occurs when the rotor magnet is exactly aligned with the drive coil core. Adjustment of that timing is done by loosening the locking nut, rotating the disc very slightly and clamping the disc in position again. A spring washer is used to keep the assembly tight when the device is running. The disc has a star-shaped piece of copper sheet set into its surface and two silver-tipped, copper arm "brushes" slide across the surface of the copper star.

One of these two brushes is fixed in position and slides across the copper star near the drive shaft, making a permanent electrical connection to it. The second brush slides alternatively on the non-conducting surface of the disc and then over the conducting arm of the copper. The second brush is mounted so that its position can be adjusted and, because the copper arms taper, that alters the ratio of the "On" time to the "Off" time. The actual switching is achieved by current flowing through the first brush, through the copper arm and then through the second brush. The brush arms shown in the diagram above rely on the springiness of the copper arm to make a good brush-to-copper electrical connection. It might be preferred to use a rigid brush arm, pivot it and use a spring to ensure a very good contact between the brush and the copper star at all times.

The adjustment of the On to Off time, or "Mark/Space Ratio" or "Duty Cycle" as the technical people describe it, could perhaps do with some description. If the moveable brush is positioned near the centre of the disc, then, because of the tapering of the copper arms, the part of the non-conducting disc that it slides over is shorter and the part of the conducting copper arm with which it connects is longer, as the two sliding paths are about the same length, the current is on for about the same length as it is off, giving a Mark/Space ratio of about 50% as shown here:

If, instead, the moveable brush is positioned near the outside edge of the disc, then because of the tapering of the copper arm, the On path is shorter and the non-conducting Off path is very much longer, being about three times as long as the On path, giving a Mark/Space ratio of about 25%. As the moveable brush can be positioned anywhere between these two extremes, the Mark/Space ratio can be set to any value from 25% to 50%.

The two brushes can be on the same side of the drive shaft or on opposite sides as shown. One important feature is that the brushes touch in a position where the disc surface is always moving directly away from the brush mounting, causing any drag to be directly along the arm and giving no sideways loading on the brush. The diameter of the device is usually one inch (25 mm) or less.

You will also notice that the output is switched although the diagram does not give any indication of how or when that switching takes place. You will notice that the diagram has angles marked on it for the optimum positioning of the pick-up coils, well, an Adams Motor builder with a forum ID of "Maimariati" who achieved a Coefficient Of Performance of 1,223, found that the optimum switching for his motor is On at 42 degrees and Off at 44.7 degrees. That tiny 2.7 degree part of the rotor turn gives a substantial power output and cutting the output current off at that point causes the back EMF of the coils to give the rotor a substantial additional boost on its way. His input power is 27.6 watts and the output power is 33.78 kilowatts

Now for some practical details. It is suggested that a good length for the power pick-up coils can be determined by using the “paper clip test”. This is done by taking one of the permanent magnets used in the rotor, and measuring the distance at which that magnet just begins to lift one end of a 32 mm (1.25 inch) paper clip off the table. The optimum length of each coil from end to end is exactly the same as the distance at which the paper clip starts to lift.

The core material used in the electromagnets can be of various different types including advanced materials and alloys such as ‘Somalloy’ or 'Metglas'. The power pick-up coil proportions are important as an electromagnet becomes less and less effective as its length increases, and eventually, the part furthest from the active end can actually be a hindrance to the effective operation. A good coil shape is one which you would not expect, with the coil width being, perhaps 50% greater than the coil length:

Contrary to what you would expect, the device draws in energy from the local environment better if the end of the pick-up coil farthest from the rotor is left unaffected by any other part of the device and the same applies to the magnet facing it. That is, the coil should have the rotor at one end and nothing at the other end, that is, no second rotor behind the coil. The speed at which the voltage is applied to, and removed from, the coils is very important. With very sharp voltage rises and falls, additional energy is drawn from the surrounding environmental energy field. If using transistor switching, then the IRF3205 FET has been found to be very good and a suitable driver for the FET is the MC34151.

If using a Hall-effect semiconductor to synchronise the timing, say the UGN3503U which is very reliable, then the life of the Hall-effect device is much improved if it is provided with a 470 ohm resistor between it and the positive supply line, and a similar 470 ohm resistor between it and the negative line. These resistors in series with the Hall-effect device effectively “float” it and protect it from supply-line spikes".

Here, two electromagnets are driven by the battery via Robert's 4-arm commutator which is mounted on the rotor shaft. Some of the recommendations given by Robert are the opposite of what you would expect. For example, he says that a single rotor construction tends to be more electrically efficient that one where several rotors are mounted on a single shaft. Robert is against the use of reed switches and he recommends making one of his commutators.

At one stage, Robert recommended the use of standard transformer shims for constructing the cores of the electromagnets. This has the advantage that matching bobbins for holding the coil windings are readily available and can still be used for pick-up coils. Later on, Robert swung towards the use of solid cores from the old PO Series 3000 telephone relays and eventually said that electromagnet cores should be solid iron.

The diagrams presented by Robert show the magnets located on the rim of the rotor and pointing outwards. If this is done, then it is essential that the magnets in the rotor are firmly attached on at least five of their six faces and the possibility of using a ring of non magnetic material such as duct tape around the outside should be considered. That style of construction also lends itself to streamlining the rotor by having a completely solid construction, although it might be remarked that the motor would run better and more quietly if it were enclosed in a box which had the air pumped out of it. If that is done, then there will be no air resistance and because sound can't pass through a vacuum, quieter operation is bound to result.

While this may sound a bit complicated, there is no reason why it should be. All that is needed is two discs and one central disc which is the thickness of the magnets, with slots cut in it, the exact size of the magnets. The assembly starts with the lower disc, magnets and central disc. These are glued together, probably with epoxy resin, and that holds the magnets securely on four faces as shown here:

Here, the magnets are attached on the lower face, the right and left faces, and the unused pole face, and when the upper disc is attached, the upper faces are also secured and there is the minimum of air turbulence when the rotor spins:

There is a "sweet spot" for the positioning of the power pick-up coils and it will usually be found that this is two or three millimetres away from the rotor. If that is the case, then there will be room for an outer band of duct tape on the rim of the rotor to provide additional protection against the failure of the magnet attachment method.

High-power versions of the motor/generator need to be enclosed in a metal box which is earthed as they are quite capable of generating a substantial amount of high frequency waves which can damage equipment such as oscilloscopes and create TV reception interference. There would probably be an improvement in performance as well as a reduction in sound if the box was airtight and had the air pumped out of it. If that is done, then there will be no air resistance as the rotor spins and since sound does not pass through a vacuum, quieter operation is possible.

Experienced rotor builders do not like the radial magnets style of construction because of the stresses on the magnet attachments if high rotational speeds are reached. It should not need to be said, but it is obviously a major requirement to keep your hands well away from the rotor when the motor is running as it is perfectly possible to be injured by the high-speed movement if you are careless. Please remember that this presentation must not be considered to be a recommendation that you build or use any device of this nature and it must be stressed that this text, in common with the entire contents of this eBook, is intended to be for information purposes only and no representations or warranties are implied by this presentation. Should you decide to construct, test or use any device, then you do so entirely at your own risk and no liability attaches to anybody else if you sustain any kind of injury or property damage as a result of your own actions.

Because of the mechanical stresses caused during rotation, some experienced constructors feel that the magnets should be embedded in the rotor as shown here where they are kept well clear of the rim of a rotor which is made from a tough material. This is so that the outer strip of the material prevents the magnets breaking loose and becoming dangerous high-speed projectiles, which at best would destroy the electromagnets and at worst could injure someone quite badly:

It needs to be remembered that the proportions of the magnets are for the magnet length to be more than the diameter, so in cases like this where circular magnet faces are to be used, the magnets will be cylindrical and the rotor needs to have a significant thickness, which will depend on the magnets which are available locally. The magnets should be a tight push-fit in their holes and securely glued in place.

Robert Adams has used this construction style as well. However, if an arrangement like this is used, then there will be a substantial sideways pull on the rotor as it reaches the electromagnet core, tending to pull the magnets out of the rotor.

It is important that the rotor should be perfectly balanced and have the minimum amount of bearing friction possible. This calls for precision construction and either roller or ball bearings. The construction style shown above has the distinct advantage that it has an open end to both the magnet and the coils and this is believed to facilitate the inflow of environmental energy into the device.

It may be my ignorance showing here, but I have a problem with this version. The difficulty as I see it is that the magnet/core pull and the subsequent drive thrust when the coil is powered, form a "turning couple" as they both try to rotate the axle in the same direction. This places a substantial loading on the axle bearings, usually amplified by the radius of the rotor being greater than the distance from the rotor to the axle bearings. This load will be in the tens of kilograms range and will be applied and reversed perhaps forty times per second. To me, that appears like a vibration load and is directly opposed to the "perfectly balanced" rotor operation being sought. The radial magnet arrangement generally shown by Robert Adams does not have any of this kind of loading at all because the coils are exactly opposite each other and their loads cancel each other out exactly. The choice is, of course, up to the builder and his assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the different styles of construction.

When getting ball-race bearings for an application like this, please be aware that "closed" bearings such as these are not suitable as supplied:

This is because this type of bearing is usually packed with dense grease which completely destroys its free motion, making it worse as a bearing than a simple hole-and-shaft arrangement. However, in spite of this, the closed or "sealed" bearing is popular as the magnets tend to attract dirt and dust and if the device is not enclosed in a steel box as is necessary for the high power versions, then having the seal is considered to be an advantage. The way to deal with the grease packing is to soak the bearing in an isopropyal solvent cleaner to remove the manufacturer's grease, and then, when it has dried out, lubricate the bearing with two drops of a high quality thin oil. If it is intended to house the motor/generator in an earthed, sealed steel box then an alternative type of bearing which might be suitable is an open design like this:

especially if the air is removed from the box. Some constructors prefer to use ceramic bearings which are supposed to be immune to dirt. One supplier is http://www.bocabearings.com/main1.aspx?p=docs&id=16 but as with everything else, these choices have to be made by the builder and will be influenced by his opinions.

I'm not sure where it came from, but here is a circuit diagram showing a transistor drive and the return of the back EMF of the drive coils to the driving power supply. Using this method, about 95% of the drive current can be returned, lowering the current draw enormously:

The diode feeding the power back to the supply is a Shotky type because of it's high-speed operation. It needs to be able to handle the peak pulse power and so should be one of the more robust types. What this circuit does not have is the very important switching on the output coils circuit. Another strange item is the way that the FET sensor is arranged with two sensors rather than one and with an additional battery. While it must be admitted that the current draw of the FET gate should be very low, there still does not seem to be much reason to have a second power supply. One other peculiarity in this diagram is the positioning of the drive coils. With them offset as shown, it has the effect of them being at an angle relative to the rotor magnets. It is not at all clear if this is an advanced operating technique or just poor drawing - I am inclined to assume the latter although I have no evidence for this other than the circuit design and the low quality of the original drawing which had to be improved considerably to arrive at the diagram shown above.

The coil generator output should be fed into a capacitor before being passed to whatever equipment is to be powered by the device. This is because the energy is being drawn from the local environment and is not conventional energy. Storing it in a capacitor converts it to a more normal version of electrical power, a feature which has also been mentioned by Don Smith and by John Bedini although their devices are quite different in operation.

The DC resistance of the coil windings is an important factor. The overall resistance should be either 36 ohms or 72 ohms for a complete set of coils, whether they are drive coils or power pick-up coils. Coils can be wired in parallel or in series or in series/parallel. So, for 72 ohms with four coils, the DC resistance of each coil could be 18 ohms for series-connected, 288 ohms for parallel connected, or 72 ohms for connection in series/parallel where two pairs of coils in series are then wired in parallel.

To help with assessing the wire diameter and length which you could use, here is a table of some of the common sizes in both American Wire Gage and Standard Wire Gauge:

AWG

Dia mm

SWG

Dia mm

Max

Amps

Ohms /

100 m

11

2.30

13

2.34

12

0.53

12

2.05

14

2.03

9.3

0.67

13

1.83

15

1.83

7.4

0.85

14

1.63

16

1.63

5.9

1.07

15

1.45

17

1.42

4.7

1.35

16

1.29

18

1.219

3.7

1.70

18

1.024

19

1.016

2.3

2.7

19

0.912

20

0.914

1.8

3.4

20

0.812

21

0.813

1.5

4.3

21

0.723

22

0.711

1.2

5.4

22

0.644

23

0.610

0.92

6.9

23

0.573

24

0.559

0.729

8.6

24

0.511

25

0.508

0.577

10.9

25

0.455

26

0.457

0.457

13.7

26

0.405

27

0.417

0.361

17.4

27

0.361

28

0.376

0.288

21.8

28

0.321

30

0.315

0.226

27.6

29

0.286

32

0.274

0.182

34.4

30

0.255

33

0.254

0.142

43.9

31

0.226

34

0.234

0.113

55.4

32

0.203

36

0.193

0.091

68.5

33

0.180

37

0.173

0.072

87.0

34

0.160

38

0.152

0.056

110.5

35

0.142

39

0.132

0.044

139.8

So far, we have not discussed the generation of the timing pulses. A popular choice for a timing system is to use a slotted disc mounted on the rotor axle and sensing the slots with an "optical" switch. The "optical" part of the switch is usually performed by UV transmission and reception and as ultra violet is not visible to the human eye, describing the switching mechanism as "optical" is not really correct. The actual sensing mechanism is very simple as commercial devices are readily available for performing the task. The sensor housing contains both a UV LED to create the transmission beam, and a UV dependent resistor to detect that transmitted beam.

Here is an example of a neatly constructed timing mechanism made by Ron Pugh for his six-magnet rotor assembly:

and the switch/sensor:

This device happens to be one which is supplied by www.bayareaamusements.com under their product code number : OP-5490-14327-00. As the slotted disc rotates, one of the slots comes opposite the sensor and allows the UV beam to pass through to the sensor. That lowers the resistance of the sensor device and that change is then used to trigger the drive pulse for whatever length of time the slot leaves the sensor clear. You will notice the balanced attachment method used by Ron to avoid having an unbalanced rotor assembly. There can be two timing discs, one for the drive pulses and one for switching the power pickup coils in and out of the circuit. The slots in the power pick-up timing disk will be very narrow as the switch-on period is only about 2.7 degrees. For a six-inch diameter disc where 360 degrees represents a circumference length of 18.85 inches (478.78 mm) a 2.7 degree slot would be only 9/64 inch (3.6 mm) wide. The arrangement for an axial magnet rotor set-up could be like this:

So to recap, the things which are necessary for getting an Adams Motor output into the serious bracket are:

1. A performance of COP>1 can only be achieved if there are power pick-up coils.

2. The rotor magnets need to be longer than they are wide in order to ensure the correct magnetic field shape and the rotor must be perfectly balanced and have bearings as low-friction as possible.

3. The face area of the rotor magnets needs to be four times that of the drive coil cores and one quarter the area of the core of the power pick-up coils. This means that if they are circular, then the drive coil core diameter needs to be half the diameter of the magnet and the magnet diameter needs to be half the diameter of the power pick-up core. For example, if a circular rotor magnet is 10 mm across, then the drive core should be 5 mm across and the pick-up core 20 mm across.

4. The drive voltage needs to be a minimum of 48 volts and preferably, a good deal higher than that.

5. Do not use neodymium magnets if the drive voltage is less than 120 volts.

6. The drive coils should not be pulsed until they are exactly aligned with the rotor magnets even though this does not give the fastest rotor speed.

7. Each complete set of coils should have a DC resistance of either 36 ohms or 72 ohms and definitely 72 ohms if the drive voltage is 120 volts or higher.

8. Collect the output power in large capacitors before using it to power equipment.

It may also be possible to boost the output power further, by using the Coil-Shorting technique shown in the section of this chapter on the RotoVerter.

If you want the original drawings and some explanation on the operation of the motor, then two publications from the late Robert Adams can be bought from www.nexusmagazine.com where the prices are quoted in Australian dollars, making the books look much more expensive than they actually are.

The web site http://members.fortunecity.com/freeenergy2000/adamsmotor.htm is a location for Adams motor enthusiasts and may have information which might be helpful.

http://www.totallyamped.net/adams/index.html is a really impressive collection of well-informed practical material on building and using an Adams motor with details of sensors and how they work, core materials and their performances and how to locate the "sweet spot" - very highly recommended web site.

Phemax’s Inertial-Propulsion and Electrical Generation System.

Phemax Technologies, Inc. have developed what they describe as their 'sustainable transportation system' which is based on their inertial-propulsion generation wheel, which uses what they call '3-D Coraxial Hybrid Induction' (CHI), in which 'Coraxial' refers to their "combined radial-axial" technique where drive is provided by a radial pulsed magnet system and power extraction is achieved using an axially-orientated magnet/coil system.

Taiwan inventor, Tajen (David) Chi, says that his company, "Phemax Technologies Inc." will be demonstrating their technology in September 2010 at an expo, after which they will allow interested and qualified parties to come to their premises for licensing discussions. Their device can take the place of the battery component of an electric vehicle or it can be used to supplement and recharge a battery bank in the vehicle. At the September exhibition, they will allow visitors to ride their 2 kW test car. David intends to put their test data on the Internet. With a rotational input of 1 NM at 500 rpm, a single inertial-propulsion generation wheel can produce 1 KW of axial generative power.

David also said that a 150W output from his motor actually produces between 180 and 200 watts of mechanical output, while a 1500W output produces a mechanical output of 1800 to 2000 watts (96 Volts at 20 Amps), as measured by a watt meter, speed meter, torque meter, and oscilloscopes. He says that these measurements were made by Michael Hseuh, Vice President and Chief Technology Officer.

Ceramic-based and carbon-based ultra-capacitors are used to return some of the output power to the input in order to keep the machine running continuously without the need for a power supply when the engine is running and providing it's output. When driving a vehicle powered by this device, the mechanical driving torque is provided via a continuously-variable transmission.

At this time, Phemax Technologies, Inc. have a 150-Watt and a 2 kW prototype which they plan to demonstrate in September 2010. He says that they generally run these prototypes for eight hours each day in their lab. The central principle of the Phemax Technologies Inc. process is what they call "CORAXIA" which stands for "combined radial-axial" hybrid induction, abbreviated to "CHI", which is David's surname. They also call this the "3-D Coaxial Hybrid Induction" system. They state that their electromagnetic 3-D arrangement enables the wheel to have both radial flux propulsion and axial flux generation with just a single rotor and two separate stators. As the radial electric drive rotates, the mechanical energy due to the inertia of the wheel and the ground power transmission mechanism enables the wheels of a vehicle to generate electricity as they rotate.

There are two videos showing the device generating electricity, located here:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_lzhpZxxcQ and

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8frdR-fnO0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8frdR-fnO0 here.

Another application is where the electrical output from the device is being used to produce a hydrogen/oxygen gas mix from water using an underwater plasma arc:

David says he is self-taught in this area. He has three patents: Taiwan patent M352472, M372891 and M382655 (which are not in English). From his search of the patent index, the Internet and YouTube, David said he has not yet seen a patent or experimental set-up similar to what they have developed.

This motor/generator is unusual in that it uses pulsed rotor drive on magnets mounted on the circumference of the rotor and simultaneously, it picks up electrical energy from a coil/magnet arrangement mounted on the side faces of the rotor as shown here:

The basic drive/generator unit can be replicated on a single shaft to give increased power, still without increased frictional losses between the drive and the power generation:

It is unusual to see this technique used as it can be difficult to avoid interaction between the different magnetic fields. However, David has been entirely successful in doing this and the arrangement has no transmission losses between the drive motor and the generator as these are integral components of the system.

This system is capable of driving a self-powered air-conditioning unit and a 5 kW proof-of-concept prototype is shown here:

This device is also capable of driving electric lighting and with a 5 kilowatt output self-powered output, it can power most household needs. A typical washing machine has a 2.25 kilowatt maximum electrical draw as does the average tumble-dryer. Most fan-heaters are 3 kilowatts or less when on full output.

If a wind-power generator is already in place, then using the mechanical power of the generator to spin the axle of one of these CHI generators results in a very high-power electricity generation system.

Contact: Tajen (David) Chi, Taiwan email: chitajen@gmail.com

Inquiries to: Phemax Technologies Inc., Michelle Chen, Manager of Marketing and Business Development.

Tel: 886-2-2371-5622 e-mail: michelle@phemax.com

The exhibition is at: The 6th Taipei International Invention Show & Technomart, the exhibition web site is at:

http://www.inventaipei.com.tw/en_US/index.html and it runs from 30th September 2010 to 3rd October 2010 at the Taipei World Trade Centre, Exhibition Hall 1.

Raymond Kromrey’s Electrical Generator.

Where the objective is to produce electricity from a rotating magnetic field, there has always been a search for some method of either reducing, or eliminating altogether, the drag on the rotor when electric current is drawn from the generator. One design which claims to have very limited drag caused by current draw is the Kromrey design. The main characteristics of this design are said to be:

1. It has almost constant electrical power output even when the rotor speed is altered by as much as 35%.

2. It can continue to operate with it's electrical output short-circuited, without heating the rotor or causing a braking effect.

3. The production efficiency (electrical output divided by the driving force) is high.

4. The frequency of it's AC output power can be adjusted to that required by the equipment which it powers.

5. The rotor can be spun at any rate from 800 rpm to 1,600 rpm.

6. The simple construction allows manufacturing costs to be about 30% less than other generators.

7. This generator is recommended for supplying power at or above the 1 kilowatt level.

Here is the patent for this device:

Patent US 3,374,376 19th March 1968 Inventor: Raymond Kromrey

ELECTRIC GENERATOR

My present invention relates to an electric generator which converts magnetic energy into electric energy using two components which can rotate relative to each other, i.e. a stator and a rotor, one having electromagnets or permanent magnets which induce a voltage in a winding which forms part of an output circuit mounted on the other component.

Conventional generators of this type use a winding which whose conductors form loops in different axial planes so that opposite parts of each loop pass through the field of each pole pair, twice per revolution. If the loops are open circuit, then no current flows in the winding and no reaction torque is developed, leaving the rotor free to turn at the maximum speed of its driving unit. As soon as the output winding is connected across a load or is short-circuited, the resulting current flow tends to retard the motion of the rotor to an extent which depends on the intensity of the current and this makes it necessary to include compensating speed-regulating devices if it is necessary to maintain a reasonably constant output voltage. Also, the variable reaction torque subjects the rotor and its transmission to considerable mechanical stresses and possible damage.

It is therefore the general object of this invention to provide an electric generator which has none of the above disadvantages. Another object is to provide a generator whose rotor speed varies very little in speed between open circuit operation and current delivery operation. Another objective is to provide a generator whose output voltage is not greatly affected by fluctuations in its rotor speed.

I have found that these objectives can be achieved by rotating an elongated ferromagnetic element, such as a bar-shaped soft-iron armature, and a pair of pole pieces which create an air gap containing a magnetic field. Each of the outer extremities of the armature carries a winding, ideally, these windings are connected in series, and these coils form part of a power output circuit used to drive a load. As the armature rotates relative to the air gap, the magnetic circuit is intermittently completed and the armature experiences periodic remagnetisations with successive reversals of polarity.

When the output circuit is open, the mechanical energy applied to the rotor (less a small amount needed to overcome the friction of the rotating shaft) is absorbed by the work of magnetisation, which in turn, is dissipated as heat. In actual practice however, the resulting rise in temperature of the armature is hardly noticeable, particularly if the armature is part of the continuously air-cooled rotor assembly. When the output circuit is closed, part of this work is converted into electrical energy as the current flow through the winding opposes the magnetising action of the field and increases the apparent magnetic reluctance of the armature, and so the speed of the generator remains substantially unchanged if the output circuit is open or closed.

As the armature approaches its position of alignment with the gap, the constant magnetic field tends to accelerate the rotation of the armature, aiding the applied driving force. After the armature passes through the gap there is a retarding effect. When the rotor picks up speed, the flywheel effect of its mass overcomes these fluctuations in the applied torque and a smooth rotation is experienced.

In a practical embodiment of this invention, the magnetic flux path includes two axially spaced magnetic fields traversing the rotor axis and substantially at right angles to it. These fields are generated by respective pole pairs co-operating with two axially spaced armatures of the type already described. It is convenient to arrange these two armatures so that they lie in a common axial plane and similarly, the two field-producing pole pairs also lie in a single plane. The armatures should be laminated to minimise eddy currents, so they are made of highly permeable (typically, soft-iron) foils whose principle dimension is perpendicular to the rotor axis. The foils can be held together by rivets or any other suitable method.

If the ferromagnetic elements are part of the rotor, then the output circuit will include the usual current-collecting means, such as slip-rings or commutator segments, depending on whether AC or DC current output is desired. The source of coercive force in the stator includes, advantageously, a pair of oppositely positioned, yoke-shaped magnets of the permanent or electrically energised type, whose extremities constitute the pole pieces mentioned above. If electromagnets are used in the magnetic circuit, then they may be energised by an external source or by direct current from the output circuit of the generator itself.

I have found that the terminal voltage of the output circuit does not vary proportionately to the rotor speed as might be expected, but instead, it drops at a considerably slower rate with decreasing rotor speed. So, in a particular tested unit, this voltage fell to only about half its original value when the rotor speed was dropped to one third. This non-linear relationship between terminal voltage and driving rate produces a substantially constant load current and therefore, electric output over a wide speed range, at least under certain load conditions, inasmuch as the inductive reactance of the winding is proportional to frequency (and consequently, to rotor speed) so as to drop off more rapidly than the terminal voltage, in the event of a speed reduction, with a resulting improvement in the power factor of the load circuit.

If the magnetic circuit contains only a single pole pair per air gap, the flux induced in the rotating armature will change its direction twice per revolution so that each revolution produces one complete cycle of 360 electrical degrees. In general, the number of electrical degrees per revolution will equal 360 times the number of pole pairs, it being apparent that this number ought to be odd since with even numbers it would not be possible to have poles alternating in polarity along the path of the armature and at the same time to have the North and South poles of each pair at diametrically opposite locations. In any case, it is important to dimension the curved facing faces of the pole pairs in such a manner so as to avoid allowing the armature to bridge between adjoining poles, so it is necessary to make the sum of the arcs spanned by these faces (in the plane of rotation) equal to considerably less than 360 degrees electrical.

The invention will now be described in more detail, reference being made to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig.1 and Fig1A. illustrate a first embodiment of my invention, shown in axial section and in a cross-sectional view taken on line IA - IA of Fig.1 respectively.

Fig.2 and Fig.3 are perspective views illustrating two other embodiments.

Fig.4 and Fig.5 illustrate diagrammatically, two output circuit arrangements, one for a DC output and one for an AC output.

Fig.6 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of an arrangement for comparing the outputs of a conventional generator and a generator according to this invention.

The generator 100 shown in Fig.1 and Fig.1A comprises a stator 101 and a rotor 102 which has a pair of laminated armatures 102' and 102", carried on a shaft 103 which is free to rotate in bearings mounted in the end plates 104' and 104", of a generator housing 104 which is made from non-magnetic material (e.g. aluminium) which is rigidly attached to the stator.

Shaft 103 is coupled to a source of driving power indicated diagrammatically by an arrow 110. The stator 101 includes a pair of yoke-shaped laminated electromagnets 101' and 101" whose extremities form two pairs of co-planar pole pieces, designated respectively 101a, 101b (North magnetic pole) and 101c, 101d (South magnetic pole). The pole pieces have concave faces, facing towards the complimentary convex faces 102a, 102d of armature 102' and 102b, 102c of armature 102". These faces whose concavities are all centred on the axis of shaft 103, extend over arcs of approximately 20O to 25O each in the plane of rotation (Fig.1A) so that the sum of these arcs adds up to about 90O geometrically and electrically.

The stator magnets 101', 101" are surrounded by energising windings 109', 109" which are connected across a suitable source of constant direct current (not shown). Similar windings, each composed of two series-connected coils 106a, 106d and 106b, 106c, surround the rotor armatures 102' and 102", respectively. These coils form part of an output circuit which further includes a pair of brushes 107', 107" which are carried by arms 108', 108" on housing 104 with mutual insulation brushes 107', 107" co-operate with a pair of commuter segments 105', 105" (see also Fig.4) which are supported by a disc of insulating material 105, mounted on shaft 103.

By virtue of the series-connection of coils 106a-106d between the segments 105' and 105", as illustrated in Fig.4, the alternating voltage induced in these coils gives rise to a rectified output voltage at brushes 107' and 107". The unidirectional current delivered by these brushes to a load (not shown) may be smoothed by conventional means, represented by capacitor 112 in Fig.4.

Fig.2, shows a modified generator 200, whose housing 204, supports a stator 201 essentially consisting of two permanent bar magnets 201' and 201", extending parallel to the drive shaft 203 (on opposite side of it), each of these magnets being rigid and each having a pair of sole shoes 201a, 201c and 201b, 201d respectively. Rotor 202 is a pair of laminated armatures 202' and 202",similar to those of the previous embodiment, whose output coils 206a, 206b, 206c and 206d are serially connected between a slip-ring 205', supported on shaft 203 through the intermediary of an insulating disc 205, and another terminal here represented by the grounded shaft 203 itself. Slip-ring 205' is contacted by brush 207 on holder 208, the output of this brush being an alternating current of a frequency determined by the rotor speed.

Fig.3 shows a generator 300 which is basically similar to the generator 100 shown in Fig.1 and Fig.1A. It's shaft 303 carries a pair of laminated soft-iron armatures 302', 302" which can rotate in the air gaps of a pair of electromagnets 301', 301" which have windings 309' and 309". The commutator 305 again co-operates with a pair of brushes 307, only one of which is visible in Fig.3. This brush, carried on an arm 308, is electrically connected to a brush 313 which engages with a slip-ring 314 positioned on an extremity of shaft 303 which also carries two further slip-rings 315', 315" which are in conductive contact with ring 314 but are insulated from the shaft. Two further brushes 316', 316" contact the rings 315', 315" and respectively are connected to windings 309' and 309". The other ends of these windings are connected to an analogous system of brushes and slip-rings on the extremity of the opposite shaft, and arranged so that the two commutator brushes are effectively bridged across the windings 309' and 309" in parallel. Therefore, in this embodiment, the stator magnets are energised from the generator output itself, it being understood that the magnets 301' and 301" (made, for example, of steel rather than soft iron) will have a residual coercive force sufficient to induce an initial output voltage. Naturally, the circuits leading from the brushes 307 to the windings 309', 309" may include filtering as described in connection with Fig.4.

Fig.6 shows a test circuit designed to compare the outputs of a generator of this design, such as the unit 100 of Fig.1 and Fig.1A, with a conventional generator 400 of the type having a looped armature 402 which rotates in the gap of a stator magnet 401 which is fitted with energising windings 409', 409". The two generators are interconnected by a common shaft 103 which carries a flywheel 117. This shaft is coupled through a clutch 118 to a drive motor 111 which drives the rotors 402 and 102 of both generators in unison, as indicated by arrow 110. Two batteries 120 and 420, in series with switches 121 and 421, represent the method of supplying direct current to the stator windings 109', 109" and 409', 409" of the two generators.

The rectified output of generator 100 is delivered to a load 122, shown here as three incandescent lamps connected in series, and with a combined consumption of 500 watts. Generator 400, provides current into an identical load 422. Two watt meters 123 and 423 have their voltage and current windings connected respectively in shunt and in series with their associated loads 122 and 422, to measure the electric power delivered by each generator.

When clutch 118 is engaged, shaft 113 with it's flywheel 117 is brought to an initial driving speed of 1,200 rpm. at which point, the switch 421 in the energising circuit of the conventional generator 400, is closed. The lamps 422 light immediately and the corresponding wattmeter 423 shows an initial output of 500 watts. However, this output drops immediately as the flywheel 117 is decelerated by the braking effect of the magnetic field on armature 402.

Next, the procedure is repeated but with switch 421 open and switch 121 closed. This energises generator 100 and the lamps 122 light up, wattmeter 123 showing an output of 500 watts, which remains constant for an indefinite period of time , there being no appreciable deceleration of flywheel 117. When the clutch 118 is released and the rotor speed gradually decreases, the output of generator 100 is still substantially 500 watts at a speed of 900 rpm. and remains as high as 360 watts when the speed dropped further to 600 rpm. In a similar test with a generator of the permanent magnet type, such as the one shown at 200 in Fig.2, a substantially constant output was observed over a range of 1600 to 640 rpm.

Teruo Kawai’s COP=1.6 Magnetic Motor.

In July 1995, a patent was granted to Teruo Kawai for an electric motor. In the patent, Teruo states that a measured electrical input 19.55 watts produced an output of 62.16 watts, and that is a COP of 3.18. The main sections of that patent are included in the Appendix.

In this motor, a series of electromagnets are placed in a ring to form the active stator. The rotor shaft has two iron discs mounted on it. These discs have permanent magnets bolted to them and they have wide slots cut in them to alter their magnetic effect. The electromagnets are pulsed with the pulsing controlled via an optical disc arrangement mounted on the shaft. The result is a very efficient electric motor whose output has been measured as being in excess of its input.

James Hardy’s Self-Powered Water-Pump Generator.

There is a video on Google which shows an interesting self-powered water-pump driven, electrical generator at: http://video.google.com.au/videoplay?docid=-3577926064917175403&ei=b1_BSO7UDILAigKA4oCuCQ&q=self-powered+generator&vt=lf

This is a very simple device where the jet of water from the pump is directed at a simple water-wheel which in turn, spins an electrical alternator, powering both the pump and an electric light bulb, demonstrating free-energy.

Initially, the generator is got up to speed, driven by the mains electrical supply. Then, when it is running normally, the mains connection is removed and the motor/generator sustains itself and is also able to power at least one light bulb. The generator output is normal mains current from a standard off-the-shelf alternator.

James has Patent Application US 2007/0018461 A1 published in 2007 on his design. In that application he points out that a major advantage of his design is the low noise level produced when the generator is running. In the video and the pictures above, the demonstration has the housing opened up in order to show how the generator system works, but during normal use, the compartments are completely sealed.

In his document, James shows the overall system like this:

The housing is divided into three separate compartments. The first compartment has a strong axle shaft running through it, supported on ball or roller bearings – possibly ceramic for this environment. The bearings are protected by being covered by splash guards which keep the water (or other liquid) off them. A waterwheel of almost any type is mounted on the shaft and a high-capacity water pump directs a stream of liquid on to the waterwheel, striking the paddles at right angles in order to provide the maximum impact.

This first compartment is sealed in order to contain all of the liquid inside it and the bottom is effectively a sump for the liquid. A pipe located near the bottom of the compartment feeds the liquid to the pump which is located in the second compartment. The pump boosts the liquid through a nozzle, directing it at the waterwheel. While almost any nozzle will work, it is usual to choose one which produces a concentrated jet of liquid in order to generate the largest possible impact. One would expect that the larger the diameter of the waterwheel, the more powerful the system would be. However, that is not necessarily the case as other factors such as the overall weight of the rotating members might affect the performance. Experimentation should show the most effective combination for any given pump.

The rotating shaft is given a third bearing supported by the side of the final compartment. The shaft then has a large diameter belt pulley mounted on it, the belt driving a much smaller pulley mounted on the shaft of the generator. This raises the rate at which the generator shaft is rotated. If the pump operates on AC mains voltage, then the generator will be one which generates mains voltage AC. If the pump operates on, say, 12 volts, then the generator will be one which generates 12 volts DC. The diagram above, shows the arrangement for a mains voltage system as that is probably the most convenient. If a 12-volt system is chosen, then the inverter can be omitted.

The generator is started by pressing the ‘normally open’ press-button switch marked “A” in the diagram. This passes the battery power through to the 1-kilowatt inverter which then generates AC mains voltage. The switch marked “B” is a “changeover” switch, and for starting, it is set so that it passes the AC power through switch “A” to the pump. This causes the pump to turn on and direct a powerful jet of liquid at the waterwheel, forcing it around and so powering the generator. When the generator gets up to full speed, switch “B” is flipped over, disconnecting the inverter and feeding the generator power through to the pump, keeping it running and supplying additional power to the output power sockets mounted on top of the housing. The press-button switch is released, disconnecting the battery which is no longer needed. Switch “C” is an ordinary On/Off mains switch which is needed if you want to turn the generator off.

A major advantage of this generator system is that the main components can be bought ready-made and so only very simple constructional skills and readily available materials are needed. Another advantage is that what is happening can be seen. If the pump is not working, then it is a simple task to discover why. If the generator is not spinning, then you can see that and sort the problem. Every component is simple and straightforward.

James suggests that a suitable pump is the 10,000 gallons per hour “Torpedo Pump” from Cal Pump, web site: http://www.calpumpstore.com/products/productdetail/part_number=T10000/416.0.1.1 :

Georges Mourier’s COP=10,000 Motor/Generator Patent.

This patent from Frenchman Georges Mourier is quite remarkable in that it states clearly in the patent that it has a Coefficient Of Performance of 10,000 with an input power of just 10 watts producing an output of 100 kilowatts, which, considering the massive opposition of the US Patent Office to any claim of output power being greater than the input needed to produce that output, is little short of amazing. This patent contains a fair amount of mathematics where Georges goes about showing why there is a power amplification. This can be ignored by most people as the point to concentrate on is how to build a power-amplifying motor/generator.

US Patent 4,189,654 19th February 1980 Inventor: Georges Mourier

Electrical machine operating as a generator or as an amplifier

Abstract

The invention relates to an electrical machine. The stator 1 is a delay line, in the form of a low-pass filter in the example, formed by inductance 11 and capacitors 12 connected between these inductances and the common conductor 13. The rotor 2 comprises dissipating elements 22 incorporated in circuits 26, separate in the example, and having a common point 25. It is put in movement by a motor. The machine operates as a high-gain amplifier having a wide band of high-frequency signals applied to the input 14 of the stator, separated from the output 15 by the decoupling zone 30. High powers are obtainable. Application to installations for testing vibration of industrial equipment and to high-power long wave radio transmission.

Description

The invention relates to an electrical machine capable of operating as a generator and as an amplifier. The machine comprises a fixed part, or stator, in which moves a moving part designated hereinafter by the term “rotor”, by analogy with the case of machines of the prior art in which the movement in question is a movement of rotation, although this movement may be other than a rotation and in particular a rectilinear translation in the case of the invention.

The stator consists of a line having two conductors which have two input terminals and two output terminals; it’s rotor comprises resistive elements under conditions which will be described in detail later.

In operation, a wave is propagated between the input terminals and the output terminals in question in this line. Electrical machines are known from U.S. Patent 3,875,484, in which the stator comprises inductances and capacitances incorporated in a transmission line, as in the machines of this invention, along which there is propagated, in operation, an electric wave, but contrary to the case of the invention, this line has only one pair of terminals to which those of the alternating current source are connected. The application of the voltage of this source between these terminals causes the rotation of the rotor of the machine which, as it is operating as a motor, does not have an output. Owing to the structure, a brief indication of which has been given above, the machine of this invention is intended, on the contrary, to operate as a generator or as an amplifier; it has an output constituted by the other pair of terminals of the stator, the rotor being driven by an exterior motor.

A better understanding of the invention will be had from the ensuing description with reference to the accompanying Figures which represent:

FIG.1, diagrammatically, the stator assembly and the rotor of a machine to which the invention is applied;

Fig.2 and Fig.3, diagrammatically, an embodiment of an electrical circuit of the stator of a machine of the invention and the corresponding diagram;

Fig.4, diagrammatically, a rotor structure of the machines of the invention;

Fig.5, a diagrammatic view of a variant embodiment of the machine of the invention having a stator according to the design of Fig.2;

Fig.7 and Fig.8, diagrammatic views of two variant embodiments of the machine of the invention operating as amplifiers;

Fig.6 and Fig.9, two modifications of the machine of the invention operating as generators.

Fig.1 shows diagrammatically, a machine structure to which the invention is applied, in which the stator 1 and the rotor 2 comprise poles aligned in the direction o x along which the rotor movement occurs. These poles are marked as 10 and 20 and are repeated with the same horizontal spacing or pitch p in both the rotor and the stator. References 11 and 21 are the inductive windings through which the coupling occurs between a pole of the rotor and a pole of the stator when they align in the course of their movement.

Vsn and Vrn are the instantaneous values of the voltages at the ends of these windings, and Isn and Irn are the currents in those coils at the moment of this alignment, n being the number assigned to the pole in each part of the machine. In order to simplify the notations, this index number ‘n’ will be omitted when mentioning the voltages and currents in question. φ designates the magnetic flux and M the coefficient of mutual inductances of this coupling. There are then obtained the following known equations:

where Ls and Lr are the values of inductances 11 and 21 and φs and φr the magnetic flux in these windings.

In these equations, the quantities ω and ω' are the angular frequencies of the currents in the stator and the rotor respectively; ω = 2πf, where f is the corresponding frequency. For equal phase differences between two successive poles of the stator and rotor, the pulses ω and ω' in the relation:

where β is in accordance with the usual definition the constant of propagation of the magnetic field wave along the stator, and u is the speed at which the rotor moves in front of the stator in the direction of the reference axis o – x in the case of the machine of the embodiment of Fig.1.

if Λ and vφ respectively are the wavelength and the phase velocity in the stator.

In the embodiment of the machine of this invention having a stator in the form of a low-pass filter transmission line with an input 14 and an output 15, and the inductances 11, charge-accumulating elements 12 mounted between these inductances, and a common conductor 13 as shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3, there is added to the foregoing equations the following equation:

where α is equal to βp and Cs is the value of the capacitors 12 (Fig.2) included in the construction of the filter, it being observed that there is obtained with the notations of Fig.3:

There is also added:

the equation for a rotor constructed, as shown in Fig.4, by separate resistive circuits each of which comprises, in addition to the foregoing, coupling inductance 21, a resistor 22 of value Rr.

By eliminating the magnitudes of flux, voltage and current between the homogeneous equations (1), (2), (3), (4), (6) and (7) and by replacing ω' with it’s expression taken from equation (5), there is obtained an equation in β whose roots have an imaginary part, whence it results that the variation with respect to time of the wave propagated along the stator in the direction o --- x of Fig.1, whose amplitude is proportional, in accordance with the conventional notation, to exp j(ωt-βx), undergoes an amplification in the course of this propagation.

The equation in question is:

and assuming that α is small, that is to say, that the machine has a large number of phases in the electro-technical sense of the word, the roots of which will be calculated by their relative difference z from a reference value chosen to be equal to ω / u, which is but little different, under the conditions of operation of the machines of the invention, from the quantity β1 defined above; there is obtained:

The foregoing ratio ω/u is none other than the value of β in synchronous machines, in which ω' is null (equation 5). In the machines of this invention, ω' is non-zero: these machines operate in the asynchronous manner.

The equation in z is written:

in the particular case of a coupling coefficient

It has two roots having an imaginary part. The machine is capable of amplifying a signal applied to the input of the stator. The order of magnitude of this amplification is shown below as an example. The expression of these roots is:

with:

to which the following numerical values correspond for a certain number of values of γ. The amplified wave corresponds to the root Z+.

0.01

0.03

0.1

0.3

1

Z+

0.0703 + 0.610

0.120 + 0.094j

0.212 + 0.135j

0.334 + 0.149j

0.455 + 0.098j

The gain “g” in power per unit length of the stator is, according to equation (9) is:

In the given example, this gain reaches it’s maximum value for the wave corresponding to z+, for γ between 0.1 and 0.3. The imaginary part of z is then in the neighbourhood of 0.15, which gives for g, in respect of a stator whose length is 5 wavelengths (x = 5), about 40 decibels. It will be observed that the corresponding propagation constant β differs only slightly in absolute value from the constant ω/u corresponding to synchronous operation. The machine of this invention operates under conditions which differ only slightly from synchronous operating conditions.

The wave passing through the stator is amplified in the manner of an electromagnetic wave which is propagated along the delay line of wave propagating tubes employed in hyper frequency described, among others, by J. R. Pierce in "Travelling Wave Tubes", Van Nostrand Co, 1950. The amplification occurs, as for these tubes, in a wide band around the central frequency.

In the foregoing, the rotor has been represented, for ease of description, with a structure having poles (reference 20 in the Figures). With the scope of the invention the rotor could be in the form of the well-known squirrel-cage structure of asynchronous machines. The above calculations remain valid in giving to the notion of resistance and to the notion of inductance the signification they have in this case.

The foregoing properties have been established by means of simplifying hypotheses which permit a clearer presentation. These properties apply generally to all machines whose stator and rotor would have the indicated electrical structure, even in the case of an operation which would differ slightly from these hypotheses in the neighbourhood of synchronous frequency. Moreover, the case was considered of a coupling by inductance between the rotor and the stator with a mutual coefficient M. Within the scope of the invention, this coupling could also be of an electrostatic nature between the conductors of the stator and rotor; similar equations would be obtained by substituting for the coefficient M the coefficient of electrostatic influence between the conductors in question, for the quantity Lr that, Cr, of the capacitance of each circuit of the rotor and, after interversion between Ls and Cs. In this case Vr (equation 7) represents the voltage drop at the terminals of the capacitance of the rotor.

The machine of this invention is also capable of operating as a generator, as will be seen below. A few embodiments of the structure of the machine of this invention will be given here.

Fig.5 shows a first modification of this structure comprising a stator in accordance with the low-pass filter diagram of Fig.2. The rotor is a squirrel-cage, the reference numerals 32 and 33 are the bars and the end faces. In operation, it is driven by a rotor (not shown) which rotates it in the direction of the arrow about axis X which is common to the rotor and the stator of the machine. A source of alternating voltage 40 is applied to input 14 of the stator, and applied to the output 15 is a load 36, the impedance of which is equal to the characteristic impedance of the line of which the stator is part. In this arrangement of revolution about the axis X, a decoupling zone 30 separates the input and output of the stator. Further, in this zone, and in order to avoid any risk of coupling between input and output of the stator by the circuits of the rotor, there is provided any damping device considered necessary, an embodiment of which is given below.

The different elements of the filter constituting the stator are damped by the resistors 16, and 18 which are connected as shown in the Figure between the windings 11 and the conductor 13 common to the terminals of the capacitors 17 and 19.

Such a machine operates as an amplifier of the signal applied to the input of the stator with a gain which is of the order of 40 db in the numerical example given above. Such machines may be used as supply sources for high-power vibrators for the testing of industrial equipment of all kinds. They have the advantage over presently-known installations of this type of avoiding the steep leading edges and the high frequencies which result in their spectrum. Output powers of 100 kilowatts may be obtained with 10 watts applied at the input, with frequencies ranging up to 50 kHz. The same machine may be used as a high-power amplifier in radio broadcasting.

Fig.7 and Fig.8 give two other modifications of the arrangement of the circuits of the rotor in which the same reference numbers indicate the same components as in the preceding Figures. In Fig.8, the coupling between the rotor and stator is electrostatic. It occurs between conductors 34 and 35 when they face each other in the course of the rotation of the rotor.

In Fig.7, 110 and 112 designate the two constituent parts of the self-inductances associated with each one of the poles 10 of the stator, and 210 and 212 the parts of the self-inductances of each pole 20 of the rotor. In both Fig.7 and Fig.8, 25 is a common conductor and 26 indicates all of the elements associated with each pole of the rotor. In the modification of Fig.8, an example is given of the construction of the damping device 31 in the zone 30. A rail 38 is earthed through resistor 37 and through a contact (not shown) of the circuits of the rotor out along this rail 38 when they pass through the zone 30.

The same machine is capable of operating as a generator (Fig.6 and Fig.9).

Fig.6 represents a machine whose stator is connected as a high-pass filter: each pole winding is connected at one end to the common conductor 13 and at the other end to two capacitors 12, as shown above. The filter thus constructed has a phase velocity which varies very rapidly with the frequency and in the direction opposed to that of the flux of electrical energy (inverse wave). The rotor has a velocity rather close to that of the phase velocity whereas the energy flows back to the load 36 in the opposite direction. The upstream side (for the energy) of the filter terminates on the characteristic impedance 42 of the filter. A generator is obtained in this way having a frequency which is determined within a wide band by the speed of rotation of the rotor. In the example shown in the Figure, the rotor has a squirrel-cage structure.

The machine of Fig.9 differs from that of Fig.6 by the addition of supplementary capacitors 120 arranged in parallel with the inductances 11. The circuit thus obtained is an inverse wave band-pass filter. The width of its band-pass is determined by the respective values of the capacitors 12 and 120. The phase velocity remains rapidly variable as a function of the frequency. The machine operates as a generator, the frequency of which, depends only very slightly on the velocity of rotation of the rotor.

The “RotoVerter” Power Amplification System.

Not all pulsed-drive systems use permanent magnets as part of their drive mechanism. For example, the RotoVerter, designed by Hector D Peres Torres of Puerto Rico, and which has been reproduced by several independent researchers, producing at least 10 times more output power than the input power, uses standard three-phase electric motors instead of magnets.

This system has been reproduced by several independent researchers and it produces a substantial power gain when driving devices which need an electrical motor to operate. At this time, the web site:

http://panacea-bocaf.org/rotoverter.htm has considerable details on how to construct the device as do the http://www.scribd.com/doc/2965018/HighEfficiencyForElectricMotors and the

http://www.scribd.com/doc/26347817/RV-Energy-Saving-X documents. The outline details are as follows:

The output device is an alternator which is driven by a three-phase mains-powered, 3 HP to 7.5 HP motor (both of these devices can be standard ‘asynchronous squirrel-cage’ motors). The drive motor is operated in a highly non-standard manner. It is a 240V motor with six windings as shown below. These windings are connected in series to make an arrangement which should require 480 volts to drive it, but instead, it is fed with 120 volts of single-phase AC. The input voltage for the motor, should always be a quarter of its rated operational voltage. A virtual third phase is created by using a capacitor which creates a 90-degree phase-shift between the applied voltage and the current.

The objective is to tune the motor windings to give resonant operation. A start-up capacitor is connected into the circuit using the press-button switch shown, to get the motor up to speed, at which point the switch is released, allowing the motor to run with a much smaller capacitor in place. Although the running capacitor is shown as a fixed value, in practice, that capacitor needs to be adjusted while the motor is running, to give resonant operation. For this, a bank of capacitors is usually constructed, each capacitor having its own ON/OFF switch, so that different combinations of switch closures give a wide range of different overall values of capacitance. With the six capacitors shown above, any value from 0.5 microfarad to 31.5 microfarad can be rapidly switched to find the correct resonant value. These values allow combined values of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, .....by selecting the appropriate switches to be ON or OFF. Should you need a value greater than this, then wire a 32 microfarad capacitor in place and connect the substitution box across it to test higher values step by step to find the optimum value of capacitor to use. The capacitors need to be powerful, oil-filled units with a high voltage rating - in other words, large, heavy and expensive. The power being handled in one of these systems is large and setting one up is not without a certain degree of physical danger. These systems have been set to be self-powered but this is not recommended, presumably because of the possibility of runaway with the output power building up rapidly and boosting the input power until the motor burns out.

The Yahoo EVGRAY Group at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/EVGRAY has a large number of members many of whom are very willing to offer advice and assistance. A unique jargon has built up on this forum, where the motor is not called a motor but is referred to as a “Prime Mover” or “PM” for short, which can cause confusion as “PM” usually stands for “Permanent Magnet”. RotoVerter is abbreviated to “RV” while “DCPMRV” stands for “Direct Current Permanent Magnet RotoVerter” and “trafo” is a non-standard abbreviation for “transformer”. Some of the postings in this Group may be difficult to understand due to their highly technical nature and the extensive use of abbreviations, but help is always available there.

To move to some more practical construction details for this system. The motor (and alternator) considered to be the best for this application is the “Baldor EM3770T” 7.5 horsepower unit. The specification number is 07H002X790, and it is a 230/460 volts 60Hz 3-phase, 19/9.5 amp, 1770 rpm, power factor 81, device.

The Baldor web site is www.baldor.com and the following details should be considered carefully before trying any adaption of an expensive motor. The following constructional photographs are presented here by kind permission of Ashweth of the EVGRAY Group.

The end plate of the drive motor needs to be removed and the rotor lifted out. Considerable care is needed when doing this as the rotor is heavy and it must not be dragged across the stator windings as doing that would damage them.

The second end-plate is then removed and placed on the opposite end of the stator housing:

The fan is removed as it is not needed and just causes unnecessary drag, and the rotor is inserted the opposite way round to the way it was removed. That is, the housing is now the other way round relative to the rotor, since the rotor has been turned through 180 degrees before being replaced. The same part of the shaft of the rotor passes through the same end plate as before as the end plates have also been swapped over. The end plates are bolted in position and the rotor shaft spun to confirm that it still rotates as freely as before.

To reduce friction to an absolute minimum, the motor bearings need to be cleaned to an exceptional level. There are various ways of doing this. One of the best is to use a carburettor cleaner spray from your local car accessories shop. Spray inside the bearings to wash out all of the packed grease. The spray evaporates if left for a few minutes. Repeat this until the shaft spins perfectly, then put one (and only one) drop of light oil on each bearing and do not use WD40 as it leaves a residue film. The result should be a shaft which spins absolutely perfectly.

The next step is to connect the windings of the two units. The motor (the “Prime Mover”) is wired for 480 volt operation. This is done by connecting winding terminals 4 to 7, 5 to 8 and 6 to 9 as shown below. The diagram shows 120 volts AC as being the power supply. This is because the RotoVerter design makes the motor operate at a much lower input than the motor designers intended. If this motor were operated in the standard way, a 480 volt 3-phase supply would be connected to terminals 1, 2 and 3 and there would be no capacitors in the circuit.

It is suggested that the jumpering of the motor windings is more neatly done by removing the junction box cover and drilling through it to carry the connections outside to external connectors, jumpered neatly to show clearly how the connections have been made for each unit, and to allow easy alterations should it be decided to change the jumpering for any reason.

The same is done for the unit which is to be used as the alternator. To increase the allowable current draw, the unit windings are connected to give the lower voltage with the windings connected in parallel as shown below with terminals 4,5 and 6 strapped together, 1 connected to 7, 2 connected to 8 and 3 connected to 9. This gives a three-phase output on terminals 1, 2 and 3. This can be used as a 3-phase AC output or as three single-phase AC outputs, or as a DC output by wiring it as shown here:

The motor and the alternator are then mounted securely in exact alignment and coupled together. The switching of the direction of the housing on the drive motor allows all of the jumpering to be on the same side of the two units when they are coupled together, facing each other:

The input drive may be from an inverter driven from a battery charged via a solar panel. The system how needs to be ‘tuned’ and tested. This involves finding the best ‘starting’ capacitor which will be switched into the circuit for a few seconds at start-up, and the best ‘running’ capacitor.

To summarise: This device takes a low-power 110 Volt AC input and produces a much higher-power electrical output which can be used for powering much greater loads than the input could power. The output power is much higher than the input power. This is free-energy under whatever name you like to apply to it. One advantage which should be stressed, is that very little in the way of construction is needed, and off-the-shelf motors are used. Also, no knowledge of electronics is needed, which makes this one of the easiest to construct free-energy devices available at the present time. One slight disadvantage is that the tuning of the “Prime Mover” motor depends on its loading and most loads have different levels of power requirement from time to time. A 220 Volt AC motor can also be used if that is the local supply voltage.

If an alternator is being driven by the RotoVerter motor (the “Prime Mover”) but although the shaft is being rotated rapidly there is no output voltage, then it is likely that the alternator has been sitting around unused for a long time and has lost the magnetic properties which it needs at start-up. To fix this, connect each of the three output windings, one at a time, across a car battery for about five seconds to develop some magnetism and the alternator will then work. This is a one-off thing only needed after a long period of inactivity.

It is not essential to construct the RotoVerter exactly as shown above, although that is the most common form of construction. The Muller Motor mentioned earlier, can have a 35 kilowatt output when precision-constructed as Bill Muller did. One option therefore, is to use one Baldor motor jumpered as the “Prime Mover” drive motor and have it drive one or more Muller Motor style rotors to generate the output power:

Power Boosting Through Coil Short-Circuiting.

The RotoVerter output and the Muller Motor/Generator output (and possibly, the Adams Motor output) can be increased very substantially by a technique developed by "Kone" the moderator of the EVGRAY Yahoo forum already mentioned. The technique is to place a dead short-circuit across each output coil, just as the magnetic field of that coil reaches a maximum. This is done five times in rapid succession and can boost the output power by an estimated factor of 100 times.

On the surface, it appears complete madness to place a short-circuit across the very output which you are generating as the whole point of the exercise. However, it is not as mad as it seems. At the peak point, the coil itself contains a large amount of energy and when a short-circuit is placed across it, the result is quite unusual. The effect of short-circuiting an iron-cored coil has been demonstrated by Ron Pugh of Canada with a bench test using this equipment:

Here, a device for measuring magnetic fields is sensing the magnetic field of the coil as the rotor magnets move past the coil. The measurement is done with the coil operating normally and then again, with the coil short-circuited. The results are shown in these oscilloscope displays:

Quite surprisingly, the magnetic field is reversed by the short-circuit. If we consider just the first half of the cycle:

You will notice that when the open coil has a very strong positive position (relative to a North magnetic pole), the short-circuited coil has a strong reading of the opposite polarity. Therefore, at any given instance near the peak, there is the potential for a major magnetic reversal if the coil were to be switched from the red area into the blue area and back again. You might imagine that if the coil short-circuiting were performed very rapidly, that there would be a result like this:

However, this is not really possible with an iron-cored coil as it is not able to reverse it's magnetisation rapidly enough to produce this effect. Coils with iron cores might get up to 3,000 reversals per second although 1,000 would probably be a more realistic figure. For higher frequencies, a ferrite core could be used and for yet higher frequencies again, an iron-dust epoxy-encapsulated core is needed. For unlimited frequencies, an air-core coil is used.

In the RotoVerter / Muller Motor example where Kone has demonstrated major energy gains, the arrangement is different to Ron Pugh's bench-test example. Firstly, the magnets on the rotor present two poles to the coil as they pass by, giving a full, even sine wave output. Secondly, Kone uses an air-core coil and he has the fast switching implemented to take advantage of that coil type:

This screen shot shows exactly the same effect with the oscillating pulses plunging down to exactly where the negative trace would be at that time during each of the short-circuited periods. The display is showing a twenty-volt peak-to-peak waveform with each complete sine wave cycle taking 2 milliseconds.

Instead of the original gradual magnetic rise to a single peak, there are now five very sharp magnetic reversals, each of which are substantially larger that the original peak. It is the change of magnetic flux in the pick-up coil which produces the output power, so it can be seen that with this additional switching, a massive increase in flux change has been produced in the output coil. This increase is both a larger magnetic swing and a much greater rate of change of the flux, and as the rotor is spinning at some 1,800 rpm and has many magnets in it, the overall magnetic power increases by a major factor. Please note that in the following diagrams produced by Kone, the rotor magnet has a South pole which reaches the pick-up coil first, followed by a North pole passing the coil. This produces an excellent sine wave output in the coil.

The additional switching is performed by a mechanical brush and contact system and the power collection circuit used for the short-circuited coil is:

and when the coil is not short-circuited, the circuit is:

Doug Konzen has been developing this circuitry and generously sharing his results freely. His web site is at http://sites.google.com/site/alternativeworldenergy/shorting-coils-circuits and his most recent practical circuit is:

There is a video on the web where coil-shorting is used on the output from a replication of John Bedini’s Window Motor. John’s Window Motor is a cylinder with magnets mounted in it, spun inside a large coil by a pulsed motor:

The motor can be a self-runner, but for the coil-shorting demonstration, it was just spun briefly by hand, producing voltage pulses of about 16 volts. When the coil-shorting is switched on, those pulses rise to about 440 volts even though the coil shorting was not the optimum five times at peak (which would probably have raised the voltage pulses to about 1,600 volts). The oscilloscope displays of the test shown on video are:

I’m told that this coil-shorting technique is used in industry but is consider to be a ‘trade secret’. Details of John Bedini’s Window Motor can be found at http://www.fight-4-truth.com/Schematics.html .

Raoul Hatem’s Magnetic Coupling System.

Generally, the RotoVerter has very low input power when not loaded and about a 90% energy reduction when under load. The ideal situation is where there is a constant load as the tuning of the RotoVerter does depend to some degree on the load. However, the RotoVerter performance can be increased very substantially by using the techniques introduced by Raoul Hatem in 1955, which conventional science will not accept because according to current theory, any such energy gain has to be “impossible” and so, cannot happen no matter what evidence there is:

Raoul Hatem’s heretical statement is that using spinning magnets draws in energy from the environment, allowing a system to have COP>1 (ever heard of John Searle’s spinning magnet systems?). His method is to use a motor (whether RotoVerter or not) to spin a heavy rotor disc with 36 powerful rare-earth magnets mounted on it. Then, using an identical heavy disc with magnets mounted on a generator to give a magnetic coupling between the motor and the generator can give not just coupling, but an energy gain as well:

The heavy rotor provides some flywheel effect which helps with the operation of the system. Even with one motor as shown above, there is an energy gain as demonstrated in a recent video demonstration of the effect at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-MQvzOCNSI where a simple system produces 144 watts of excess power. However, the really big gains are got when several generators are driven by just the one motor. In passing, it may be remarked that there are two separate energy gain systems operating here. Firstly, the rotating magnetic field acts directly on the excess electrons in the local environment, drawing them into the system just as the fluctuating magnetic field of the secondary winding of any transformer does. Secondly, the rotors are receiving a rapid stream of drive pulses, and as Chas Campbell has demonstrated, that draws in excess energy from the gravitational field.

Anyway, you will notice that the powerful magnets used have their North poles outwards on one rotor while the adjacent rotor has the South poles outwards. The very strong attraction between these opposite poles cause the generator disc to rotate in step with the motor disc. This process allows many generators to be driven by just the one motor as shown here and in the photograph above:

For ease of drawing, the diagram above shows only eight magnets per rotor disc, but you will notice in the photograph (and in the video) that there are three stepped rows of magnets on each rotor:

You will also notice that direction of the stepping is reversed on every second rotor disc in order for the magnets to match each other in position as they rotate in opposite directions.

While this type of arrangement gives a major increase in the output power compared to the input power, the situation can be further enhanced by retrieving some of the input power by means of electronic circuitry, and both Phil Wood and David Kousoulides have kindly shared their methods for doing this.

Lawrence Tseung’s COP=3.3 Pulsed-Flywheel.

Lawrence has been presenting his theory of lead-out energy which indicates that excess energy is drawn from the environment when there is an impact. The method of producing this effect which he has followed is to create an unbalanced wheel and demonstrate that excess energy is produced. It should be stressed that energy is never created or destroyed and so, when he measures more energy in his device than the energy which he uses to power it, energy is not being created but is instead, being drawn in from the local environment. Lawrence has recently demonstrated a prototype to members of the public:

This simple device was demonstrated to have 3.3 times as much output power as the input power needed to make it operate. This is an early prototype which was demonstrated in October 2009 and Lawrence and his helpers are working on to produce more advanced models which have kilowatts of excess electrical power.

Mr Tseung remarks: "The Lee-Tseung Lead-Out Energy Theory was first disclosed to the world on 20th December 2004 at Tai Po, in Hong Kong. The Lead-Out Energy Theory basically says that one can lead-out (or bring-in) Energy from the surrounding environment into a Lead-Out Energy Machine. The total Input energy is equal to the sum of the Supplied Energy plus the Lead-Out Energy. For example, if the supplied energy is 100 units and the lead-out energy is 50 units, the device's total Input Energy will be 150 units. This means that the Output Energy can be more than the Supplied Energy of 100 units provided by the person using the device.

If we ignore the small loss of energy caused by less than 100% efficiency of the device itself, then the Output Energy will be the whole of the 150 units. If we use 50 of the output energy units and feed back 100 of the output units as the Supplied Energy, then that Supplied Energy can again lead-out another 50 units of excess output Energy for us to use. Thus a Lead-Out Energy Machine can continuously lead-out pollution-free, virtually inexhaustible and readily available energy for us to use. We do not need to burn any fossil fuel or pollute our environment. The two examples of Lead-Out energy which we access are Gravitational and Electron-Motion energy.

The Lead-Out Energy theory does not violate the Law of Conservation of Energy. The Law of Conservation of Energy has been used as a roadblock for the so called “Overunity” devices. The patent offices and the scientific establishment routinely dismiss an invention as belonging to the impossible “perpetual-motion machine” category if the inventor cannot identify the energy source of his invention.

We got the help of Mr. Tong Po Chi to produce a 60 cm diameter Lead-Out Energy machine in October 2009. The Output Energy of that device is greater than the Input Energy by a factor of 3 times. These results are confirmed by voltmeters and ammeters measuring the Input and Output energies.

The Tong wheel has been shown at two Open Shows in Hong Kong (Inno Carnival 2009 and Inno Design Tech Expo) in November and December 2009. Over 25,000 people have seen it. The Better Hong Kong Radio Show has video recorded it, the discussions being conducted in Chinese. At this time, the Tong wheel is at the Radio Studio available for experts to view and examine with their own instruments."

The Tong wheel has a diameter of 600 mm and this large size is considered to be important. It has 16 permanent magnets mounted on its rim and 15 air-core coils mounted around it on the stator. There is one position sensor. The coils can be switched to act as drive coils or as energy collection coils:

With this arrangement, if the positions the switches as shown for ten of the fifteen coils shown here, then they act as drive coils. The sensor is adjusted so that the drive circuit delivers a brief energising pulse to those coils just after the magnets have passed their exact alignment position with the coils. This causes them to generate a magnetic field which repels the magnets, thrusting the rotor around.

The pulse is very brief, so very little power is needed to accomplish this pulsing. As mentioned before, any number of coils can be switched to provide this driving force. With this particular wheel construction by Mr Tong, the best number has been found to be ten drive coils.

The power pick-up is achieved by gathering the electricity generated in some of the coils as the magnets move past them:

In this particular arrangement, five of the coils gather energy while ten provide the drive. For the sake of simplicity, the diagram shows the five collection coils adjacent to each other and while that would work, the wheel is better balanced if the drive coils are evenly spaced out around the rim. For that reason, this switching would actually be selected to give five sets of two drive coils followed by one pick-up coil as that gives a perfectly balanced thrust on the wheel.

The two diagrams above are shown separately in order to make it clear how the drive switching and the power pick-up switching are arranged. The full design arrangement and the balanced switching are shown in the following diagram which indicates how the full design is implemented on this particular implementation of the wheel design. The sensor can be a coil feeding a semiconductor switching circuit, or it can be a magnetic semiconductor called a Hall-effect device which can also feed a semiconductor circuit. An alternative would be a reed switch which is a simple mechanical switch encased in an inert gas inside a tiny glass envelope. Suitable switching circuits are described and explained in chapter 12 of this eBook.

Mr Tseung remarks that the large wheel size is due to the fact that the Pulse Force takes time to impart the impulse to the wheel and lead-out energy from the environment into the system. If you want to see this actual wheel, you can email Dr. Alexandra Yuan at ayuan@hkstar.com to make an appointment. The Tong wheel is located at the Better Hong Kong Radio Studio in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. Just say that you want to see the Lead-Out Energy Machine. The demonstration can be in English or in Chinese. Ideally, there should be a group of at least six visitors with one or more being a qualified engineer or scientist, and you are welcome to bring your own cameras and/or test equipment. It is planned to produce a version which has a 300 watt output, and another with a 5 kilowatt output. Educational kits are also planned.

If you decide to replicate this particular design, then to raise the output power level you might consider putting another set of coils around the wheel and either using them as fifteen additional energy pick-up coils or alternatively, pulsing the wheel twice as often. Adding one or more additional rotor discs to the same rotating shaft is also an option and that has the advantage of increasing the rotor weight and improving the effect of the impulses on the rotor.

The diameter of the wire used to wind the coils is a design choice which has a wide scope. The thicker the wire, the greater the current and the larger the impulse given to the wheel. The coils are normally connected in parallel as shown in the diagrams.

Because of the way magnetic field strength drops off with the square of the distance, it is generally considered good design practice to make the coils one and a half times as wide as they are deep, as indicated in the diagrams above, but this is not a critical factor. This design is, of course, a version of the Adams motor described at the start of this chapter. Although motors of this kind can be built in many different ways, the construction used by Mr Tong has some distinct advantages, so here is a little more detail on how I understand the construction to be carried out.

There are two side pieces which are attached together by sixteen cross timbers, each of which are held in place by two screws at each end. This produces a rigid structure while the construction method is as simple as is possible, using readily available materials which are worked with the most basic of hand tools. The construction also allows the motor to be taken apart completely without any difficulty, transported as a “flat-pack” package and then assembled at a new location. It also facilitates people who want to see the motor taken apart after a demonstration in order to assure themselves that there is no hidden power source.

Each of the cross timbers provide a secure mounting platform for an electromagnet and it’s associated switch. In the implementation by Mr Tong, there appears to be just the one rotor, configured as shown above with sixteen permanent magnets mounted in it’s rim. The magnetic poles of these magnets are all orientated in the same direction. That is to say, the magnetic poles facing outwards are all either South or all North poles. It is not critical whether the outward facing poles are North or South as Robert Adams used both arrangements with great success, but having said that, most people prefer to have the North poles facing outwards.

Robert has always said that one rotor was enough, but his techniques were so sophisticated that he was able to extract kilowatts of excess power from a single small rotor. For us, just starting to experiment and test a motor of this type, it seems sensible to stick with what Mr Tong has experienced success. However, this build by Mr Tong is not his final motor but just one in a series of continuously improved motors.

The following diagram shows an arrangement which has three rotors attached to a single shaft and while you may choose to construct this with just one rotor, if the cross timbers are long enough, then one or two extra rotors can be added in very easily at a later date.

Here, just two of the cross timbers are shown. The electromagnet coils used by Mr Tong are air-core as that type have the least effect on the passing magnets. However, electromagnets with cores tend to be much more power for any given current flowing through them. In theory, the core should be made of lengths of insulated iron wire as that would reduce power loss through eddy currents flowing in the core, but Robert actually recommends solid metal cores, and as he was the most experienced person in this field, paying attention to what he said seems sensible.

The core material needs to be a metal which magnetises easily and powerfully, but which does not retain any of its magnetism when the current stops flowing. Not many metals have those characteristics and soft iron is usually recommended. Nowadays, soft iron is not always readily available and so a convenient alternative is the central bolt of a masonry anchor which has excellent properties:

The shaft of the bolt can be cut quite easily with a hacksaw, but be sure to remove (or file down) the head of the bolt as the increase in diameter has a marked effect on the magnetic properties of the electromagnet core if it is left in place. The bolt shown above is a M16 x 147 mm masonry anchor bolt with a bolt diameter of 10 mm. Some makes of dry-ink felt white-board markers have a rigid body which fits the 10 mm bolt exactly and provide an excellent tube for constructing an electromagnet bobbin.

With a core in the electromagnets, the rotor gets additional rotating power. Initially, the magnets on the rotor are attracted to the electromagnet cores, giving the rotor a turning force which does not require any current to be supplied. When the rotor magnets are at their closest point to the electromagnet cores, the windings are powered up briefly and that gives the rotor magnets a strong push away, causing the rotor to spin.

There are many different designs of simple drive circuits and it is probably worth trying out different types to see which works best with your particular build of motor. In the same way, there are many kinds of collection circuits for taking off some of the excess power generated. The most simple of these is just a diode bridge, perhaps feeding a battery and charging it up for use at a later time. If you get sophisticated with the collection circuit and just take power off for a very short period of time at the correct moment, the cutting off of the current draw, causes a back-EMF magnetic pulse in the collection electromagnet which causes it to give the rotor an extra drive push – both current collection and rotor drive in one combined package.

Here are two of the most simple circuits possible, one for drive and one for power collection. The drive circuit transistor is switched on by a voltage generated in the grey coil by a rotor magnet passing by. The transistor then feeds a large current pulse to the black coil, driving the rotor on its way. The neon and the diode are there to protect the transistor and a physical layout for this circuit might be:

The 1K variable resistor is adjusted to give the best performance and the On/Off switch is optional. More advanced circuits, such as the one on page 2 - 9 can also be tried and the performance compared. Generally speaking, I would expect a three-rotor version to give a better performance than a single rotor implementation, but experimentation is needed.

Art Porter’s Magnetic System.

Art uses an electromagnet with a ring magnet mounted on the core. When the coil is pulsed so as to augment the field of the permanent magnet, Art says that his prototype produces 2.9 times the field strength of the permanent magnet on it’s own. When the coil is pulsed in the direction which opposes the field of the permanent magnet, the resulting magnetic field is zero.

This is a very serious change of magnetic field which can be used in different applications. One which Art has implemented is using the arrangement to power a crankshaft motor. Art shows several different motor builds including this one:

With this arrangement, Art states that 95% of the motor power comes from the permanent magnet. Art’s website is at http://www.gap-power.com/index.html and he has a very interesting, lengthy video showing all of the details at http://www.gap-power.com/videos/Full%20Length%20Video.wmv .

In the video, Art attempts to apply Ohm’s Law in an attempt to analyse the operation and is puzzled when the oscilloscope readings do not match his Ohm’s Law calculations. He thinks that there is a contradiction between the oscilloscope and Ohm’s Law, which he repeatedly stresses is a law of Nature, and he concludes that one of them has to be wrong. In actual fact, neither are wrong because Ohm’s Law only applies to DC current flow in resistive circuits, and Art is not using steady DC current or a resistive load.

Applying short DC pulses to a substantial coil of wire is the equivalent of applying AC to that inductor. Ohm’s Law does not apply due to the inductance of the coil. There is a Power Factor involved and Back EMF voltage pulses, so the oscilloscope readings are what is needed to calculate the input and output powers.

This arrangement is almost identical to that used in the Charles Flynn magnet motor described in chapter 1, and very close to the techniques used by Robert Adams in a properly tuned Adams Motor as shown at the start of this chapter. In my opinion, the effect which Art is exploiting would best be used if a large pick-up coil is placed against the end of the electromagnet core and the drive coil pulsed at the coil’s (high) resonant frequency as that will minimise the input power and maximise the output power. Stacking those units in a bank could well produce a very sizeable excess electrical output. Our thanks are due to Art and his colleagues for sharing their research work freely for others to replicate and progress further.

DC Motor Efficiency

Commercially available DC motors are deliberately designed and manufactured to have extremely poor performance. In my opinion, the reason for this is that a properly designed electric motor could easily do away with the need for using internal combustion engines in vehicles and that would not suit the oil companies or their owners, the New World Order cartels. Worse still, electric motors with COP>1 open the way to self-powered free-energy systems and that would never do !!

Peter Lindemann’s video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLGuf1geOiQ has recently been put on the web and I strongly recommend that you watch all of it. I have only just seen it and it presents the basic facts very nicely. In brief outline, present day motors act both as a motor and as a generator of electrical power, but they are deliberately wound so that the power generation is used to oppose the input power and so produce a completely crippled output. During World War II, a German Engineer re-wired a standard electric motor and made it self-powered, that is, it ran and produced mechanical output power without the need for any input power once it had been started. That shows the potential of a properly constructed electric motor with the same size and general structure of any commercial electric motor.

Presumably, he did that by adding extra brushes and using some of the windings in generator mode with their output powering the drive windings which were arranged asymmetrically. There was also one other man who achieved self-powered re-wiring of a motor, but neither of those men made their information public knowledge.

The con job which has been run on us for many decades now is to wind the motor in such as way that the magnetic fields inside the motor oppose each other. When a current is passed through a coil of wire, it stores energy in that coil, and when the current flow is cut off, that energy needs to flow back out of the coil and it will do so in the reverse direction. This is sometimes called back-EMF (“Electro-Motive Force”) although many people are not happy with that description. However, no matter what you call it, there is energy stored in the coil and that energy can be used to do useful work. But, the motor manufacturers choose to wind the motor so that instead of extracting that useful power, they use it to oppose a major part of the input power, creating a weak motor which heats up due to the wasted energy.

Contributor “UFOpolitics” points out that a deliberate mis-design of electric motors has, for the last 130 years, been presented to us as the only way to make and operate such motors. He states that because the windings are arranged in a symmetrical way, that a braking effect is produced which reduces the output power of the motor by anything from 50% to 90%. That is, a properly wound motor would have anything from twice to ten times the output power for the same input power. This mis-design guarantees that present day motors are always less than 100% efficient and always heat up when run. This mis-design is caused by using symmetrical windings in the motor.

Standard motor wiring is quite different and the killer effect is caused by having two windings which face each other, powered simultaneously with currents flowing in opposite directions. This causes a complete conflict between the magnetic fields and that destroys the efficiency of the motor: A very experienced experimenter has started a forum thread on the energetic-forum, both to explain this and to show new and more advanced construction methods and to answer questions and encourage replications and further developments. The forum is at: http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/11885-my-asymmetric-electrodynamic-machines.html and is definitely worth visiting, especially if you are good with mechanical devices. The experimenter uses the forum ID of “UFOpolitics” and he has produced an animated video in an attempt to explain the basic problems with present day DC electric motors: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj4rV0AoI-Q&feature=channel&list=UL . He points out that a problem winding in the standard DC motor looks like this:

The input current for any winding is fed in through a single pair of brush contacts. The generated electrical power “Ec” is not extracted and is forced to oppose the input energy “Ea”, leaving only a fraction of the input power to actually run the motor. It is likely that a motor of this type will only operate at 25% of it’s potential efficiency.

“UFOpolitics” has produced and demonstrated a simple way of overcoming this problem while using the existing motor housing, magnets and brush contacts. He does this by extracting the generated electrical power as a useful output and so preventing that useful power being used against the motor’s operation. To implement this, he adds one additional pair of brushes and re-winds the motor coils like this:

Here, one pair of brushes is at the top and one pair at the bottom of the ‘armature’ (the bit that rotates inside the motor housing and provides the mechanical power output). The coils are rewound to form a series of separate vertical coils, connecting to one brush terminal at the top and one brush terminal at the bottom as shown above.

The input power is between the terminals on the left and flows through the coil shown in brown. The current flow generates a magnetic field, causing rotation because of the Permanent magnets marked “N” (for a magnet which has it’s North pole facing the coils) and “S” (for a magnet which has it’s South pole facing the coils). The black zig-zag line represents the resistance to current flow of the wire and brush contacts.

The coil shown in green on the right represents that same coil at a later moment when it has been disconnected from the power supply and rotated until it reaches that position, at which point, the energy stored in it is taken off as a useful output via the right hand pair of brushes. However, this is just an explanatory diagram and it does not show the very important fact that the discharging coil must not directly face a driving coil, because if it does, then the energy discharge would create a magnetic field which would interfere with the magnetic field of the driving coil and create a major problem.

Right, to say that again, any one coil is powered on the left hand side to drive the armature around and provide the output shaft with turning power (“torque”). Then that rotation disconnects that coil from the input power, leaving the coil charged with energy which has nowhere to go. That charged coil continues round until it hits the second set of brushes, which allow it to discharge through a load and do useful work.

The really clever part of the adaption of the motor is best seen from above the vertical rotor. If, for example, you were to take a five-pole DC motor apart and remove the windings, the shaft and armature body might look like this:

When making an asymmetrical wound rotor, the windings go like this.

The start of the wire is secured at the top and then fed downwards through the opening “A” and back up through the opening “B”. For the small Radio Shack motor, this winding would be 25 turns of # 30 AWG wire (described as radio Shack ‘red’ wire, with a copper wire diameter of 0.255 mm). If you are re-winding a motor armature, please understand that each wire turn needs to be pulled tight in order to make a tight, solid and robust coil which will not vibrate unduly when the armature is spinning.

The end of the wire marked “FINISH” is not cut, but is taken down through opening “A” and this time, up through opening “C”. For clarity, these continuing turns are shown in a different colour, but please realise that it is the same single strand of wire being used throughout:

The final wire turn goes down through opening “A” and finishes at the other end of the body of the armature. In these views, the wire runs down into the paper, each turn forming a cylinder. This view may give you a better visual picture of what the coils are wound on:

The next step is to connect the START and FINISH wire ends of this V-shaped double coil to the “commutator” slip rings which allow current to be passed through the coil at just the right moment. Seen again from one end of the armature, the connections are like this:

The commutator slip rings are connected further up on the drive shaft and the start of the winding wire (shown previously in dark green) is connected to the top commutator sector in the position shown here. The finishing end of the wire is connected to the corresponding commutator sector at the far end of the shaft – that is, the sector directly in line with the upper sector just connected to the start of the wire.

This completes the first of five identical V-shaped coils. The next coil is wound in the same way. The armature is rotated one sector counter-clockwise so that sector “D” replaces “A” at the top and the next coil is wound with the wire starting at the top and going down through opening “D” and up through opening “E”, repeating the same number of turns, and then, without cutting the wire the next set of wires are wound going down through opening “D” and back up through opening “F”. The start of the wire is then connected to the commutator sector which spans between openings “A” and “E” and the end connected to the corresponding commutator sector at the other end of the shaft..

For each of the remaining three windings, the shaft is rotated one position counter-clockwise and the same winding and connecting procedure carried out. When completed, no matter which opening is placed at the top of the view along the shaft, the windings and commutator sector for the wire connections will be identical.

3-Pole Motors

The winding arrangement is slightly different for motors which have three poles (or multiples of three poles such as 6, 9, 12, etc poles). For the very simple 3-pole motors, the armature looks like this:

and with this style of armature, the winds are around the three arms, like this:

And as before, the commutator sectors at the top are duplicated at the bottom, allowing separate input and output circuits for each of the three coils. The windings have many turns, filling the available space and each winding is connected to the slip ring sector directly opposite it, like this:

The Start of each winding is connected to the commutator slip ring sector at the top of the armature and the Finish is connected to the slip ring sector directly below it, that is, the sector which is at the same angle as the top one where the Start of the wire is connected. This allows the brushes which press against the slip ring sectors to connect to both ends of each coil in turn as the armature rotates. Three pole motors are particularly powerful and motors with six poles can be re-wound with pairs of adjacent sectors amalgamated to give three larger sectors. Nine pole motors can have three adjacent sectors wound as a single coil to provide the same effect as a three pole motor, and twelve pole motors can have four adjacent sectors wound as a single coil.

The positioning of the brushes is important. With the three-pole and five-pole arrangements, the brushes are aligned with the gaps between the magnets which surround the armature. However, the re-wound motor can be ‘tuned’ for improved torque and reduced drive current by adapting the motor housing to allow some adjustment of the position of the brush and commutator slip rings relative to the coils. This adjustment need only be slight as the angular movement of the brushes will be small. It is, of course, essential that the upper and lower adjusted positions move by exactly the same angular amount so that every upper commutator slip ring sector remains exactly above it’s corresponding lower slip ring sector. In other words, the commutator slip ring sector at the top and bottom of each coil, must be exactly aligned vertically so that the electrical connections are made and broken at exactly the same instant

The commutator and brush arrangement are shown here in UFOpolitics’ diagrams:

The Commutator brush marked “G” (for “Generator”) takes away the energy stored in each coil and passes it to an electrical load. The Commutator brush marked “M” (for “Motor”) feeds energy into the coil from the battery which is driving the motor. The red and blue stripes surrounding the armature are two permanent magnets. The magnet shown in red has it’s South pole facing the armature and the magnet shown in blue has it’s North pole facing the armature. This creates a magnetic field flowing horizontally across the armature. The five-pole arrangement is like this:

Here, the designation “R/S” stands for “Radio Shack” which is a chain of stores in America. In the forum, that is sometimes changed to “RS” and should not be confused with the large electronics outlet “Radio Spares” whose trademark is “RS”. UFOpolitics has suggested that the cheap 5-pole DC motor available from Radio Shack should be used by experimenters to become familiar with re-winding DC motor coils. Being a cheap product, those motors do not have a particularly high build quality, but they are suitable motors for experiments. Forum members share the details of how they dealt with adapting these and other motors.

I have to admit that motor windings and operation tend to confuse me and I sometimes find it difficult to understand what ‘UFOpolitics’ means when he talks about different winding strategies. However, it seems reasonably clear at this early stage of forum development, that his objective is to produce two things:

1. A very powerful electric motor which can be used in serious forms of road transport as well as for other practical applications, and

2. A powerful motor/generator combination which can produce useful generated electrical power.

While ‘UFOpolitics’ is very patiently going through many of the possible variations on how a DC motor can be wound and connected, and showing various forum members where they have failed to get some of their windings positioned correctly, he has also shown some of the best ways of connecting a re-wound motor used as a driver or “Prime Mover” as some people like to call it, and a re-wound motor which is to be used as an electrical generator. He shows two important ways for making a very effective Motor/Generator combination, as shown here:

It needs to be realised that these arrangements are not conventional arrangements and that the re-wound motors operate in a different way to motors bought ‘off the shelf’. For this reason, it is necessary to isolate the electrical output to prevent current flowing through the load from affecting the operation of the Motor/Generator combination. This can be done by placing a diode in each of the output lines and charging a capacitor bank which is then used to feed whatever load is to powered. If my understanding is correct, then feeding any cold electricity produced into a capacitor causes the current to become conventional hot electricity. It is not clear if that action is part of this arrangement although the circuitry shown should be used. This is the second version:

‘UFOpolitics’ comments on these arrangements as follows: As we excite the input of the Motor, the Generator will start producing energy and that additional energy will flow through the Motor Output side because they are connected in series here. Two rectifiers must be connected at both output terminals, Positive and Negative, to avoid back flow from closing the circuit through the load.

As the Motor accelerates, the Generator boosts the energy flow which then runs through the Motor augmenting the Output Fields and when the output is loaded then an ‘Engagement’ of both Machines occurs as they start to compensate each other through their output flows. It should be understood that the Output should be Capacitor Banked in a dedicated Reservoir.

When designing a Generator for a specific, existing Asymmetric Motor machine, it must be understood that Generator Interactions should be considered to run as “Counter Rotation” to the Motor Machine’s originally conceived rotation (which is easily done by just moving brush-lines passing stator bisector angles to the opposite of those needed for a Motor, or alternatively, setting the timing backwards). This will definitively enhance the assisted rotation of both Machines when connected together in this Face-to-Face mode.

As I do not find the forum comments easy to understand, I recommend that you visit the forum and read the posts as you may well understand the conversations easier to follow than I do.

On the forum, ‘Sanskara316’ states “I have re-wound a small 3-volt 3-pole motor. I used an almost dead, 6-volt sealed lead-acid battery to power the motor. This battery just sits at around 4 volts and if given a load, even a small LED, it’s voltage drops to 1 volt. The re-wound motor started very slowly - barely spinning, then after a minute or two it started to spin faster, and I noticed that the voltage on the battery was slowly climbing. I connected a small LED flashlight to the generating side and it lit up. Now the battery voltage under load is around 2+ volts. It’s been running for an hour now and the machine squeals a lot. It is conditioning the battery and the meter cannot be showing what really is happening. The motor draws 300 ma?? – That’s not possible as the battery just doesn't have that power”. To which ‘UFOpolitics’ remarks: “Well I am glad you have witnessed some of the ‘Effects’... these re-wound motors do recondition batteries...remember, Radiant Energy is taking over the Machine...so Radiant Energy comes out through the Input also… which is the reason why we get high Volts-Amps reading on a meter ...these motors use very small amounts of current and volts. Inside the motor, every coil is being ‘Self-Electromagnetically-Pulsed’ because they auto-disconnect from the power source, then the next coil in the sequence is assisted by the first coil when it has rotated to it’s next position, and so on. The commutator switching has become a ‘Self-Oscillator’ for every independently-energised coil.”

‘prochiro’ says: “I have also replicated the battery-charging events that ‘Sanskara316’ indicated. I started with a 12-volt 4 Amp-Hour battery which I had been using with another circuit two weeks ago and had not recharged it after using it for hours. It was sitting at 12.40 volts. I took my best-running re-wound motor, plugged it in direct and ran it. The battery voltage dropped to 12.24 volts and stayed at that level for 30 seconds. The battery voltage then started to rise 1/100 of a volt per minute. When it was at 12.27 volts, I disconnected the motor (the total run time was less than 5 minutes). I then let it rest for five minutes. At the end of the five minutes, the battery voltage had risen to 12.43 volts and is still at that voltage now. Just think what a larger motor would do on a big battery bank. Everybody needs to document this test as it proves what ‘UFOpolitics’ said.”

New DC motors, and particularly cheap motors, will have brushes which do not mate cleanly with the commutator slip ring sectors and so, when the modification has been made, running the motor for some time allows the brushes to wear in and that raises the efficiency of the electrical connections which in turn, improves the performance of the motor. If you wish to build and test one of these motors, then you can find help and support in the forum with your questions answered and numerous videos and photographs from different experimenters to help you.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-info.com

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 3: Motionless Pulsed Systems

The pulsed devices mentioned so far have had moving parts but rotating or fluctuating magnetic fields can be created without moving parts. An example of this is:

Graham Gunderson’s Solid-State Electric Generator.

This is shown in US Patent Application 2006/0163971 A1 of 27th July 2006. Here is an extract from the patent application:

Abstract

A solid-state electrical generator including at least one permanent magnet, magnetically coupled to a ferromagnetic core provided with at least one hole penetrating it’s volume; the hole(s) and magnet(s) being placed so that the hole(s) intercept flux from the permanent magnet(s) coupled into the ferromagnetic core. A first wire coil is wound around the ferromagnetic core for the purpose of moving the coupled permanent magnet flux within the ferromagnetic core. A second wire is routed through the hole(s) penetrating the volume of the ferromagnetic core, for the purpose of intercepting this moving magnetic flux, thereby inducing an output electromotive force. A changing voltage applied to the first wire coil causes coupled permanent magnet flux to move within the core relative to the hole(s) penetrating the core volume, thus inducing electromotive force along wire(s) passing through the hole(s) in the ferromagnetic core. The mechanical action of an electrical generator is therefore synthesised without the use of moving parts.

Background

This invention relates to a method and device for generating electrical power using solid state means.

It has long been known that moving a magnetic field across a wire will generate an electromotive force (EMF), or voltage, along the wire. When this wire is connected in a closed electrical circuit, an electric current, capable of performing work, is driven through this closed circuit by the induced electromotive force.

It has also long been known that this resulting electric current causes the closed circuit to become encircled with a secondary, induced magnetic field, whose polarity opposes the primary magnetic field which first induced the EMF. This magnetic opposition creates mutual repulsion as a moving magnet approaches such a closed circuit, and a mutual attraction as that moving magnet moves away from the closed circuit. Both these actions tend to slow or cause “drag” on the progress of the moving magnet, causing the electric generator to act as a magnetic brake, whose effect is in direct proportion to the amount of electric current produced.

Historically, gas engines, hydroelectric dams and steam-fed turbines have been used to overcome this magnetic braking action which occurs within mechanical generators. A large amount of mechanical power is required to produce a large amount of electrical power, since the magnetic braking is generally proportional to the amount of electrical power being generated.

There has long been felt the need for a generator which reduces or eliminates the well-known magnetic braking interaction, while nevertheless generating useful electric power. The need for convenient, economical and powerful sources of renewable energy remains urgent. When the magnetic fields within a generator are caused to move and interact by means other than applied mechanical force, electric power can be supplied without the necessity of consuming limited natural resources, thus with far greater economy.

Summary of the Invention

It has long been known that the source of the magnetism within a permanent magnet is a spinning electric current within ferromagnetic atoms of certain elements, persisting indefinitely in accord with well-defined quantum rules. This atomic current encircles every atom, thereby causing each atom to emit a magnetic field, as a miniature electromagnet.

This atomic current does not exist in magnets alone. It also exists in ordinary metallic iron, and in any element or metallic alloy which can be “magnetised”, that is, any material which exhibits ferromagnetism. All ferromagnetic atoms and “magnetic metals” contain such quantum atomic electromagnets.

In specific ferromagnetic materials, the orientation axis of each atomic electromagnet is flexible. The orientation of magnetic flux both internal and external to the material, pivots easily. Such materials are referred to as magnetically “soft”, due to this magnetic flexibility.

Permanent magnet materials are magnetically “hard”. The orientation axis of each is fixed in place within a rigid crystal structure. The total magnetic field produced by these atoms cannot easily move. This constraint aligns the field of ordinary magnets permanently, hence the name “permanent”.

The axis of circular current flow in one ferromagnetic atom can direct the axis of magnetism within another ferromagnetic atom, through a process known as “spin exchange”. This gives a soft magnetic material, like raw iron, the useful ability to aim, focus and redirect the magnetic field emitted from a magnetically hard permanent magnet.

In the present invention, a permanent magnet’s rigid field is sent into a magnetically flexible “soft” magnetic material. the permanent magnet’s apparent location, observed from points within the magnetically soft material, will effectively move, vibrate, and appear to shift position when the magnetisation of the soft magnetic material is modulated by ancillary means (much like the sun, viewed while underwater, appears to move when the water is agitated). By this mechanism, the motion required for generation of electricity can be synthesised within a soft magnetic material, without requiring physical movement or an applied mechanical force.

The present invention synthesises the virtual motion of magnets and their magnetic fields, without the need for mechanical action or moving parts, to produce the electrical generator described here. The present invention describes an electrical generator where magnetic braking known as expressions of Lenz’s Law, do not oppose the means by which the magnetic field energy is caused to move. The synthesised magnetic motion is produced without either mechanical or electrical resistance. This synthesised magnetic motion is aided by forces generated in accordance with Lenz’s Law, in order to produce acceleration of the synthesised magnetic motion, instead of physical “magnetic braking” common to mechanically-actuated electrical generators. Because of this novel magnetic interaction, the solid-state static generator of the present invention is a robust generator, requiring only a small electric force to operate.

The full patent application is shown in the Appendix.

Charles Flynn’s Magnetic Frame.

Another device of this type comes from Charles Flynn. The technique of applying magnetic variations to the magnetic flux produced by a permanent magnet is covered in detail in the patents of Charles Flynn which are included in the Appendix. In his patent he shows techniques for producing linear motion, reciprocal motion, circular motion and power conversion, and he gives a considerable amount of description and explanation on each, his main patent containing a hundred illustrations. Taking one application at random:

He states that a substantial enhancement of magnetic flux can be obtained from the use of an arrangement like this:

Here, a laminated soft iron frame has a powerful permanent magnet positioned in it’s centre and six coils are wound in the positions shown. The magnetic flux from the permanent magnet flows around both sides of the frame.

The full patent details of this system from Charles Flynn are in the Appendix, starting at page A - 338.

Lawrence Tseung’s Magnetic Frame.

Lawrence Tseung has recently produced a subtle design using very similar principles. He takes a magnetic frame of similar style and inserts a permanent magnet in one of the arms of the frame. He then applies sharp DC pulses to a coils wound on one side of the frame and draws off energy from a coil wound on the other side of the frame.

He shows three separate operating modes for the devices as follows:

Lawrence comments on three possible arrangements. The first on shown above is the standard commercial transformer arrangement where there is a frame made from insulated iron shims in order to cut down the "eddy" currents which otherwise would circulate around inside the frame at right angles to the useful magnetic pulsing which links the two coils on the opposite sides of the frame. As is very widely known, this type of arrangement never has an output power greater than the input power.

However, that arrangement can be varied in several different ways. Lawrence has chosen to remove a section of the frame and replace it with a permanent magnet as shown in the diagram below. This alters the situation very considerably as the permanent magnet causes a continuous circulation of magnetic flux around the frame before any alternating voltage is applied to the input coil. If the pulsing input power is applied in the wrong direction as shown here, where the input pulses generate magnetic flux which opposes the magnetic flux already flowing in the frame from the permanent magnet, then the output is actually lower than it would have been without the permanent magnet.

However, if the input coil is pulsed so that the current flowing in the coil produces a magnetic field which reinforces the magnetic field of the permanent magnet then it is possible for the output power to exceed the input power. The "Coefficient of Performance" or "COP" of the device is the amount of output power divided by the amount of input power which the user has to put in to make the device operate. In this instance the COP value can be greater than one:

As it upsets some purists, perhaps it should be mentioned that while a square wave input signal is applied to the input of each of the above illustrations, the output will not be a square wave although it is shown that way for clarity. Instead, the input and output coils convert the square wave to a low-quality sine wave which only becomes a pure sine wave when the pulse frequency exactly matches the resonant frequency of the output winding. The oscilloscope display shown here is a typical output power waveform which has nearly 390,000 of these pulses per second.

There is a limit to this as the amount of magnetic flux which any particular frame can carry is determined by the material from which it is made. Iron is the most common material for frames of this type and it has a very definite saturation point. If the permanent magnet is so strong that it causes saturation of the frame material before the input pulsing is applied, then there can't be any effect at all from positive DC pulsing as shown. This is just common sense but it makes it clear that the magnet chosen must not be too strong for the size of the frame, and why that should be.

As an example of this, one of the people replicating Lawrence's design found that he did not get any power gain at all and so he asked Lawrence for advice. Lawrence advised him to omit the magnet and see what happened. He did this and immediately got the standard output, showing that both his input arrangement and his output measuring system both worked perfectly well. It then dawned on him that the stack of three magnets which he was using in the frame were just too strong, so he reduced the stack to just two magnets and immediately got a performance of COP = 1.5 (50% more power output than the input power).

The Transformers of Thane Heins.

Thane has developed, tested and patented a transformer arrangement where the output power of his prototype is thirty times greater than the input power. He achieves this by using a figure-of-eight double toroid transformer core. His Canadian patent CA2594905 is titled "Bi-Toroid Transformer" and dated 18th January 2009. The abstract says: The invention provides a means of increasing transformer efficiency above 100%. The transformer consists of a single primary coil and two secondary coils. The two secondary coils are set on a secondary toroidal core which is designed to be maintained at a lower magnetic resistance than the primary toroidal core throughout the entire operating range of the transformer. Thus, when the transformer secondary delivers current to a load, the resulting Back-EMF is not allowed to flow back to the primary due to the higher magnetic resistance of that flux path, instead, the secondary coil's Back-EMF follows the path of least magnetic resistance into the adjacent secondary coil.

You will notice that in the following diagram, the secondary transformer frame on the right is much larger than the primary transformer frame on the left. This larger size produces a lower magnetic resistance or "reluctance" as it is known technically. This seems like a minor point but in fact it is not, as you will see from the test results.

In a conventional transformer, the power flowing in the primary winding induces power in the secondary winding. When the power in the secondary winding is drawn off to do useful work, a Back-EMF magnetic flux results and that opposes the original magnetic flux, requiring additional input power to sustain the operation.

In this transformer, that opposing magnetic flow is diverted through a larger magnetic frame which has a much lower resistance to magnetic flow and which, as a result, bleeds off the problem flux, sending it through secondary coil 2 in the diagram above. This pretty much isolates the input power from any opposition, resulting in a massive improvement in the operation efficiency.

In the patent document, Thane quotes a prototype test which had a primary coil winding with 2.5 ohms resistance, carrying 0.29 watts of power. The secondary coil 1 had a winding with 2.9 ohms resistance, receiving 0.18 watts of power. The Resistive load 1 was 180 ohms, receiving 11.25 watts of power. The secondary coil 2 had a winding with 2.5 ohms resistance, and received 0.06 watts of power. Resistive load 2 was 1 ohm, receiving 0.02 watts of power. Overall, the input power was 0.29 watts and the output power 11.51 watts, which is a COP of 39.6 and while the document does not mention it directly, the primary coil should be driven at it's resonant frequency.

A variation of this arrangement is to attach an outer toroid to the existing bi-toroid arrangement, like this:

This prototype, as you can see, is fairly simple construction, and yet, given an input power of 106.9 milliwatts, it produces an output power of 403.3 milliwatts, which is 3.77 times greater.

This is something which needs to be considered carefully. Conventional science say that "there is no such thing as a free meal" and with any transformer, you will get less electrical power out of it than you put into it. Well, this simple looking construction demonstrates that this is not the case, which shows that some of the dogmatic statements made by present day scientists are completely wrong.

This version of Thane's transformer is made like this:

The way that off-the-shelf transformers work at the moment is like this:

When a pulse of input power is delivered to Coil 1 (called the "Primary winding"), it creates a magnetic wave which passes around the frame or "yoke" of the transformer, passing though Coil 2 (called the "Secondary winding") and back to Coil1 again as shown by the blue arrows. This magnetic pulse generates an electrical output in Coil 2, which flows through the electrical load (lighting, heating, charging, video, or whatever) providing it with the power which it needs to operate.

This is all well and good but the catch is that the pulse in Coil 2 also generates a magnetic pulse, and unfortunately, it runs in the opposite direction, opposing the operation of Coil 1 and causing it to have to boost it's input power in order to overcome this backward magnetic flow:

This is what makes current scientific "experts" say that the electrical efficiency of a transformer will always be less than 100%.

Thane has overcome that limitation by the simple and elegant technique of diverting that backward pulse of magnetism and channelling it through an additional magnetic path of lower resistance to magnetic flow through it. The path is arranged so that Coil 1 has no option but to send it's power through the frame as before, but the return pulse takes a much easier path which does not lead back to Coil 1 at all. This boosts the performance way past the 100% mark, and 2,300% has been achieved quite readily (COP=23). The additional path is like this:

Not shown in this diagram are the reverse pulses from Coil 3. These follow the easier outside path, opposing the unwanted back pulse from coil 2. The overall effect is that from Coil 1's point of view, the tiresome back pulses from Coil2 have suddenly disappeared, leaving Coil 1 to get on with the job of providing power without any hindrance.

This simple and elegant modification of the humble transformer, converts it into a free-energy device which boosts the power used to drive it and outputs much greater power. Congratulations are due to Thane for this technique.

At the present time there are three videos showing how this transformer works:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbRPCt1-WwQ , http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KfwiXJ8apk and

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcAYhM0LX9A&playnext=1&videos=JjwIlLxS9jQ&feature=sub

Combining Magnetic Frames

This is just a suggestion and has not been built and tested. First, watch the very interesting video at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTb5q9o8F8c&list=UUaKHAdY13gp-un2hn_HJehg&index=1&feature=plcp where it appears that a ferrite toroid with small magnets on it is one way to reproduce Lawrence Tseung’s magnetic frame:

While this would be a very easy video to fake, considering the Tseung frame performance, I am inclined to accept this one at face value. The Tseung Magnetic frame has been independently replicated at COP=1.5 which is, 50% more power output than the input power. One obvious arrangement to test is cascade frames as shown here:

The limit here is the magnetic saturation of the laminated frames or “yokes”. While you can do all sorts of calculations to predict what power levels can be carried by any laminated iron frame, all that is really necessary is to look at an existing transformer and see what power rating is quoted for that particular frame cross-section size, and although the power levels shown in the diagram are very modest, it is likely that very much higher power levels could be used, giving a much higher excess output.

Laminated iron has very restricted operating frequency, typically, well below 1000 Hz, which is why the diagram above shows just 500 Hz as the suggested frequency. As efficiency improves at higher frequencies, using ferrite for the frame and a higher frequency should improve the performance.

One additional step would be to use Thane Heins' adaption for the frames as his performance gain is very much better with 300% being about the lowest noted in experiments. Combining these two ideas might produce an arrangement like this:

With this arrangement, the increased magnetic path on the right hand side of the first two toroids gives a dramatic improvement to their performance, even without the use of magnets on the toroids. A COP of nine or more should be perfectly possible, but only actual implementation and testing will show the real performance and testing far outweighs theory and ideas. Wound with coils, the arrangement would look like this:

The input would be pulsed with a 555 timer circuit or a signal generator. Power limit is the magnetic saturation point of the toroids as you have to keep below magnetic saturation or else your pulsing will not have any effect. Avoid the resonant frequency of the ferrite toroids, but pulsing in the kilohertz range might give a very good results. There is, of course, no reason why you could not use more than one of those arrangements, combining the outputs after rectification and feeding into a capacitor:

This could be an interesting project. You will notice in the video that the brightest light is where the second magnet has not been turned around all the way to where the demonstrator finally positions it, so experimenting with different magnet angles might produce better effects. The magnets can be held in place with super glue when the best positions have been found.

The Solid-State Magnetostrictive System of Annis and Eberly.

Theodore Annis & Patrick Eberly have produced a variation on this multiple-magnetic-path method which is shown in their US Patent Application 20090096219. They have opted to use a motionless reluctance switch which is a solid-state device which can block magnetic flow when energised. They have arranged one of their devices like this:

The ring shown in grey is a magnet which connects to the ring shown in yellow through two diagonal ‘reluctance’ (magnetic flow) switches. The yellow ring can carry magnetic flux and the control box marked 118 switches the diagonal strips on and off in turn, causing the magnetic flux to reverse it’s direction through the yellow ring. The coils wound on the yellow ring pick up this reversing magnetic flux and pass it out as an electric current. While only one pair of rings are shown here, the design allows for as many rings as are needed to be connected together as shown here:

The patent says: ”The currently preferred motionless reluctance switch is described by Toshiyuki Ueno & Toshiro Higuchi, in their paper entitled „Investigation of the Dynamic Properties of a Magnetic Flux Control Device composed of Laminations of Magnetostrictive Piezoelectric Materials” – University of Tokyo 2004. As shown in Fig.4, this switch is made of a laminate of a Giant Magnetostrictive Material 42, a TbDyFe alloy, bonded on both sides to a Piezoelectric material 44, 46 to which electricity is applied. The application of electricity causes the reluctance of the piezoelectric material to increase.

The full patent is included in the Appendix.

The Motionless Generator of Richard Willis.

On 28th May 2009 a European Patent application was filed by Richard Willis, entitled "Electrical Generator". During a TV interview, Richard stated that his design has COP=3,600. Available commercially from his Canadian company and sold under the name "Magnacoster", early in 2010 his advertised pricing is US $4,200 for a unit which has four separate 100 amp 12V outputs, giving a combined maximum output power of 4.8 kilowatts. A larger unit is priced at US $6,000 with four separate 24V outlets providing a 9 kilowatt combined output. The house-powering unit which is supplied with a 12 kilowatt inverter to provide mains AC power and which gets connected direct to the circuit-breaker box of the house, is priced at US $15,000. One particularly interesting statement made by Richard is that the output power is at a higher frequency than the input power. He suggests that the electrical signal bounces around inside the device, multiplying the power as it goes and giving the output higher voltage and higher current than the input. The design of the device is most interesting as it is very simple. It is shown in his patent application WO 2009065219, a somewhat reworded copy of which is included in the Appendix to this eBook. Richard's web site is http://www.vorktex.ca/page/235610203 . However, while Richard’s designs do indeed work, he appears to be experiencing problems with the output wiring melting due to the very high current, and more importantly, the generation of high levels of unwanted electromagnetic radiation. These problems appear to have prevented him from supplying any commercial units at this time.

The circuit is based on a pulsed coil and two magnets and it has a number of unusual features. The power supply is unusual:

Richard arranges it like this so that either DC or AC can be used as the input power and so he follows that arrangement with a diode bridge, followed by two more diodes as shown here:

This is an interesting arrangement when the input is DC as it would be a more usual arrangement to have the diode bridge only in the AC input section and not included for the DC input where it just drops the input voltage and wastes electrical power unnecessarily. Still, that is the way it is shown in the patent, so that is the way it is shown here.

The input power supply is fed to an electromagnet but is converted into a pulsed supply by the use of an interrupter switch which may be mechanical or electronic:

As can be seen, the arrangement is particularly simple although it is an unusual configuration with the electromagnet core touching one of the permanent magnets and not the other. The magnet and electromagnet poles are important, with the permanent magnet North poles pointing towards the electromagnet and when the electromagnet is powered up, it's South pole is towards the North pole of the permanent magnet which it is touching. This means that when the electromagnet is powered up, it's magnetic field strengthens the magnetic field of that magnet.

There is a one-centimetre gap at the other end of the electromagnet and it's North pole opposes the North pole of the second permanent magnet. With this arrangement, each electromagnet pulse has a major magnetic effect on the area between the two permanent magnets. In the diagram shown above, just a few turns of wire are shown on the electromagnet core. This is just for clarity and it does not mean that only a few turns should be used. The strength of the magnets, the electromagnet wire thickness and number of turns are related to each other and experimentation will be needed to determine the best combination.

The energy take-off from this device is shown here:

Richard states that the input power can be anywhere from under one volt to one million volts while the input current can be anything from under one amp to one million amps, so he clearly envisages a major range of constructions and components. The core material for the electromagnet is specified as ferrite, mumetal, permalloy, cobalt or any non-permeable metal material. It seems likely that iron filings embedded in epoxy resin is likely to be a suitable material as it can respond very rapidly to sharp pulses and it seems clear that in common with almost every other similar free-energy device, the rapidity of rise and fall of the power pulse is of major importance. Having said that, Richard states that the frequency of pulses in the output section is greater than the frequency of pulses applied to the input section. From this it seems likely that the device should be tuned so that the input pulses should be at a lower harmonic of the resonant frequency of the device. It is worth reading Richard's full description which is near the end of the Appendix.

A second version of the circuit looks like a modification of the John Bedini pulsed rotor battery charging circuit with a rotor substituting for the second permanent magnet:

This enhances the operation of the Bedini device by providing an initial magnetic field in the coil.

The Generator Proposal of “Silverhealtheu”.

One of the EVGRAY yahoo forum members whose ID is ‘silverhealtheu’ has described a simple device which appears to be not unlike the Richard Willis generator above.

The device consists of an iron bar one inch (25 mm) in diameter and one foot (300 mm) long. At one end, there is a stack of five neodymium magnets and at the opposite end, a single neodymium magnet. At the end with the five magnets, there is a coil of wire which is strongly pulsed by a drive circuit. Down the length of the bar, a series of pick-up coils are positioned. Each of these coils picks up the same level of power that is fed to the pulsing coil and the combined output is said to exceed the input power.

Stephan Leben’s Circuits.

There is an interesting video posted on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zh_C3yvJH0 where Stephan W. Leben whose ID is "TheGuru2You" posts some really interesting information. He starts with a circuit produced by Alexander Meissner in 1913 and shown here:

Stephan states that he has built this circuit and can confirm that it is a self-resonating powering circuit. Once a twelve volt supply is connected to the input terminals, the transistor switches on powering the transformer which feeds repeating pulses to the base of the transistor, sustaining the oscillations. The rate of oscillation is governed by the capacitor marked "C" in the circuit diagram above and the coil across which it is connected.

Stephan suggests combining Alexander Meissner's circuit with Charles Flynn's magnetic amplification circuit. Here the transformer is switched to become the Charles Flynn oscillator winding plus a second winding placed alongside for magnetic coupling as shown here:

The transistor stage is self-oscillating as before, the transformer now being made up of the red and blue coil windings. This oscillation also oscillates the Flynn magnetic frame, producing an electrical output via the black coils at each end of the magnetic frame. This is, of course, an oscillating, or AC output, so the four diodes produce a full-wave rectified (pulsating) DC current which is smoothed by the capacitor connected to the diodes.

This circuit would be started by touching a 12 volt source very briefly to the output terminals on the right. An alternative would be to wave a permanent magnet close to the red and blue coils as that generates a voltage in the coils, quite sufficient to start the system oscillating and so, becoming self-sustaining. Stephan suggests using the piezo crystal from a lighter and connecting it to an extra coil to produce the necessary voltage spike when the coil is held close to the blue coil and the lighter mechanism clicked.

A surprising problem would be how to switch the device off since it runs itself. To manage this, Stephan suggests a two-pole On/Off switch to disconnect the output and prevent it supplying the input section of the circuit. To show whether or not the circuit is running, a Light-Emitting Diode ("LED") is connected across the output and the current flowing through it limited by a resistor of about 820 ohms.

Anyone wanting to try replicating this device will need to experiment with the number of turns in each coil and the wire diameter needed to carry the desired current. Stephan states that you need to have at least twice the weight of copper in the (black) output coils as there is in the (blue) input coils in order to allow the device produce excess power. The first page of the Appendix shows the current carrying capacity for each of the standard wire diameters commonly offered for sale. As this is a fairly recently released circuit, I am not aware of any replications of it at this time.

Floyd Sweet’s “VTA” Generator.

Another device in the same category of permanent magnets with energised coils round it (and very limited practical information available) was produced by Floyd Sweet. The device was dubbed “Vacuum Triode Amplifier” or “VTA” by Tom Bearden.

The device was capable of producing more than 1 kW of output power at 120 Volts, 60 Hz and can be wired to be self-powered. The output is energy which resembles electricity in that it powers motors, lamps, etc. but as the power increases through any load there is a temperature drop instead of the expected temperature rise.

When it became known that he had produced the device he became the target of serious threats, some of which were delivered face-to-face in broad daylight. It is quite possible that the concern was due to the device tapping zero-point energy, which when done at high currents opens a whole new can of worms. One of the observed characteristics of the device was that when the current was increased, the measured weight of the apparatus reduced by about a pound. While this is hardly new, it suggests that space/time was being warped. The German scientists at the end of WWII had been experimenting with this (and killing off the unfortunate people who were used to test the system) - if you have considerable perseverance, you can read up on this in Nick Cook’s inexpensive book “The Hunt for Zero-Point” ISBN 0099414988.

Floyd found that the weight of his device reduced in proportion to the amount of energy being produced. But he found that if the load was increased enough, a point was suddenly reached where a loud sound like a whirlwind was produced, although there was no movement of the air. The sound was heard by his wife Rose who was in another room of their apartment and by others outside the apartment. Floyd did not increase the load further (which is just as well as he would probably have received a fatal dose of radiation if he had) and did not repeat the test. In my opinion, this is a dangerous device and I personally, would not recommend anyone attempting to build one. It should be noted that a highly lethal 20,000 volts is used to ‘condition’ the magnets and the principles of operation are not understood at this time. Also, there is insufficient information to hand to provide realistic advice on practical construction details.

On one occasion, Floyd accidentally short-circuited the output wires. There was a bright flash and the wires became covered with frost. It was noted that when the output load was over 1 kW, the magnets and coils powering the device became colder, reaching a temperature of 20 degrees Fahrenheit below room temperature. On one occasion, Floyd received a shock from the apparatus with the current flowing between the thumb and the small finger of one hand. The result was an injury akin to frostbite, causing him considerable pain for at least two weeks.

Observed characteristics of the device include:

1. The output voltage does not change when the output power is increased from 100W to 1 kW.

2. The device needs a continuous load of at least 25W.

3. The output falls in the early hours of the morning but recovers later on without any intervention.

4. A local earthquake can stop the device operating.

5. The device can be started in self-powered mode by briefly applying 9 Volts to the drive coils.

6. The device can be stopped by momentary interruption of the power to the power coils.

7. Conventional instruments operate normally up to an output of 1 kW but stop working above that output level, with their readings showing zero or some other spurious reading.

Information is limited, but it appears that Floyd’s device was comprised of one or two large ferrite permanent magnets (grade 8, size 150 mm x 100 mm x 25 mm) with coils wound in three planes mutually at right angles to each other (i.e. in the x, y and z axes). The magnetisation of the ferrite magnets is modified by suddenly applying 20,000 Volts from a bank of capacitors (510 Joules) or more to plates on each side of it while simultaneously driving a 1 Amp 60 Hz (or 50 Hz) alternating current through the energising coil. The alternating current should be at the frequency required for the output. The voltage pulse to the plates should be applied at the instant when the ‘A’ coil voltage reaches a peak. This needs to be initiated electronically.

It is said that the powering of the plates causes the magnetic material to resonate for a period of about fifteen minutes, and that the applied voltage in the energising coil modifies the positioning of the newly formed poles of the magnet so that it will in future, resonate at that frequency and voltage. It is important that the voltage applied to the energising coil in this ‘conditioning’ process be a perfect sinewave. Shock, or outside influence can destroy the ‘conditioning’ but it can be reinstated by repeating the conditioning process. It should be noted that the conditioning process may not be successful at the first attempt but repeating the process on the same magnet is usually successful. Once conditioning is completed, the capacitors are no longer needed. The device then only needs a few milliwatts of 60 Hz applied to the input coil to give up to 1.5 kW at 60 Hz at the output coil. The output coil can then supply the input coil indefinitely.

The conditioning process modifies the magnetisation of the ferrite slab. Before the process the North pole is on one face of the magnet and the South pole on the opposite face. After conditioning, the South pole does not stop at the mid point but extends to the outer edges of the North pole face, extending inwards from the edge by about 6 mm. Also, there is a magnetic ‘bubble’ created in the middle of the North pole face and the position of this ‘bubble’ moves when another magnet is brought near it.

The conditioned slab has three coil windings:

1. The ‘A’ coil is wound first around the outer perimeter, each turn being 150 + 100 + 150 + 100 = 500 mm long (plus a small amount caused by the thickness of the coil former material). It has about 600 turns of 28 AWG (0.3 mm) wire.

2. The ‘B’ coil is wound across the 100 mm faces, so one turn is about 100 + 25 + 100 + 25 = 250 mm (plus a small amount for the former thickness and clearing coil ‘A’). It has between 200 and 500 turns of 20 AWG (1 mm) wire.

3. The ‘C’ coil is wound along the 150 mm face, so one turn is 150 + 25 + 150 + 25 = 350 mm (plus the former thickness, plus clearance for coil ‘A’ and coil ‘B’). It has between 200 and 500 turns of 20 AWG (1 mm) wire and should match the resistance of coil ‘B’ as closely as possible.

Coil ‘A’ is the input coil. Coil ‘B’ is the output coil. Coil ‘C’ is used for the conditioning and for the production of gravitational effects.

Videos of the operation of the original prototype are available for sale on DVD from Tom Beardon's website:

http://www.cheniere.org/sales/sweetvideos.htm as he recorded both of these videos. A paper by Michael Watson gives much practical information. For example, he states that an experimental set up which he made, had the ‘A’ coil with a resistance of 70 ohms and an inductance of 63 mH, the ‘B’ coil, wound with 23 AWG wire with a resistance of 4.95 ohms and an inductance of 1.735 mH, and the ‘C’ coil, also wound with 23 AWG wire, with a resistance of 5.05 ohms and an inductance of 1.78 mH.

Recently, some additional information on Floyd Sweet's device, has been released publicly by an associate of Floyd's who goes just by his first name of "Maurice" and who, having reached the age of seventy has decided that it is time to release this additional information. That information can be found in the Appendix. While I am not aware of anybody managing to replicate this device of Floyd Sweet in exactly the way shown here, there is now a video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVhGQaESKEI&feature=g-u-u where two different experimenters describe their advances, successes and experiences with this arrangement and with closely related configurations.

The Optical Generator of Pavel Imris.

Pavel was awarded a US patent in the 1970’s. The patent is most interesting in that it describes a device which can have an output power which is more than nine times greater than the input power. He achieves this with a device which has two pointed electrodes enclosed in a quartz glass envelope which contains xenon gas under pressure (the higher the pressure, the greater the gain of the device) and a dielectric material.

Here, the power supply to one or more standard fluorescent lamps is passed through the device. This produces a power gain which can be spectacular when the gas pressure in the area marked ‘24’ and ‘25’ in the above diagram is high. The patent is included in this set of documents and it contains the following table of experimental measurements:

Table 1 shows the data to be obtained relating to the optical electrostatic generator. Table 2 shows the lamp performance and efficiency for each of the tests shown in Table 1. The following is a description of the data in each of the columns of Tables 1 and 2.

Column

Description

B

Gas used in discharge tube

C

Gas pressure in tube (in torrs)

D

Field strength across the tube (measured in volts per cm. of length between the electrodes)

E

Current density (measured in microamps per sq. mm. of tube cross-sectional area)

F

Current (measured in amps)

G

Power across the tube (calculated in watts per cm. of length between the electrodes)

H

Voltage per lamp (measured in volts)

K

Current (measured in amps)

L

Resistance (calculated in ohms)

M

Input power per lamp (calculated in watts)

N

Light output (measured in lumens)

Table 1

Optical

Generator

Section

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

Test No.

Type of discharge lamp

Pressure of Xenon

Field strength across lamp

Current density

Current

Power str. across lamp

(Torr)

(V/cm)

(A/sq.mm)

(A)

(W/cm.)

1

Mo elec

-

-

-

-

-

2

Xe

0.01

11.8

353

0.1818

2.14

3

Xe

0.10

19.6

353

0.1818

3.57

4

Xe

1.00

31.4

353

0.1818

5.72

5

Xe

10.00

47.2

353

0.1818

8.58

6

Xe

20.00

55.1

353

0.1818

10.02

7

Xe

30.00

62.9

353

0.1818

11.45

8

Xe

40.00

66.9

353

0.1818

12.16

9

Xe

60.00

70.8

353

0.1818

12.88

10

Xe

80.00

76.7

353

0.1818

13.95

11

Xe

100.00

78.7

353

0.1818

14.31

12

Xe

200.00

90.5

353

0.1818

16.46

13

Xe

300.00

100.4

353

0.1818

18.25

14

Xe

400.00

106.3

353

0.1818

19.32

15

Xe

500.00

110.2

353

0.1818

20.04

16

Xe

600.00

118.1

353

0.1818

21.47

17

Xe

700.00

120.0

353

0.1818

21.83

18

Xe

800.00

122.8

353

0.1818

22.33

19

Xe

900.00

125.9

353

0.1818

22.90

20

Xe

1,000.00

127.9

353

0.1818

23.26

21

Xe

2,000.00

149.6

353

0.1818

27.19

22

Xe

3,000.00

161.4

353

0.1818

29.35

23

Xe

4,000.00

173.2

353

0.1818

31.49

24

Xe

5,000.00

179.1

353

0.1818

32.56

Table 2

Fluorescent

Lamp

Section

A

H

K

L

M

N

Test No.

Voltage

Current

Resistance

Input Energy

Light Output

(Volts)

(Amps)

(Ohms)

(Watts)

(Lumen)

1

220

0.1818

1,210

40.00

3,200

2

218

0.1818

1,199

39.63

3,200

3

215

0.1818

1,182

39.08

3,200

4

210

0.1818

1,155

38.17

3,200

5

200

0.1818

1,100

36.36

3,200

6

195

0.1818

1,072

35.45

3,200

7

190

0.1818

1,045

34.54

3,200

8

182

0.1818

1,001

33.08

3,200

9

175

0.1818

962

31.81

3,200

10

162

0.1818

891

29.45

3,200

11

155

0.1818

852

28.17

3,200

12

130

0.1818

715

23.63

3,200

13

112

0.1818

616

20.36

3,200

14

100

0.1818

550

18.18

3,200

15

85

0.1818

467

15.45

3,200

16

75

0.1818

412

13.63

3,200

17

67

0.1818

368

12.18

3,200

18

60

0.1818

330

10.90

3,200

19

53

0.1818

291

9.63

3,200

20

50

0.1818

275

9.09

3,200

21

23

0.1818

126

4.18

3,200

22

13

0.1818

71

2.35

3,200

23

8

0.1818

44

1.45

3,200

24

5

0.1818

27

0.90

3,200

The results from Test No. 24 where the gas pressure is a very high 5,000 Torr, show that the input power for each 40-watt standard fluorescent tubes is 0.9 watts for full lamp output. In other words, each lamp is working to its full specification on less than one fortieth of its rated input power. However, the power taken by the device in that test was 333.4 watts which with the 90 watts needed to run the 100 lamps, gives a total input electrical power of 423.4 watts instead of the 4,000 watts which would have been needed without the device. That is an output power of more than nine times the input power.

From the point of view of any individual lamp, without using this device, it requires 40 watts of electrical input power to give 8.8 watts of light output which is an efficiency of about 22% (the rest of the input power being converted to heat). In test 24, the input power per lamp is 0.9 watts for the 8.8 watts of light produced, which is a lamp efficiency of more than 900%. The lamp used to need 40 watts of input power to perform correctly. With this device in the circuit, each lamp only needs 0.9 watts of input power which is only 2.25% of the original power. Quite an impressive performance for so simple a device!

The Michel Meyer and Yves Mace Isotopic Generator.

There is a French patent application number FR 2,680,613 dated 19th August 1991 entitled “Activateur pour Mutation Isotopique” which provides some very interesting information. The system described is a self-contained solid-state energy converter which abstracts large amounts of energy from an ordinary iron bar. This is also shown in Michel’s Czechoslovakia Patent No.284,333

The inventors describes the technique as an “isotopic mutation effect” as it converts ordinary iron (isotope 56) to isotope 54 iron, releasing large amounts of electrical energy in the process. This excess energy can, they say, be used to drive inverters, motors or generators.

The description of the mechanism which is being used by the device is: “the present invention uses a physical phenomenon to which we draw attention and which we will call ‘Isotopic Change’. The physical principle applies to isotope 56 iron which contains 26 protons, 26 electrons and 30 neutrons, giving a total mass of 56.52 Mev, although its actual mass is 55.80 Mev. The difference between the total mass and the actual mass is therefore 0.72 Mev this which corresponds to an energy of cohesion per nucleon of 0.012857 Mev.

So, If one introduces an additional 105 ev of energy to the iron core isotope 56, that core isotope will have a cohesion energy level of 0.012962 Mev per nucleon corresponding to iron isotope 54. The instability created by this contribution of energy will transfer the isotope 56 iron to isotope 54 causing a release of 2 neutrons.

This process generates an excess energy of 20,000 ev since the iron isotope 54 is only 0.70 Mev while isotope 56 has 0.72 Mev. To bring about this iron isotope 56 conversion, we use the principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.”

The practical method for doing this is by using three coils of wire and a magnetic-path-closing support frame of iron as shown in this diagram:

In this arrangement,

Coil 1: Produces 0.5 Tesla when fed with DC, converting the iron bar into an electromagnet

Coil 2: Produces 10 milli-Tesla when fed with a 21 MHz AC sinewave signal

Coil 3: Is the output coil, providing 110, 220 or 380 volts AC at about 400 Hz depending on the number of turns in the coil

This simple and cheap system has the potential for producing substantial energy output for a very long time. The inventors claim that this device can be wired to be self-powered, while still powering external devices. Coil 1 turns the iron rod into an electromagnet with it’s flux channelled in a loop by the iron yoke. Coil 2 then oscillates that magnetic field in resonance with the isotope 56 iron atoms in the rod, and this produces the isotope conversion and release of excess energy. Coil 3 is wound to produce a convenient output voltage.

The Colman / Seddon-Gilliespie Generator.

This device, patented by Harold Colman and Ronald Seddon-Gillespie on 5th December 1956, is quite remarkable. It is a tiny lightweight device which can produce electricity using a self-powered electromagnet and chemical salts. The working life of the device before needing refurbishment is estimated at some seventy years with an output of about one kilowatt.

The operation is controlled by a transmitter which bombards the chemical sample with 300 MHz radio waves. This produces radioactive emissions from the chemical mixture for a period of one hour maximum, so the transmitter needs to be run for fifteen to thirty seconds once every hour. The chemical mixture is shielded by a lead screen to prevent harmful radiation reaching the user. The patent, GB 763,062 is included in the Appendix.

This generator unit includes a magnet, a tube containing a chemical mixture of elements whose nuclei becomes unstable as a result of bombardment by short waves so that the elements become radio-active and release electrical energy, the mixture being mounted between, and in contact with, a pair of different metals such as copper and zinc, and a capacitor mounted between those metals.

The mixture is preferably composed of the elements Cadmium, Phosphorus and Cobalt having Atomic Weights of 112, 31 and 59 respectively. The mixture, which may be of powdered form, is mounted in a tube of non-conducting, high heat resistivity material and is compressed between granulated zinc at one end of the tube and granulated copper at the other end, the ends of the tube being closed by brass caps and the tube being carried in a suitable cradle so that it is located between the poles of the magnet. The magnet is preferably an electro-magnet and is energised by the current produced by the unit. The transmitter unit which is used for activating the generator unit may be of any conventional type operating on ultra-shortwave and is preferably crystal controlled at the desired frequency.

The transmitter unit is of any suitable conventional type for producing ultra shortwaves and may be crystal controlled to ensure that it operates at the desired frequency with the necessity of tuning. The quartz tube containing the chemical mixture, works best if made up of a number of small cells in series. In other words, considering the cartridge from one end to the other, at one end and in contact with the brass cap, there would be a layer of powdered copper, then a layer of the chemical mixture, then a layer of powdered zinc, a layer of powdered copper, etc. with a layer of powdered zinc in contact with the brass cap at the other end of the cartridge. With a cartridge some forty five millimetres long and five millimetres diameter, some fourteen cells may be included.

Robert Norrby’s Generator

Another device which is thought to be along the same lines as the high-power devices of Hans Coler is shown in an early patent which is reproduced here:

I, Robert NORRBY, of 10, Hamngatan, Stockholm, subject of the King of Sweden, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement:

The generation of high power electrical energy is usually effected by mechanical interruption by means of special and complicated arrangements which consume a considerable amount of power.

According to the present invention, electrical energy is generated not through mechanical interruption, or by chemical action but through physical interruption.

The method adopted consists in effecting the interruption required in order to obtain the cutting of the field of the lines of force of two current circuits by subjecting the conductors of the one circuit to the action of the alternate poles of magnets of which the cores are connected with the conductors of the same current.

One form of apparatus for carrying. out the method is shown by way of illustration or example, in the drawings hereto appended whereon:

Fig.1 is a perspective view of a section of the apparatus taken on the line A—B of Fig.2.

Fig.2 is a face view of the central part of the apparatus.

Fig.3 is a section along the line C—D of Fig.2.

Fig.4 and Fig.4a show the connections between the plates and the magnet cores, — Fig.4 being a view looking in the direction of the arrow E and Fig.4a a view looking in the direction of the arrow F of Fig.1.

Fig.5 is a diagrammatic representation of the connections between the different plates c of the apparatus.

Fig.6 is a diagrammatic representation of the way in which the windings are wound between the plates.

Referring to the drawings:

Here, a. represents a base on which are two sets of frames b and between the frames b, are laid conducting metal plates c. In the example selected for illustration, there are 14 plates on each side. Over the plates are windings d, so placed that the positive of the winding d is led from a low power battery e over the lowest pair of plates to the third pair and so on. The negative of the winding d goes to the second pair of plates and from there to the fourth, and so on (Fig.6). Between the two groups of frames there is a central piece g (Fig.2) provided with a number of sliding contacts h which are connected with magnet cores k surrounded by windings l. The contacts h are placed directly opposite the contacts i, and these are also connected with the separate plates c. In addition to the sliding contacts h there are terminals m fitted at the outer ends on the front of the central piece. The terminals m serve to bring in a low power electric current from another battery.

The plates c are electrically connected with one another through a third low power battery o, in such a manner that the negative conducting wire goes to the first pair of plates, then to the third, the fifth, and so on, while the positive goes to the second, the fourth, the sixth, etc. pair of plates. Each pair of oppositely disposed plates are further connected by means of conductors p. The end wires of each pair of plates are connected with similar poles to the end wires of the plate windings d, so that the circuits of the batteries are coupled in parallel, but in opposite directions. The separate plates, as for example c, are connected by conducting wires q with the terminals, or with the sliding contacts, on both sides of the centre piece g (Fig.4 and Fig.4a). Between the two inner sides of the groups of frames b there is fitted a central piece in such a way that the terminals h are in contact with the sliding contacts i.

In the central piece (Fig.2) a portion r is broken out to show that the cores with the windings are fitted directly opposite one another on both sides. The windings I round the magnet cores k are fed from a low power current battery s. A conductor passes from the battery s to the connecting terminal m and from there through the windings of the bobbins on the one side and then through the opening t to the other side of the central piece g, whence it goes through the windings of the bobbins on that side and then from the last bobbin back to the battery, thereby completing the circuit. The pole cores are therefore constantly in a closed circuit as soon as the switch u of Fig.4a is closed.

The mode of operation is as follows:-

The pairs of plates are first and foremost in electrical connection one with another, being fed by the low power battery o. The windings d over the plates are fed by a low power battery e, and lastly the windings l round the cores k are connected to a low power battery s. The separate pairs of plates, which are polarised through the battery o, are fitted with opposite poles over each other, while the windings d (Fig.6) are arranged in a direction contrary to the direction of the current from the battery o. If all three batteries are coupled up, the currents from them in the closed circuits, which are hereafter named according to the respective battery o, c and s, will behave in the following way:

The currents o and e, which flow in contrary directions as already mentioned, bring about a constant state of tension between the field of the lines of force of the plate current and of the current in the windings. The constant tension is interrupted with very high frequency through the action of the magnet poles as soon as the third circuit is closed and the energy latent in the plates (rising up from below) is released through the high frequency interruptions.

An increase of the final energy can be obtained be enlarging the size of the plates and/or by increasing their number.

The current consumers are connected to the current generator in such a way that the line conductor is connected to the end terminals of the current circuits o and e which are brought together for the purpose.

Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is:—

1. A. method of generating electric energy without mechanical interruption, characterised in that the interruption required to cut the field of the lines of force of both current circuits is effected by alternately exposing the conductors of the one circuit to the action of the poles of magnets whose cores are in connection with the conductors of the same circuit.

2. Apparatus for carrying; out the method claimed in Claim 1, having the characteristic feature that a set of plates, arranged with their poles opposite to one another and in electrical connection through one with another with a low power current battery, lie between winding's which are supplied, from another low power battery, with current flowing in a direction opposite to the direction of the current passing through the plates: while at the same time, the plates are also in connection with the cores of magnets of which the windings are connected with a third low power current. in such a manner that when all the three circuits are closed the tension of the first circuit is physically interrupted with high frequency.

Dated this 29th day of May, 1920.

The High-Power Devices of Don Smith.

One of most impressive developers of free-energy devices is Don Smith who has produced many spectacular devices, generally with major power output. These are a result of his in-depth knowledge and understanding of the way that the environment works. Don says that his understanding comes from the work of Nikola Tesla as recorded in Thomas C. Martin's book "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla" ISBN 0-7873-0582-0 available from http://www.healthresearchbooks.com and various other book companies. This book can be downloaded from http://www.free-energy-info.com as a pdf file, but a paper copy is much better quality and easier to work from.

Don states that he repeated each of the experiments found in the book and that gave him his understanding of what he prefers to describe as the 'ambient background energy' which is called the 'zero-point energy field' elsewhere in this eBook. Don remarks that he has now advanced further than Tesla in this field, partly because of the devices now available to him and which were not available when Tesla was alive.

Don stresses two key points. Firstly, a dipole can cause a disturbance in the magnetic component of the 'ambient background' and that imbalance allows you to collect large amounts of electrical power, using capacitors and inductors (coils). Secondly, you can pick up as many powerful electrical outputs as you want from that one magnetic disturbance, without depleting the magnetic disturbance in any way. This allows massively more power output than the small power needed to create the magnetic disturbance in the first place. This is what produces a COP>1 device and Don has created nearly fifty different devices based on that understanding.

Although they get removed quite frequently, there is one video which is definitely worth watching if it is still there. It is located at http://www.metacafe.com/watch/2820531/don_smith_free_energy/ and was recorded in 2006. It covers a good deal of what Don has done. In the video, reference is made to Don's website but you will find that it has been taken over by Big Oil who have filled it with innocuous similar-sounding things of no consequence, apparently intended to confuse newcomers. A website which is run by Conny Öström of Sweden is http://www.johnnyfg.110mb.com/ and it has brief details of his prototypes and theory. You will find the only document of his which I could locate, here http://www.free-energy-info.com/Smith.pdf in pdf format, and it contains the following patent on a most interesting device which appears to have no particular limit on the output power. This is a slightly re-worded copy of that patent as patents are generally worded in such a way as to make them difficult to understand.

Patent NL 02000035 A 20th May 2004 Inventor: Donald Lee Smith

TRANSFORMER GENERATOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE INTO ELECTRIC ENERGY

ABSTRACT

The present invention refers to an Electromagnetic Dipole Device and Method, where wasted radiated energy is transformed into useful energy. A Dipole as seen in Antenna Systems is adapted for use with capacitor plates in such a way that the Heaviside Current Component becomes a useful source of electrical energy.

DESCRIPTION

Technical Field:

This invention relates to loaded Dipole Antenna Systems and their Electromagnetic radiation. When used as a transformer with an appropriate energy collector system, it becomes a transformer/generator. The invention collects and converts energy which is radiated and wasted by conventional devices.

Background Art:

A search of the International Patent Database for closely related methods did not reveal any prior art with an interest in conserving radiated and wasted magnetic waves as useful energy.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention is a new and useful departure from transformer generator construction, such that radiated and wasted magnetic energy changes into useful electrical energy. Gauss meters show that much energy from conventional electromagnetic devices is radiated into the ambient background and wasted. In the case of conventional transformer generators, a radical change in the physical construction allows better access to the energy available. It is found that creating a dipole and inserting capacitor plates at right angles to the current flow, allows magnetic waves to change back into useful electrical (coulombs) energy. Magnetic waves passing through the capacitor plates do not degrade and the full impact of the available energy is accessed. One, or as many sets of capacitor plates as is desired, may be used. Each set makes an exact copy of the full force and effect of the energy present in the magnetic waves. The originating source is not depleted of degraded as is common in conventional transformers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The Dipole at right angles, allows the magnetic flux surrounding it to intercept the capacitor plate, or plates, at right angles. The electrons present are spun such that the electrical component of each electron is collected by the capacitor plates. Essential parts are the South and North component of an active Dipole. Examples presented here exist as fully functional prototypes and were engineer constructed and fully tested in use by the Inventor. In each of the three examples shown in the drawings, corresponding parts are used.

Fig.1 is a View of the Method, where N is the North and S is the South component of the Dipole.

Here, 1 marks the Dipole with its North and South components. 2 is a resonant high-voltage induction coil. 3 indicates the position of the electromagnetic wave emission from the Dipole. 4 indicates the position and flow direction of the corresponding Heaviside current component of the energy flow caused by the induction coil 2. 5 is the dielectric separator for the capacitor plates 7. 6 for the purposes of this drawing, indicates a virtual limit for the scope of the electromagnetic wave energy.

Fig.2 has two parts A and B.

In Fig.2A 1 is the hole in the capacitor plates through which the Dipole is inserted and in Fig.2B it is the Dipole with its North and South poles shown. 2 is the resonant high-voltage induction coil surrounding part of the Dipole 1. The dielectric separator 5, is a thin sheet of plastic placed between the two capacitor plates 7, the upper plate being made of aluminium and the lower plate made of copper. Unit 8 is a deep-cycle battery system powering a DC inverter 9 which produces 120 volts at 60 Hz (the US mains supply voltage and frequency, obviously, a 240 volt 50 Hz inverter could be used here just as easily) which is used to power whatever equipment is to be driven by the device. The reference number 10 just indicates connecting wires. Unit 11 is a high-voltage generating device such as a neon transformer with its oscillating power supply.

Fig.3 is a Proof Of Principal Device using a Plasma Tube as an active Dipole. In this drawing, 5 is the plastic sheet dielectric separator of the two plates 7 of the capacitor, the upper plate being aluminium and the lower plate copper. The connecting wires are marked 10 and the plasma tube is designated 15. The plasma tube is four feet long (1.22 m) and six inches (150 mm) in diameter. The high-voltage energy source for the active plasma dipole is marked 16 and there is a connector box 17 shown as that is a convenient method of connecting to the capacitor plates when running tests on the device.

Fig.4 shows a Manufacturer's Prototype, constructed and fully tested. 1 is a metal Dipole rod and 2 the resonant high-voltage induction coil, connected through wires 10 to connector block 17 which facilitates the connection of it's high-voltage power supply. Clamps 18 hold the upper edge of the capacitor packet in place and 19 is the base plate with it's supporting brackets which hold the whole device in place. 20 is a housing which contains the capacitor plates and 21 is the point at which the power output from the capacitor plates is drawn off and fed to the DC inverter.

BEST METHOD OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The invention is applicable to any and all electrical energy requirements. The small size and it's high efficiency make it an attractive option, especially for remote areas, homes, office buildings, factories, shopping centres, public places, transportation, water systems, electric trains, boats, ships and 'all things great and small'. The construction materials are commonly available and only moderate skill levels are needed to make the device.

CLAIMS

1. Radiated magnetic flux from the Dipole, when intercepted by capacitor plates at right angles, changes into useful electrical energy.

2. A Device and Method for converting for use, normally wasted electromagnetic energy.

3. The Dipole of the Invention is any resonating substance such as Metal Rods, Coils and Plasma Tubes which have interacting Positive and Negative components.

4. The resulting Heaviside current component is changed to useful electrical energy.

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This patent does not make it clear that the device needs to be tuned and that the tuning is related to its physical location. The tuning will be accomplished by applying a variable-frequency input signal to the neon transformer and adjusting that input frequency to give the maximum output.

Don Smith has produced some forty eight different devices, and because he understands that the real power in the universe is magnetic and not electric, these devices have performances which appear staggering to people trained to think that electrical power is the only source of power.

The device shown below is physically quite small and yet it has an output of 160 kilowatts (8000 volts at 20 amps) from an input of 12 volts 1 amp (COP = 13,333):

This is a device which can be placed on top of a table and is not a complicated form of construction, having a very open and simplistic layout. However, some components are not mounted on this board. The twelve volt battery and connecting leads are not shown, nor are the ground connections, the step-down isolation transformer and the varistor used to protect the load from over-voltage by absorbing any random induced voltage spikes which might occur.

The device shown above has various subtle points glossed over in spite of this being one device which Don says that we should be able to reproduce ourselves. Let me state here that reproducing this seemingly simple design of Don's is not an easy thing to do and it is not something which can be thrown together by a beginner using whatever components happen to be at hand at the time. Having said that, with careful study and commonsense application of some obvious facts, it should be possible to make one of these devices, but more of these things later on when a much more detailed description of this device is given.

Another of Don's devices, somewhat similar to the one described in his patent, is shown here:

This is a larger device which uses a plasma tube four feet (1.22 m) long and 6 inches (150 mm) in diameter. The output is a massive 100 kilowatts. This is the design shown as one of the options in Don's patent. Being an Electrical Engineer, none of Don's prototypes are in the "toy" category. If nothing else is taken from Don's work, we should realise that high power outputs can be had from very simple devices.

There is one other brief document "Resonate Electrical Power System" from Don Smith which says:

Potential Energy is everywhere at all times, becoming useful when converted into a more practical form. There is no energy shortage, only grey matter. This energy potential is observed indirectly through the manifestation of electromagnetic phenomenon, when intercepted and converted, becomes useful. In nonlinear systems, interaction of magnetic waves amplify (conjugate) energy, providing greater output than input. In simple form, in the piano where three strings are struck by the hammer, the centre one is impacted and resonance activates the side strings. Resonance between the three strings provides a sound level greater than the input energy. Sound is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and is subject to all that is applicable to it.

"Useful Energy" is defined as "that which is other than Ambient". "Electric Potential" relates to mass and it's acceleration. Therefore, the Earth's Mass and Speed through space, gives it an enormous electrical potential. Humans are like the bird sitting unaware on a high voltage line. in nature, turbulence upsets ambient and we see electrical displays. Tampering with ambient, allows humans to convert magnetic waves into useful electricity.

Putting this in focus, requires a look at the Earth in general. During each of the 1,440 minutes of each day, more than 4,000 displays of lightning occur. Each display yields more than 10,000,000 volts at more than 200,000 amperes in equivalent electromagnetic flux. This is more than 57,600,000,000,000 volts and 1,152,000,000,000 amperes of electromagnetic flux during each 24 hour period. This has been going on for more than 4 billion years. The USPTO insist that the Earth's electrical field is insignificant and useless, and that converting this energy violates the laws of nature. At the same time, they issue patents in which, electromagnetic flux coming in from the Sun is converted by solar cells into DC energy. Aeromagnetic flux (in gammas) Maps World-Wide, includes those provided by the US Department of Interior-Geological Survey, and these show clearly that there is present, a spread of 1,900 gamma above Ambient, from reading instruments flown 1,000 feet above the (surface) source. Coulomb's Law requires the squaring of the distance of the remote reading, multiplied by the recorded reading. Therefore, that reading of 1,900 gamma has a corrected value of 1,900 x 1,000 x 1,000 = 1,900,000,000 gamma.

There is a tendency to confuse "gamma ray" with "gamma". "Gamma" is ordinary, everyday magnetic flux, while "gamma ray" is high-impact energy and not flux. One gamma of magnetic flux is equal to that of 100 volts RMS. To see this, take a Plasma Globe emitting 40,000 volts. When properly used, a gamma meter placed nearby, will read 400 gammas. The 1,900,000,000 gamma just mentioned, is the magnetic ambient equivalent of 190,000,000 volts of electricity. This is on a "Solar Quiet" day. On "Solar Active" days it may exceed five times that amount. The Establishment's idea that the Earth's electrical field is insignificant, goes the way of their other great ideas.

There are two kinds of electricity: "potential" and "useful". All electricity is "potential" until it is converted. The resonant-fluxing of electrons, activates the electrical potential which is present everywhere. The Intensity/CPS of the resonant-frequency-flux rate, sets the available energy. This must then be converted into the required physical dimensions of the equipment being used. For example, energy arriving from the Sun is magnetic flux, which solar cells convert to DC electricity, which is then converted further to suit the equipment being powered by it. Only the magnetic flux moves from point "A" (the Sun) to point "B" (the Earth). All electrical power systems work in exactly the same way. Movement of Coils and Magnets at point "A" (the generator) fluxes electrons, which in turn, excite electrons at point "B" (your house). None of the electrons at point "A" are ever transmitted to point "B". In both cases, the electrons remain forever intact and available for further fluxing. This is not allowed by Newtonian Physics (electrodynamics and the laws of conservation). Clearly, these laws are all screwed up and inadequate.

In modern physics, USPTO style, all of the above cannot exist because it opens a door to overunity. The good news is that the PTO has already issued hundreds of Patents related to Light Amplification, all of which are overunity. The Dynode used to adjust the self-powered shutter in your camera, receives magnetic flux from light which dislodges electrons from the cathode, reflecting electrons through the dynode bridge to the anode, resulting in billions of more electrons out than in. There are currently, 297 direct patents issued for this system, and thousands of peripheral patents, all of which support overunity. More than a thousand other Patents which have been issued, can be seen by the discerning eye to be overunity devices. What does this indicate about Intellectual Honesty?

Any coil system, when fluxed, causes electrons to spin and produce useful energy, once it is converted to the style required by its use. Now that we have described the method which is required, let us now see how this concerns us.

The entire System already exists and all that we need to do is to hook it up in a way which is useful to our required manner of use. Let us examine this backwards and start with a conventional output transformer. Consider one which has the required voltage and current handling characteristics and which acts as an isolation transformer. Only the magnetic flux passes from the input winding to the output winding. No electrons pass through from the input side to the output side. Therefore, we only need to flux the output side of the transformer to have an electrical output. Bad design by the establishment, allowing hysteresis of the metal plates, limits the load which can be driven. Up to this point, only potential is a consideration. Heat (which is energy loss) limits the output amperage. Correctly designed composite cores run cool, not hot.

A power correction factor system, being a capacitor bank, maintains an even flow of flux. These same capacitors, when used with a coil system (a transformer) become a frequency-timing system. Therefore, the inductance of the input side of the transformer, when combined with the capacitor bank, provides the required fluxing to produce the required electrical energy (cycles per second).

With the downstream system in place, all that is needed now is a potential system. Any flux system will be suitable. Any amplification over-unity output type is desirable. The input system is point "A" and the output system is point "B". Any input system where a lesser amount of electrons disturbs a greater amount of electrons - producing an output which is greater than the input - is desirable.

At this point, it is necessary to present updated information about electrons and the laws of physics. A large part of this, originates from me (Don Smith) and so is likely to upset people who are rigidly set in the thought patterns of conventional science.

Non - Ionic Electrons

As a source of electrical energy, non-ionic electrons doublets exist in immense quantities throughout the universe. Their origin is from the emanation of Solar Plasma. When ambient electrons are disturbed by being spun or pushed apart, they yield both magnetic and electrical energy. The rate of disturbance (cycling) determines the energy level achieved. Practical methods of disturbing them include, moving coils past magnets or vice versa. A better way is the pulsing (resonant induction) with magnetic fields and waves near coils.

In coil systems, magnetic and amperage are one package. This suggests that electrons in their natural non-ionic state, exist as doublets. When pushed apart by agitation, one spins right (yielding Volts-potential electricity) and the other spins left (yielding Amperage-magnetic energy), one being more negative than the other. This further suggests that when they reunite, we have (Volts x Amps = Watts) useful electrical energy. Until now, this idea has been totally absent from the knowledge base. The previous definition of Amperage is therefore flawed.

Electron Related Energy

Left hand spin of electrons results in Electrical Energy and right hand spin results in Magnetic Energy. Impacted electrons emit visible Light and heat.

Useful Circuits, Suggestions for Building an Operational Unit

1. Substitute a Plasma Globe such as Radio Shack's "Illumna-Storm" for the source-resonant induction system. It will have about 400 milligauss of magnetic induction. One milligauss is equal to 100 volts worth of magnetic induction.

2. Construct a coil using a 5-inch to 7-inch (125 to 180 mm) diameter piece of PVC for the coil former.

3. Get about 30 feet (10 m) of Jumbo-Speaker Cable and separate the two strands. This can be done by sticking a carpet knife into a piece of cardboard or wood, and then pulling the cable carefully past the blade to separate the two insulated cores from each other. (PJK Note: "Jumbo-Speaker Cable" is a vague term as that cable comes in many varieties, with anything from a few, to over 500 strands in each core).

4. Wind the coil with 10 to 15 turns of wire and leave about 3 feet (1 m) of cable spare at each end of the coil. Use a glue gun to hold the start and finish of the coil.

5. This will become the "L - 2" coil shown in the Circuits page.

6. When sitting on top of the Plasma Globe (like a crown) you have a first-class resonant air-core coil system.

7. Now, substitute two or more capacitors (rated at 5,000 volts or more) for the capacitor bank shown on the Circuits page. I use more than two 34 microfarad capacitors.

8. Finish out the circuit as shown. You are now in business !

9. Voltage - Amperage limiting resistors are required across the output side of the Load transformer. These are used to adjust the output level and the desired cycles per second.

Don Smith's Suggestions: Get a copy of the "Handbook of Electronic Tables and Formulas", published by Sams, ISBN 0-672-22469-0, also an Inductance/Capacitance/Resistance meter is required. Chapter 1 of Don's pdf document has important time-constant (frequency) information and a set of reactance charts in nomograph style ("nomograph": a graph, usually containing three parallel scales graduated for different variables so that when a straight line connects values of any two, the related value may be read directly from the third at the point intersected by the line) which makes working, and approximating of the three variables (capacitance, inductance and resistance) much easier. If two of the variables are known, then the third one can be read from the nomograph.

For example, if the input side of the isolation transformer needs to operate at 60 Hz, that is 60 positive cycles and 60 negative cycles, being a total of 120 cycles. Read off the inductance in Henries by using an Inductance meter attached to the input side of the isolation transformer. Plot this value on the (nomographic) reactance chart. Plot the needed 120 Hz on the chart and connect these two points with a straight line. Where this line crosses the Farads line and the Ohms line, gives us two values. Choose one (resistor) and insert it between the two leads of the transformer input winding.

The Power Correction Factor Capacitor (or bank of more than one capacitor) now needs adjusting. The following formula is helpful in finding this missing information. The capacitance is known, as is the desired potential to pulse the output transformer. One Farad of capacitance is one volt for one second (one Coulomb). Therefore, if we want to keep the bucket full with a certain amount, how many dippers full are needed? If the bucket needs 120 volts, then how many coulombs are required?

Now, go to the nomograph mentioned above, and find the required resistor jumper to place between the poles of the Correction Factor Capacitor.

An earth grounding is desirable, acting as both a voltage-limiter and a transient spike control. Two separate earths are necessary, one at the Power Factor Capacitor and one at the input side of the isolation transformer. Off-the-shelf surge arrestors / spark gaps and varistors having the desired voltage/potential and amperage control are commonly available. Siemens, Citel America and others, make a full range of surge arrestors, etc. Varistors look like coin-sized flat capacitors. Any of these voltage limiters are marked as "V - 1" in the following text.

It should be obvious that several separate closed circuits are present in the suggested configuration: The power input source, the high-voltage module, a power factor capacitor bank combined with the input side of the isolation transformer. Lastly, the output side of the isolation transformer and its load. None of the electrons active at the power source (battery) are passed through the system for use downstream. At any point, if the magnetic flux rate should happen to vary, then the number of active electrons also varies. Therefore, controlling the flux rate controls the electron (potential) activity. Electrons active at point "A" are not the same electrons which are active at point "B", or those at point "C", and so on. If the magnetic flux rate (frequency Hz) varies, then a different number of electrons will be disturbed. This does not violate any Natural Law and it does produce more output energy than the input energy, should that be desirable.

A convenient high-voltage module is a 12 volt DC neon tube transformer. The Power Factor Correction Capacitors should be as many microfarads as possible as this allows a lower operating frequency. The 12-volt neon tube transformer oscillates at about 30,000 Hz. At the Power Correction Factor Capacitor bank we lower the frequency to match the input side of the isolation transformer.

Other convenient high-voltage sources are car ignition coils, television flyback transformers, laser printer modules, and various other devices. Always lower the frequency at the Power Factor Correction Capacitor and correct, if needed, at the input side of the isolation transformer. The isolation transformer comes alive when pulsed. Amperage becomes a part of the consideration only at the isolation transformer. Faulty design, resulting in hysteresis, creates heat which self-destructs the transformer if it is overloaded. Transformers which have a composite core instead of the more common cores made from many layers of thin sheets of soft iron, run cool and can tolerate much higher amperage.

The information shown above, relates to the small Suitcase Model demonstrated at the 1996 Tesla Convention, presented as Don Smiths' Workshop. This unit was a very primitive version and newer versions have atomic batteries and power output ranges of Gigawatts. The battery requirement is low level and is no more harmful than the radium on the dial of a clock. Commercial units of Boulder Dam size are currently being installed at several major locations throughout the world. For reasons of Don's personal security and contract obligations, the information which he has shared here, is incomplete.

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PJK: I am most definitely not an expert in this area. However, it is probably worth mentioning some of the main points which Don Smith appears to be making. There are some very important points being made here, and grasping these may make a considerable difference to our ability to tap into the excess energy available in our local environment. There are four points worth mentioning:

1. Voltage

2. Frequency

3. Magnetic / Electric relationship

4. Resonance

1. Voltage. We tend to view things with an 'intuitive' view, generally based on fairly simple concepts. For example, we automatically think that it is more difficult to pick up a heavy object than to pick up a light one. How much more difficult? Well, if it is twice as heavy, it would probably be about twice as much effort to pick it up. This view has developed from our experience of things which we have done in the past, rather than on any mathematical calculation or formula.

Well, how about pulsing an electronic system with a voltage? How would the output power of a system be affected by increasing the voltage? Our initial 'off-the cuff' reaction might be that the power output might be increased a bit, but then hold on… we've just remembered that Watts = Volts x Amps, so if you double the voltage, then you would double the power in watts. So we might settle for the notion that if we doubled the voltage then we could double the output power. If we thought that, then we would be wrong.

Don Smith points out that as capacitors and coils store energy, if they are involved in the circuit, then the output power is proportional to the square of the voltage used. Double the voltage, and the output power is four times greater. Use three times the voltage and the output power is nine times greater. Use ten times the voltage and the output power is one hundred times greater !

Don says that the energy stored, multiplied by the cycles per second, is the energy being pumped by the system. Capacitors and inductors (coils) temporarily store electrons, and their performance is given by:

Capacitor formula: W = 0.5 x C x V2 x Hz where:

W is the energy in Joules (Joules = Volts x Amps x seconds)

C is the capacitance in Farads

V is the voltage

Hz is the cycles per second

Inductor formula: W = 0.5 x L x A2 x Hz where:

W is the energy in Joules

L is the inductance in henrys

A is the current in amps

Hz is the frequency in cycles per second

You will notice that where inductors (coils) are involved, then the output power goes up with the square of the current. Double the voltage and double the current gives four times the power output due to the increased voltage and that increased output is increased by a further four times due to the increased current, giving sixteen times the output power.

2. Frequency. You will notice from the formulas above, that the output power is directly proportional to the frequency "Hz". The frequency is the number of cycles per second (or pulses per second) applied to the circuit. This is something which is not intuitive for most people. If you double the rate of pulsing, then you double the power output. When this sinks in, you suddenly see why Nikola Tesla tended to use millions of volts and millions of pulses per second.

However, Don Smith states that when a circuit is at it's point of resonance, resistance in the circuit drops to zero and the circuit becomes effectively, a superconductor. The energy for such a system which is in resonance is:

Resonant circuit: W = 0.5 x C x V2 x (Hz)2 where:

W is the energy in Joules

C is the capacitance in Farads

V is the voltage

Hz is the cycles per second

If this is correct, then raising the frequency in a resonating circuit has a massive effect on the power output of the device. The question then arises: why is the mains power in Europe just fifty cycles per second and in America just sixty cycles per second? If power goes up with frequency, then why not feed households at a million cycles per second? One major reason is that it is not easy to make electric motors which can be driven with power delivered at that frequency, so a more suitable frequency is chosen in order to suit the motors in vacuum cleaners, washing machines and other household equipment.

However, if we want to extract energy from the environment, then we should go for high voltage and high frequency. Then, when high power has been extracted, if we want a low frequency suited to electric motors, we can pulse the already captured power at that low frequency.

It might be speculated that if a device is being driven with sharp pulses which have a very sharply rising leading edge, that the effective frequency of the pulsing is actually determined by the speed of that rising edge, rather than the rate at which the pulses are actually generated. For example, if pulses are being generated at, say, 50 kHz but the pulses have a leading edge which would be suited to a 200 kHz pulse train, then the device might well see the signal as a 200 kHz signal with a 25% Mark/Space ratio, the very suddenness of the applied voltage having a magnetic shocking effect equivalent to a 200 kHz pulse train.

3. Magnetic / Electric relationship. Don states that the reason why our present power systems are so inefficient is because we concentrate on the electric component of electromagnetism. These systems are always COP<1 as electricity is the 'losses' of electromagnetic power. Instead, if you concentrate on the magnetic component, then there is no limit on the electric power which can be extracted from that magnetic component. Contrary to what you might expect, if you install a pick-up system which extracts electrical energy from the magnetic component, you can install any number of other identical pick-ups, each of which extract the same amount of electrical energy from the magnetic input, without loading the magnetic wave in any way. Unlimited electrical output for the 'cost' of creating a single magnetic effect.

The magnetic effect which we want to create is a ripple in the zero-point energy field, and ideally, we want to create that effect while using very little power. Creating a dipole with a battery which has a Plus and a Minus terminal or a magnet which has North and South poles, is an easy way to do create an electromagnetic imbalance in the local environment. Pulsing a coil is probably an even better way as the magnetic field reverses rapidly if it is an air-core coil, such as a Tesla Coil. Using a ferromagnetic core to the coil can create a problem as iron can't reverse it's magnetic alignment very rapidly, and ideally, you want pulsing which is at least a thousand times faster than iron can handle.

Don draws attention to the "Transmitter / Receiver" educational kit "Resonant Circuits #10-416" which was supplied by The Science Source, Maine. This kit demonstrated the generation of resonant energy and it's collection with a receiver circuit. However, if several receiver circuits are used, then the energy collected is increased several times without any increase in the transmitted energy. This is similar to a radio transmitter where hundreds of thousands of radio receivers can receive the transmitted signal without loading the transmitter in any way. In Don’s day, this kit was driven by a 1.5 volt battery and lit a 60-watt bulb which was supplied. Not surprisingly, that kit has been discontinued and a trivial kit substituted.

If you get the Science Source educational kit, then there are some details which you need to watch out for. The unit has two very nice quality plastic bases and two very neatly wound coils each of 60 turns of 0.47 mm diameter enamelled copper wire on clear acrylic tubes 57 mm (2.25”) in diameter. The winding covers a 28 mm section of the tube. The layout of the transmitter and receiver modules does not match the accompanying instruction sheet and so considerable care needs to be taken when wiring up any of their circuits. The circuit diagrams are not shown, just a wiring diagram, which is not great from an educational point of view. The one relevant circuit is:

Before you buy the kit, it is not mentioned that in order to use it, you now need a signal generator capable of producing a 10-volt signal at 1 MHz. The coil has a DC resistance of just 1.9 ohms but at a 1 MHz resonant frequency, the necessary drive power is quite low.

A variable capacitor is mounted on the receiver coil tube, but the one in my kit made absolutely no difference to the frequency tuning, nor was my capacitance meter able to determine any capacitance value for it at all, even though it had no trouble at all in measuring the 101 pF capacitor which was exactly the capacitance printed on it. For that reason, it is shown in blue in the circuit diagram above. Disconnecting it made no difference whatsoever.

In this particular kit, standard screw connectors have had one screw replaced with an Allen key headed bolt which has a head large enough to allow finger tightening. Unfortunately, those bolts have a square cut tip where a domed tip is essential if small diameter wires are to be clamped securely. If you get the kit, then I suggest that you replace the connectors with a standard electrical screw connector strip.

In tests, the LED lights up when the coils are aligned and within about 100 mm of each other, or if they are close together side by side. This immediately makes the Hubbard device spring to mind. Hubbard has a central "electromagnetic transmitter" surrounded by a ring of "receivers" closely coupled magnetically to the transmitter, each of which will receive a copy of the energy sent by the transmitter:

Don points to an even more clearly demonstrated occurrence of this effect in the Tesla Coil. In a typical Tesla Coil, the primary coil is much larger diameter than the inner secondary coil:

If, for example, 8,000 volts is applied to the primary coil which has four turns, then each turn would have 2,000 volts of potential. Each turn of the primary coil transfers electromagnetic flux to every single turn of the secondary winding, and the secondary coil has a very large number of turns. Massively more power is produced in the secondary coil than was used to energise the primary coil. A common mistake is to believe that a Tesla Coil can't produce serious amperage. If the primary coil is positioned in the middle of the secondary coil as shown, then the amperage generated will be as large as the voltage generated. A low power input to the primary coil can produce kilowatts of usable electrical power as described in chapter 5.

4. Resonance. An important factor in circuits aimed at tapping external energy is resonance. It can be hard to see where this comes in when it is an electronic circuit which is being considered. However, everything has it's own resonant frequency, whether it is a coil or any other electronic component. When components are connected together to form a circuit, the circuit has an overall resonant frequency. As a simple example, consider a swing:

If the swing is pushed before it reaches the highest point on the mother's side, then the push actually opposes the swinging action. The time of one full swing is the resonant frequency of the swing, and that is determined by the length of the supporting ropes holding the seat and not the weight of the child nor the power with which the child is pushed. Provided that the timing is exactly right, a very small push can get a swing moving in a substantial arc. The key factor is, matching the pulses applied to the swing, that is, to the resonant frequency of the swing. Get it right and a large movement is produced. Get it wrong, and the swing doesn't get going at all (at which point, critics would say "see, see …swings just don't work - this proves it !!").

Establishing the exact pulsing rate needed for a resonant circuit is not particularly easy, because the circuit contains coils (which have inductance, capacitance and resistance), capacitors (which have capacitance and a small amount of resistance) and resistors and wires, both of which have resistance and some capacitance. These kinds of circuit are called "LRC" circuits because "L" is the symbol used for inductance, "R" is the symbol used for resistance and "C" is the symbol used for capacitance.

Don Smith provides instructions for winding and using the type of air-core coils needed for a Tesla Coil. He says:

1. Decide a frequency and bear in mind, the economy of the size of construction selected. The factors are:

(a) Use radio frequency (above 20 kHz).

(b) Use natural frequency, i.e. match the coil wire length to the frequency - coils have both capacitance and inductance.

(c) Make the wire length either one quarter, one half of the full wavelength.

(d) Calculate the wire length in feet as follows:

If using one quarter wavelength, then divide 247 by the frequency in MHz.

If using one half wavelength, then divide 494 by the frequency in MHz.

If using the full wavelength, then divide 998 by the frequency in MHz.

For wire lengths in metres:

If using one quarter wavelength, then divide 75.29 by the frequency in MHz.

If using one half wavelength, then divide 150.57 by the frequency in MHz.

If using the full wavelength, then divide 304.19 by the frequency in MHz.

2. Choose the number of turns to be used in the coil when winding it using the wire length just calculated. The number of turns will be governed by the diameter of the tube on which the coil is to be wound. Remember that the ratio of the number of turns in the "L - 1" and "L - 2" coils, controls the overall output voltage. For example, if the voltage applied the large outer coil "L - 1" is 2,400 volts and L - 1 has ten turns, then each turn of L - 1 will have 240 volts dropped across it. This 240 volts of magnetic induction transfers 240 volts of electricity to every turn of wire in the inner "L - 2" coil. If the diameter of L - 2 is small enough to have 100 turns, then the voltage produced will be 24,000 volts. If the diameter of the L - 2 former allows 500 turns, then the output voltage will be 120,000 volts.

3. Choose the length and diameter of the coils. The larger the diameter of the coil, the fewer turns can be made with the wire length and so the coil length will be less, and the output voltage will be lower.

4. For example, if 24.7 MHz is the desired output frequency, then the length of wire, in feet, would be 247 divided by 24.7 which is 10 feet of wire (3,048 mm). The coil may be wound on a standard size of PVC pipe or alternatively, it can be purchased from a supplier - typically, an amateur radio supply store.

If the voltage on each turn of L - 1 is arranged to be 24 volts and the desired output voltage 640 volts, then there needs to be 640 / 24 = 26.66 turns on L - 2, wound with the 10 feet of wire already calculated.

Note: At this point, Don's calculations go adrift and he suggests winding 30 turns on a 2-inch former. If you do that, then it will take about 16 feet of wire and the resonant point at 10-feet will be at about 19 turns, giving an output voltage of 458 volts instead of the required 640 volts, unless the number of turns on L - 1 is reduced to give more than 24 volts per turn. However, the actual required diameter of the coil former (plus one diameter of the wire) is 10 x 12 / (26.67 x 3.14159) = 1.43 inches. You can make this size of former up quite easily if you want to stay with ten turns on the L - 1 coil.

5. Connect to the start of the coil. To determine the exact resonant point on the coil, a measurement is made. Off-the-shelf multimeters are not responsive to high-frequency signals so a cheap neon is used instead. Holding one wire of the neon in one hand and running the other neon wire along the outside of the L - 2 winding, the point of brightest light is located. Then the neon is moved along that turn to find the brightest point along that turn, and when it is located, a connection is made to the winding at that exact point. L - 2 is now a resonant winding. It is possible to increase the ("Q") effectiveness of the coil by spreading the turns out a bit instead of positioning them so that each turn touches both of the adjacent turns.

6. The input power has been suggested as 2,400 volts. This can be constructed from a Jacob's ladder arrangement or any step-up voltage system. An off-the-shelf module as used with lasers is another option.

7. Construction of the L - 1 input coil has been suggested as having 10 turns. The length of the wire in this coil is not critical. If a 2-inch diameter PVC pipe was used for the L - 2 coil, then the next larger size of PVC pipe can be used for the L - 1 coil former. Cut a 10-turn length of the pipe (probably a 3-inch diameter pipe). The pipe length will depend on the diameter of the insulated wire used to make the winding. Use a good quality multimeter or a specialised LCR meter to measure the capacitance (in Farads) and the inductance (in henrys) of the L - 2 coil. Now, put a capacitor for matching L - 1 to L - 2 across the voltage input of L - 1, and a spark gap connected in parallel is required for the return voltage from L - 1. A trimmer capacitor for L - 1 is desirable.

8. The performance of L - 2 can be further enhanced by attaching an earth connection to the base of the coil. The maximum output voltage will be between the ends of coil L - 2 and lesser voltages can be taken off intermediate points along the coil if that is desirable.

This frequency information can be rather hard to understand in the way that Don states it. It may be easier to follow the description given by one developer who says:

I have noticed that any machine can be made a super machine just by adding a bipolar capacitor across the coil. Nothing else is needed. With the correct capacitor the coil becomes Naturally Resonant and uses very little Amperage. Each machine uses a different size capacitor. The correct capacitor size can be calculated by dividing the speed of light by the coil's wire length first to get the coil's Natural Frequency and then dividing the voltage to be used by that frequency. The result is the correct size for the capacitor. Your machine will then be very powerful even working from a 12V car battery, no other additions needed.

My coil's wire length is 497.333 meters.

299000000 m/sec / 497.333 m = 600000 Hz.

12V / 600000 = 0.00002 or 20 microfarads. A beautiful Naturally Resonant Tank circuit. You can use this with any coil for overunity!

Once we have a Naturally Resonant Coil/Capacitor combination we can bring the frequency down to 50 Hz by calculating for the Power Factor Correction:

Hz = Resistance x Farads then

50 Hz = R x 0.00002

so 50 / 0.00002 = 2500000

and R = 2500000 or 2.5 Meg Ohms.

We then place all three components in parallel and our coil should give us a 50 Hz output.

Don provides quite an amount of information on one of his devices shown here:

Without his description of the device, it would be difficult to understand it's construction and method of operation. As I understand it, the circuit of what is mounted on this board is as shown here:

This arrangement has bothered some readers recently as they feel that the spark gap should be in series with the L1 coil, like this:

This is understandable, as there is always a tendency to think of the spark gap as being a device which is there to protect against excessive voltages rather than seeing it as an active component of the circuit, a component which is in continuous use. In 1925, Hermann Plauson was granted a patent for a whole series of methods for converting the high voltage produced by a tall aerial system into useable, standard electricity. Hermann starts off by explaining how high voltage can be converted into a convenient form and he uses a Wimshurst static electricity generator as an example of a constant source of high voltage. The output from a rectified Tesla Coil, a Wimshurst machine and a tall aerial are very much alike, and so Hermann's comments are very relevant here. He shows it like this:

Here, the output of the Wimshurst machine is stored in two high-voltage capacitors (Leyden jars) causing a very high voltage to be created across those capacitors. When the voltage is high enough, a spark jumps across the spark gap, causing a massive surge of current through the primary winding of the transformer, which in his case is a step-down transformer as he is aimed at getting a lower output voltage. Don's circuit is almost identical:

Here the high voltage comes from the battery/inverter/neon-tube driver/rectifiers, rather than from a mechanically driven Wimshurst machine. He has the same build up of voltage in a capacitor with a spark gap across the capacitor. The spark gap will fire when the capacitor voltage reaches its designed level. The only difference is in the positioning of the capacitor, which if it matched Hermann's arrangement exactly, would be like this:

which would be a perfectly viable arrangement as far as I can see. You will remember that Tesla, who always speaks very highly of the energy released by the very sharp discharge produced by a spark, shows a high-voltage source feeding a capacitor with the energy passing through a spark gap to the primary winding of a transformer:

However, with Don's arrangement, it can be a little difficult to see why the capacitor is not short-circuited by the very low resistance of the few turns of thick wire forming the L1 coil. Well, it would do that if we were operating with DC, but we are most definitely not doing that as the output from the neon-tube driver circuit is pulsing 35,000 times per second. This causes the DC resistance of the L1 coil to be of almost no consequence and instead, the coil's "impedance" or "reactance" (effectively, it's AC resistance) is what counts. Actually, the capacitor and the L1 coil being connected across each other have a combined "reactance" or resistance to pulsing current at this frequency. This is where the nomograph diagram comes into play, and there is a much easier to understand version of it a few pages later on in this document. So, because of the high pulsing frequency, the L1 coil does not short-circuit the capacitor and if the pulsing frequency matches the resonant frequency of the L1 coil (or a harmonic of that frequency), then the L1 coil will actually have a very high resistance to current flow through it. This is how a crystal set radio receiver tunes in a particular radio station, broadcasting on it's own frequency.

Anyway, coming back to Don's device shown in the photograph above, the electrical drive is from a 12-volt battery which is not seen in the photograph. Interestingly, Don remarks that if the length of the wires connecting the battery to the inverter are exactly one quarter of the wave length of the frequency of the oscillating magnetic field generated by the circuit, then the current induced in the battery wires will recharge the battery continuously, even if the battery is supplying power to the circuit at the same time.

The battery supplies a small current through a protecting diode, to a standard off-the-shelf "true sine-wave" inverter. An inverter is a device which produces mains-voltage Alternating Current from a DC battery. As Don wants adjustable voltage, he feeds the output from the inverter into a variable transformer called a "Variac" although this is often made as part of the neon-driver circuit to allow the brightness of the neon tube to be adjusted by the user. This arrangement produces an AC output voltage which is adjustable from zero volts up to the full mains voltage (or a little higher, though Don does not want to use a higher voltage). The use of this kind of adjustment usually makes it essential for the inverter to be a true sine-wave type. As the power requirement of the neon-tube driver circuit is so low, the inverter should not cost very much.

The neon-tube driver circuit is a standard off-the-shelf device used to drive neon tube displays for commercial establishments. The one used by Don contains an oscillator and a step-up transformer, which together produce an Alternating Current of 9,000 volts at a frequency of 35,100 Hz (sometimes written as 35.1 kHz). The term "Hz" stands for "cycles per second". Don lowers the 9,000 volts as he gets great power output at lower input voltages and the cost of the output capacitors is a significant factor. The particular neon-tube driver circuit which Don is using here, has two separate outputs out of phase with each other, so Don connects them together and uses a blocking diode in each line to prevent either of them affecting the other one. Not easily seen in the photograph, the high-voltage output line has a very small, encapsulated, Gas-Discharge Tube spark gap in it and the line is also earthed. The device looks like this:

Please note that when an earth connection is mentioned in connection with Don Smith's devices, we are talking about an actual wire connection to a metal object physically buried in the ground, whether it is a long copper rod driven into the ground, or an old car radiator buried in a hole like Tariel Kapanadze uses. When Thomas Henry Moray performed his requested demonstration deep in the countryside at a location chosen by the sceptics, the light bulbs which formed his demonstration electrical load, glowed more brightly with each hammer stroke as a length of gas pipe was hammered into the ground to form his earth connection.

It should be remarked that since Don purchased his neon-tube driver module that newer designs have generally taken over completely, especially in Europe, and these designs have built in “earth-leakage current” protection which instantly disables the circuit if any current is detected leaking to ground. This feature makes the unit completely unsuitable for use in a Don Smith circuit because there, the transfer of current to the ground is wholly intentional and vital for the operation of the circuit.

The output of the neon-tube driver circuit is used to drive the primary "L1" winding of a Tesla Coil style transformer. This looks ever so simple and straightforward, but there are some subtle details which need to be considered.

The operating frequency of 35.1 kHz is set and maintained by the neon-tube driver circuitry, and so, in theory, we do not have to do any direct tuning ourselves. However, we want the resonant frequency of the L1 coil and the capacitor across it to match the neon-driver circuit frequency. The frequency of the "L1" coil winding will induce exactly the same frequency in the "L2" secondary winding. However, we need to pay special attention to the ratio of the wire lengths of the two coil windings as we want these two windings to resonate together. A rule of thumb followed by most Tesla Coil builders is to have the same weight of copper in the L1 and L2 coils, which means that the wire of the L1 coil is usually much thicker than the wire of the L2 coil. If the L1 coil is to be one quarter of the length of the L2 coil, then we would expect the cross-sectional area of the L1 coil to be four times that of the wire of the L2 coil and so the wire should have twice the diameter (as the area is proportional to the square of the radius, and the square of two is four).

Don uses a white plastic tube as the former for his "L1" primary coil winding. As you can see here, the wire is fed into the former, leaving sufficient clearance to allow the former to slide all the way into the outer coil. The wire is fed up inside the pipe and out through another hole to allow the coil turns to be made on the outside of the pipe. There appear to be five turns, but Don does not always go for a complete number of turns, so it might be 4.3 turns or some other value. The key point here is that the length of wire in the "L1" coil turns should be exactly one quarter of the length of wire in the "L2" coil turns.

The "L2" coil used here is a commercial 3-inch diameter unit from Barker & Williamson, constructed from uninsulated, solid, single-strand "tinned" copper wire (how to make home-build versions is shown later on). Don has taken this coil and unwound four turns in the middle of the coil in order to make a centre-tap. He then measured the exact length of wire in the remaining section and made the length of the "L1" coil turns to be exactly one quarter of that length. The wire used for the "L1" coil looks like Don's favourite "Jumbo Speaker Wire" which is a very flexible wire with a very large number of extremely fine uninsulated copper wires inside it.

You will notice that Don has placed a plastic collar on each side of the winding, matching the thickness of the wire, in order to create a secure sliding operation inside the outer "L2" coil, and the additional plastic collars positioned further along the pipe provide further support for the inner coil. This sliding action allows the primary coil "L1" to be positioned at any point along the length of the "L2" secondary coil, and that has a marked tuning effect on the operation of the system. The outer "L2" coil does not have any kind of tube support but instead, the coil shape is maintained by the stiffness of the solid wire plus four slotted strips. This style of construction produces the highest possible coil performance at radio frequencies. With a Tesla Coil, it is most unusual to have the L1 coil of smaller diameter than the L2 coil.

The "L2" coil has two separate sections, each of seventeen turns. One point to note is the turns are spaced apart using slotted strips to support the wires and maintain an accurate spacing between adjacent turns. It must be remembered that spacing coil turns apart like this alters the characteristics of the coil, increasing it's "capacitance" factor substantially. Every coil has resistance, inductance and capacitance, but the form of the coil construction has a major effect on the ratio of these three characteristics. The coil assembly is held in position on the base board by two off-white plastic cable ties. The nearer half of the coil is effectively connected across the further half as shown in the circuit diagram above.

One point which Don stresses, is that the length of the wire in the "L1" coil and the length of wire in the "L2" coil, must be an exact even division or multiple of each other (in this case, the "L2" wire length in each half of the "L2" coil is exactly four times as long as the "L1" coil wire length). This is likely to cause the "L1" coil to have part of a turn, due to the different coil diameters. For example, if the length of the "L2" coil wire is 160 inches and "L1" is to be one quarter of that length, namely, 40 inches. Then, if the "L1" coil has an effective diameter of 2.25 inches, (allowing for the thickness of the wire when wound on a 2-inch diameter former), then the "L1" coil would have 5.65 (or 5 and 2/3) turns which causes the finishing turn of "L2" to be 240 degrees further around the coil former than the start of the first turn - that is, five full turns plus two thirds of the sixth turn.

The L1 / L2 coil arrangement is a Tesla Coil. The positioning of the "L1" coil along the length of the "L2" coil, adjusts the voltage to current ratio produced by the coil. When the "L1" coil is near the middle of the "L2" coil, then the amplified voltage and amplified current are roughly the same. The exact wire ratio of these two coils gives them an almost automatic tuning with each other, and the exact resonance between them can be achieved by the positioning of the "L1" coil along the length of the "L2" coil. While this is a perfectly good way of adjusting the circuit, in the build shown in the photograph, Don has opted to get the exact tuning by connecting a capacitor across "L1" as marked as "C" in the circuit diagram. Don found that the appropriate capacitor value was around the 0.1 microfarad (100 nF) mark. It must be remembered that the voltage across "L1" is very high, so if a capacitor is used in that position it will need a voltage rating of at least 9,000 volts. Don remarks that the actual capacitors seen in the photograph of this prototype are rated at fifteen thousand volts, and were custom made for him using a "self-healing" style of construction. As has already been remarked, this capacitor is an optional component. Don also opted to connect a small capacitor across the "L2" coil, also for fine-tuning of the circuit, and that component is optional and so is not shown on the circuit diagram. As the two halves of the "L2" coil are effectively connected across each other, it is only necessary to have one fine-tuning capacitor. However, Don stresses that the "height" length of the coil (when standing vertically) controls the voltage produced while the coil "width" (the diameter of the turns) controls the current produced.

The exact wire length ratio of the turns in the "L1" and "L2" coils gives them an almost automatic synchronous tuning with each other, and the exact resonance between them can be achieved by the positioning of the "L1" coil along the length of the "L2" coil. While this is a perfectly good way of adjusting the circuit, in the 1994 build shown in the photograph, Don has opted to get the exact tuning by connecting a capacitor across "L1" as marked as "C" in the circuit diagram. Don found that the appropriate capacitor value for his particular coil build, was about 0.1 microfarad (100 nF) and so he connected two 47 nF high-voltage capacitors in parallel to get the value which he wanted. It must be remembered that the voltage across "L1" is very high, so a capacitor used in that position needs a voltage rating of at least 9,000 volts. Don remarks that the actual capacitors seen in the photograph of this prototype are rated at fifteen thousand volts, and were custom made for him using a "self-healing" style of construction.

Don has also connected a small capacitor across the "L2" coil, and that optional component is marked as "C2" in the circuit diagram and the value used by Don happened to be a single 47nF, high-voltage capacitor. As the two halves of the "L2" coil are effectively connected across each other, it is only necessary to have one capacitor for "L2":

There are various ways of dealing with the output from the "L2" coil in order to get large amounts of conventional electrical power out of the device. The method shown here uses the four very large capacitors seen in the photograph. These have an 8,000 or 9,000 volt rating and a large capacity and they are used to store the circuit power as DC prior to use in the load equipment. This is achieved by feeding the capacitor bank through a diode which is rated for both high voltage and high current, as Don states that the device produces 8,000 volts at 20 amps, in which case, this rectifying diode has to be able to handle that level of power, both at start-up when the capacitor bank is fully discharged and "L2" is producing 8,000 volts, and when the full load of 20 amps is being drawn.

This capacitor bank is fed through a diode which is rated for both high voltage and high current, as Don states that the device produces 8,000 volts at 20 amps, in which case, this rectifying diode has to be able to handle that level of power, both at start-up when the capacitor bank is fully discharged and "L2" is producing 8,000 volts, and when the full load of 20 amps is being drawn. The actual diodes used by Don happen to be rated at 25 KV but that is a far greater rating than is actually needed.

In passing, it might be remarked that the average home user will not have an electrical requirement of anything remotely like as large as this, seeing that 10 kW is more than most people use on a continuous basis, while 8 KV at 20 A is a power of 160 kilowatts. As the neon-tube driver circuit can put out 9,000 volts and since the L1 / L2 coil system is a step-up transformer, if the voltage fed to the capacitor bank is to be kept down to 8,000 volts, then the Variac adjustment must be used to reduce the voltage fed to the neon-tube driver circuit, in order to lower the voltage fed to the L1 / L2 coil pair, typically, to 3,000 volts.

A very astute and knowledgeable member of the EVGRAY Yahoo EVGRAY forum whose ID is "silverhealtheu" has recently pointed out that Don Smith says quite freely that he does not disclose all of the details of his designs, and it is his opinion that a major item which has not been disclosed is that the diodes in the circuit diagrams shown here are the wrong way round and that Don operates his voltages in reverse to the conventional way. In fact, the circuit diagram should be:

He comments: "the diodes leaving the Neon-tube Driver may need to be reversed as we want to collect the negative polarity. The spark gap will then operate on ambient inversion and the spark will look and sound totally different with a much faster crack and producing very little heat and even becoming covered in frost is possible. The Variac should be raised up just enough to get a spark going then backed off slightly. Any higher voltage is liable to make the Neon-tube Driver think that it has a short-circuit condition, and the new electronic designs will then shut down automatically and fail to operate at all if this method is not followed. When running, C, L1 and L2 operate somewhere up in the Radio Frequency band because the Neon-tube Driver only acts as a tank-circuit exciter. The large collection capacitor C3, should fill inverted to earth polarity as shown above. The load will then be pulling electrons from the earth as the cap is REFILLED back to ZERO rather than the joules in the capacitor being depleted. Also remember that the Back-EMF systems of John Bedini and others, create a small positive pulse but they collect a super large NEGATIVE polarity spike which shoots off the bottom of an oscilloscope display. This is what we want, plenty of this stored in capacitors, and then let the ambient background energy supply the current when it makes the correction."

This is a very important point and it may well make a really major difference to the performance of a device of this nature.

One reader has drawn attention to the fact that Don's main document indicates that there should be a resistor "R" across the L1 coil as well as the capacitor "C" and he suggests that the circuit should actually be as shown above, considering what Don said earlier about his "suitcase" design. Another reader points out that the wire in the output choke shown in the photograph below appears to be wound with wire that is far too small diameter to carry the currents mentioned by Don. It seems likely that a choke is not needed in that position except to suppress possible radio frequency transmissions from the circuit, but a more powerful choke can easily be wound using larger diameter wire.

When the circuit is running, the storage capacitor bank behaves like an 8,000 volt battery which never runs down and which can supply 20 amps of current for as long as you want. The circuitry for producing a 220 volt 50 Hz AC output or a 110 volt 60 Hz AC output from the storage capacitors is just standard electronics. In passing, one option for charging the battery is to use the magnetic field caused by drawing mains-frequency current pulses through the output "choke" coil, shown here:

The output current flows through the left hand winding on the brown cylindrical former, and when the photograph was taken, the right-hand winding was no longer in use. Previously, it had been used to provide charging power to the battery by rectifying the electrical power in the coil, caused by the fluctuating magnetic field caused by the pulsing current flowing through the left hand winding, as shown here:

The DC output produced by the four diodes was then used to charge the driving battery, and the power level produced is substantially greater than the minor current drain from the battery. Consequently, it is a sensible precaution to pass this current to the battery via a circuit which prevents the battery voltage rising higher than it should. A simple voltage level sensor can be used to switch off the charging when the battery has reached its optimum level. Other batteries can also be charged if that is wanted. Simple circuitry of the type shown in chapter 12 can be used for controlling and limiting the charging process. The components on Don's board are laid out like this:

Don draws attention to the fact that the cables used to connect the output of "L2" to the output of the board, connecting the storage capacitors on the way, are very high-voltage rated cables with special multiple coverings to ensure that the cables will remain sound over an indefinite period. It should be remarked at this point, that the outer 3" diameter coil used by Don, is not wound on a former, but in order to get higher performance at high frequencies, the turns are supported with four separate strips physically attached to the turns - the technique described later in this document as being an excellent way for home construction of such coils.

Please bear in mind that the voltages here and their associated power levels are literally lethal and perfectly capable of killing anyone who handles the device carelessly when it is powered up. When a replication of this device is ready for routine use, it must be encased so that none of the high-voltage connections can be touched by anyone. This is not a suggestion, but it is a mandatory requirement, despite the fact that the components shown in the photographs are laid out in what would be a most dangerous fashion were the circuit to be powered up as it stands. Under no circumstances, construct and test this circuit unless you are already experienced in the use of high-voltage circuits or can be supervised by somebody who is experienced in this field. This is a "one hand in the pocket at all times" type of circuit and it needs to be treated with great care and respect at all times, so be sensible.

The remainder of the circuit is not mounted on the board, possibly because there are various ways in which the required end result can be achieved. The one suggested here is perhaps the most simple solution:

The voltage has to be dropped, so an iron-cored mains-frequency step-down transformer is used to do this. To get the frequency to the standard mains frequency for the country in which the device is to be used, an oscillator is used to generate that particular mains frequency. The oscillator output is used to drive a suitable high-voltage semiconductor device, be it an FET transistor, an IGBT device, or whatever. This device has to switch the working current at 8,000 volts, though admittedly, that will be a current which will be at least thirty six times lower than the final output current, due to the higher voltage on the primary winding of the transformer. The available power will be limited by the current handling capabilities of this output transformer which needs to be very large and expensive.

As the circuit is capable of picking up additional magnetic pulses, such as those generated by other equipment, nearby lightning strikes, etc. an electronic component called a "varistor" marked "V" in the diagram, is connected across the load. This device acts as a voltage spike suppressor as it short circuits any voltage above its design voltage, protecting the load from power surges.

Don also explains an even more simple version of the circuit as shown here:

This simplified circuit avoids the need for expensive capacitors and the constraints of their voltage ratings, and the need for electronic control of the output frequency. The wire length in the turns of coil "L2" still needs to be exactly four times the wire length of the turns in coil "L1", but there is only one component which needs to be introduced, and that is the resistor "R" placed across the primary winding of the step-down isolation transformer. This transformer is a laminated iron-core type, suitable for the low mains frequency, but the output from "L2" is at much higher frequency. It is possible to pull the frequency down to suit the step-down transformer by connecting the correct value of resistor "R" across the output transformer (or a coil and resistor, or a coil and a capacitor). The value of resistor needed can be predicted from the American Radio Relay League graph (shown as Fig.44 in Don's pdf document which can be downloaded using http://www.free-energy-info.com/Smith.pdf ). The sixth edition of the Howard Sams book "Handbook of Electronics Tables and Formulas" (ISBN-10: 0672224690 or ISBN-13: 978-0672224690) has a table which goes down to 1 kHz and so does not need to be extended to reach the frequencies used here. The correct resistor value could also be found by experimentation. You will notice that an earthed dual spark gap has been placed across "L2" in order to make sure that the voltage levels always stay within the design range.

Don also explains an even more simple version which does not need a Variac, high voltage capacitors or high voltage diodes. Here, a DC output is accepted which means that high-frequency step-down transformer operation can be used. This calls for an air-core transformer which you would wind yourself from heavy duty wire. Mains loads would then be powered by using a standard off-the-shelf inverter. In this version, it is of course, necessary to make the "L1" turns wire length exactly one quarter of the "L2" turns wire length in order to make the two coils resonate together. The operating frequency of each of these coils is imposed on them by the output frequency of the neon-tube driver circuit. That frequency is maintained throughout the entire circuit until it is rectified by the four diodes feeding the low-voltage storage capacitor. The target output voltage will be either just over 12 volts or just over 24 volts, depending on the voltage rating of the inverter which is to be driven by the system. The circuit diagram is:

As many people will find the nomograph chart in Don's pdf document very difficult to understand and use, here is an easier version:

The objective here is to determine the "reactance" or 'AC resistance' in ohms and the way to do that is as follows:

Suppose that your neon-tube driver is running at 30 kHz and you are using a capacitor of 100 nF (which is the same as 0.1 microfarad) and you want to know what is the AC resistance of your capacitor is at that frequency. Also, what coil inductance would have that same AC resistance. Then the procedure for finding that out is as follows:

Draw a straight line from your 30 kHz frequency (purple line) through your 100 nanofarad capacitor value and carry the line on as far as the (blue) inductance line as shown above.

You can now read the reactance ("AC resistance") off the red line, which looks like 51 ohms to me. This means that when the circuit is running at a frequency of 30 kHz, then the current flow through your 100 nF capacitor will be the same as through a 51 ohm resistor. Reading off the blue "Inductance" line that same current flow at that frequency would occur with a coil which has an inductance of 0.28 millihenries.

I have recently been passed a copy of Don’s circuit diagram for this device, and it is shown here:

The 4000V 30mA transformer shown in this circuit diagram, may use a ferrite-cored transformer from a neon-tube driver module which steps up the voltage but it does not raise the frequency as that is clearly marked at 120 Hz pulsed DC. You will notice that this circuit diagram is drawn with Plus shown below Minus (which is most unusual).

Please note that when an earth connection is mentioned in connection with Don Smith's devices, we are talking about an actual wire connection to a metal object physically buried in the ground, whether it is a long copper rod driven into the ground, or an old car radiator buried in a hole like Tariel Kapanadze used, or a buried metal plate. When Thomas Henry Moray performed his requested demonstration deep in the countryside at a location chosen by the sceptics, the light bulbs which formed his demonstration electrical load, glowed more brightly with each hammer stroke as a length of gas pipe was hammered into the ground to form his earth connection.

Don also explains an even more simple version of his main device. This version does not need a Variac (variable voltage transformer) or high voltage capacitors. Here, a DC output is accepted which means that high-frequency step-down transformer operation can be used. This calls on the output side, for an air-core (or ferrite rod core) transformer which you would wind yourself from heavy duty wire. Mains loads would then be powered by using a standard off-the-shelf inverter. In this version, it is of course, very helpful to make the "L1" turns wire length exactly one quarter of the "L2" turns wire length in order to make the two coils automatically resonate together. The operating frequency of each of these coils is imposed on them by the output frequency of the neon-tube driver circuit. That frequency is maintained throughout the entire circuit until it is rectified by the four diodes feeding the low-voltage storage capacitor. The target output voltage will be either just over 12 volts or just over 24 volts, depending on the voltage rating of the inverter which is to be driven by the system.

As the circuit is capable of picking up additional magnetic pulses, such as those generated by other equipment, nearby lightning strikes, etc. an electronic component called a "varistor" marked "V" in the diagram, is connected across the load. This device acts as a voltage spike suppressor as it short-circuits any voltage above its design voltage, protecting the load from power surges. A Gas-Discharge Tube is an effective alternative to a varistor.

This circuit is effectively two Tesla Coils back-to-back and the circuit diagram might be:

It is by no means certain that in this circuit, the red and blue windings are wound in opposing directions. The spark gap (or gas-discharge tube) in series with the primary of the first transformer alters the operation in a somewhat unpredictable way as it causes the primary to oscillate at a frequency determined by it’s inductance and it’s self-capacitance, and that may result in megahertz frequencies. The secondary winding(s) of that transformer must resonate with the primary and in this circuit which has no frequency-compensating capacitors, that resonance is being produced by the exact wire length in the turns of the secondary. This looks like a simple circuit, but it is anything but that. The excess energy is produced by the raised frequency, the raised voltage, and the very sharp pulsing produced by the spark. That part is straightforward. The remainder of the circuit is likely to be very difficult to get resonating as it needs to be in order to deliver that excess energy to the output inverter.

When considering the “length” of wire in a resonant coil, it is necessary to pay attention to the standing wave created under those conditions. The wave is caused by reflection of the signal when it reaches the end of the wire OR when there is a sudden change in the diameter of the wire as that changes the signal reflection ability at that point in the connection. You should pay attention to Richard Quick’s very clear description of this in the section of his patent which is included later on in this chapter. Also, remember what Don Smith said about locating the peaks of the standing wave by using a hand-held neon lamp.

One very significant thing which Don pointed out is that the mains electricity available through the wall socket in my home, does not come along the wires from the generating station. Instead, the power station influences a local ‘sub-station’ and the electrons which flow through my equipment actually come from my local environment because of the influence of my local sub-station. Therefore, if I can create a similar influence in my home, then I no longer need that sub-station and can have as much electrical energy as I want, without having to pay somebody else to provide that influence for me.

A Practical Implementation of one of Don Smith’s Designs

The objective here, is to determine how to construct a self-powered, free-energy electrical generator which has no moving parts, is not too expensive to build, uses readily available parts and which has an output of some kilowatts. However, under no circumstances should this document be considered to be an encouragement for you, or anyone else to actually build one of these devices. This document is presented solely for information and educational purposes, and as high voltages are involved, it should be considered to be a dangerous device unsuited to being built by inexperienced amateurs. The following section is just my opinions and so should not be taken as tried and tested, working technology, but instead, just the opinion of an inexperienced writer.

However, questions from several different readers indicate that a short, reasonably specific description of the steps needed to attempt a replication of a Don Smith device would be helpful. Again, this document must not be considered to be a recommendation that you actually build one of these high-voltage, potentially dangerous devices. This is just information intended to help you understand what I believe is involved in this process.

In broad outline, the following steps are used in the most simple version of the arrangement:

1. The very low frequency and voltage of the local mains supply is discarded in favour of an electrical supply which operates at more than 20,000 Hz (cycles per second) and has a voltage of anything from 350 volts to 10,000 volts. The higher voltages can give greater overall output power, but they involve greater effort in getting the voltage back down again to the level of the local mains voltage in order for standard mains equipment to be used.

2. This high-frequency high voltage is used to create a series of very rapid sparks using a spark gap which is connected to a ground connection. Properly done, the spark frequency is so high that there is no audible sound caused by the sparks. Each spark causes a flow of energy from the local environment into the circuit. This energy is not standard electricity which makes things hot when current flows through them, but instead this energy flow causes things to become cold when the power flows through them, and so it is often called “cold” electricity. It is tricky to use this energy unless all you want to do is light up a series of light bulbs (which incidentally, give out a different quality of light when powered with this energy). Surprisingly, the circuit now contains substantially more power than the amount of power needed to produce the sparks. This is because additional energy flows in from the ground as well as from the local environment. If you have conventional training and have been fed the myth of “closed systems”, then this will seem impossible to you. So, let me ask you the question: if, as can be shown, all of the electricity flowing into the primary winding of a transformer, flows back out of that winding, then where does the massive, continuous flow of electricity coming from the secondary winding come from? None of it comes from the primary circuit and yet millions of electrons flow out of the secondary in a continuous stream which can be supplied indefinitely. So, where do these electrons come from? The answer is ‘from the surrounding local environment which is seething with excess energy’ but your textbooks won’t like that fact as they believe that the transformer circuit is a ‘closed system’ – something which probably can’t be found anywhere in this universe.

3. This high-voltage, high-frequency, high-power energy needs to be converted to the same sort of hot electricity which comes out of a mains wall socket at the local voltage and frequency. This is where skill and understanding come into play. The first step is to lower the voltage and increase the available current with a step-down resonant transformer. This sounds highly technical and complicated, and looking at Don Smith’s expensive Barker & Williamson coil, makes the whole operation appear to be one for rich experimenters only. This is not the case and a working solution can be cheap and easy. It is generally not convenient to get the very high voltage all the way down to convenient levels in a single step, and so, one or more of those resonant transformers can be used to reach the target voltage level. Each step down transformer boosts the available current higher and higher.

4. When a satisfactory voltage has been reached, we need to deal with the very high frequency. The easiest way to deal with it is to use high-speed diodes to convert it to pulsing DC and feed that into a capacitor to create what is essentially, an everlasting battery. Feeding this energy into a capacitor converts it into conventional “hot” electricity and a standard off-the-shelf inverter can be used to give the exact voltage and frequency of the local mains supply. In most of the world, that is 220 volts at 50 cycles per second. In America it is 110 volts at 60 cycles per second. Low-cost inverters generally run on either 12 volts or 24 volts with the more common 12 volt units being cheaper.

So, let’s take a look at each of these step in more detail and see if we can understand what is involved and what our options are:

1. We want to produce a high-voltage, high-frequency, low-current power source. Don Smith shows a Neon-Sign Transformer module. His module produced a voltage which was higher than was convenient and so he used a variable AC transformer or “Variac” as it is commonly known, to lower the input voltage and so, lower the output voltage. There is actually no need for a Variac as we can handle the higher voltage or alternatively, use a more suitable Neon-Sign Transformer module.

However, we have a problem with using that technique. In the years since Don bought his module, they have been redesigned to include circuitry which disables the module if any current flows out of it directly to earth, and as that is exactly what we would want to use it for, so most, if not all of the currently available neon-sign transformer modules are not suitable for our needs. However, I’m told that if the module has an earth wire and that earth wire is left unconnected, that it disables the earth-leakage circuitry, allowing the unit to be used in a Don Smith circuit. Personally, I would not recommend that if the module is enclosed in a metal housing.

A much cheaper alternative is shown here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDDRe_4D93Q where a small plasma globe circuit is used to generate a high-frequency spark. It seems highly likely that one of those modules would suit our needs:

An alternative method is to build your own power supply from scratch. Doing that is not particularly difficult and if you do not understand any electronics, then perhaps, reading the beginner’s electronics tutorial in chapter 12 ( http://www.free-energy-info.com/Chapter12.pdf ) will fill you in on all of the basics needed for understanding (and probably designing your own) circuits of this type. Here is a variable frequency design for home-construction:

One advantage of this circuit is that the output transformer is driven at the frequency set by the 555 timer and that frequency is not affected by the number of turns in the primary winding, nor it’s inductance, wire diameter, or anything else to do with the coil. While this circuit shows the rather expensive IRF9130 transistor, I expect that other P-channel FETs would work satisfactorily in this circuit. The IRF9130 transistor looks like this:

The circuit has a power supply diode and capacitor, ready to receive energy from the output at some later date if that is possible and desired. The 555 circuit is standard, giving a 50% Mark/Space ratio. The 10 nF capacitor is there to maintain the stability of the 555 and the timing section consists of two variable resistors, one fixed resistor and the 1 nF capacitor. This resistor arrangement gives a variable resistance of anything from 100 ohms to 51.8K and that allows a substantial frequency range. The 47K (Linear) variable resistor controls the main tuning and the 4.7K (Linear) variable resistor gives a more easily adjustable frequency for exact tuning. The 100 ohm resistor is there in case both of the variable resistors are set to zero resistance. The output is fed through a 470 ohm resistor to the gate of a very powerful P-channel FET transistor which drives the primary winding of the output transformer.

The output transformer can be wound on an insulating spool covering a ferrite rod, giving both good coupling between the windings, and high-frequency operation as well. The turns ratio is set to just 30:1 due to the high number of primary winding turns. With a 12-volt supply, this will give a 360-volt output waveform, and by reducing the primary turns progressively, allows the output voltage to be increased in controlled steps. With 10 turns in the primary, the output voltage should be 3,600 volts and with just 5 turns 7,200 volts. The higher the voltage used, the greater the amount of work needed later on to get the voltage back down to the output level which we want.

Looking at the wire specification table, indicates that quite a small wire diameter could be used for the oscillator output transformer’s secondary winding. While this is perfectly true, it is not the whole story. Neon Tube Drivers are very small and the wire in their output windings is very small diameter indeed. Those driver modules are very prone to failure. If the insulation on any one turn of the winding fails and one turn becomes a short-circuit, then that stops the winding from oscillating, and a replacement is needed. As there are no particular size constraints for this project, it might be a good idea to use enamelled copper wire of 0.45 mm or larger in an attempt to avoid this insulation failure hazard. No part of the transformer coil spool should be metal and it would not be any harm to cover each layer of secondary winding with a layer of electrical tape to provide additional insulation between the coil turns in one layer and the turns in the layer on top of it.

A plug-in board layout might be:

Please remember that you can’t just stick your average voltmeter across a 4 kV capacitor (unless you really do want to buy another meter) as they only measure up to about a thousand volts DC. So, if you are using high voltage, then you need to use a resistor-divider pair and measure the voltage on the lower resistor. But what resistor values should you use? If you put a 10 Megohm resistor across your 4 kV charged capacitor, the current flowing through the resistor would be 0.4 milliamps. Sounds tiny, doesn’t it? But that 0.4 mA is 1.6 watts which is a good deal more than the wattage which your resistor can handle. Even using this arrangement:

the current will be 0.08 mA and the wattage per resistor will be 64 mW. The meter reading will be about 20% of the capacitor voltage which will give a voltmeter reading of 800 volts. The input resistance of the meter needs to be checked and possibly, allowed for as the resistance in this circuit is so high (see chapter 12). When making a measurement of this type, the capacitor is discharged, the resistor chain and meter attached, and then, and only then, is the circuit powered up, the reading taken, the input power disconnected, the capacitor discharged, and the resistors disconnected. High-voltage circuits are highly dangerous, especially so, where a capacitor is involved. The recommendation to wear thick rubber gloves for this kind of work, is not intended to be humorous. Circuits of this type are liable to generate unexpected high-voltage spikes, and so, it might be a good idea to connect a varistor across the meter to protect it from those spikes. The varistor need to be set to the voltage which you intend to measure and as varistors may not be available above a 300V threshold, two or more may need to be connected in series where just one is shown in the diagram above. The varistor should not have a higher voltage rating than your meter.

2. We now need to use this high voltage to create a strategically positioned spark to a ground connection. When making an earth connection, it is sometimes suggested that connecting to water pipes or radiators is a good idea as they have long lengths of metal piping running under the ground and making excellent contact with it. However, it has become very common for metal piping to be replaced with cheaper plastic piping and so any proposed pipe connection needs a check to ensure that that there is metal piping which runs all the way into the ground.

The spark gaps shown can be commercial high-voltage gas discharge tubes, adjustable home-made spark gaps with stainless steel tips about 1 mm apart, car spark plugs, or standard neon bulbs, although these run rather hot in this application. A 15 mm x 6 mm size neon bulb operates with only 90 or 100 volts across it, it would take a considerable number of them connected in series to create a high voltage spark gap, but it is probably a misconception that the spark gap itself needs a high voltage. Later on in this chapter, there is an example of a very successful system where just one neon bulb is used for the spark gap and an oscillating magnetic field more than a meter wide is created when driven by just an old 2,500 volt neon-sign transformer module. If using a neon bulb for the spark gap, then an experienced developer recommends that a 22K resistor is used in series with the neon in order to extend it’s working life very considerably.

This circuit is one way to connect the spark gap and ground connection:

This is an adaption of a circuit arrangement used by the forum member “SLOW-‘N-EASY” on the Don Smith topic in the energeticforum. Here, he is using a ‘LowGlow’ neon transformer intended for use on a bicycle. The diodes are there to protect the high-voltage power supply from any unexpected voltage spikes created later on in the circuit. The spark gap is connected between the primary winding of a step-up transformer and the earth connection. No capacitor is used. Seeing this circuit, we immediately think of Don Smith’s large and expensive coils, but this experimenter does not use anything like that. Instead, he winds his transformer on a simple plastic former like this:

And to make matters ‘worse’ the primary winding wire is just 9 inches (228.6 mm) long and the secondary just 36 inches (914.4 mm) long, the primary being wound directly on top of the secondary. Not exactly a large or expensive construction and yet one which appears to perform adequately in actual tests.

This is a very compact form of construction, but there is no necessity to use exactly the same former for coils, nor is there anything magic about the nine-inch length of the L1 coil, as it could easily be any convenient length, say two feet or 0.5 metres, or whatever. The important thing is to make the L2 wire length exactly four times that length, cutting the lengths accurately. It is common practice to match the weight of copper in each coil and so the shorter wire is usually twice the diameter of the longer wire.

The circuit above, produces a cold electricity output of high voltage and high frequency. The voltage will not be the same as the neon transformer voltage, nor is the frequency the same either. The two coils resonate at their own natural frequency, unaltered by any capacitors.

3. The next step is to get the high voltage down to a more convenient level, perhaps, like this:

Here, an identical transformer, wound in exactly the same way, is used in reverse, to start the voltage lowering sequence. The wire length ratio is maintained to keep the transformer windings resonant with each other.

Supposing we were to wind the L2 coil of this second transformer in a single straight winding and instead of winding just one L1 winding on top of it, two or more L1 identical windings were placed on top of it – what would happen?:

Now for a comment which will seem heretical to people steeped in the present day (inadequate) level of technology. The power flowing in these transformers is cold electricity which operates in an entirely different way to hot electricity. The coupling between these coils would be inductive if they were carrying hot electricity and in that case, any additional power take-off from additional L1 coils would have to be ‘paid’ for by additional current draw through the L2 coil. However, with the cold electricity which these coils are actually carrying, the coupling between the coils is magnetic and not inductive and that results in no increase in L2 current, no matter how many L1 coil take-offs there are. Any additional L1 coils will be powered for free. However, the position of the coils relative to each other has an effect on the tuning, so the L1 coil should be in the middle of the L2 coil, which means that any additional L1 coils are going to be slightly off the optimum tuning point.

4. Anyway, following through on just one L1 coil, there is likely to be at least one further step-down transformer needed and eventually, we need conversion to hot electricity:

Probably the easiest conversion is by feeding the energy into a capacitor and making it standard DC. The frequency is still very high, so high-speed diodes (such as the 75-nanosecond UF54008) are needed here although the voltage level is now low enough to be no problem. The DC output can be used to power an inverter so that standard mains equipment can be used. It is not necessary to use just one (expensive) large-capacity inverter to power all possible loads as it is cheaper to have several smaller inverters, each powering it’s own set of equipment. Most equipment will run satisfactorily on square-wave inverters and that includes a mains unit for powering the input oscillator circuit.

PVC pipe is not a great material when using high-frequency high-voltage signals, and grey PVC pipe is a particularly poor coil former material. The much more expensive acrylic pipe is excellent, but if using PVC, then performance will be better if the PVC pipe is coated with an insulating lacquer (or table tennis balls dissolved in acetone as show on YouTube).

However, there are some other factors which have not been mentioned. For example, if the L1 coil is wound directly on top of the L2 coil, it will have roughly the same diameter and so, the wire being four times longer, will have roughly four times as many turns, giving a step-up or step-down ratio of around 4:1. If, on the other hand, the coil diameters were different, the ratio would be different as the wire lengths are fixed relative to each other. If the L2 coil were half the diameter of the L1 coil, then the turns ratio would be about 8:1 and at one third diameter, 12:1 and at a quarter diameter 16:1 which means that a much greater effect could be had from the same wire length by reducing the L2 coil diameter. However, the magnetic effect produced by a coil is linked to the cross-sectional area of the coil and so a small diameter is not necessarily at great advantage. Also, the length of the L1 coil wire and number of turns in it, affect the DC resistance, and more importantly, the AC impedance which affects the amount of power needed to pulse the coil.

It is also thought that having the same weight of copper in each winding gives an improved performance, but what is not often mentioned is the opinion that the greater the weight of copper, the greater the effect. You will recall that Joseph Newman (chapter 11) uses large amounts of copper wire to produce remarkable effects. So, while 9 inches and 36 inches of wire will work for L1 and L2, there may well be improved performance from longer lengths of wire and/or thicker wires.

We should also not forget that Don Smith pointed out that voltage and current act (out of phase and) in opposite directions along the L2 coil, moving away from the L1 coil:

It has been suggested that a greater and more effective power output can be obtained by splitting the L2 coil underneath the L1 coil position, winding the second part of L2 in the opposite direction and grounding the junction of the two L2 windings. Don doesn’t consider it necessary to reverse the direction of winding. The result is an L2 winding which is twice as long as before and arranged like this:

Here, the additional high-voltage diodes allow the two out of phase windings to be connected across each other.

You will notice that this arrangement calls for two separate earth connections, both of which need to be high-quality connections, something like a pipe or rod driven deeply into moist soil or alternatively, a metal plate or similar metal object of substantial surface area, buried deep in moist earth, and a thick copper wire or copper braid used to make the connection. These earthing points need to be fairly far apart, say, ten metres. A single earth connection can’t be used as that would effectively short-circuit across the L1/L2 transformer which you really do not want to do.

With this arrangement, the outline circuit becomes:

The thick earth wiring is helpful because in order to avoid the earth wire being included in the resonant wire length, you need a sudden change in wire cross-section:

These are just some ideas which might be considered by some experienced developer who may be thinking of investigating Don Smith style circuitry.

To give you some idea of the capacity of some commercially available wires when carrying hot electricity, this table may help:

It is recommended that the wire have a current carrying capacity of 20% more than the expected actual load, so that it does not get very hot when in use. The wire diameters do not include the insulation, although for solid enamelled copper wire, that can be ignored.

There is a most impressive video and circuit shown at http://youtu.be/Q3vr6qmOwLw where a very simple arrangement produces an immediately successful performance for the front end of Don’s circuitry. The circuit appears to be:

Here, a simple Neon Sign Transformer module which has no earth connection, is used to produce a 2.5 kV voltage with a frequency of 25 kHz and a maximum output current capacity of 12 mA. There is no difficulty in constructing the equivalent to that power supply unit. The two outputs from the module are converted to DC by a chain of four 1N4007 diodes in series in each of the two outputs (each chain being inside a plastic tube for insulation).

This output is fed through an optional 22K resistor via a neon lamp to a microwave oven capacitor which happens to be 874 nF with a voltage rating of 2,100 volts. You might feel that the voltage rating of the capacitor is too low for the output voltage of the neon sign module, but the neon has a striking voltage of just 90 volts and so the capacitor is not going to reach the output voltage of the power supply. The resistors are solely to extend the life of the neons as the gas inside the tube gets a considerable jolt in the first nanosecond after switch-on. It is unlikely that omitting those resistors would have any significant effect, but then, including them is a trivial matter. The second neon feeds the primary of the resonant transformer which is only shown in notional outline in the diagram above as the developer suggests that the primary acts as a transmitter and that any number of receiving coils can be used as individual secondaries by being tuned to the exact frequency of that resonating primary.

In the video showing this arrangement, the developer demonstrates the fluctuating, high-frequency field which extends for some four feet (1.2 m) around the coil. He also remarks that the single neons in his arrangement could each be replaced with two neons in series. In test which I ran, I found that I needed two neons in series ahead of the capacitor in order to get continuous lighting of the output neon. Also, one of the diodes needed to be reversed so that one faced towards the input and one away from it. It did not matter which diode was reversed as both configurations worked. Again, please note that this presentation is for information purposes only and it is NOT a recommendation that you should actually build one of these devices. Let me stress again that this is a high-voltage device made even more dangerous by the inclusion of a capacitor, and it is quite capable of killing you, so, don’t build one. The developer suggests that it is an implementation of the “transmitter” section of Don’s Transmitter/multiple-receivers design shown below. However, before looking at that design, there is one question which causes a good deal of discussion on the forums, namely, if the centre-tap of the L2 secondary coil is connected to ground, then should that earth-connection wire length be considered to be part of the quarter length of the L1 coil? To examine this possibility in depth, the following quote from Richard Quick’s very clear explanation of resonance in his US patent 7,973,296 of 5th July 2011 is very helpful.

However, the simple answer is that for there to be exact resonance between two lengths of wire (whether or not part, or all of those lengths of wire happen to be wound into a coil), then one length needs to be exactly four times as long as the other, and ideally, half the diameter as well. At both ends of both lengths of wire, there needs to be a sudden change in wire diameter and Richard explains why this is. But, leaving that detailed explanation for now, we can use that knowledge to explain the above simplified system in more detail. Here is the circuit again:

One very important point to note is that no earth connection is required and in spite of that, the performance shown on video is very impressive. While an earth connection can feed substantial power into the circuit, not needing one for the front end is an enormous advantage and potentially, opens the way for a truly portable device. Another very important point is the utter simplicity of the arrangement where only cheap, readily available components are used (and not many of those are needed). The resistors for extending the life of the neon bulbs are not shown, but they can be included if desired and the circuit operation is not altered significantly by having them there. If a higher spark voltage is wanted, then two or more neon bulbs can be used in series where these circuit diagrams show just one.

A point to note is that the lower diode is shown reversed when compared to the previous diagram. This is because the power supply shown is any generic power supply which drives a simple output coil which does not have a centre tap. The neon supply of the earlier diagram appears to have two separate outputs which will, presumably, be out of phase with each other as that is common practice for neon-sign driver modules. If you wish, the two diodes shown here could be replaced by a diode bridge of four high-voltage, high-speed diodes.

The wire lengths of L1 and L2 are measured very accurately from where the wire diameter changes suddenly, as indicated by the red dashed lines. The L2 wire length is exactly four times as long as the L1 wire length and the L2 wire diameter is half of the L1 wire diameter.

How long is the L1 wire? Well, how long would you like it to be? It can be whatever length you want and the radius of the L1 coil can be whatever you want it to be. The theory experts will say that the L1 coil should resonate at the frequency of the power feeding it. Well, good for them, I say, so please tell me what frequency that is. It is not going to be the frequency of the power supply as that will be changed by at least one of the neon bulbs. So, what frequency will the neon bulb produce? Not even the manufacturer could tell you that as there is quite a variation between individual bulbs which are supposedly identical.

Actually, it doesn’t matter at all, because the L1 coil (and the L2 coil if you measure them accurately) has a resonant frequency all of its own and it will vibrate at that frequency no matter what the frequency feeding it happens to be. A coil resonates in very much the same way that a bell rings when it is struck. It doesn’t matter how hard you strike the bell or how rapidly you strike it – the bell will ring at it’s own natural frequency. So the L1 coil will resonate at it’s own natural frequency no matter what rate the voltage spikes striking it arrive, and as the L2 coil has been carefully constructed to have exactly that same frequency, it will resonate in synchronisation with the L1 coil.

This means that the length of the wire for the L1 coil is the choice of the builder, but once that length is chosen it determines the length of the wire for the L2 coil as that is exactly four times as long, unless the builder decides to use an arrangement which has L2 wound in both the Clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, in which case, each half of the L2 coil will be four times the length of the wire in the L1 coil, like this:

Mind you, there is one other factor to be considered when deciding what the most convenient wire length for L1 might be, and that is the number of turns in the L1 coil. The larger the ratio between the turns in L1 and the turns in L2, the higher the voltage boost produced by the L1/L2 transformer, and remember that the length of L2 is fixed relative to the length of L1.

So, a possible circuit style might be:

There are some important points to remember. One is that there must be a sudden change of wire diameter at both ends of each L1 coil and at the ends of each L2 coil. If there isn’t, then the connecting wire length will form part of the coil and if there is some change in diameter but not very much, then it is anybody’s guess what the resonant wire length for that coil will be. There can be as many step-down isolation air-core L1/L2 transformers as desired and these do not need to be particularly large or expensive.

The builder of this circuit put it together in just a few minutes, using components which were to hand, including the microwave oven capacitor marked “C” in the diagrams above. That capacitor is isolated on both sides by the neon bulb spark gaps and so it will have no modifying effect on the resonant frequency of any of the coils in this circuit. But it is vital to understand that the energy stored in that capacitor can, and will, kill you instantly if you were to touch it, so let me stress once again that this information is NOT a recommendation that you actually build this circuit. The DC output from the circuit is intended to power a standard inverter, which in turn, would be perfectly capable of powering the high voltage, high frequency input oscillator.

One final point is that as demonstrated in the video, the oscillating magnetic field produced by the L1 coil can power several identical L2 coils, giving several additional power outputs for no increase in input power, because the coupling is magnetic and not inductive as mentioned earlier in this chapter. Please notice that neither the L1 coil nor the L2 coil has a capacitor connected across it, so resonance is due solely to wire length and no expensive high-voltage capacitors are needed to get every L1/L2 coil pair resonating together. One possible arrangement might be like this:

Where two of the L2 coils are shown connected together to give increased output power. This arrangement uses low-voltage inexpensive components for the output stages and there is no obvious limit to the amount of output power which could be provided. As the circuit operates at high frequency throughout, there is no particular need for additional L2 coils to be placed physically inside the L1 coil:

However, there can be an advantage to this arrangement in that the wire length of the L1 coil is greater, which in turn makes the wire length of each L2 coil greater (being four times longer). This gives greater flexibility when planning the turns ratio of the L1/L2 transformer. The voltage step-up or step-down of that transformer happens to be in the ratio of the turns, in spite of the fact that this is not inductive coupling and so standard transformer technology does not apply.

When you choose the number of turns and coil diameter for L1, that also gives the length of the L2 wire. In order to get the desired output voltage, if perhaps, the step-down ratio is needed to be an amount of 46:1, then you need 46 times the number of L1 turns on the L2 coil. That means that you know both the wire length and number of turns wanted in the L2 coil. But, as each turn will have a length of 3.14159 times the diameter, it follows then that the wanted diameter is the wire length per turn, divided by 3.14159. The wire sits on top of the tube on which it is wound and so has a greater diameter by one wire thickness, so the calculated tube diameter needs to be reduced by one wire diameter. For example, if the length per turn is 162 mm and the wire diameter 0.8 mm, then the tube diameter would be 162 / 3.14159 – 0.8 which is 50.766 mm (just over two inches).

Now for Richard’s explanation of the resonant frequency of any length of wire:

“Quarter-Wave” Resonance; Standing Electromagnetic Waves”

One of the two main types is electrical resonance is referred to here as quarter-wave resonance. This type of resonance depends almost entirely on the length of a wire element For reasons described below, if a segment or length of wire is one quarter as long as the “voltage waves” which are travelling through the wire, then a set of “reflected” waves will be added to the emitted waves, in a synchronised alignment which creates stronger “superimposed waves”.

Accordingly, an understanding of the “quarter-wave” phenomenon will help a reader understand how a straightforward and easily-controlled factor (i.e., the length of a wire ribbon which will be used to form a spiral coil) can help create a “quarter-wave” resonant response, which will create the types of electromagnetic pulses and fields referred to as “standing waves”.

The speed at which a voltage impulse is transmitted through a metal wire is extremely fast. It is essentially the same as the speed of light, which travels 300 million meters (186,000 miles) in a single second (that distance would circle the earth more than 7 times).

If wavelength (in meters) is multiplied by frequency (cycles per second), the result will be the speed of light, 300 million meters/second. Therefore, the wavelength of an “alternating current” (AC) voltage, at some particular frequency, will be the speed of light, divided by which frequency.

Therefore, using simple division, if an alternating voltage operates at a frequency of 1 megahertz (MHz), which is a million cycles per second, then the “wavelength” at that frequency will be 300 meters. If the frequency halves become 500 kilohertz, the wavelength becomes twice as long (600 meters); and, if the frequency were to increase to 2 megahertz, the wavelength drops to 150 meters.

It should be noted which the term “cycles” is what scientists call “a dimensionless unit”, which drops out and becomes silent when other physical terms are multiplied or divided.

At AC frequencies of 10 kilohertz or greater, the common references to “alternating current” (AC) voltage begin using a different term, which is “radio-frequency” (RF) voltage. Accordingly, RF voltage is a form (or subset) of AC voltage, which operates at frequencies higher than 10 kilohertz. RF power generators are readily available, and are sold by numerous companies which can be easily located by an Internet search, using the term “RF power generator”. For example, Hotek Technologies Inc. (hotektech.com) sells two RF power generators, called the AG 1024 and AG 1012 models, which can provide output power at frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to 1 MHz; the 1012 model has a power output of 1000 watts, while the 1024 model has a power output of 2000 watts. The output frequency of any such RF power supply can be adjusted and “tuned” across the entire range of operating frequencies, merely by turning knobs or manipulating other controls in a power supply of this type.

In a wire having a fixed and unchanging length, the easiest way to create a “standing wave” is to adjust the RF frequency emitted by a power supply with an adjustable frequency, until the “tuned” frequency creates a wavelength which is 4 times as long as the wire. This principle is well-known to physicists, and it is commonly referred to as “quarter-wave” behaviour, since the length of the wire segment must be one quarter as long as the wavelength. Since it is important to this invention, the principles behind it are illustrated in a series of drawings provided in Fig.1 to Fig.4, all of which are well-known prior art.

Fig.1A indicates an idealized wavelength of an alternating voltage, depicted by a sine wave which is being sent from an AC power supply (shown by a circle at the left end of a horizontal straight wire) into the “input” end of the wire. The voltage waves travel through the wire towards the right, as indicated by the block arrow in Fig.1A. When the waves reach the end of the wire, they cannot leave the wire (at least, not in a simplified and “ideal” system, which is being assumed and used here to explain the principle of how a simple straight wire can create a standing wave). Therefore, the voltage wave will effectively “bounce” or “reflect” back from the tip of the wire, and the “reflected wave” will begin travelling back through the wire, going in the opposite direction, as indicated by the left-pointing block arrow in Fig.1B.

Because of the laws of conservation of energy, the reflection and “return travel” of these types of waves, when they bounce off the tip of a wire, is actually quite good, and rather efficient, as discussed below, provided which the wire tip does not emit sparks, arc discharges, or other forms of “escaping” electrical energy.

Accordingly, Fig.1A depicts a set of “emitted waves” travelling towards the right, while Fig.1B depicts an idealised set of “reflected waves” travelling toward the left along the same wire.

Fig.1C illustrates what happens when both sets of waves (emitted and reflected) are superimposed on each other. Since the two sets of waves are travelling at exactly the same speed, and since they have exactly the same wavelength, they will create a “standing wave” pattern when they are added together. As can be visualised from Fig.1C, there will be a set of locations, along the length of the wire, which can be referred to as “peak nodes”, where the AC voltage reaches it’s maximum.

At a location halfway between a pair of adjacent “peak nodes”, there will be a spot which can be called a “null node”, a “zero node”, a trough or valley node, or similar terms. At each “null node” location, the AC voltage will appear to be not fluctuating at all. Those are the sites, along the length of the wire, where each “positive” hump (created by a sine wave travelling toward the right) will be counter-balanced and offset by a “negative hump” with exactly the same height, travelling at an identical speed toward the left.

As a result, this type of response within a wire creates a “standing wave”. If the instantaneous voltage is measured at a “null node”, it would appear that nothing is happening, in terms of fluctuating voltage. Furthermore, the “null node” will not be moving, along the length of the wire; instead, it will appear to be standing still.

This can be demonstrated, in a coil, by using a “grounded lead” to test for voltages along the length of a coil. If a “grounded lead” coupled to a volt meter is used to touch the surfaces of a series of strands in a non-insulated coil (such as a coil made of thin copper tubing, wrapped around a plastic cylindrical shape, as used in the types of large transformers used by hobbyists to create “Tesla coils” which will emit large and visually impressive electrical arcs), the “test lead” will detect no apparent voltage at a null node, which will occur at some particular strand in the coil. At a different strand of the coil, the “test lead” will detect an alternating voltage which has twice the strength and intensity of the voltage being emitted by the power supply.

If voltage is measured at a “peak node”, the voltage will be doing something which can be called, using vernacular or laymen's terms, “the full-tilt boogie”. The AC voltage levels will be moving back and forth, between: (i) a very high and intense positive voltage, to (ii) an equally intense negative voltage. This is indicated by the “bubble” shapes shown along the wire in Fig.1C.

The “bubbles” which are shown in Fig.1C can help someone understand how standing waves are created, and how they act in a synchronised manner. However, which drawing fails to show another result which is very important in what actually happens in a standing wave. For purposes of description and analysis at this introductory level, the system can be assumed to be “ideal”, which implies a perfect “mirror-image” reflection of each wave from the right end of the wire. An “ideal” system also implies that no reflections occur at the left hand end of the wire where the power supply is located, and all “reflected” wave activity simply ceases. In real circuits and wires of this type, second and third order reflections do in fact occur, and they are used to further increase the strength and power output of these types of systems; however, those additional factors and “harmonics” should be ignored until after the basic principles of this type of system have been grasped and understood.

In an ideal system, when the reflected waves (which are travelling toward the left, in the wire segments illustrated in Fig.1) are “superimposed” on the emitted waves (travelling toward the right), the “peak” positive voltage which will be instantaneously reached, at the highest point of each “bubble” shown in Fig.1C, will occur when the positive peak of an emitted wave crosses a mirror-image positive peak of a reflected wave, travelling in the opposite direction. Accordingly, when those two “positive peak” values are added to each other, the instantaneous positive peak voltage which will occur, in the wire, will actually be twice as intense as the “positive peak” voltage being emitted by the AC power supply.

An instant later, at that exact point on that segment of wire, a negative peak voltage will be created, which will be the sum of (i) the negative peak voltage emitted by the power supply, and (ii) the negative peak voltage of a reflected wave also will pass through, travelling toward the left. At which instant, when those two negative peak voltages are added to each other, the instantaneous negative voltage which will occur, in the wire, will be twice as intense as the “negative peak” voltage being generated by the AC power supply.

A more accurate and representative visual depiction of a “standing wave” in a wire would actually show the heights of the peaks as being twice as tall as the peaks of the emitted voltage waves, and the reflected voltage waves. However, which depiction might confuse people, so it usually is not shown in drawings of “standing waves”.

Accordingly, the instantaneous response in the wire, at a location halfway between two “null nodes”, is doing something which can fairly and properly be called “the full-tilt double double boogie”. The “double double” phrase (note which it contains not just one but two “doubles”) was added to that phrase, for two reasons:

(i) To emphasise the fact that each and every voltage peak (maximum positive, and maximum negative) will be twice as strong, and twice as intense, as the maximum positive and negative peak voltages emitted by the power supply; and,

(ii) to point out that the frequency of the superimposed “bubbles”, shown in Fig.1C, is actually twice as fast as the frequency of the AC cycle which is emitted by the power supply, as discussed below.

The “twice the intensity” result is directly comparable to what an observer will see, if a large mirror is placed behind a light bulb in an otherwise dark room. The mirror effectively keeps the room dark, everywhere behind the mirror, so there is no “magical doubling” of the light in the room; which would violate the basic law of conservation of energy. Instead, what the mirror does is to shift light away from the backside of the mirror, and keep that light energy on the reflective side of the mirror. Anyone standing in front of the mirror will see two apparent light bulbs. Both of those light bulbs (the original bulb, and the reflected image) will have the same brightness (if the mirror is perfect). Therefore, the mirror will double the intensity of the light energy reaching the observer.

That same effect, in a circuit, will happen if the end of a wire acts like a mirror. If a wire does not have any components which will cause it to become an active “emission source” (which is the behaviour of transmission antennas and certain other components), in a way which efficiently releases voltage-created energy into the atmosphere, then the basic rules which require conservation of energy will prevent that energy from simply disappearing and ceasing to exist. As a result, even if the end of a wire is not designed to be a perfect reflector, a large portion of the voltage wave will indeed reflect off the wire tip, and travel back through the same wire, in a “second pass”.

To understand adequately, the type and amount of “wave reflection” which occurs at a wire tip, consider what happens if a light bulb is shining in a room which has shiny, glossy white paint on all the walls and ceilings; then, consider how it would look if the same light bulb were located in a room with all of the walls and ceilings painted “matt black”. The total amount of light which would be available, to carry out a task such as reading a newspaper, clearly would be much greater in the white room, because light reflects off white paint, even though white paint does not even begin to approach the type of “reflection quality or clarity” which a mirror creates. The difference in what happens, when light intensity in a room painted matt black is compared to a room painted a glossy white, does not arise from the presence or absence of “reflection quality or clarity”; instead, it is governed by the laws of conservation of energy. When light shines on to a surface which is painted matt black, the light energy is absorbed by the paint, and it literally warms the paint up. In contrast to that, glossy white paint will not absorb light energy, so it reflects the light back out, for a “second pass” through the air which fills a room.

Because of the laws of conservation of energy, and without depending on any “quality of reflectance” characteristic of wire tips, electrical energy cannot simply disappear, when it reaches the end of a wire. Instead, there are only two things which can happen to that energy:

(i) the electrical energy can be emitted into the surroundings, such as by emitting sparks, arcs, or radio-frequency signals which will carry energy; or

(ii) if the energy is not emitted by the tip of the wire, then, by simple necessity and because of the basic law of conservation of energy, it must be reflected back into the wire, and it will be forced to travel back through the wire again.

If a wire has a long and tapered tip, then the reflected wave might become somewhat diffused, and it might lose some portion of the “clarity” of the wave. However, since wavelengths in the frequencies of interest here are hundreds of meters long, the type of tip created by a conventional wire cutter will not create any significant diffusion, in a reflected wave. And, unlike the white-painted walls of a room, there is not a large area which is available, at the tip of a wire, which can create scatter, spread, or diffusion. As a result, the tip of a wire will be a relatively efficient mirror-type reflector, when an AC voltage is “pumped” into one end of the wire.

The second factor mentioned above, when the “double-double” boogie phrase was mentioned, relates to a doubling of the frequency of a standing wave. When a standing wave is created in a wire by reflection of an emitted AC voltage wave, the frequency of the standing wave is, quite literally, double the frequency of the emitted wave.

This can be seen, visually, by noting that in the emitted AC voltage, shown in Fig.1A, a single complete wavelength contains both a “positive hump” and a “negative hump”. Accordingly, three complete sine waves, divided into three segments by the imaginary vertical lines, are shown in Fig.1A.

By contrast, each and every “bubble” shown in Fig.1C depicts a complete and total “wavelength”, in a standing wave. Six of those standing wave “bubbles” fit into exactly the same length of wire which holds only 3 emitted wavelengths from the power supply.

The “frequency doubling” effect of standing waves is important, because AC systems can convey and release energy in a manner which increases, as the frequency of the AC voltage supply increases. To some extent, this is analogous to saying that, if a motor can be run at twice the speed (while still generating the same torque), then the work output of that motor can be twice as great, at the higher speed. That analogy is not entirely accurate, since work output from an electric device which uses AC power depends on “area of the curve” functions which occur when sine waves are involved. Nevertheless, as a general principle, if the frequency of the voltage peaks increases, then power output will also increase, in many types of electric circuit components.

In the three panels of Fig.1, the wire length is three times as long as the wavelength of the voltage from the power supply. However, to create standing waves, a wire length does not need to be any particular multiple of the wavelength of an AC voltage. As can be seen by considering Fig.1C, the same types of “bubbles” would be created: (i) if the wire length were exactly twice as long as the wavelength; or, (ii) if the wire length were the same length as the wavelength.

Accordingly, Fig.2 (which includes Fig.2A showing an emitted wave, Fig.2B showing a reflected wave, and Fig.2C showing the superimposed “bubbles”) shows what happens in a wire segment which has a length which is equal to a single wavelength from an AC voltage at a fixed frequency. A resonant standing wave will be formed, with a frequency which is double the frequency of the input AC voltage. which same result will apply, in a wire having any length which is an exact (integer) multiple (such as 1x, 2x, 3x, etc.) of the wavelength of the AC voltage being pushed (or forced, driven, pumped, etc.) into the wire segment.

Moving to still shorter wires, the same principle also applies to any wire with a length equal to one half of an AC voltage wavelength. As shown in Fig.3 (which includes Fig. 3A showing an emitted wave, Fig. 3B showing a reflected wave, and Fig. 3C showing the superimposed “bubbles”), if the wire length is one half of the wavelength, a natural and resonant standing wave will still form, with a frequency which is double the frequency of the input AC voltage.

Finally, moving to a still shorter wire, the same principle also applies to any wire which has a length equal to one quarter of an AC voltage wavelength, as shown in Fig.4A, Fig.4B, and Fig.4C Even though it does not stretch across or cover a complete “bubble”, the standing wave shown in Fig.4C is nevertheless a stable, natural, and resonant “standing wave”, with a frequency which is exactly twice the frequency of the input AC voltage.

It is possible to create partially stable and semi-resonant responses, using one eighth, one sixteenth, or shorter lengths of wire, by using additional devices which can remove electrical power from the system, or which can generate effects which are usually called “harmonics”. However, those are not the types of natural and stable responses which can be created by a simple, basic system consisting of nothing more than: (i) a wire having a fixed length and a “reflective” tip; and (ii) an AC power source with a frequency which can be “tuned” until it creates a resonant response in any wire segment having a suitable length.

Therefore, since quarter-wave wire lengths are the shortest lengths which can create natural and stable standing waves, the conventional term which is commonly used, to describe what happens when a wire creates a resonant standing-wave response, is a “quarter-wave” response.

In some devices, telescoping components (or other elements which can alter the effective length of a wire-type element) can be used to alter the ability of the element to respond to a fixed wavelength. Many types of antennas use this approach, if they need to process signals which are being transmitted on fixed and known frequencies. However, those examples are not relevant to spiral coil reactors, which will use an approach which involves tuning and adjusting the frequency of the voltage which is being supplied to a reactor, until a resonant response is observed in coils with fixed and unchanging lengths.

It should also be noted that certain types of “tuning” elements (such as capacitors, which can have either fixed or adjustable capacitance levels) can also be coupled electrically to a wire, in a manner which “emulates” adding more length to that wire. This approach can be used to alter (or increase the range of) the frequencies to which a wire circuit will respond resonantly.

So, if we have resonant standing-wave voltages in our L2 coil and some of that signal passes through the wire connecting one end of the coil to the earth, then what will happen? The best way to check it is to test the way which a prototype behaves, however, if I may express an opinion, I would suggest that the signal passing down the earth wire will be absorbed when it reaches the earth and that will prevent the signal being reflected back to the L2 coil to upset it’s operation.

Another device of Don's is particularly attractive because almost no home-construction is needed, all of the components being available commercially, and the output power being adaptable to any level which you want. Don particularly likes this circuit because it demonstrates COP>1 so neatly and he remarks that the central transmitter Tesla Coil on its own is sufficient to power a household.

The coil in the centre of the board is a power transmitter made from a Tesla Coil constructed from two Barker & Williamson ready-made coils. Three more of the inner coil are also used as power receivers. The outer, larger diameter coil is a few turns taken from one of their standard coils and organised so that the coil wire length is one quarter of the coil wire length of the inner coil ("L2").

As before, a commercial neon-tube driver module is used to power the "L1" outer coil with high voltage and high frequency. It should be understood that as power is drawn from the local environment each time the power driving the transmitter coil "L1" cycles, that the power available is very much higher at higher frequencies. The power at mains frequency of less than 100 Hz is far, far less than the power available at 35,000 Hz, so if faced with the choice of buying a 25 kHz neon-tube driver module or a 35 kHz module, then the 35 kHz module is likely to give a much better output power at every voltage level.

The "L1" short outer coil is held in a raised position by the section of white plastic pipe in order to position it correctly relative to the smaller diameter "L2" secondary coil.

The secondary coils are constructed using Barker & Williamson's normal method of using slotted strips to hold the tinned, solid copper wire turns in place.

As there are very slight differences in the manufactured coils, each one is tuned to the exact transmitter frequency and a miniature neon is used to show when the tuning has been set correctly.

The key feature of this device is the fact that any number of receiver coils can be placed near the transmitter and each will receive a full electrical pick up from the local environment, without altering the power needed to drive the Tesla Coil transmitter - more and more output without increasing the input power - unlimited COP values, all of which are over 1. The extra power is flowing in from the local environment where there is almost unlimited amounts of excess energy and that inflow is caused by the rapidly vibrating magnetic field generated by the central Tesla Coil. While the additional coils appear to just be scattered around the base board, this is not the case. The YouTube video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiNEHZRm4z4&feature=related demonstrates that the pick-up of these coils is affected to a major degree by the distance from the radiating magnetic field. This is to do with the wavelength of the signal driving the Tesla Coil, so the coils shown above are all positioned at exactly the same distance from the Tesla Coil. You still can have as many pick-up coils as you want, but they will be mounted in rings around the Tesla Coil and the coils in each ring will be at the same distance from the Tesla Coil in the centre.

Each of the pick up coils act exactly the same as the "L2" secondary coil of the Tesla Coil transmitter, each picking up the same level of power. Just as with the actual "L2" coil, each will need an output circuit arrangement as described for the previous device. Presumably, the coil outputs could be connected in parallel to increase the output amperage, as they are all resonating at the same frequency and in phase with each other. Each will have its own separate output circuit with a step-down isolation transformer and frequency adjustment as before. If any output is to be a rectified DC output, then no frequency adjustment is needed, just rectifier diodes and a smoothing capacitor following the step-down transformer which will need to be an air core or ferrite core type due to the high frequency. High voltage capacitors are very expensive. The http://www.richieburnett.co.uk/parts.html web site shows various ways of making your own high-voltage capacitors and the advantages and disadvantages of each type.

There are two practical points which need to be mentioned. Firstly, as the Don Smith devices shown above feed radio frequency waveforms to coils which transmit those signals, it may be necessary to enclose the device in an earthed metal container in order not to transmit illegal radio signals. Secondly, as it can be difficult to obtain high-voltage high-current diodes, they can be constructed from several lower power diodes. To increase the voltage rating, diodes can be wired in a chain. Suitable diodes are available as repair items for microwave ovens. These typically have about 4,000 volt ratings and can carry a good level of current. As there will be minor manufacturing differences in the diodes, it is good practice to connect a high value resistor (in the 1 to 10 megohm range) across each diode as that ensures that there is a roughly equal voltage drop across each of the diodes:

If the diode rating of these diodes were 4 amps at 4,000 volts, then the chain of five could handle 4 amps at 20,000 volts. The current capacity can be increased by connecting two or more chains in parallel. Most constructors omit the resistors and find that they seem to get satisfactory performance.

The impedance of a coil depends on it’s size, shape, method of winding, number of turns and core material. It also depends on the frequency of the AC voltage being applied to it. If the core is made up of iron or steel, usually thin layers of iron which are insulated from each other, then it can only handle low frequencies. You can forget about trying to pass 10,000 cycles per second (“Hz”) through the coil as the core just can’t change it’s magnetic poles fast enough to cope with that frequency. A core of that type is ok for the very low 50 Hz or 60 Hz frequencies used for mains power, which are kept that low so that electric motors can use it.

For higher frequencies, ferrite can be used for a core and that is why some portable radios use ferrite-rod aerials, which are a bar of ferrite with a coil wound on it. For higher frequencies (or higher efficiencies) iron dust encapsulated in epoxy resin is used. An alternative is to not use any core material and that is usually referred to as an “air-core” coil. These are not limited in frequency by the core but they have a very much lower inductance for any given number of turns. The efficiency of the coil is called it’s “Q” (for “Quality”) and the higher the Q factor, the better. The resistance of the wire lowers the Q factor.

A coil has inductance, and resistance caused by the wire, and capacitance caused by the turns being near each other. However, having said that, the inductance is normally so much bigger than the other two components that we tend to ignore the other two. Something which may not be immediately obvious is that the impedance to AC current flow through the coil depends on how fast the voltage is changing. If the AC voltage applied to a coil completes one cycle every ten seconds, then the impedance will be much lower than if the voltage cycles a million times per second.

If you had to guess, you would think that the impedance would increase steadily as the AC frequency increased. In other words, a straight-line graph type of change. That is not the case. Due to a feature called resonance, there is one particular frequency at which the impedance of the coil increases massively. This is used in the tuning method for AM radio receivers. In the very early days when electronic components were hard to come by, variable coils were sometimes used for tuning. We still have variable coils today, generally for handling large currents rather than radio signals, and we call them “rheostats” and some look like this:

These have a coil of wire wound around a hollow former and a slider can be pushed along a bar, connecting the slider to different winds in the coil depending on it’s position along the supporting bar. The terminal connections are then made to the slider and to one end of the coil. The position of the slider effectively changes the number of turns of wire in the part of the coil which is being used in the circuit. Changing the number of turns in the coil, changes the resonant frequency of that coil. AC current finds it very, very hard to get through a coil which has the same resonant frequency as the AC current frequency. Because of this, it can be used as a radio signal tuner:

If the coil’s resonant frequency is changed to match that of a local radio station by sliding the contact along the coil, then that particular AC signal frequency from the radio transmitter finds it almost impossible to get through the coil and so it (and only it) diverts through the diode and headphones as it flows from the aerial wire to the earth wire and the radio station is heard in the headphones. If there are other radio signals coming down the aerial wire, then, because they are not at the resonant frequency of the coil, they flow freely through the coil and don’t go through the headphones.

This system was soon changed when variable capacitors became available as they are cheaper to make and they are more compact. So, instead of using a variable coil for tuning the radio signal, a variable capacitor connected across the tuning coil did the same job:

While the circuit diagram above is marked “Tuning capacitor” that is actually quite misleading. Yes, you tune the radio receiver by adjusting the setting of the variable capacitor, but, what the capacitor is doing is altering the resonant frequency of the coil/capacitor combination and it is the resonant frequency of that combination which is doing exactly the same job as the variable coil did on it’s own.

This draws attention to two very important facts concerning coil/capacitor combinations. When a capacitor is placed across a coil “in parallel” as shown in this radio receiver circuit, then the combination has a very high impedance (resistance to AC current flow) at the resonant frequency. But if the capacitor is placed “in series” with the coil, then there is nearly zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the combination:

This may seem like something which practical people would not bother with, after all, who really cares? However, it is a very practical point indeed. Remember that Don Smith often uses an early version, off-the-shelf neon-tube driver module as an easy way to provide a high-voltage, high-frequency AC current source, typically, 6,000 volts at 30,000 Hz. He then feeds that power into a Tesla Coil which is itself, a power amplifier. The arrangement is like this:

People who try to replicate Don’s designs tend to say “I get great sparks at the spark gap until I connect the L1 coil and then the sparks stop. This circuit can never work because the resistance of the coil is too low”.

If the resonant frequency of the L1 coil does not match the frequency being produced by the neon-tube driver circuit, then the low impedance of the L1 coil at that frequency, will definitely pull the voltage of the neon-tube driver down to a very low value. But if the L1 coil has the same resonant frequency as the driver circuit, then the L1 coil (or the L1 coil/capacitor combination shown on the right, will have a very high resistance to current flow through it and it will work well with the driver circuit. So, no sparks, means that the coil tuning is off. It is the same as tuning a radio receiver, get the tuning wrong and you don’t hear the radio station.

This is very nicely demonstrated using simple torch bulbs and two coils in the YouTube video showing good output for almost no input power: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQdcwDCBoNY and while only one resonant pick-up coil is shown, there is the possibility of using many resonant pick-up coils with just the one transmitter.

With a coil (fancy name “inductor” and symbol “L”), AC operation is very different to DC operation. The coil has a DC resistance which can be measured with the ohms range of a multimeter, but that resistance does not apply when AC is being used as the AC current flow is not determined by the DC resistance of the coil. Because of this, a second term has to be used for the current-controlling factor of the coil, and the term chosen is “impedance” which is the feature of the coil which “impedes” AC current flow through the coil.

The impedance of a coil depends on it’s size, shape, method of winding, number of turns and core material. It also depends on the frequency of the AC voltage being applied to it. If the core is made up of iron or steel, usually thin layers of iron which are insulated from each other, then it can only handle low frequencies. You can forget about trying to pass 10,000 cycles per second (“Hz”) through the coil as the core just can’t change it’s magnetic poles fast enough to cope with that frequency. A core of that type is ok for the very low 50 Hz or 60 Hz frequencies used for mains power, which are kept that low so that electric motors can use it.

For higher frequencies, ferrite can be used for a core and that is why some portable radios use ferrite-rod aerials, which are a bar of ferrite with a coil wound on it. For higher frequencies (or higher efficiencies) iron dust encapsulated in epoxy resin is used. An alternative is to not use any core material and that is usually referred to as an “air-core” coil. These are not limited in frequency by the core but they have a very much lower inductance for any given number of turns. The efficiency of the coil is called it’s “Q” (for “Quality”) and the higher the Q factor, the better. The resistance of the wire lowers the Q factor.

Tesla Coils Back-to-Back

I have been told of one man who used his common sense and produced an impressive result. He used a Tesla Coil as the driving force, and then used a second Tesla Coil back-to-back with the first one, to step the high voltage back down again. Doing that, he was able to light a series of powerful light bulbs from the “L1” output coils. He also confirmed that doubling the voltage, quadrupled the power output, verifying what Don said. He also found that adding additional coils with bulbs to the output Tesla Coil, did not increase the input power at all, did not cause any of the existing light bulbs to shine any less brightly, and yet lit the additional bulbs. That would appear to be confirmation of Don’s statement that any number of magnetic copies of the original oscillating magnetic field of the first Tesla Coil, can provide a full-power electrical output without requiring any additional input power. I’m no expert, but my understanding of the arrangement is:

As the large diameter coil is exactly one quarter the length of the smaller diameter coil, there is an automatic resonance of both when the applied frequency is just right. As the first narrow coil is identical to the second narrow coil, they are also automatically resonant together. Again, as the large coils which feed the loads are exactly one quarter the wire length of the narrow coils, they also resonate at the common frequency and at that frequency, the input power is at its minimum while the output power is at its maximum. The spike at the top of each of the narrow coils is connected with a wire to channel the generated power from the first Tesla Coil to the second one.

This arrangement may seem too simple to be effective, but with Tesla technology “too simple” just does not apply. This can be seen clearly from the work of Nikanor “Nick” Giannopoulos. Before he ever learned anything about electronics, Nick read and understood Nikola Tesla’s “Colorado Spring Notes” ( http://tinyurl.com/cop9jys 60Mb) and this helped with his present level of understanding. Interestingly, and perhaps not surprisingly, Nick had difficulty with conventional electronics after becoming familiar with Tesla’s technology.

Nick used a square wave signal generator adjustable from 50 kHz downwards and with a fully adjustable Mark/Space ratio. This was used to drive an oil-filled car ignition coil, which, as he points out is not a Tesla Coil in spite of the frequently held view that it is. Ignition coils only operate at low frequency due to the limitations of their core material. However, John Stone points out that certain coil designs, such as those for the Fiat ‘Punto’ car, are built in such a way that replacing the core with ferrite should be possible, and that would allow high frequency operation.

Anyway, Nick uses a standard car ignition coil at lower frequency and uses it to feed a spark gap like this which is constructed from two chipboard screws:

His circuit is:

Nick has had very impressive results from his circuit, although it is still very much a work in progress with more development and testing still to be done. The 24 watt input of 12V at 2A is producing two very brightly lit 220V light bulbs. This does not tell us very much about the actual output power as bulbs are notorious for lighting brightly at low power levels, especially if the frequency is high. But, a very important point is the quality of the light which is an unusual, blue-white colour, quite unlike the colour produced when connected to the 220V mains supply. This is generally a sign of the power being ‘cold’ electricity. While he has not yet had the opportunity to test it, Nick believes that the circuit as it stands now is quite capable of powering much higher loads, and considering the colour of the light, I would be inclined to agree with him, although anything like that has to be tested and proven before any solid conclusions can be drawn from what is already known about the performance. The circuit performance is much improved if two separate physical earth ground connections are made.

Please don’t fall into the trap of thinking that because the sparks are occurring at less than 5 kHz, that the Tesla coils also operate at that frequency. If you strike a bell which vibrates at 400 Hz, does that mean that you have to hit it 400 times every second in order to hear it? Actually, no, you don’t, and the same thing applies here where the resonant frequency of the Tesla coils is approximately 650 kHz. The primaries are wound on 100 mm diameter PVC pipe sections and 19 turns of 1.02 mm diameter enamelled copper wire is used for them (19 swg or #18 AWG). The secondary coils are wound on 70 mm diameter PVC pipe using 0.41 mm diameter enamelled copper wire (27 swg or #26 AWG) with a total length of four time the primary winding wire length. As you will see later on in this chapter, resonance in a coil involves a standing wave inside the wire. That standing wave is created by the signal bouncing off the end of the wire and being reflected back. At frequencies other than the resonant frequency, this results in a constantly changing set of many different waves travelling in both directions and at different intensities (what could reasonably be described as a total mess). When the resonant frequency is fed to the coil, then all of that mess disappears and just one waveform remains, and at any point along the wire, that waveform appears to be stationary although, of course, it is not actually stationary, just the effect of the peaks always occurring at exactly the same spot and the troughs occurring at exactly the same spot, making successive waves look exactly the same as the previous one.

This feature has one very practical aspect, namely that if you run the same wire away from the coil turns to connect to whatever the next circuit component happens to be, then the wave inside the wire will not bounce back at the end of the coil turns but will continue on to the end of the wire before bouncing back. So, the connecting wire length has to be included when reckoning the wire length in the turns of the coil. On the other hand, if the wire in the coil turns is terminated at the ends of the coil and wire of a very different diameter is used for connecting to the next component in the circuit, then the signal inside the wire will bounce back from the sudden change in wire diameter and so the connecting wire length will not be part of the wire length in the turns of the coil. This is an important feature if you are aiming for an exact 4:1 wire length ratio (and 4:1 wire weight) between the Tesla Coil windings in order to impose an automatic resonance between the two windings.

It should be noted that PVC (especially non-white PVC) has a very restrictive effect on high frequency coils. At low frequencies, PVC is ok, but it drags down the coil performance as the frequency rises, lowering the “Q” (for “Quality”) factor of the coil. Using acrylic instead of PVC overcomes this. Alternatively, coating the PVC with a high-voltage insulating material such as shellac or one of the proprietary coating agents, will improve matters considerably. The ideal, of course, is to have no former at all and have the coil standing unaided because of it’s own strength. The method of making that style of coils shown later on in this chapter.

In May 2012, “Mr Clean” (Kurt) who is a major contributor to the energetic forum, decided to try out a simplified version of the arrangement shown above at the forum website:

http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/4864-donald-smith-devices-too-good-true-146.html where he demonstrates that a car ignition coil can be used in place of a Tesla coil. Kurt shows his experiment with twelve watts of bulbs being powered http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDXKnk9hFMI and it should be noted that the input power is only about 0.1 amps at 12 volts. His arrangement is:

Actually, Kurt does not include the 10K resistor and push-button switch as his circuit is not inside a case and so he just provides a high-resistance connection by short-circuiting between the transistor base and the positive line with his finger, using his skin resistance to start the first oscillation.

This circuit oscillates at 3 kHz or so, being the natural frequency of the first car coil. A car coil usually has an iron core and you would expect that to limit the frequency to under 1 kHz, so it is interesting to see Kurt’s operating at three times that value. Although ignition coils appear to have very limited output power from their low-voltage windings, it might be possible to take part of the output and route it to the input to make the arrangement self-powered:

It seems likely that additional car coils could be driven without the need for and additional driving section:

Being DC, the outputs can be combined to provide greater current. A smoothing capacitor would be connected across that DC output and it should be possible to drive a small 12V or 24V inverter to provide mains AC power at the local voltage and frequency standards. A soft-start inverter is the best choice if that is possible.

Kurt remarks that care is needed with this circuitry as there is the possibility of getting quite severe shocks from the high-voltage sections when it is running. He also says that if the transistor base is connected to an actual earth ground, then the output from the second car coil must not be an actual, physical ground connection, although a “virtual ground “ consisting of a long wire, or alternatively a Tesla pancake coil could be used. In passing, it may be possible to operate this circuit with a pancake coil being used instead of the transistor base’s genuine earth connection.

One oscillator arrangement for this type of circuit has been shown to be:

It is not at all clear if the oscillation is being caused by the effect of the open base of the 2N2222 transistor or if the transistor is picking up mains hum from mains wiring near the circuit and switching because of induced voltage from the mains. It should not be forgotten that an earth wire is capable of providing serious input power to a circuit as the Earth is a major source of electrical power.

This stepping up of the voltage and the high frequency, followed by stepping them back down again does indeed result in a power increase as energy flows into the circuit from the local environment. However, ideally we would like the frequency to exceed 20 kHz, rather than the 3 kHz being used here. An iron cored coil can’t operate properly at a frequency as high as that, but John Stone of the energetic forum points out that some car coils, such as the ones intended for use in a Fiat “Punto” car, have the two coils separate from each other and there is a (very important) air gap between the iron core and the coils. He remarks that it should be possible to remove the iron core and replace it with ferrite, maintaining the air gap, and allowing the car coil to operate at high frequencies. If the circuit does not oscillate naturally at high frequency with a ferrite cored coil, then the transistors can be driven faster by being driven by a transistor or 555 chip oscillator to get the frequency over the 20 kHz needed for major power gains.

Making a Solid-State Tesla Coil.

As some readers may feel that there is some "black magic" about the neon-driver circuit used by Don to drive the Tesla Coil section of his circuitry and that if a suitable unit could not be purchased then the circuit could not be reproduced or tested, it seems reasonable to show how it operates and how it can be constructed from scratch:

The circuit itself is made up of an oscillator to convert the 12-volt DC supply into a pulsating current which is then stepped up to a high voltage by a transformer. Here is a circuit which has been used for this:

The supply for the 555 timer chip is protected against spikes and dips by the resistor "R" and the capacitor "C". The 555 timer chip acts as an oscillator or "clock" whose speed is governed by the two 10K resistors feeding the 440 nF capacitor. The step-up transformer is an ordinary car coil and the drive power to it is boosted by the IRF9130 FET transistor which is driven by the 555 chip output coming from it's pin 3.

The output from the (Ford Model T) car coil is rectified by the diode, which needs to have a very high voltage rating as the voltage at this point is now very high. The rectified voltage pulses are stored in a very high-voltage capacitor before being used to drive a Tesla Coil. As a powerful output is wanted, two car coils are used and their outputs combined as shown here:

You will notice that the car coil has only three terminals and the terminal marked "+" is the one with the connection common to both of the coils inside the housing. The coil may look like this:

and the "+" is generally marked on the top beside the terminal with the two internal connections running to it. The circuit described so far is very close to that provided by a neon-tube driver circuit and it is certainly capable of driving a Tesla Coil.

There are several different way of constructing a Tesla Coil. It is not unusual to have several spark gaps connected in a chain. This arrangement is called a "series spark gap" because the spark gaps are connected "in series" which is just a technical way of saying "connected in a row". In the chapter on aerial systems, you will see that Hermann Plauson uses that style of spark gap with the very high voltages which he gets from his powerful aerial systems. These multiple spark gaps are much quieter in operation than a single spark gap would be. One of the possible Tesla Coil designs uses a pancake coil as the "L1" coil as that gives even higher gain. The circuit is as shown here:

The connection to the pancake coil is by a moveable clamp and the two coils are tuned to resonance by careful and gradual adjustment of that connection, 10 mm at a time (after powering down and discharging the “C1” capacitor).

It has been found recently, that connecting two of these (non-ballast resistor) car coils back to back with the plus and minus connections switched over, that the performance is very much improved. It has been suggested that the small self-capacitance of each coil when connected across the other coil, causes a very much higher frequency of operation, giving much sharper voltage spikes which is a very desirable situation in a circuit of this type. This arrangement might be connected like this:

The series spark gap can be constructed in various ways, including using car spark plugs, gas-discharge tubes or neon lamps. The one shown here uses nuts and bolts projecting through two strips of a stiff, non-conducting material, as that is much easier to adjust than the gaps of several spark plugs:

Tightening the bolts which compress the springs moves the bolt heads closer together and reduces all of the spark gaps. The electrical connections can be made to the end tags or to any of the intermediate wire connection straps if fewer spark gaps are required in the chain.

Let me remind you again that this is not a toy and very high voltages will be produced. Also, let me stress again that if you decide to construct anything, then you do so entire on your own responsibility. This document is only provided for information purposes and must not be seen as an encouragement to build any such device nor is any guarantee given that any of the devices described in this eBook will work as described should you decide to attempt to construct a replication prototype of your own. Generally, it takes skill and patience to achieve success with any free-energy device and Don Smith's devices are some of the most difficult, especially since he admits quite freely that he does not disclose all of the details.

The output capacitor marked "C1" in the circuit diagram above has to be able to handle very high voltages. There are various ways of dealing with this. Don dealt with it by getting very expensive capacitors manufactured by a specialist company. Some home-based constructors have had success using glass beer bottles filled with a salt solution. The outside of the bottles are wrapped in aluminium foil to form one of the contacts of the capacitor and bare wires are looped from deep inside each bottle on to the next one, looping from the inside of one bottle to the inside of the next one, and eventually forming the other contact of the capacitor. While that appears to work well, it is not a very convenient thing to carry around. An alternative is just to stand the bare bottles in a container which is lined with foil which forms the second contact of the capacitor.

One method which has been popular in the past is to use two complete rolls of aluminium foil, sometimes called "baking foil", laying them one flat, covering it with one or more layers of plastic cling film and laying the second roll of foil on top of the plastic. The three layers are then rolled up to form the capacitor. Obviously, several of these can be connected together in parallel in order to increase the capacitance of the set. The thicker the plastic, the lower the capacitance but the higher the voltage which can be handled.

The November 1999 issue of Popular Electronics suggests using 33 sheets of the thin aluminium used as a flashing material by house builders. At that time it was supplied in rolls which were ten inches (250 mm) wide, so their design uses 14" (355 mm) lengths of the aluminium. The plastic chosen to separate the plates was polythene sheet 0.062 inch (1.6 mm) thick which is also available from a builders merchants outlet. The plastic is cut to 11 inch (280 mm) by 13 inch (330 mm) and assembly is as follows:

The sandwich stack of sheets is then clamped together between two rigid timber sheets. The tighter that they are clamped, the closer the plates are to each other and the higher the capacitance. The electrical connections are made by running a bolt through the projecting ends of the plates. With two thicknesses of plastic sheet and one of aluminium, there should be room for a washer between each pair of plates at each end and that would improve the clamping and the electrical connection. An alternative is to cut a corner off each plate and position them alternatively so that almost no plate area is ineffective.

As Don Smith has demonstrated in one of his video presentations, Nikola Tesla was perfectly correct when he stated that directing the discharge from a Tesla Coil on to a metal plate (or in Don's case, one of the two metal plates of a two-plate capacitor where a plastic sheet separates the plates just as shown above), produces a very powerful current flow onwards through a good earth connection. Obviously, if an electrical load is positioned between the plates and the earth connection, then the load can be powered to a high level of current, giving a very considerable power gain.

Constructing High-Quality Coils.

The Barker & Williamson coils used by Don in his constructions are expensive to purchase. Some years ago, in an article in a 1997 issue of the “QST” amateur radio publication, Robert H. Johns shows how similar coils can be constructed without any great difficulty. The Electrodyne Corporation research staff have stated that off-the-shelf solid tinned copper wire produces three times the magnetic field that un-tinned copper does, so perhaps that should be borne in mind when choosing the wire for constructing these coils.

These home-made coils have excellent “Q” Quality factors, some even better than the tinned copper wire coils of Barker & Williamson because the majority of electrical flow is at the surface of the wire and copper is a better conductor of electricity than the silver tinning material.

The inductance of a coil increases if the turns are close together. The capacitance of a coil decreases if the turns are spread out. A good compromise is to space the turns so that there is a gap between the turns of one wire thickness. A common construction method with Tesla Coil builders is to use nylon fishing line or plastic strimmer cord between the turns to create the gap. The method used by Mr Johns allows for even spacing without using any additional material. The key feature is to use a collapsible former and wind the coil on the former, space the turns out evenly and then clamp them in position with strips of epoxy resin, removing the former when the resin has set and cured.

Mr Johns has difficulty with his epoxy being difficult to keep in place, but when mixed with the West System micro fibres, epoxy can be made any consistency and it can be applied as a stiff paste without any loss of it’s properties. The epoxy is kept from sticking to the former by placing a strip of electrical tape on each side of the former.

I suggest that the plastic pipe used as the coil former is twice the length of the coil to be wound as that allows a good degree of flexing in the former when the coil is being removed. Before the two slots are cut in the plastic pipe, a wooden spreader piece is cut and it’s ends rounded so that it is a push-fit in the pipe. This spreader piece is used to hold the sides of the cut end exactly in position when the wire is being wrapped tightly around the pipe.

Two or more small holes are drilled in the pipe beside where the slots are to be cut. These holes are used to anchor the ends of the wire by passing them through the hole and bending them. Those ends have to be cut off before the finished coil is slid off the former, but they are very useful while the epoxy is being applied and hardening. The pipe slots are cut to a generous width, typically 10 mm or more.

The technique is then to wedge the wooden spreader piece in the slotted end of the pipe. Then anchor the end of the solid copper wire using the first of the drilled holes. The wire, which can be bare or insulated, is then wrapped tightly around the former for the required number of turns, and the other end of the wire secured in one of the other drilled holes. It is common practice to make the turns by rotating the former. When the winding is completed, the turns can be spaced out more evenly if necessary, and then a strip of epoxy paste applied all along one side of the coil. When that has hardened, (or immediately if the epoxy paste is stiff enough), the pipe is turned over and a second epoxy strip applied to the opposite side of the coil. A strip of paxolin board or strip-board can be made part of the epoxy strip. Alternatively, an L-shaped plastic mounting bracket or a plastic mounting bolt can be embedded in the epoxy ready for the coil installation later on.

When the epoxy has hardened, typically 24 hours later, the coil ends are snipped off, the spreader piece is tapped out with a dowel and the sides of the pipe pressed inwards to make it easy to slide the finished coil off the former. Larger diameter coils can be wound with small-diameter copper pipe.

The coil inductance can be calculated from:

Inductance in micro henrys L = d2n2 / (18d + 40l)

Where:

d is the coil diameter in inches measured from wire centre to wire centre

n is the number of turns in the coil

l is coil length in inches (1 inch = 25.4 mm)

Using this equation for working out the number of turns for a given inductance in micro henrys:

A Russian Implementation of Don Smith’s Design

Here is an attempt to translate a document from an unknown author on a Russian forum:

Assembly Instructions for the Free-Energy Generator

Part 1: Accessories and materials

1) The High-voltage power supply 3000V 100 – 200 W.

It is possible to use transformers from neon lamps, or any similar radio amateur designs with high EFFICIENCY of transformation and stabilisation of a desired current. Here is a possible implementation using the fly-back transformer from an old CRT TV set:

2) High-frequency resonant system L1/L2

The coil L1 is wound using a high-quality audio speaker cable with a cross-sectional area of 6.10 sq. mm, or alternatively, home-made litz wire. The litz wire or speaker cable length with connecting leads is about 2 meters.

The turns are wound on a plastic drain pipe of 50mm diameter, the number of turns is 4 or 5 (wound to the left, that is, counter-clockwise). Don’t cut the rest of the winding wire, instead, pass it through the middle of the tube, and use it to connect the winding to the spark-gap and capacitor of the primary circuit.

Example of the construction:

The secondary coil L2 of the resonant circuit, is wound using solid uninsulated copper wire with a diameter of 2 mm to 3 mm, preferably silver-plated (tinned wire is not so good). The secondary coil is wound with a diameter of about 75 mm. This coil has a tap in the middle. Both halves of the coil are wound in the same clockwise direction (to the right).

The approximate number of turns between 2 sets of 16 turns, to 2 sets of 18 turns. The coil must be wound without using a coil former.

These coils should be mounted in such a way as to prevent the flow of high-frequency high-voltage current to other parts of the circuit or components. The ends of the coil wires are clamped in terminal blocks mounted on the base plate, ready for connection to the other circuit components. The ratio of the wire lengths in coils L1 and L2 is 1 to 4, including the length of the connecting wires reaching to the other circuit components. A possible implementation of the secondary coil is shown here:

High-voltage diodes (chains) can be purchased ready-made or can be constructed from individual single diodes. The resulting diode chains should have a current rating of not less than 10 amperes at a voltage of 25 kV to 30 kV. It may be necessary to put several diode chains in parallel in order to meet this current rating requirement. Here are examples of these high-voltage diode chains:

The resonance capacitors (for coils L1, L2) in the primary circuit, need to have a voltage rating of at least 4 kV, the capacitance depends on the frequency of the secondary circuit (28 nF was used by the author for a resonant frequency of 600 kHz). The capacitor must be high quality with minimal dielectric losses and good charge retention.

Usually a composite capacitor bank of low-power capacitors is used. The most appropriate types of Russian capacitors are the K78-2, K78-15, K78-25 or similar types, as these types can easily handle the impulse currents of the discharge.

For the capacitor of the secondary circuit it is better to use any of the above types of capacitors, but the composite voltage must be not less than 10 kV. Excellent working Russian capacitors are the KVI-3 type, or even better, the K15-y2 type.

The secondary coil plus a capacitor form a resonant circuit. The capacitor used in the secondary circuit depends on the desired resonant frequency (the author used a KVI-3 type of 2200 pF and a 10 kV rating).

Here is a photograph of the capacitor used in the secondary circuit:

The high-frequency smoothing choke was used, wound in such a way as to get the minimum value of stray, parasitic capacitance in the inductor windings. The inductance range of this inductor is 100 - 200 micro-Henry, and using a partitioned winding helps to keep the coil capacitance low. The wire diameter to use is 1.5 to 2.0 mm enamelled copper wire. Here is a photograph of one implementation of this choke:

These windings can be made on a PVC pipe with a diameter from 50 mm to 75mm.

For the storage capacitor bank you can use capacitors with a voltage rating of anything from 5 kV to 15 kV with total capacity of about 2 microfarads. Suitable Russian oil-filled capacitors, include all types of K41-1, K75-53 and others. This is the circuit diagram of the device:

Diodes VD1, VD2 – high-voltage composites.

Diode VD5 needs to be an ultrafast type rated at 1200 V, 30-150 Amps.

Choke L3 is any kind with an open magnetic core, wound with wire of not less than 6 sq. mm., and giving a 1.5 milli-Henry inductance.

The load (an inverter or a DC motor) requires a low input voltage of 12V to 110 volts (lower voltage - high power output)

When building and experimenting be sure to take all Safety Precautions as you will be working with more than 1000 Volts.

Video Links showing this device running an angle-grinder and an electric motor are:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NC3EYDYAXDU #

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sckdMe3HCw#

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaqZ52dGMn4#

The “SISG” module shown in the circuit above is an attempt to build a solid-state version of a spark gap. In this version of Don Smith’s designs by ‘Dynatron’ he wanted the equivalent of a diac or a dinistor. A dinistor is basically a thyristor or SCR without the gate. It starts conducting very suddenly if the voltage on it’s terminals exceeds it’s design value and it stops conducting if the voltage drops to almost zero or the circuit is disconnected, forcing the current to become zero. Diacs or dinistors are hard to find for very high voltages over 5000V, so Dynatron tried to build equivalent circuits which could be used at high voltage and any one of those designs is what is indicated by the box marked “SISG”.

Sergei’s Dynatron circuitry

Russian experimenters are well advanced in their investigations of this type of circuitry. Here is an attempted translation from Russian to English, made, I believe by the energetic forum member “Davi” of Georgia. While I believe this translation to be reasonably accurate, as I can only understand English, I have no way of knowing if it is accurate. The information comes from an interview with Sergei concerning his Tariel Kapanadze style circuitry:

We begin to draw the schematic diagram

We use a line-scan transformer and point-contact diodes.

We add in an earth ground, a capacitor, a discharger, and a second transformer winding.

Notice this rectangle.

In the transformer we have an alternating voltage cycles. If we have a threshold voltage -control device, such as a discharger, then positive charges will be pumped from the earth-ground connection, through the diodes. This flow is first, through a one diode, and then through the other diode. That means that the secondary winding of the transformer will accumulate a positive charge. Consequently, you do not need a charged capacitor. Instead of the spark gap which Don Smith used, you can put a small choke coil of 100-200 millihenrys or a 100 ohm resistor and either of those work just fine. The usual spark gap will work perfectly well but it does not have a long working life. A resistor can be used and it will work. Vacuum or gas-discharge tubes work well. The voltage here is around 1000 volts.

While you can eliminate the spark gap, but when you do have one, the pumping of charges from the ground works better – it turns out to be something like a fork Avramenko plug. The transformer winding acts on the ground charge with the aid of the voltages developed in it.

The secondary winding of the resonant transformer, destroys the dipole, according to Don Smith. As he explained, the upper plate of the capacitor develops a high voltage from the charges drawn in through the earth connection. This high voltage is then discharged through a diode or a spark gap.

The same thing happens here.

The ground charge enters the secondary winding, and due to it’s self-capacitance, accumulates a high voltage on the winding. The diodes used in this location need to be high quality diodes which have a low capacitance. For example, Don Smith used diodes which have a capacitance of just 4 pF.

At this point, the pumping scheme will look like this, and I think that it will not change.

The second coil is exactly the same as the first coil.

For the time delay we use a choking coil. The capacitor is an electrolytic type and we use a spark gap to feed an isolation transformer. To ensure that there will be no feedback of unwanted voltage spikes, we connect a 6 kV 20 to 50 A high-voltage diode in parallel with the primary winding of the isolation transformer. This can be arranged by connecting three 1000V diode bridges together like this:

Three 1000V diode bridges can be connected to withstand a voltage of 6 kV.

The spark gap is inserted in the positive wire, the same as the first spark gap . Why is this?

Here we have a separation of electrons.

We collect electrons both from the air and from out of the ground. We push the negatively charged electrons into the ground, and so a positive charge accumulates in our capacitor.

The ground wire carries the negative charges into the earth (which is an expansion tank).

If you connect the spark gap between the earth and the upper end of the transformer which is positively charged, then the primary winding wire will get warm, and the efficiency falls. When correctly connected the primary winding can be constructed with wires which are 0.5 -1.0 mm diameter and the wires remain cold.

If we have achieved the splitting of the electron-positron pair, then if you put them in a discharger, or in a transistor, or whatever, only the radiation remains. However, the really important fact is that the magnetic component passes through the primary winding of the transformer, and it induces a strong magnetic field in the secondary winding.

Don Smith said that if you connect two batteries together and one is say, 30 volts, and the other 10 volts. The 30-volt battery passing 10-volt, the electrons in each battery resist each other. It appears that they do not “like each other” if one can describe it that way.

The same thing happens in an ordinary transformer. The current flowing in the secondary winding resists the flow of current in the primary winding - back EMF. But the following question is relevant: at the instant when the negative ion-electrons just start to flow in the primary winding, the interaction between the primary and secondary windings is absent. Because of this we get a huge load-carrying capacity in the secondary winding, practically without changing the inductance of the primary winding, well, if it is changed then that will be not more than 10% to 20%.

Generally, the minimum load impedance will kill the inductance causing the frequency to change. But this does not happen here, because the primary current flow is of another kind, which is not affected by the current flowing in the secondary winding. That is, moving a small number of electrons in the primary can cause a large number of electrons to flow in the secondary winding. The thicker the wire of the secondary, the more excited electrons there will be there and so, the greater the current flow in the secondary.

The mass of the secondary electrons does not depend on the mass of the primary electrons. The diameter of the secondary winding is not limited. For example, if you use a 110 mm. tube for the secondary, then the velocity of the electrons flowing through the winding will be the same as if it were wound with a wire diameter of just 1 mm or 2 mm. This is because the current flow is not impeded by the resistance.

The magnetic field of the secondary winding does not interact with the magnetic field of the primary winding. However, the primary magnetic field accelerates the electron moving in the secondary winding, i.e. This produces an asymmetric transformation.

Naturally, here we need very good insulation.

Roughly speaking, if there is a small hole in the wire insulation, then the vaporous electrons in the primary winding will hold the equivalent vaporous electrons in the secondary winding, and that will squeeze the heavy electrons in the secondary winding. Consequently, there must be an anti-static screen in the form of a coil, or aluminium foil that is connected to ground.

So, all the positively charged particles should go into the ground

If you want to ground the output transformer, then do it through a resistor connected to a ground point which is at least 10 metres away from the first grounding point in the circuit. The farther apart the grounding points are, the better, say, 10 to 30 metres apart. In principle, the length of the ground between the two ground connections can be considered to be an isolation capacitor between those two points in the circuit.

The big question is, of course, what should be the ratio of the primary winding

turns to the secondary winding turns - 1:4 ? but here is some good advice:

Accurately measure the total length of the secondary winding and make the primary winding wire length exactly one quarter of the wire length of the secondary winding. The connecting wires are not considered in this measurement, and it is better to make them thinner. If, for example, the primary wire has a cross-sectional area of 8 sq. mm, then make the connecting wires 2.5 sq. mm. in cross sectional area.

In other words, here are the terminals of the secondary winding.

The oscillation amplitude increases massively at the resonant frequency. Why is that?

Because of the change in impedance at the junction between the two wires, the connection becomes

a node and this is reflected in the anti-nodes, and the primary waveform remains a standing wave.

You will recall that Don Smith used a very thick cable but he reduced it to become a thin connection at each end. That thick-to-thin change causes a reflection of the wave. The secondary winding has LC resonance but the inductor depends on it’s wave resonance length.

In fact, what we have here is a Tesla transformer, i.e. voltage, current.

You will recall that even in the green box of Tariel Kapanadze with it’s thick pipe coil, that thin wires go from the pipe to the spark gap. Changing the impedance of the wire at the junction between the two different cross-sectional areas - That's it! That raises the efficiency, and so the spark gap works better.

Ideally, you want to use a vacuum spark gap.

Unfortunately, our spark is not dispersed in the secondary winding. The spark might be triggered at anything from 50 kV up to 100 kV. We have a great ‘Q-factor’ (coil ‘Quality’ factor) in our winding! However, once the spark has occurred we get a roll-back of current moving in the reverse direction through the winding, although it is always less powerful than the forward action. This reverse pulse also passes through the spark gap, effectively shunting, the input circuit and so, decreasing the output Q of the circuit. The circuit’s output voltage is reduced. The resonant frequency drifts and so the output power drops. Although this effect can be seen when using an air gap, it is much better to use either a vacuum spark gap or a spark gap which is enclosed in a tube filled with hydrogen gas.

You can put a diode in series with the spark gap.

If that is done, then the reverse current will not pass. The diode must be able to withstand a reverse voltage of 10 to 20 kV. We ordered a hydrogen diode with power handling capacity of 120 watts. It’s turn-on time is 0.1 ms, off time is less than 1 ms. We connected the current transformer using 24 ohm resistor. The result was a pure current transformer on the load, and without any interference. Let's see what we have done on the discharger. Take a look - the spark gap was lit up with a blue colour.

On the oscilloscope, we see dampened oscillations.

There must be only one oscillation, and the remaining excess. The 5 extra vibrations short-circuit the secondary winding, and prevent it from operating normally.

Ideally, this should be simple.

Clicking the inductor - capacitor recharges, but the current does not go back. (it stops at zero) Picture voltage "U". Picture current "I". That is how such a process should be, but otherwise - buffeting vibration. (need a hydrogen diode)

Isolation transformer.

The isolation transformer is made up of rings. The primary winding is 2 bifilar layers wound in one direction. The secondary winding is with wire which has 10 sq. mm. cross sectional area, but today we will rewind it. The screen is made of foil - ordinary Scotch tape. But the screening must not form a complete turn as it must not be a closed-loop. Here, aluminium Scotch tape is used. Now short-circuit the secondary winding, and enable the device.

We check with a screwdriver, and there is practically no output. If you add an anti-static barrier, i.e. gasket between the primary and shield. It should be made from a good insulator, such as PTFE. It is possible to use cellophane which, being like acrylic is also a very good insulator. I shorted outputs, so as not to clatter. If you remove the jumper, the coil is bursting with no load like this. (We hear a crash, and after 3 seconds it stops) Sergey: We'll see what it was. (Blue spark coil pierced).

That's it! The experiment’s completed. Blown diode bridge - Accident. Accidentally shorted to ground. Well, that's all. It is desirable, of course, have a good ground connection. The threshold-limiting device is a choke.

What can I say?

In principle, you can use the CISC module instead of a spark gap. In this circuit, the very sharp rise time of the driving waveform pulse fronts is not necessary, because the inductance is large.

If the transformer has an iron core, then the rate of charging of the capacitor will be very fast, at, for example, 50 Hz. At that low rate, you can omit the discharger. In Don Smith’s design where a neon tube driver is used, a diode and even a diac can be used instead of a spark gap. It will even work with a direct connection.

Then the impulses are often, but with smaller amplitude. Naturally, the better, when we divide the frequency, i.e. for two of the primary pulse charges the capacitor of the secondary.

Then the amount of energy in the pulses is summed.

Here they are superimposed on one another, in a linear fashion.

C = Q/U end U = Q/C

The capacitance is a constant. If we increase the number of charging pulses per second, then because the secondary coil at resonance increases the amplitude of the pulses, we get increased power. At 5 times more power, because there are 5 times the number of charging pulses passed to the capacitor, we get a squaring of the voltage-energy. That is an energy increase of 25 times.

Raising the spark frequency by, say a factor of 10, will give an energy gain of a factor of 100.

Well, I'm telling you, place a spark gap here in order to – INTERRUPT. Otherwise,

the inductor will not be able to speed up and pass more pulses into the capacitor.

Gentlemen! Make it and test it.

Tariel Kapanadze’s Self-Powered Generators

Tariel Kapanadze, like Don Smith, appears to have based his work on that of Nikola Tesla. There has been a video on the web, of one of his devices in operation, but it appears that the video has been removed. However, part of it can be seen here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3akywcvb9g The video commentary was not in English and so the information gathered from it is not as complete as it might be. However, in spite of that, a number of useful things can be learned from it.

The video shows a demonstration being staged in a back garden, I believe, in Turkey. Strong sunshine was casting dense shadows which made video detail less than perfect. Essentially, Tariel demonstrated one of his builds of a Tesla-style free-energy device, powering both itself and a row of five light bulbs.

One of the most encouraging things about this video is that the construction and operation was of the most basic kind, with not the slightest suggestion of expensive laboratory work or anything high-precision. This is most definitely a backyard construction within the scope of any knowledgeable person.

Electrical connections were made by twisting bare wires together:

and where necessary, tightening the twist with a pair of pliers:

This shows clearly that a high-power and very useful free-energy device can be made with the most simple of construction methods - no expensive connectors here, just a zero-cost twisted connection.

The device being displayed is a Tesla Coil powered, earth-connected system of the type already described. You will notice that the thick primary winding is not placed at one end of the central secondary winding but is much closer to the centre of the coil. Remember that Don Smith states that if the primary coil is placed centrally, then the amount of current which the coil can deliver is very large, in spite of the fact that most people think that a Tesla Coil can only produce trivial currents. Notice also that this Tesla Coil appears to be mounted on a cheap kitchen-roll holder. I have seen it said that Tariel makes a new device for each demonstration and takes it apart afterwards, so if that is correct, then it is likely that there is no great effort or expense involved in making one of these systems.

The main operational components are shown here, placed on one small table. There is a lead-acid battery (which is removed later in the demonstration), what appears to be an inverter to produce mains AC voltage from the battery, a high-voltage step-up system housed in a green box for safety reasons, a Tesla Coil, a spark gap mounted on the box and a fan-cooled component, probably a solid-state oscillator system driving the Tesla Coil. Not seen in this picture, is an item contained in a small box which might well be a high-voltage capacitor.

Two earth connections are organised. The first one is an old car radiator buried in the ground:

and the second is a bare wire wrapped around a garden tap's metal pipe and twisted tight as shown above. It is distinctly possible that the circuit is based on this circuit of Tesla's:

Perhaps, the battery powers the inverter which produces mains voltage, which is then stepped up to a high voltage level by the enclosed electronics. This then drives the Tesla Coil, producing both very high voltage and current with the capacitor storing the energy as a reservoir. The spark gap then pulses this energy, driving the primary winding of the isolation transformer which produces a lower voltage at substantial current (depending on the current-handling capacity of the transformer itself) powering the load, which in this case, is a row of light bulbs.

The load is a row of five light bulbs hung from a brush handle placed across the backs of two chairs:

As you can see, this is not exactly high-tech, high-cost construction here, with all of the materials being used for other things afterwards.

Initially, the battery is used to power the inverter and it is demonstrated that the current being drawn from the inverter is substantially less than the power entering the load. In conventional terms, this appears impossible, which is an indication that the conventional terms are out of date and need to be updated to include the observed facts from demonstrations such as this.

As the system is putting out a good deal more power than is required to drive it, might it not be possible to use part of the output power to provide the input power. This is often called "closing the loop" and it is demonstrated in this video as the next step.

First, the circuit is altered so that the input power connection to the inverter is taken from the output. Then the circuit is powered up using the battery as before. The battery is then disconnected and removed altogether, and the people helping with the demonstration pick up all of the active items and hold them up in the air so as to show that there are no hidden wires providing the extra power from some hidden source. The items on the table are not part of the circuit:

There is some additional information on Tariel including videos of some of his more powerful, newer designs at http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Kapanadze_Free_Energy_Generator#Official_Website although it has to be said that there does not appear to be very much on him or his work available at this time.

In December 2009 an anonymous contributor e-mailed to say that Kapanadze returned to the ex-USSR republic of Georgia and that the video soundtrack is in the Georgian language and after the demonstration, the interview is in Russian. He has kindly translated the parts which relate to the device, as follows:

Question: What are you showing us today?

Answer: This is a device which draws energy from the environment. It draws 40 watts as it starts up, but then it can power itself and provide an output of 5 kilowatts. We don't know how much energy can be drawn from the environment, but in an earlier test, we drew 200 kilowatts of power.

Question: Is it possible to solve the energy problems of Georgia?

Answer: We consider that they have already been solved.

Question: Please tell us in simple terms, how your device works.

Answer: (1) Power is drawn from the battery to get the device running

(2) If we want, we can use part of the output power to drive a charger and charge the battery

(3) When the device is running, we can remove the battery and it then operates self-powered. This particular unit can deliver 5 kilowatts of power which is enough for a family. We can easily make a version which supplies 10 kilowatts. We don't know what the practical power limit is for a unit like this. With this particular device we have here, we do not draw more than 5 kilowatts as we don't want to burn out the components which we used in this build.

Question: Does your invention pick up current from mains wires?

Answer: The mains has nothing to do with this device. The energy produced comes directly from the environment.

Question: What do you call your device and do you dedicate it to anyone?

Answer: I would not dream of claiming this device to be my invention, I just found something which works. This is an invention of Nikola Tesla and all the credit is his. Tesla has done so much for mankind but today he is just forgotten. This device is his invention, his work.

Question: Why are you so sure that this is a design of Nikola Tesla's?

Answer: Because I worked from his invention - his design. I discovered how to get automatic resonance between the primary and secondary windings. The most important thing is to achieve resonance. Melnichenko came close to solving this problem. The government of Georgia refuses to take this invention seriously.

Question: You said that resonance must be maintained. Which parts resonate?

Answer: Here (pointing to the green box) and here (pointing to the Tesla Coil mounted on the top of the green box). The resonator is inside the green box and at present, it is secret until patented.

Question: How much would one of these units cost?

Answer: When mass produced, it would cost between 300 and 400 US dollars for a unit which has an output of 5 or 6 kilowatts.

Question: How much did it cost you to build this demonstration device?

Answer: About eight thousand (currency not specified). Parts had to be got in from twenty different places.

Question: Is this your house?

Answer: No, I rent this place because we have sold all that we have to make these devices. And, having done it, the government and many scientists say "We are not interested because a device like that is impossible and can't possibly exist!". I have not been allowed to make a presentation to them, but people who understand the Tesla Coil understand how this device works.

Kapanadze is an architect by profession and has not had any training in either physics or Electrical Engineering. The information on which this design was based was downloaded free from the internet.

One of the most important aspects of this video is the confirmation it gives for the work of Tesla and of Don Smith, in that it shows clearly, yet again, that large amounts of energy can be drawn from the local environment, without the need to burn a fuel. Another video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gErefbcTz-U

As we enter the year 2012, people frequently ask for construction drawings or alternatively, outlets where they can buy one of his devices. Unfortunately, Tariel has been given the usual run-around by the opposition. I am informed that in the last nine years, he has been involved with a whole series of people who promised to finance the manufacture of his designs but who then failed to come up with the agreed finance. The last of these people who happen to be based in Switzerland, managed to persuade Tariel to sign a Non-Disclosure Agreement and then they just shelved his design in spite of their agreement. Tariel does not have sufficient funds to go to Switzerland and undertake a court case to force them to honour the agreement. So, being blocked from his own designs, Tariel decided to develop a different free-energy system and publish it so that others can replicate it. He estimates that it will take him about a year to do that. The opposition therefore had plenty of time to deal with him in that time frame and so they poisoned him during a flight on a commercial aircraft. He survived the attack but is in very poor health as a result of it.

Many people have attempted to replicate Tariel’s work, and a self-powered replication can be seen at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbkvXoDfk7g .

The Kapanadze coil analysed by William J. McFreey.

May 2012

By releasing the videos of his electromechanical device, Kapanadze left little doubt (to the average physicist) as to how his and some other "overunity" devices work. The following articles explain this working principle in detail.

This analysis is devoted to the Kapanadze coil, which is a close relative of his lesser-known electromechanical device. The main ingredients for achieving the Tariel Kapanadze (Michel Meyer, Steven Mark, Floyd Sweet, “SR193”...) effect are Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (“NMR”) which generates the initial fast-moving particles (e.g. electrons), avalanche particle multiplication (induced transmutation) and a magnetic field of appropriate strength to confine and guide these particles within a conductive material.

It is believed that copper or an alloy of copper or iron are Kapanadze's materials of choice and that material is used as fuel when it undergoes stimulated transmutation. The reason is that copper has many isotopes with half-life times spanning from nanoseconds to tens of hours ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper ). Copper isotopes with atomic masses below 63 tend to undergo β+ decay, while copper isotopes with masses above 65 tend to decay in β- mode. Many Copper isotopes have non-zero nuclear spin and hence can be manipulated or stimulated through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. However, this statement also applies to Zinc, Iron and many other metallic elements. Thus these elements, and alloys of these elements such as brass, can also be used as fuel.

Enhanced β-decay under NMR stimulation is known and actually used in scientific research in so called ‘beta-NMR spectrometers’ in which the nuclear spin precession signal is detected through the beta decay of a radioactive nucleus ( http://bnmr.triumf.ca/?file=default ).

The main task in creating a working device, using these principles is to create a suitable physical layout which allows an extremely high current in the conductive (or even non-conductive) multiplication disc or ring, to be excited and fully controlled, and so, not only create torque but also, useful electrical power.

The exact construction of the Kapanadze coil is difficult to infer as the details of the inner geometry and materials used in the coil are generally hidden. However, knowing the working principles stated above, it is possible to present an effective, generalised working geometry.

The most logical starting point would be to take the exact geometry of the electro-mechanical device and wrap a winding, L2, around the perimeter of one or both of the discs as shown in Fig.1. As concluded in the article below, the current created by the orbiting charged particles modifies and reduces the magnetic field in the discs, eventually pushing the cyclotron resonance orbit beyond the perimeter of the disc. This results in self-termination of the pulse. Thus, the multiplication current is self-quenching. There is pulsating current in the disc or discs, and each pulse is initiated by a short wide-spectrum pulse applied to coil L1. This pulsating current is then coupled inductively through windings, L2a/L2b and delivered as electrical output.

Fig. 1. Possible configuration of power pick-up from the spool type device.

The component marked ‘C’ centres and holds the elements together.

This arrangement was implemented on a smaller scale, by Steven Mark in his first demonstrated device: the "Small TPU". The three pictures of this device, shown below, are a clear demonstration of this idea. The second picture with the device upside down, shows the exposed connecting wires to the (hidden) coil L1.

Fig.2. Steven Mark's implementation of the spool type energy coil. The toroid in the top centre

forms a filter. The helical winding on the pick-up coils is for holding the wires together.

In this device, as Steven Mark puts it, "kicks" of small current applied to coil L1, result in big "kicks" of the multiplication current in the discs, which in turn, are inductively coupled to the windings on the perimeter of the discs. This spool and coil layout is not the only possible arrangement, as shown later on by Steven. In fact, this small version of the spool type device did not work very well. He could only demonstrate voltage output from this device and not current. From the bottom picture in Fig.2 it can be seen that this device had problems with circular symmetry of the magnetic field. One of the disks had to be deformed to compensate for this asymmetry.

To get a better insight into inner workings of this type of device, let us calculate the magnetic field, “B”, necessary to confine fast-moving charged particles in orbits of various radiuses as well as the NMR-exciting frequencies needed to generate the initial fast, charged particles.

Assuming the effective speed of emitted electrons (q = 1.602E-19 C , m0 = 9.11E-31 kg) to be v = 270,000 km/s in a circular path of radius “r” . Then:

where m0 is the mass of an electron at rest and c is the speed of light in vacuum.

Tariel Kapanadze’s electromechanical device has a large disc radius of 250 mm, and so the corresponding value of B can be small: 141 Gauss = 14.1 mT. The NMR frequency for Cu65 and Zn67 (in brass) at this value of magnetic field would be 171 kHz and 37.8 kHz respectively.

In contrast to this, the disc radius of Steven’s "small TPU" is ... small, around 60 mm. Consequently, the magnetic field required in this case is considerably higher, 587 Gauss, and the frequencies are therefore higher, 711 kHz for Cu65 and 156.7 kHz for Zn67.

Because of this, the penetration of the Radio-Frequency magnetic field within the discs in these two cases will be quite different, and so the efficiency of the fast-particle generation will be also different.

The efficiency of Radio-Frequency magnetic field penetration into a material is governed by the skin-effect which occurs when eddy currents flowing in an object at any depth, produce magnetic fields which oppose the primary field, thus reducing the net magnetic field intensity. The depth to which a magnetic field penetrates into a material is affected by the frequency of the excitation field, the electrical conductivity and the magnetic permeability of the material. The depth of penetration decreases with increasing frequency and increasing conductivity (1/resistivity) and with the magnetic permeability. The depth at which eddy current density has decreased to 1/e, or about 37% of the surface density, is called the “standard depth of penetration”, δ.

where

\delta = the skin depth in metres,

μ0 = the permeability of vacuum (4π x 10-7 H/m),

\mu_r = the relative permeability of the medium

\rho = the resistivity of the medium in Ω·m,

f = the frequency of the current in Hz

The table below lists resistivity and magnetic permeability of selected materials.

Table 1

Material

Chemical

Bulk

Relative Permeability μ/μ0

Formula

Resistivity

@20C

µΩ×cm

(Ω×10-8m)

Aluminium

Al

2.65

1

Brass

Cu70/Zn30

7

1

Bronze

Cu89/Sn11

15

1

Chromium

Cr

13.2

1

Copper

Cu

1.69

1

Dural

Al95/Cu 4/Mg 1

5

1

Iron

Fe

10.1

500

mu-Metal

47

30,000

Nickel

Ni

6.9

200

Palladium

Pd

10.8

1

Silver

Ag

1.63

1

Steel (nonmagnetic)

Fe/Cr

70

1.03

Tin (pure)

Sn

12.6

1

Zinc

Zn

5.96

1

Thus, δ for the brass disc of R=25 cm will be 0.685 mm, while for the same disc of R=6 cm it will only be 0.337 mm, assuming Zn67 as the resonating element and particle emitter.

This might have been one of the reasons why the “Small TPU” did not work very well. Therefore, Steven Mark's next device, the "Open TPU" (Fig.3), had a larger diameter to allow better penetration of the high-frequency magnetic field into the multiplication material. In the "Open TPU" the standing magnetic field was generated by two magnets (or stacks of magnets) and was guided by the steel part of the two composite rings of magnetic steel and brass, rather than composite discs. The current "kicks" were applied to the coils wound around the lower of the two composite rings, to excite NMR in brass. The magnetic field created by these coils was still perpendicular to the main (standing) magnetic field, between the rings, penetrating the brass rings. However, in this case it was parallel to the ring's perimeter rather than it's radius. In this device, the extraction of the useful power generated in the brass ring or rings was accomplished by the pick-up coils wound around the magnets.

Fig. 3. Open TPU.

This larger Steven Mark device worked significantly better than it's predecessor. However, deeper penetration of RF magnetic field into the brass disk or ring can also be accomplished through the increase of Radio Frequency power delivered to the disk. Steven Mark showed this later, implementing small ring (or toroidal) devices. Thus, it is shown here that both Kapanadze and Mark use the same underlying phenomenon.

In the device of Fig.1, the coil L2 does not have to be divided into two sections L2a, L2b. If the radius of the device is not too big, then the spool can be inserted into a tube and the coil L2 can be wound continuously on that tube. This is what might have been done in the vertical aquarium device, Fig. 4. The vertically positioned coil is of significant diameter, larger than any other coil exposed in subsequent demonstrations. The wires leading to the top of the coil are most probably feeding coil L1. The yellow box might be the pulser, a copy of electronics used in the electromechanical device. Since the spool is not rotating here, no intermediate transformer, denoted as T1 in the article below, is necessary.

Fig. 4. Vertical aquarium.

It should be noted that the simplified schematic of the devices shown in Figures 1 to 4 may then look like the diagram shown below (Fig.5). If the details of the conversion part of the device are left out, then the arrangement of L1/L2, looks just like a transformer, which is in agreement with the patents (WO_2008_103129_A1 and WO_2008_103130_A1). Then, as a result, this device looks very simple.

Fig.5. Simplified schematic of the device shown in Fig. 1.

Although the device may look like a transformer, it must be stressed that the energy in L2 does not come from L1, L1 only initiates the conversion process. The energy comes from transmutation of the disk material and manifests itself as a pulse of very high current in the disk or disks. This current produces a magnetic pulse which is inductively coupled by L2. Unfortunately, this magnetic pulse is also spuriously coupled by L1. To alleviate this, coil L1 has to be split into CW and CCW parts.

As mentioned earlier, the output of coil L2 is in the form of very high voltage, low frequency pulses. To reduce the peak voltage of these pulses on the load, it is customary to use a coil in series with the load, such a coil is marked L0 in Fig.6a. This coil has to be wound using well insulated wires to avoid breakdown and discharge damage.

The coil L0 was always exposed in Kapanadze demonstrations, had various shapes and decorations and output wires were always from this coil. The spool was always hidden: in the tin box (2004), inside the green box, under old PCB's, in the plastic box and was not accessible to the spectators. This is not only dictated by the secrecy surrounding this device. The main purpose of covering the actual device to shield against the radiation produced by the device. The spark gap, SG, sometimes visible in the demonstrations, connected directly to L2, is simply a voltage spike suppressor.

Fig. 6. Reduction of voltage spikes on the load. (a) using a coil, (b) using a toroidal transformer.

Steven Mark relied on a ferrite toroidal transformer, marked T0 in Fig 6b, for voltage spike reduction. This method is much more effective. He never required the spark gap for voltage spike suppression. It must be admitted though, that Mark's devices were not as powerful as Kapanadze's.

In view of the above, the "Green Box" demonstration circuit might have looked like shown in Fig. 7. The "Green Box" hides the RF Generator/Pulser and the "Spool" arrangement with L1 and L2. The shape between L1 and L2 indicates that this is a spool device and that the spool is grounded. The spark-gap, the infamous coil L0, decorated with heavy gage spring-like coil, and the Load were outside the box. The voltage output on the load, despite L0, is still relatively high and pulsed. When the output is transformed to lower voltage in T1, rectified and filtered, it can be used to power low voltage devices or the RF Generator/Pulser. In the "Green Box" demonstration, the input to the Radio Frequency Generator/Pulser was designed to be 220V/50Hz, therefore an inverter was used to close the self-powering loop.

Fig. 7. The "Green box" demonstration.

One of the many possible RF Generator/Pulser implementation circuits is shown in Fig.8:

Fig.8. Example circuit for the RF Generator/Pulser. LF Pulser may

be LM555 based. Asterisks denote adjustable parts.

The circuit of Fig.8 is very simple. Diode D1 rectifies the mains or the inverter output (a bridge rectifier could also be used here) and stores the energy in C6. Capacitor C2 is charged from C6 through R1 and L1. Energy stored in C2 is periodically discharged by the IGBT transistor which is controlled by a low-frequency pulser running at about 10Hz to produce dense comb of frequencies. The current through L1 during the discharge must be high enough to induce magnetic field oscillations which are capable of exciting Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the disc. The transistor used here does not have to be of IGBT type, but it must have capabilities which can handle the appropriate voltage and current. Two or more devices might be used in parallel to provide sufficient peak current through L1. Capacitor C2 determines the value of the peak current in the pulse. The LRC circuit consisting of coil L1, capacitor C1 and resistor R1 determines the effective band-width and centre frequency of the dense comb of frequencies for NMR excitation. The excited multiplication current in the disc is always many times higher that that in L1 in a properly built and tuned device. Let us first estimate the peak value of the current through L1 on the basis of measurements visible in Tariel Kapanadze’s 2004 “green box” video. At 220 V, the input current was 0.3 Amps which is 66 Watts of input power. The rectified and filtered voltage is then 310 V, and so the input current to the pulser would be 213 milliamps. Assuming a 1% duty cycle for the pulse, this gives 21.3 Amps of peak current through L1. This peak current is, of course, higher for still lower duty cycles.

To approximate the value of the current induced in the multiplication disc, assume that the radius of the multiplication disc is 60 mm and that the avalanche multiplication of carriers starts at a radius of 50 mm, which is 10 mm from the perimeter. The initial magnetic field confining the fast (v=270 000 km/s) electrons at the initial radius has to be 704.5 Gauss. To increase the confinement radius to the disc radius, just before the avalanche termination, the field has to be reduced to 587 Gauss. The compensating difference of 117.5 Gauss in the field strength has to be provided by the magnetic field of the avalanche current loop. To achieve this field strength, the value of the current in the disc has to reach I = 2 x R x B / μ0 which is 1122 Amps. In this calculation a formula for the magnetic field strength in the centre of the current loop was used. This strong circulating current produces a gyroscopic effect, as noted by Steven Mark in one of his videos.

This method of exciting NMR resonance in the disc material at practically any value of the magnetic field penetrating the disc, relies on creating a wide spectrum of a dense comb of frequencies. For this reason, the pulsing frequency has to be low, around 10 Hz or even lower, because the width of the NMR resonance is very narrow. This means that most of the harmonic energy created through pulsing is wasted, only one frequency in the comb is actually useful. For this reason one may think of a more efficient way of NMR excitation in the disc material: momentarily generating the exact NMR frequency required at a given magnetic field strength. A field strength which is required for cyclotron resonance. This can be achieved by exciting the coil L1 shown in Fig.1, with a frequency modulated (FM), continuous Radio Frequency signal. In this case, the frequency of the signal is modulated around the anticipated NMR frequency, thus passing though that resonant frequency periodically, each time stimulating NMR and hence fast particle generation. This latter method may prove more effective than the dense comb of frequencies method.

An example of a (simplified) circuit, which implements the above idea, is shown here in Fig. 9:

Fig. 9 Schematic of a simplified frequency-modulated signal generator.

The centre frequency is generated by the LM566 integrated circuit which is a voltage-controlled oscillator (“VCO”). This centre frequency is given as f0 = 2(Vcc-Vc) / (R1 x C1 x Vcc), where Vc = Vcc x R3 / (R2+R3). The frequency modulation sine-wave signal comes directly from the mains (a simple, but not elegant strategy), through resistor divider comprising of R4, R5 and R6, and passed to the rest of the circuit by capacitor C3, modulating the voltage Vc (set by resistors R2 and R3) and so, modulating the output frequency of the LM566 chip. The frequency modulated triangular waveform coming out of pin 4 of the LM566 chip, is amplified by a push-pull power stage, consisting of a resistive bias network R7 = R9,R8 and a pair of complementary transistors VT1 and VT2, whose output drives the input of the spool device L1, while L2 is the energy pick-up coil as shown in Fig.1. If larger amplitudes are needed, then the square wave output on pin 3 of the LM566 chip should be used. The circuit is powered through a transformer T1 and a bridge rectifier VD2. Tariel Kapanadze’s video demonstration in 2004, may have used a similar circuit. In that video, T1, VD2, C4, VT1 and VT2 are all located outside the metal can. The rest of the circuitry including the spool device with L1/L2 is inside the can. The load is connected to L2 in series with the voltage-spike suppressing coil L0, as shown in Fig.7.

The values of resistors R2 and R3 are usually 1.5 KΩ and 10 KΩ respectively. C2 is 1 nF, while the value of R1 needs to be between 2 KΩ and 20 KΩ. Vcc has to be less than 24V in order not to damage the LM566 chip. The values of R1and C1 depend on the desired frequency f0 as discussed in the above examples for different sizes of the spool device. For example, if f0 = 100 KHz, Vcc = 15V and C1 = 1 nF, then the value of R1 should be given by R1 = 2(Vcc - Vc) / (f0 x C1 x Vcc) = 2.609 KΩ. For best results, when tuning the device, resistor R1 should be adjustable. To modulate the centre frequency f0 = 100 KHz with an amplitude of Δf = 2 KHz, the voltage Vc has to change by ΔVc = Vcc x Δf x R1 x C1 / 2 = 39 mV. This alternating voltage amplitude has to be present on resistor R6, and so the value needed for R4+R5 is approximately 780 KΩ.

It has to be borne in mind that the circuit in Fig.9 is not optimal, since, for instance, it does not have voltage stabilisation for the VCO chip or a pre-amplifier before the push-pull output stage. These can be easily inserted into the circuit, if considered necessary.

The same effect can be achieved through modulation of the magnetic field strength in the disc, while keeping the excitation frequency constant, as described by Michael Meyer. This method, however, brings additional complications, as the field modulation coil also couples to the magnetic pulses created by the avalanche multiplication phenomenon.

This article deduces that the coils visible in the Kapanadze demonstrations are not responsible for energy conversion. Which raises the question: are coil-shaped energy devices possible at all? The answer is yes, but those shapes are more demanding in material selection for the multiplication ring or disc. In these devices, the magnetic field penetrating the disc or ring has to be rather strong, because the radius of the coil is small. This also means that the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance excitation frequency has to be higher. At high frequency it is difficult for the high-frequency magnetic field to penetrate the disc. Therefore less conductive (non-magnetic) discs may have to be used. Non-magnetic stainless steel which has 10.5% or more Chromium (Cr) and more than 50% Iron (Fe), may be a good candidate for use here. This material has resistivity which is 10 times higher than brass and relative magnetic permittivity which is in the range 1.02 - 1.03.

What about iron, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_iron , as a multiplication (fuel) material? Iron has even higher resistivity then brass, but unfortunately, very high magnetic permeability of more than 500. Hence, the skin depth is very shallow for iron. Fortunately, magnetic permeability is a function of magnetisation. For iron, and all other ferromagnetic materials, when magnetised to saturation, their relative magnetic permeability approaches a value of 1. This is why, in his patent, Michel Meyer mentions 0.5 T as the minimum magnetic field strength in his iron rod. Above this field strength, iron becomes magnetically saturated. At this field strength, or above, the radius of the cyclotron resonance becomes small, less than 1 cm. The multiplication material can then be in the form of an iron rod.

The device described in Michel Meyer’s patent, CZ 284,333, does not have to be exactly the shape shown there and it could be shaped into a “coil-type” device. One such possible implementation is described in Kunel’s patent:

In principle, the multiplication disc does not have to be conductive. The multiplication phenomenon does not rely on conduction electrons, but on fast-moving beta particles. All that is needed, are the initial fast, charged particles and the transmutation material embedded in the magnetic field. In this respect a ferrite ring may also serve the purpose, especially if the ferrite contains a percentage of Zinc or any other element which allows the easy generation of fast-moving particles under NMR stimulation. Ferrite has essentially infinite resistivity, therefore delivering radio-frequency excitation to the ferrite ring should not be a problem. The biasing magnetic field will be applied perpendicular to the plane of the ring, while the NMR excitation will be parallel to that plane. The fast particle multiplication current will then circulate within the ferrite ring.

If a ferrite ring is chosen as the ‘fuel’ for the energy coil, then the geometry of the device becomes closer to the device presented by “SR193”, which is the only working replication of the Michael Meyer-style energy coil at this time. At this point, it is worth remarking that the working schematics of the SR193 device were circulated on the internet for a long time and most of them were almost correct. Only, the correct coil construction and tuning methods were missing.

Fig.10 Cross-section of the Michael Meyer-style energy device. Some of the actual implementation details may differ from the arrangement shown above, but that will not alter the operation of device. This diagram is not to scale.

As shown here in Fig.10, in this energy device, the coils are all wound on ferrite cores, possibly ferrite rings glued together, but iron powder cores may be used as well. The bottom windings, L2a and L2b, form the NMR excitation coil and are connected in series. The bottom windings, L2a and L2b, form the NMR excitation coil and are connected in series. These two inner coils L2a and L2b form the NMR excitation coil and are connected in series. These two inner coils L2a and L2b are preferably wound in opposite directions, relative to each other, to create a perpendicular component (relative to the magnetising field B), of the magnetic field in the multiplication ring. L1 is used at low-frequency, to modulate the magnetic field strength within the ferrite multiplication ring. All the components of this device are held together by a plastic tube.

Winding L3 forms a pick-up coil. The ferrite ring magnets attached to the ferrite ring on the right hand side of the central plastic tube, provide the initial, ‘biasing’ magnetic field, “B0”, for the multiplication disc at the centre of the device. This device uses widely spaced harmonics, created by the spark gap pulse generator, while the frequency of the magnetic resonance is modulated thus periodically passing through one of these harmonics. Otherwise, this device tunes and works exactly as the device already described in Michael Meyer’s patent.

The main secret of the Kapanadze device is the multiplication disc, ring or rod (not necessarily conductive) placed within the coil or coils. It is hard to believe that this piece of physics has been known at least since Michel Meyer's experiments (around 1975) but it is known that Nikola Tesla and later Alfred Hubbard were also aware of this. In the cases of Tesla and Hubbard, the initialising particles needed for the multiplication process were coming from Radium rather than beta-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

In the example above, the spark-gap is used to create the (not necessarily dense) set of frequencies which create the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance effect in the ring, via coil L2. Consequently, the spark gap is a very important part of these devices, at least in the beginning. Later, this “quick and dirty” wide-spectrum Radio Frequency generator can be replaced by a more sophisticated semiconductor short-pulse generator. When the comb of frequencies is not dense, the field permeating the multiplication ring has to be modulated in order to ensure that the NMR condition is satisfied. The multiplication ring or disc should be connected to ground, as the transmutation reactions involve the radiation of charge, especially at high conversion rates. When not grounded, the potential of the ring or disc can get very high and pose the danger of a fatal electric shock.

Please note that all the devices discussed here are similar in the sense that they all share a common source of energy, only slight geometrical and material differences distinguish them. Also, they suffer from a common drawback: the strong magnetic field pulses created by the multiplication current pulses are not only being coupled by the pick-up coil but this field is coupled by all the coils, the only exception being the “Open TPU”. This is a major problem because the voltages on the ends of these coils can reach extremely high values. It must be kept in mind that the energy comes from a one-turn coil. The spark-gap insulates the High Voltage pulsing circuit sufficiently from these high voltages in the case shown in Fig.10. The magnetising/modulation circuit is more difficult to insulate. One remedy might be to divide the magnetising/modulation coil L1 into smaller coils each having fewer turns, so that the transformation ratio is reduced and therefore the voltages on their terminals will be lower. This, however, complicates the design and construction of the circuits.

In summary, this article discusses the operational principles and possible physical implementations of Tariel Kapanadze-style and Steven Mark-style coils. The details of the phenomenon behind the operation of these devices are discussed in the following article. As can be seen in different videos on the web, the size, visible number of windings and the diameter of the visible coil varies. The ways in which the coils are decorated to catch the attention of the onlooker also varies. Therefore, this article does not consider these coils as conversion devices, but as filters. The conversion part of the device is always hidden and is shown to be of the spool type transformer. These factors do not change in any way, the operational principles of the device, which is always the cascade multiplication of fast, charged particles within a conductive or even non-conductive material of circular cross-section. The charged particles are held in orbit by the Lorentz force generated by the magnetic field permeating the material which is normally in the form of a disc, ring or rod. The orbiting particles form a very large (usually pulsed) current flow which can be extracted through the inductive coupling by a pick-up coil and used to perform useful work. This rotating additional current is generated at the expense of the energy extracted from the transmutation of the isotopes in the material of the disc, ring or rod. An alternative form of this process is the one used by Nikola Tesla and Alfred Hubbard where they used an already radioactive material such as Radium to trigger the cascade-carrier-multiplication process, instead of the NMR stimulation described here.

It must be stressed that no laws of physics, as we know them today, are violated here. The fuel is supplied by the material which forms the ring or rod. The device will not work forever and it is not free-energy, nor overunity (depending on how one defines it).

Please be fully aware that this analysis is for information purposes only and must not under any circumstances be considered to be a recommendation for you to build or experiment with any such device as lethal voltages are liable to be generated by the coils. Radioactive particles may be produced by this device. It may be necessary to mount any such device in an earthed box made of aluminium (or other suitable metal) in order to screen out any stray radioactive particles. The multiplication ring or disc must be connected to ground because the transmutation reactions involved produce the radiation of charge. Consequently, if not grounded, the voltage generated in the ring or disc can get very high and pose a danger of a fatal electric shock. The multiplication disc, ring or tube may overheat and even explode. Thus it is entirely your own responsibility should you decide to experiment with this kind of device.

The principles of operation of Kapanadze electromechanical devices.

by William J. McFreey - February 2012

Two recently released (although old) YouTube videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3thvqFhFIfY and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVUN3GsekKQ , show a motor or electromechanical device designed by Tariel Kapanadze, running self-powered with a major mechanical output after being started with a tiny PP3 nine-volt battery only capable of providing a small current. The following analysis shows that Tariel’s device is in fact, a dual, solid-state isochronous cyclotron-like device ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron ) as shown here:

Fig.1. The cross-section of mechanical construction of the dual cyclotron-like device.

Some of the actual implementation details may differ from the arrangement shown above, but that should not alter the operation of device. The drawing above is not to scale.

The device consists of two identical composite discs mounted opposite each other on a shaft (the shaft should be connected to ground, as the discs may charge during operation). The spacing between these two discs can be altered in order to adjust the magnetic field strength which is generated between the discs by the permanent magnet mounted on the axle shaft.

This toroidal magnet, which is marked with arrows in the drawing, is mounted on the shaft and positioned between the plates and it provides the necessary magnetic field between the steel flanges. Each disc consists of two materials: brass (or possibly copper) and magnetic steel. The brass parts of the discs face each other. The external rotary transformer T1, is used to deliver radio-frequency energy to the steel/brass discs through the coil L1. This form of construction provides, not only the necessary magnetic field, but also a gradient in the magnetic field, as shown by the long black arrows in the drawing. The magnetic field passing though the brass plates is strongest at the perimeter of the discs due to the disc area there, while close to the shaft the magnetic field is practically zero, so the length of the black arrows in Fig.1, represents the strength of the magnetic field at that distance from the axle. In other words, the two steel flanges create a radially symmetrical and increasing distribution of the magnetic field. It should also be noted that one side of the brass discs is adjacent to a magnetic field which has a component which is parallel to the plane of the disc. This may facilitate the lateral confinement of charged particles within the discs.

Each brass disc in this arrangement can act as an independent solid-state isochronous cyclotron-like device. There is a magnetic field perpendicular to the flanges and the strength of that field is proportional to it’s distance from the axle. As an approximation, you can visualise it as there being a very large number of “cylinders” of equal magnetic strength between the flanges. The brass discs are immersed in this field. All that is missing to make this into a working isochronous cyclotron-like device are the fast-moving charged particles. These could be generated by using a radioactive material, but that is not necessary since in this case, they are generated through nuclear magnetic resonance-stimulated radioactivity. To accomplish this, the externally generated radio-frequency input signal is transmitted through the RF coupling transformer T1, to the coil L1. The signal returns through the steel plates and the non-magnetic shaft. The magnetic field created by coil L1 is radially parallel to the plane of the disc (marked schematically in Fig.1 by the small arrows) and therefore, perpendicular to the field within the disc, as is needed for NMR excitation. The radio frequency f0 is chosen so that it will excite Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at the location of one of the cylinders of equal magnetic field between the flanges (see Fig.2). This frequency is given by

Where:

ϒ is the gyromagnetic ratio of an isotope in the disc material, and

B is the local magnetic induction

( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance ).

And the value of that magnetic field has to be such that the cyclotron resonance condition is also fulfilled, namely:

Where:

m is the particle mass,

q is it’s charge,

B is, as before, the local magnetic induction,

v is the particle’s velocity, and

r is the radius of the magnetic cylinder.

When the magnetic field strength at some radius fulfills both equations, then the action begins. The initial fast particles are generated by the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-stimulated radioactivity in the brass discs and some of those particles will start to circulate in the plane of the discs where they get deflected and guided by the magnetic field, B, and follow a circular path on that cylinder of equal magnetic strength. The radius of the particle orbit is given by the equality of the centripetal force and the magnetic Lorentz force ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force ). This resembles an isochronous cyclotron action, although the particles are not accelerated, but instead, they are greatly increased in number in an avalanche-type process.

The speed of these emitted radioactive particles is very high, being about 270,000 Km/s for beta particles, and this easily meets the cyclotron resonance requirement for moderate values of magnetic field, B, and the radius, r. The process can be sustained by the cascade-generation of many more fast particle emission events through elastic collisions (where the incoming particle is not absorbed in the collision) or inelastic collisions (where the particle is absorbed) of the particles with nuclei in the disc. The emission events become synchronised and unidirectional. More and more particles start circulating in the brass disc. In effect, this is a fast particle multiplier, where the fast particles create additional fast particles in a continuously repeating cycle. The exact reactions taking place in the disc and the particles involved in those reactions is beyond the scope of this article.

In theory, this creates a run-away condition. In reality, the circulating particles constitute a current in a one-turn coil with it’s own magnetic field, which modifies the initial magnetic field B, and thus detunes the system from cyclotron-like and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. In this way, the process saturates at a certain value of current, or, which is more common, enters a pulsation mode. The current created by the orbiting charged particles reduces the magnetic field in the discs, and therefore increases, and eventually pushes, the cyclotron resonance orbit beyond the perimeter of the disc.

To explore this self quenching mechanism further, let us examine the direction of the multiplication current relative to the magnetising field (or current in the coil if used for magnetisation). To accomplish this, one needs to use the right-hand rule for the direction of the magnetic vector in a coil and a graphical illustration of the magnetic Lorentz force equation (these tools can be found for instance on Wikipedia). The conclusion is that the field produced by the multiplication current will always oppose the magnetising field, thus reducing it's strength. Subsequently, the cyclotron orbit radius increases to the point where it is beyond the perimeter of the disc and the multiplication current vanishes through radiation to the environment. Each particle radiation event, under this condition, exerts a force on the disc material (the equivalent of a jet engine on a macroscopic scale or more precisely a nozzle ejection turbine), and so, significant torque is created.

The charged-particle multiplication process resembles the stimulated emission which is produced in masers or lasers, but at the particle level, rather than at the photon level. The current in the disc material, as described here, consists of fast-moving charged particles, moving at nearly the speed of light, rather than slow-moving conduction electrons. These fast-moving particles are capable of inducing transmutation reactions ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation ).

Normally, the system is pre-tuned by adjusting the magnetic field B, to a value which will support cyclotron resonance on a cylinder of equal magnetic field B close to the inner perimeter of the brass discs, by estimating the effective speed of the charged particles which will be generated. When the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance stimulus is provided, cyclotron-like particle circulation, multiplication and radiation starts occurring and torque is generated, accompanied by a strong circular pulsed current in the brass discs. In this way, the arrangement of Fig.1 becomes a motor. When the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance stimulus is removed, the cyclotron-like multiplier process dies down, and hence the generated torque, ceases. In principle, the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance stimulus does not have to be very strong and can be generated by a small, battery powered solid-state generator. Unlike the Kapanadze coil, the generated high current in the discs is not utilised in this electromechanical device.

It is worth noting that gradient in the magnetic field, makes it easier to meet both Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and isochronous cyclotron resonance conditions. The magnetic field gradient also facilitates particle confinement within the discs.

The main problem in design of these devices is that the line-width of the nuclear magnetic resonance is very narrow. For instance, the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) line-width of the NMR in copper (Cu63, Cu65) is in order of 100 parts per million (ppm) ( http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/nmr/techniques/1d/row4/cu.html ). This means that under a magnetic field that would make the nuclei of copper resonate at 1 MHz, the FWHM of this resonance would be ~100 Hz. The NMR line-width of zinc and iron is even narrower, on the order of 5 ppm (see other pages of the reference above). These facts make it difficult to find the exact NMR frequency and maintain the material in the disc under NMR resonance, especially when the magnetic field is not precisely stabilised. Therefore, it is advantageous to generate a dense comb of frequencies, rather than a single frequency, for the purpose of exciting NMR in the disc. This is accomplished by generating sharp pulse trains at a relatively low repetition rate. In this mode each pulse delivered to coil L1 produces a huge current pulse in the disc. Another possible way to overcome the difficulties posed by the narrow line-width of NMR, is to use a frequency-modulated signal generator. In that case, the frequency of the signal is modulated around the anticipated NMR frequency, thus passing though that resonant frequency periodically. The motor demonstrated by Kapanadze definitely used one of these principles.

As can be noticed in the videos, one of the discs is coated on the outside with a foamy substance. The magnetic force between the two loops of very high pulsed current in the discs excites mechanical vibration of the discs and this coating attenuates those vibrations.

Fast particles are generated in matter constantly as a result of spontaneous decay of nuclei. This generation is, however, not frequent enough to create avalanches of particles, even under the conditions described above. Here, the important requirement is that whenever the particle is absorbed, on average, it triggers the emission of more than one particle, and that the emitted particles move in the direction of the incoming particle. Thus, the circulating particles are not the same in the orbit as it is in a normal cyclotron. On the contrary, a charged particle's life-time in the disc is very short, and they are constantly being absorbed and regenerated at the expense of element transmutation within the material. However, between collisions, these particles are still subject to the Lorentz force.

In conclusion, the Kapanadze disc machines work on a principle of cyclotron-like resonance, but in conjunction with the radioactivity of certain conductive materials, when enhanced by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance stimulation.

Fig.2. Gyration of the emitted charged particle in the gradient of the magnetic field in a disc (e.g. brass)

under the condition of cyclotron resonance. The disc rotates in the opposite direction to the particles.

The choice of materials for the flange and disc construction is of extreme importance: in the flanges, magnetic steel is used to provide both strength and an even distribution of the magnetic field. For the discs, brass which is an alloy of Zinc and Copper both of which have many isotopes ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass ) or some other conductive material, like copper or even iron, is used in order to provide enhanced radioactivity under Nuclear Magnetic Resonance stimulation.

The physics behind all of Kapanadze’s devices is the same and very interesting. It is stressed however, that no laws of physics, as we know them today, are violated here. The fuel is supplied by the disc material. The devices will not work forever and it is not free-energy, nor overunity (depending on how that is defined), but they are remarkable, both in their engineering and architecture.

These types of device were invented by Michel Meyer in the early 1970s (as can be seen earlier in this chapter and at http://www.rexresearch.com/meyernmr/meyer.htm ), and developed further by Steven Mark in the mid 1990s (the shape of his first device was a spool). It is also possible that Nikola Tesla, and then Hubbard, experimented with this kind of device.

This analysis is for information purposes only and must not under any circumstances be considered to be a recommendation for you to build or experiment with any such device. Radioactive particles are produced by this device. The centrifugal forces are extremely high in this device and so it is your full responsibility if you chose to experiment with this device. It may be necessary to mount any such device in an earthed aluminium box in order to screen out any stray radioactive particles.

The Cold Electricity Coil of ‘UFOpolitics’

A man who uses the forum ID of ‘UFOpolitics’ has been sharing his insights and experiences on various different forums, such as the one dealing directly with the production and use of cold electricity in solid-state circuits: http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/10529-my-motors-got-me-tap-into-radiant-energy-1.html His insights are unusual and very important. His basic statement is that if a coil is pulsed, using a circuit like this:

then conventional hot electricity pulses the coil when the transistor is switched ON, but if that current is switched OFF rapidly, then there is an inflow of cold electricity into the coil from the surrounding environment. That inflow of energy can be collected and diverted to power a load through the use of two high-speed diodes which can carry considerable current as the power inflow is substantial. The inflow of energy occurs when the transistor is switched OFF and so it is desirable to have the transistor switched off for most of the time, in other words, a low percentage Duty Cycle for the transistor. There must be a significant load on the cold electricity output. If there is not, then the cold electricity will flow back into the hot electricity section of the circuit and it may damage the transistors. Tom Bearden states that resistors boost cold electricity rather than hindering it’s flow, so the load should be a coil, a DC motor with brushes or a fluorescent light bulb.

It has been observed that the incoming energy tends to flow inwards towards the centre of the coil, so an additional method of collecting this extra energy is to place a second coil inside the main coil, and wound in the same direction as it, like this:

This provides two separate, independent cold electricity power outputs. Diodes are not needed for the inner ‘secondary’ coil. This inner coil is a pick-up coil and is not related in any way to the number of turns in the hot electricity pulsing coil. Instead, this coil collects inflowing cold electricity during the period when the pulsing coil is switched OFF. The hot electricity pulsing coil can be wound directly on top of the extra pick-up coil or the extra coil can be wound separately and placed inside the main coil spool.

Very surprisingly, it is recommended that the powerful high-speed diode used to channel the cold electricity out of the circuit, be followed by a small 1N4148 silicon epitaxial planar high-speed diode (75V 0.45A) as this is said to clean up the cold electricity output even more. It is important that the cold electricity has to encounter the more powerful silicon diodes before reaching the 1N4148 diodes, so the order of the diodes is very important, and should be as shown here:

Alternative diodes for the NTE576 (6A, 35nS, 400V) are the NTE577 (5A, 70nS, 1000V) and the HFA16PB (16A, 19nS, 600V). The main requirement is high-speed operation, voltage rating of at least 400V and current rating of at least 5 amps..

There is one additional thing to be done with this circuit when a DC output is required and that is to apply filtering to the output. First, when the energy has passed through the NTE576 (or equivalent) power diodes, it encounters a high-frequency (low capacity) high quality film capacitor placed across the output in order to siphon off any high-frequency voltage ripple before it is passed through the small 1N4148 diodes and into a smoothing and storage electrolytic capacitor. Storing the cold electricity in the electrolytic capacitor converts it into conventional hot electricity.

While this circuit looks like something which you just switch on and it works, that is not the case as there is an essential start-up procedure where the signal applied to the transistor is started at just a few cycles per second and 50% duty cycle and that input is then adjusted carefully and slowly while monitoring the voltages and currents produced by the circuit. This is a seriously powerful system with the capability of producing a major power output.

It is very important that the circuit is not powered up without a suitable load on the cold electricity output. A suitable load is a self-ballasted 230-volt fluorescent light. It must be understood that just flipping the power switch to it’s ON position is not sufficient to get an inflow of cold electricity. Instead, it is necessary to progress the start-up sequence carefully, and a fluorescent light is particularly helpful for doing this although a neon bulb is also a popular choice of temporary load, because these devices allow the current flow in the load to be assessed visually.

Before switch-on, the input oscillator is set to 50% duty cycle and minimum frequency. Then the frequency is raised very slowly, causing the lamp to start flashing. As the frequency is raised, the current drawn from the battery needs to be monitored as it is the current flowing through the transistor, and the current is kept down by lowering the duty cycle progressively. This process is continued carefully and if successful, the colour of the light produced will initially be purple or green before reaching continuous bright white light. Videos showing the light produced and the fact that it is not dangerous to life or affected by water can be seen at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KALMgFscg&list=UUdmFG5BeS0YnD2b5zasXXng&index=1&feature=plcp .

The driving force is a series of powerful magnetic pulses, and implementing the physical circuit to achieve that requires careful construction. The battery driving the circuit is a 36 volt combination of cells. The coil is wound as an air-core construction on a 2-inch (50 mm) diameter spool and the DC resistance is arranged to be about 1.4 or 1.5 ohms. This, in turn, requires a substantial drive from the transistor and so it is normal to connect six powerful output transistors in parallel in order to spread the current flow between them as well as dissipating the heat generated across several transistors bolted to a common heat-sink of generous area.

How the coil is wound is something to consider. The objective is to have a coil of about 1.5 ohm resistance and which has the maximum magnetic effect for the current passed through it. Copper wire has become very expensive and so it would be very costly to wind the coil with vast lengths of thick wire, not to mention the very large size and great weight which would be produced by doing that. The copper wire options in Europe are typically to work with half-kilogram reels of wire. The details of some of these are as follows:

We can see from this that a 500 gram reel of 14 swg wire has a total resistance of just 0.09 ohms and so it would take sixteen reels (weighing 8 kilograms and costing a lot of money) to wind just a one-strand coil using that wire, producing a coil which could carry a current of 9.3 amps. As opposed to that, a single reel of 28 swg could provide 52 separate windings, which when connected in parallel, could carry 15 amps as well as costing and weighing far less. It would be tedious, but not impossible, to wind a 52-strand coil, so a more reasonable number of strands connected in parallel might be used. We are aiming at a DC resistance of about 1.45 ohms in any coil arrangement which we select.

The magnetic field produced by a single strand is generally less than the magnetic field produced by two strands carrying the same total current. So, if we were to pick 22 swg wire, then we could measure out four 33.5 metre lengths, join them at the start, and wind the four strands simultaneously, side-by-side to form a coil with a DC resistance of 1.45 ohms. It is important that the strands are exactly the same length so that they carry exactly the same current and no one strand gets overloaded with current due to it having a lower resistance than the other strands. It should be realised that as the maximum current which the wire can carry is 4.8 amps and the resistance is only 1.45 ohms, the maximum continuous DC voltage which can be sustained by the coil is only 7 volts, and so as a 36-volt battery is being used, we must adjust the frequency and duty cycle very carefully, especially since we are starting at very low frequencies. If the full battery voltage is applied continuously to the coil, then the coil will be destroyed.

Various members of the forum have suggested, built and tested different circuits for feeding a variable-frequency variable-duty-cycle drive signal to the output transistor. However, ‘UFOpolitics’ recommends a simple 555 timer circuit. If you are not familiar with electronic circuits, then read chapter 12 which explains them in some detail, including the 555 timer family of circuits. The point stressed by ‘UFOpolitics’ is that the output taken from pin 3 of the 555 chip passes first through a 100 ohm resistor and then, every transistor gets a separate feed via a two resistor voltage divider pair. The 47K Gate-to-Ground resistor is to ensure that the FET turns off properly. It may be possible to increase the value of these resistors but they should never be less than 47K.

The thick lines in this diagram indicate heavy-duty wiring which can carry high currents without generating any real heat when doing so. It is also recommended that although the FET has an internal diode, an extra external high-speed diode (NTE576 or similar), be connected across each FET in order to boost the switching speed:

A FET has a gate capacitance of about 1 nF. The faster it can be charged / discharged the faster the FET will switch (and stay cool). What determines the speed of charge / discharge for the gate capacitance is the length of wire from driver to gate or gates is inductance (where one metre of wire produces 0.05µH). In addition to that, different lengths of Gate connection wire will create different switching delays and the different inductances can then initiate High Frequency oscillations with repetitive ON/OFF/ON/OFF switching actions. The result might be burned FETS and lack of cold electricity activities.

Another point made by ‘UFOpolitics’ is that the physical layout should have the connecting wires or tracks kept as short as possible and he suggests this layout:

There are two things to note here. Firstly, the 100 ohm resistor coming from pin 3 of the 555 timer IC is positioned centrally between the six FET transistors mounted on the aluminium heat-sink, and that point is carried closer to each FET with a low-resistance conductor to give a good-quality link for the resistors feeding the Gate of each FET. Secondly, the heat-sink itself is also used to provide a low-resistance electrical connection to the coil which the FETs are driving. The connection to the heat-sink is via a nut and bolt clamping a solder tag firmly to a cleaned area of the heat-sink. Each FET is electrically connected to the heat sink through it’s mounting tag which forms it’s heat-sink connection as well as connecting to the Drain of the Transistor. However, if the aluminium heat sink is a black anodised type, then, apart from cleaning between each FET and the heat-sink contact area, it is worth running a thick wire also linking the central FET pins to the output wire connection point.

The transistors used in the prototype, and recommended for replications are the NTE2397. This is not a very common transistor in Europe at this time and so the popular IRF740 might perhaps be used as it appears to have all of the main characteristics of the NTE2397 transistor. ‘UFOpolitics’ suggests the 2SK2837 (500V, 20A, 80A pulsed), or the IRFP460 (500V, 0.27 Ohm, 20A and 80A pulsed).

As the 555 timer has a maximum supply voltage of 15 volts, an LM317N voltage-stabiliser chip is used to create a 12-volt supply from the 36-volt battery (a 24V battery could be used):

The LM317N integrated circuit should be attached to a good heat sink as it is dropping off 24 of the 36 volts powering the circuit, and so, has to dissipate twice the power that the NE555 chip uses:

There are various pulsing circuits which have been used successfully with this system. ‘UFOpolitics’ considers the NE555 chip to be the most straightforward, so perhaps my suggestion for this arrangement might be a suitable choice:

This gives fine control of the frequency and independent adjustment of the Mark/Space ratio or ‘Duty Cycle’ and it needs only three very cheap components other than the controls. If the expensive multi-turn high quality variable resistors are available, then the 4.7K ‘fine-tune’ variable resistor can be omitted as those variable resistors make the adjustments easier to control. The ‘Lin.’ In the diagram stands for ‘Linear’ which means that the resistance varies steadily at a constant rate as the shaft of the variable resistor is rotated.

In the ‘UFOpolitics’ circuit, it is important to turn the frequency down to it’s minimum value and set the Mark/Space ratio to 50%, before powering the circuit down. Otherwise it would be easy to power the circuit up with a much higher frequency than is advisable and so, causing damage to some of the circuit components.

There are ways to boost the performance over what has already been described. One way is to insert a stainless steel core inside the coil. Stainless steel is supposed to be non-magnetic but in practice, that is not always the case. However, ideally, this steel core is improved by altering it’s crystalline structure by heating it up and then quenching it by submerging it in cold water.

Another improvement is to isolate the coil better at switch-off through the use of a second transistor. Having a ‘switched-off’ transistor at each end of the coil certainly blocks the flow of hot electricity, but if Tom Bearden is correct, the resistance of the transistors in their OFF state will actually boost the flow of cold electricity as it reacts in the reverse way to how hot electricity reacts. The arrangement is like this:

While this looks like a very simple circuit to implement, that is not the case. The upper transistor is switched ON by the voltage difference between it’s Gate “G” and it‘s Source “S”. But, the voltage at it’s Source is not fixed but varies rapidly due to the changing current in the coil, and that does not help when solid and reliable switching of the upper transistor is needed. A P-channel FET could be used instead and that would have it’s Source connected to the fixed voltage of the Plus of the 36V battery. That would help the switching enormously, but there would still be timing issues between the two transistors switching ON and OFF at exactly the same time. Other circuits have been suggested for doing that type of switching, but in the early stages, ‘UFOpolitics’ recommends that things be kept as simple as possible, so using just one transistor is the best option.

Switching speed is an item of major importance, even to the extent that the reduction in the speed of switching caused by using more than one transistor in parallel has caused the suggestion to be made that it might actually be a better option to use just one FET since these high-performance FETs are capable of carrying the whole of the switching current, and it is mainly to lower the FET operating temperature that multiple FET use is suggested. Every extra FET used in parallel, slows the switching down. However, it should be realised that there is a somewhat greater risk of burning the FET out if just one is used.

The coil dimensions recommended are two-inch (50 mm) diameter and 2-inch length. The wound coil is likely to be about three-inches (75 mm) so making the flange diameter 4-inches (100 mm) is realistic:

The recommended material is fibreglass which has high heat-resisting properties as well as being easy to work, the personal choice of ‘UFOpolitics’ is Polyester Resin with Methyl Ethyl Kethol (MEK) Hardener. A suggested alternative is acrylic, which is not as heat resistant. Acrylic is excellent for high-frequency applications but this circuitry does not operate at high frequencies. Whatever spool material is chosen, it needs to be non-magnetic. When connected in the circuit, the start of the coil winding wire goes to the battery positive.

Here is another coil wound on acrylic tube and with all four diodes connected to the ends of the coil:

It should be understood that cold electricity provides almost unlimited power and it has uses which are not readily understood by many people.

‘UFOpolitics’ suggests that the hot electricity drive circuitry be tested initially using just a resistive load. If everything checks out correctly, then test with a lesser value resistor in series with the coil, and if that checks out satisfactorily, then testing cautiously with the coil on it’s own.

Cold electricity can charge batteries rapidly and after a series of charge and discharge cycles, batteries become ‘conditioned’ to cold electricity and the experiences of Electrodyne Corp. staff show that large conditioned batteries which are fully discharged, can be recharged in under one minute. A member of the present forum has tried this with the ‘UFOpolitics’ circuit and he reports:

Yesterday a friend and I took 6 identical, old, 12V, 115Ah batteries and made two 36V banks. We set up bank “A” (the better three) to power the device to charge bank “B”. Bank A was 37.00v at rest and Bank B was 34.94V. My lowest frequency was 133Hz (I need to change my cap and add another 100k pot with the one which is controlling the frequency) and the duty cycle was at 13%. We started at 2A draw on the Primary circuit.

As I raised the frequency, the batteries on charge jumped up to 38.4V then dropped evenly to 36.27V and started up again (at about 0.01V every 2 seconds). After two and a half hours, they were up to 39.94V. At this point we stopped the charging and let everything rest for 10 minutes. So far everything seems very normal for this kind of charging, except that the device appears to be very stable and powerful...pushing the batteries right on up continuously. The Primary battery voltage dropped initially to 36.20V and stayed there the whole time, then recovered to 36.98V during the 10 minute rest.

Then we switched battery banks A and B and charged the opposite way for about 20 minutes. We stopped and rested things again, swapped the banks back and started charging bank B again for another 20 minutes and stopped. After letting the batteries rest for a few hours in order to get truer readings, bank A was at 37.07V and bank B was at 38.32V. Both battery banks had gained power. These were not very good batteries, either. One of the bank B batteries was at 10.69V at the start. Another interesting note: The amp draw on the Primary dropped from 2A to 1.5A as the frequency was raised from 133Hz to about 550Hz.

This was with the very first use of cold electricity with these low-grade batteries and a major improvement can be expected after many additional charge/discharge cycles. This completely overcomes the factors which make a battery bank unsuitable for household power. If an entire battery bank can be recharged in just minutes, then it opens the way for serious household power using a battery bank.

Cold electricity can also run motors very powerfully. Forum member ‘Netica’ found that putting a capacitor across the motor terminals improved the running very substantially, giving impressive performance. His video of this is at http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=7uAYKhrPDPc and the motor, running off an air-core coil with no steel insert. His set-up looks like this:

It is also possible to submerge cold electricity circuits in water without causing any harm:

A video of this is located here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1KALMgFscg&feature=channel&list=UL including demonstrating the use of very powerful light bulbs. A general running demonstration is here:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVzhKpEqUgc&feature=player_embedded .

Stanley Meyer’s Electrical Particle Generator.

Stan, who is famous for his water-splitting and related automotive achievements, actually held about forty patents on a wide range of inventions. Here is one of his patents which circulates magnetic particles in a fluid, and while the fluid does move, none of the other components in the device move and a high level of constructional skills is not called for:

Please note that this is a re-worded excerpt from this Stan Meyer patent. Although it does not state it in the patent, Stan appears to make it understood that this system produces a significant power gain – something with Patent Offices find very difficult to accept.

Patent CA 1,213,671 4th February 1983 Inventor: Stanley A. Meyer

ELECTRICAL PARTICLE GENERATOR

ABSTRACT

An electrical particle generator comprising a non-magnetic pipe in a closed loop having a substantial amount of magnetised particles encapsulated inside it. A magnetic accelerator assembly is positioned on the pipe, which has an inductive primary winding and a low-voltage input to the winding. A secondary winding is positioned on the pipe opposite to the primary winding. Upon voltage being applied to the primary winding, the magnetised particles are passed through the magnetic accelerator assembly with increased velocity. These accelerated particles passing through the pipe, induce an electrical voltage/current potential as they pass through the secondary winding. The increased secondary voltage is utilised in an amplifier arrangement.

BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART

The prior art teachings expound the fundamental principle tat a magnetic field passing through inductive windings will generate a voltage/current or enhance the voltage across it if the winding is a secondary winding.

It is also taught by the prior art, that a magnetic element in a primary inductive field will be attracted at one end of the coil and repelled at the other end. That is, a moving magnetic element will be accelerated in motion by the attraction and repulsion of the magnetic field of the primary inductive winding.

In the conventional step-up transfer, the voltage across the secondary is a function of the number of turns in the secondary relative to the number of turns in the primary winding. Other factors are the diameter of the wire and whether the core is air or a magnetic material.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention utilises the basic principle of the particle accelerator and the principle of inducing a voltage in a secondary winding by passing a magnetic element through it.

The structure comprises a primary voltage inductive winding having a magnetic core, plus a low-voltage input. There is a secondary winding with a greater number of turns than the turns in the primary winding, plus an output for using the voltage induced in that winding.

The primary winding and core are positioned on one side of an endless, closed-loop, non-magnetic pipe. The secondary windings are positioned on the opposite side of the endless pipe. The pipe is filled with discrete magnetic particles, preferably of a gas, and each particle has a magnetic polarised charge placed on it.

Due to their magnetic polarisation charges, the particles will sustain some motion. As the particles approach the accelerator assembly, which is the primary coil, the magnetic field generated by the coil attracts the particles and accelerates them through the coil. As each particles passes through the coil, the repulsion end of the coil boosts the particle on it’s way. This causes each particle to exit from the coil with an increased velocity.

As the magnetic particles pass through the secondary coil winding, they induce a voltage across the ends of that coil. Due to the larger number of turns, this induced voltage is much higher than the voltage across the primary coil.

The main objective of this invention is to provide an electrical generator which is capable of producing a voltage/current of much greater magnitude than has been possible previously. Another objective is to provide a generator which uses magnetic particles and a magnetic accelerator. Another object is to provide a generator which can control the amplitude of the output. Another objective is to provide a generator which can be used with DC, AC, pulsed or other configurations of waveforms. Another objective is to provide a generator which can be used in either a single-phase or a 3-phase electrical system. Another objective is to provide a generator for developing magnetised particles for use in an electrical particle generator. Another objective is to provide an electrical generator which uses readily available components to construct a simple embodiment of this invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig.1 is a simplified illustration of the principles of the invention, shown partially in cross-section and partially pictorially.

Fig.2 is an electrical schematic illustration of the embodiment shown in Fig.1.

Fig.3 is an illustration similar to Fig.2 but which is adaptable to 3-phase use.

Fig.4 is a first alternative arrangement of a preferred implementation of the invention.

Fig.5 is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of the invention.

Fig.6 is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.

Fig.7 is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.

Fig.8 is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.

Fig.9 is an alternative arrangement for a magnetic drive particle accelerator assembly.

Fig.10 is an illustration of an alternative method of producing the magnetised particles used in this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Fig.1 and Fig.2 show the invention in it’s most simplified schematic form:

It comprises a primary coil magnetic accelerator assembly 10, a closed-loop non-magnetic pipe 30, and a secondary winding 20. The magnetic accelerator assembly is comprised of primary windings 12, a magnetic core 14, and voltage taps 16. The primary windings are positioned around end 32 of the closed-loop pipe 30 which is made from non-magnetic tubing.

At the opposite end 34 of the closed-loop pipe 30, are the secondary windings 20. The end terminals 22 of the secondary winding 20, allow the voltage generated in the winding to be used. Contained inside pipe 30, there is a substantial number of magnetic particles 40 as shown in Fig.2. The particles 40 must be light enough to be freely mobile and so may be particles suspended in a fluid medium such as gas, liquid or light-weight movable solid particles. Of these options, the use of a gas is preferred. If solid particles are used as the transporting medium, then it may be desirable to remove all air from inside the pipe in order to reduce the resistance to the flowing particles. Each of the particles 40 is magnetised and the following description refers to one individual particle and not to the mass of particles as a whole.

The voltage applied to terminals 16 of primary winding 12, is a low voltage, and it’s magnitude may be used as an input signal control. By varying the input voltage, the accelerator will vary the speed of the circulating particles, which will, in turn, vary the magnitude of the voltage/current output of the secondary winding 20. The output 22 of the secondary transformer winding 20, is a high voltage/current output.

It can be appreciated that the system shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2 where there is just one closed loop, provides a single-phase output in the secondary winding 20. Fig.3 shows a closed-loop arrangement with three parallel non-magnetic tubes 31, 33 and 35, each with it’s own output winding 21, 23 and 25. Each of these three windings are a single-phase output, and as their three pipes share a common input junction and a common output junction, these three output windings provide a balanced 3-phase electrical system.

Fig.4 shows an electrical power generator which operates exactly the same as those shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2. Here, the arrangement is for use in an environment where there is a high moisture content. An insulating coating 45, completely covers pipe 30 as well as all of the electrical windings. Fig.4 also illustrates the fact that increasing the number of turns for any given wire diameter increases the voltage/current output of the device. In this physical configuration, both vertical and horizontal directions are used which allows a large-diameter pipe to be used with a substantial number of turns of heavy-gauge high-current wire.

Fig.5 shows a coil arrangement 49, which uses the entire magnetic flux in the closed-loop tubing 47. This is a co-axial arrangement with the primary winding 43 as a central core.

Fig.6 illustrates a concentric spiral configuration of the tubing 50, with the secondary windings 53 covering it completely.

Fig.7 shows an arrangement where the particle accelerator 10 is wound over the tubing 30 in much the same way as in Fig.1 and Fig.2. However, in this arrangement, the tubing 30 is a continuous closed loop arranged in a series-parallel configuration where there are three secondary windings providing three separate outputs while the tubing 30 runs in series through those three windings.

Fig.8 shows a configuration which is the reverse of that shown in Fig.7. Here, there are several pick-up coils wound in series and unlike the earlier configurations, the tubing 80 is not continuous. In this arrangement, there is an input manifold 82, and an output manifold 84, and several separate tubes 60a, 60b, 60c, ….. 60n interconnecting those two manifolds. Each of those separate tubes has it’s own separate secondary coil 70a, 70b, 70c, ….. 70n wound on it.

The magnetic particle accelerator 10, can be different in design to that shown in Fig.1. Fig.9 shows a mechanical particle accelerator 100. In this arrangement, the magnetic particles 102 are permanently magnetised prior to being encapsulated in the non-magnetic pipe 110. The particles 102 are accelerated by fan blade or pump 104 rotated by mechanical drive assembly 106. The mechanical drive for assembly 106 may be a belt-drive pulley 112, or similar device driven by an electric motor. A sealing bearing 114 keeps the particles 102 inside the pipe 110.

It has been stated that the magnetic particles traversing the secondary coils, generate a voltage/current in them. It must be understood, however, that that the particles are actually traversing the magnetic field of those coils.

Also, the pipe 30 has been described as a non-magnetic pipe. There are certain non-magnetic pipes which would not work with this invention. Pipe 30 must be capable of passing magnetic lines of force.

A significant feature of each of the various embodiments already described, is the generation of the magnetic particles which are encapsulated within the tubing.

Fig.10 shows an apparatus for carrying out the process of vaporising material to produce suitable particles which are then magnetised by being subjected to a magnetic field. The chamber 155 is an evacuated chamber having electrodes, made from magnetisable metal, 160 and 162. A voltage is applied between terminals 150 and 152, and this drives a current through terminals 154 and 156, to spark-gap electrodes 160 and 162, generating an arc which vaporises the tip material of the electrodes, producing particles 180. These particles rise and enter tube 190, passing through a magnetic field generator 175. This gives each particle a magnetic charge and they continue on their way as magnetically-charged particles 185, passing through port 190 to reach the electrical particle generator described above.

In the simplified embodiment shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2, as well as the other preferred embodiments mentioned, it was indicated that a low voltage was applied to the particle accelerator 10. Upon acceleration, a high voltage/current would be induced in the secondary pick-up coil 20. A most significant advantage of the present invention is that the voltage amplification is not related to the shape of the waveform of the input voltage. Specifically, if the input is DC a DC voltage will be output. An AC input will produce an AC output. A pulsed voltage input will produce a pulsed voltage output and an input voltage of any other configuration will produce an output having that same configuration.

The Work of Russ Gries.

Russ Gries has produced a video presentation and analysis of the above Stan Meyer patent. This is a large download file which takes a considerable time to receive (some hours in my case). The download link is: http://www.ringsbyruss.com/youtube/P2_The_Key_To_Stanly_Myers_Water_Car_Gas_Core_Transformer_Self_Staining_Device.flv . In it, Russ deals with his extensive examination of the patent and he draws attention to what Stan said about it in his New Zealand videos:

1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmxaVOolO-8&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm06ACQtv0k&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpvPypJw-QY&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

…….

8: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvYc7vrnj6I

And in particular, video 8, where Stan discusses the design and use of the generator. It is easy to get somewhat confused as Stan talks about both the Electrical Particle Generator and it’s use in combination with HHO production as a large-scale power generation source.

The very experienced Alex Petty is joining with Russ in working on replicating Stan’s system and Alex’s web site is at www.alexpetty.com . A discussion forum linked to this is at http://open-source-energy.org/forum/ and there is information at http://www.overunity.com/index.php?topic=5805.285 and high-resolution pictures can also be seen in Russ’ video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOarpi6sDD4 . Russ’ own website is at http://rwgresearch.com/ and an additional video of the most recent developmental work being undertaken at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adzVQRsS1KY&feature=youtu.be .

There are various important things which are commented on and Russ is to be commended for drawing attention to them. For the moment, please forget about HHO as that is a separate issue. As far as I can see, the patent does not claim that the device is COP>1 but instead that the device is a power transformer which potentially has a greater power output than conventional transformers since there is no Lenz Law reverse magnetic path from the output coil winding to affect the input power.

Having said that, Stan in his video points out ways to boost the power of the device, namely:

1. Increase the strength of the magnetic particles

2. Increase the speed of the magnetic particles

3. Lower the distance between the magnetic particles and the output winding.

The magnetic particles can be produced in various ways, but the most effective appears to be by filling the arcing chamber with argon gas and using iron, nickel or cobalt electrodes. The reason for this is that the electric arc does not only generate minute particles of the electrode material, but it also interacts with the argon, stripping off electrons and causing some of the metal particles to combine with the modified argon gas molecules to form a magnetic gas. That gas will always remain a magnetic gas due to the atomic bonding as it is not just minute particles of metal physically suspended in a gas due to their tiny size.

You will recall from chapter 1, that the very successful ShenHe Wang magnet motor/generator has a magnetic liquid as a key component. Here, Stan is producing a much lighter magnetic gas and the advantage of that lightness is that it can be boosted to very high speeds without any danger. The larger the number of modified argon molecules, the greater the magnetic effect when they pass through a coil of wire. The argon gas can be passed through the arc chamber over and over again so that a very high percentage of the gas is magnetic. Alternatively, if you are sophisticated in the design of the particle generator, you can arrange for the molecules which have become magnetic, to be pulled off into storage by a magnetic field.

Stan talks about pumping the magnetic gas through whatever pipe loop arrangement you decide to use, by a pump, but he promptly moves on to using a magnetic coil to boost the gas forward as the coil has no moving parts and so, no mechanical wear. This is only one reason. The main reason is that with magnetic acceleration, the gas speed can become very high indeed and in his video he talks about the speed of light. However, I personally do not believe that anything remotely like a speed that great could be achieved inside a pipe loop of small diameter. Nevertheless, speeds well in excess of what a mechanical pump can achieve are likely to be produced by magnetic acceleration.

Russ, in his discussion, points out that on most of Stan’s surviving prototypes, the coil which is used for the acceleration is constructed using several apparently separate coils, and he speculates that each coil section is powered sequentially, causing a rippling magnetic field. While that is definitely possible, I don’t see that a style of coil powering would have any advantage as opposed to powering all of the coils continuously. However, if sequential powering is believed to be an advantage, then the ‘Divide-by-N’ circuitry of chapter 12 can be used to provide the sequential powering or any more complex sequence.

Stan then points out that the output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of turns on the output coil and/or having additional output coils. This is easily understood conventional electrics. But, he then goes on to point out that the output will also be increased if the electrons of the modified argon molecules are raised to a high orbital level. This places the electromagnetic electrons (as described in chapter 11) closer to the output coils and presumably also allows the gas to be accelerated to a greater speed by the driving magnetic field.

This power boosting of the gas is achieved using Stan’s “Gas Processor” described in chapter 10. The Gas Processor pumps electromagnetic energy into the gas through the use of banks of Light-Emitting Diodes which produce light of the correct wavelength to add energy to that particular gas.

If you check on the internet for the wavelength of argon, you find conflicting information, with some sites saying that the wavelength is 1090 nanometres (“nm”) and most others saying both 488 nm and 514.5 nm. Most LEDs produce a band of frequencies, so it would be a case of picking LEDs whose band of frequencies include the wanted wavelength.

The Gas Processor itself, consists of a central tube which is polished to a mirror finish on the outside, surrounded by a larger tube which is highly polished on the inside. The LED light is then bounced between these polished surfaces until it is absorbed by the gas which is passed through the gap between the two tubes. This is not easy to illustrate, but it might be shown like this:

In Stan’s design, he uses six columns of sixteen LEDs, with each column of LEDs spaced out evenly around the outer tube. So, to boost the Magnetic Particle Generator to greater power levels, a Gas Processor is placed in the loop of tubing:

The Gas Processor normally has a coil mounted at each end and it may be convenient to use coils in those positions as accelerator coils. It may also be an advantage to apply a pulsed high-voltage between the inner and outer tubes of the Gas Processor. As it stands, this looks as if it has a high possibility of being a COP>1 electrical device.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-info.com

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 4: Gravity Pulsed Systems

Lawrence Tseung’s COP=3.4 Pulsed-Flywheel Generator.

It is generally not realised that excess energy can be obtained from pulsing a flywheel or other gravitational device.

This fact has recently been stressed by Lawrence Tseung who refers to the extra energy obtained in this way as being “Lead-out” energy. This gravitational feature has been part of university Engineering courses for decades, where it has been taught that the loading stress on a bridge caused by a load rolling across the bridge is far less than the stress caused if that same load were suddenly dropped on to the bridge.

This impulse technology has been known for some time and it is demonstrated driving a canoe in the video at http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5738531568036565057#docid=2330020782283421681 but Lawrence points out the potential for using it as a method for gaining excess energy for practical use. In October 2009, Lawrence and his band of helpers ran public demonstrations of an early prototype electrical pulsing system which produces excess output energy of COP = 3.3, that is, with 3.3 times more output energy than the user has to put into it to make it work:

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiafQ9R-REs&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL Lawrence is busy developing this device further as he intends to construct one with a output energy excess of several kilowatts.

Behind this device is Lawrence's "Lead-out" theory and for this he suggests a simple arrangement to demonstrate the principle. He presents the case of a rotor which has two substantial weights contained in two cylinders attached to the rotor:

As the disc rotates, the ball falls down the length of the tube. At one end, the tube has a rigid cap which causes a significant impact when the ball hits it. The other end of the tube is padded and that cushions the impact which causes a net imbalance in the impacts and that maintains the rotation.

There is a prototype implementation on YouTube but the implementation is not adequate and the disc stops rotating after five minutes. The YouTube video slot is located at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zykButGc22U&feature=related and there are two significant problems with that particular build. Firstly, the tube rotation is too slow to be effective and instead of the weight falling under gravity and accelerating to a good speed before the impact, the weight just rolls gently down a minor slope and does not make a major impact.

Secondly, the weights are far too small for the size of the wheel and there are only two weights providing impacts very widely spaced apart as the wheel rotates only slowly. One man made a ten-foot version and it rotated steadily for ten months after which time his wife insisted that it be taken apart as it was too noisy.

I would suggest some modifications to the wheel as Lawrence is far too busy with developing his COP>1 pulse implementation. Firstly, the movement of each weight should be delayed until the tube is much nearer the vertical. This can be achieved by curving part of the tube like this:

This way, the ball does not start rolling until the main part of the tube is near vertical. This allows a much greater acceleration and impact. The weighted ball should be much larger, say 2" (50 mm) in diameter and made of lead, in order to generate a significant thrust. Also, the cushioned ends of the tubes should be aligned with the pivot of the wheel so that any residual impact does not generate a turning force in the wrong direction. there is a negative turning effect due to the lever arm of the bottom weight. This turning force is only there for a small arc of rotation as the weight will roll inwards as soon as the tube section rises above the horizontal and as the tube then transitions into a circular curve, the movement inwards is gentle. It probably would be better if the tubes were angled slightly more in the clockwise direction, rather than exactly as shown in the diagram.

Secondly, there should be eight tubes on the disc, four on each side and one side staggered by 45 degrees so that there is a driving impact every 45 degrees instead of the 180 degrees of the version shown in the YouTube video. With that arrangement of four times as many impacts, each substantially greater, and no significant reverse impacts, the wheel has a much better chance of successful rotation without needing to be particularly large. The wheel itself should not be light as it acts as a flywheel and a pulsed flywheel has already been shown to produce excess power. The wheel bearings should be ball races and not the closed variety because those ones are packed with grease and have a serious resistance to rotation. Instead, the open-sided variety of ball bearing should be used as they rotate very freely.

Using straight tubes for illustration, each tube could be like this:

Here, a wood disc is fitted to each end of a piece of plastic tube and held securely in place with screws or bolts which pass through small holes drilled in the plastic pipe and screw into the wooden disc. A piece of thick sponge is glued to the disc at one end and the heavy weight inside the tube is not a tight fit so that it can move very freely inside the tube. Four of these tubes are fitted to each side of each disc used in the device as shown here:

The four tubes attached to the back of the disc are 45 degrees away from the tubes mounted on the front of the disc. Each tube is attached securely in place with straps which pass through the disc and are secured on the far side. The tubes can also be glued in place to further strengthen the attachment. These eight tubes give an unbalanced impact for every 45 degrees of rotation. If two of these discs are attached to a common rotor shaft, then the second disc can be positioned 22.5 degrees around from the first one. That arrangement gives an unbalanced impact for every 22.5 degrees of rotation. If three discs were placed on a common rotor shaft and evenly positioned, then there would be an unbalanced impact every 15 degrees of rotation, which is 24 impacts per rotation. A two-disc arrangement might look like this:

If the rotor spins well, then it would be worth while attaching a series of magnets to the discs, being careful to keep each disc perfectly balanced. One or more air-core coils can then be used to determine if current can be drawn from the device without stopping the rotation. The coils should not have a magnetic core as that would cause a major drag on the rotation whether current was being drawn or not.

Chas Campbell’s Flywheel System.

Recently, Mr. Chas Campbell of Australia demonstrated electrical power gain with a flywheel system which he developed:

But what this diagram does not show, is that a couple of the drive belts are left with excessive slack. This causes a rapid series of jerks in the drive between the mains motor and the flywheel. These occur so rapidly that they do not appear noticeable when looking at the system operating. However, this stream of very short pulses in the drive chain, generates a considerable amount of excess energy drawn from the gravitational field. Chas has now confirmed the excess energy by getting the flywheel up to speed and then switching the drive motor input to the output generator. The result is a self-powered system capable of running extra loads.

Let me explain the overall system. A mains motor of 750 watt capacity (1 horsepower) is used to drive a series of belts and pulleys which form a gear-train which produces over twice the rotational speed at the shaft of an electrical generator. The intriguing thing about this system is that greater electrical power can be drawn from the output generator than appears to be drawn from the input drive to the motor. How can that be? Well, Mr Tseung’s gravity theory explains that if a energy pulse is applied to a flywheel, then during the instant of that pulse, excess energy equal to 2mgr is fed into the flywheel, where “m” is the mass (weight) of the flywheel, “g” is the gravitational constant and “r” is the radius of the centre of mass of the flywheel, that is, the distance from the axle to the point at which the weight of the wheel appears to act. If all of the flywheel weight is at the rim of the wheel, the “r” would be the radius of the wheel itself.

This means that if the flywheel (which is red in the following photographs) is driven smoothly at constant speed, then there is no energy gain. However, if the drive is not smooth, then excess energy is drawn from the gravitational field. That energy increases as the diameter of the flywheel increases. It also increases as the weight of the flywheel increases. It also increases if the flywheel weight is concentrated as far out towards the rim of the flywheel as is possible. It also increases, the faster the impulses are applied to the system.

However, Jacob Bitsadze points out that another mechanism comes into play even if all of the belts are correctly tensioned. The effect is caused by the perpetual inward acceleration of the material of the flywheel due to the fact that it rotates in a fixed position. He refers to it as being ‘the rule of shoulder of Archimedes’ which is not something with which I am familiar. The important point is that Chas Campbell’s system is self-powered and can power other equipment.

Now take a look at the construction which Chas has used:

You notice that not only does he have a heavy flywheel of a fair size, but that there are three or four other large diameter discs mounted where they also rotate at the intermediate speeds of rotation. While these discs may well not have been placed there as flywheels, nevertheless, they do act as flywheels, and each one of them will be contributing to the free-energy gain of the system as a whole.

If the drive motor were a DC motor which is deliberately pulsed by a special power supply, then the effect is likely to be even greater. Chas’ system produces excess energy, and although it is by no means obvious to everybody, that excess energy is being drawn from gravity. At this time, one of the videos of Chas operating his device can be seen at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QD2Whs_LxA and a replication using a different style at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP1wZ3feyzQ

Ok, so what are the requirements for an effective system? Firstly, there needs to be a suitable flywheel with as large a diameter as is practical, say 4 feet or 1.2 metres. The vast majority of the weight needs to be close to the rim. The construction needs to be robust and secure as ideally, the rate of rotation will be high, and of course, the wheel needs to be exactly at right angles to the axle on which it rotates and exactly centred on the axle:

Next, you need a motor drive which gives a rapid pulsed drive to the shaft. This could be one of many different types. For example, the original motor design of Ben Teal where very simple mechanical contacts power simple solenoids which operate a conventional crankshaft with normal connecting rods:

This style of motor is simple to construct and yet very powerful. The switch for each solenoid can be a very simple mechanical switch which is pushed closed by a cam when the crankshaft is in the position where the solenoid should pull, and opens again when the crankshaft reaches the position where the solenoid should stop pulling. This motor also meets the requirement for rapidly repeated impulses to the axle of the flywheel. The motor power can be increased to any level necessary by stacking additional solenoid layers along the length of the crankshaft:

This style of motor looks very simple and its operation is indeed very simple, but it is surprising how powerful the resulting drive is, and it is a very definite contender for a serious free gravitic energy device in spite of its simplicity.

An alternative suitable drive system could be produced by using the same style of permanent magnet and electromagnet drive utilised by the Adams motor, where electromagnets positioned just clear of the edge of the rotor disc are pulsed to provide an impulse to the drive shaft, in the case shown below, every 30 degrees of shaft rotation.

Here, the sensor generates a signal every time that one of the permanent magnets embedded in the rotor passes it. The control box circuitry allows adjustment of the time between the arrival of the sensor signal and the generation of a powerful drive pulse to the electromagnets, pushing the rotor onwards in its rotation. The control box can also provide control over the duration of the pulse as well, so that the operation can be fully controlled and tuned for optimum operation.

Any ordinary DC motor driven by a low-rate DC motor “speed controller” would also work in this situation, as it will generate a stream of impulses which are transmitted to the flywheel. The shaft of the flywheel will, of course, be coupled to an automotive alternator for generation of a low voltage output, or alternatively a mains voltage generator. It should be stressed that having several flywheels as part of the drive gearing, as Chas Campbell does, is a particularly efficient way of leading-out excess gravitational energy. Part of the electrical output can be used to provide a stabilised power supply to operate the drive for the flywheel.

It is possible to make the Chas Campbell arrangement into a more compact construction by reducing the size of the flywheel and introducing more than one flywheel into the design. It is perfectly possible to have more than one flywheel on a single axle shaft. The construction of the flywheels can be efficient if a central steel disc is used and two cast lead collars are attached to the rim on both sides of the web disc. This produces a flywheel which is as cheap and effective as can conveniently be made.

Although it is not shown on the diagram shown above, Chas does use additional discs. These are not particularly heavy, but they will have some flywheel effect. Ideally, these discs should be beefed up and given considerable weight so that they contribute substantially to the overall power gain of the device. This is what Chas’ present build looks like:

A possible alternative construction might be:

Here, there are five heavy flywheels mounted on two heavily supported strong axles, and while the two shown in dark green are only rotating at half the speed of the other three, the energy gain will be equal for each flywheel as each receives the same train of drive pulses. However, the pulley sizes might be better chosen in accordance with Jacob’s observations mentioned below.

The drive impulses can be from a DC motor fed with electrical pulses, perhaps via a standard “DC motor speed controller” or using electrical pulses to drive a series of permanent magnets spaced out around the edge of a circular rotor. In this instance, the electrical generation can be via a standard commercial generator, or it can be produced by using the electromagnet driving coils alternately to drive and to capture electrical energy. The following sketch shows a possible arrangement for this concept:

Jacob Byzehr’s Analysis.

In 1998, Jacob lodged a patent application for a design of the type shown by Chas Campbell. Jacob has analysed the operation and he draws attention to a key design factor:

Jacob states that a very important feature for high performance with a system of this kind is the ratio of the diameters of the driving and take-off pulleys on the shaft which contains the flywheel, especially with systems where the flywheel rotates at high speed. The driving pulley needs to be three or four times larger than the power take-off pulley. Using Chas’ 1430 rpm motor and a commonly available 1500 rpm generator, the 12:9 step-up to the shaft of the flywheel gives a satisfactory generator speed while providing a 3.27 ratio between the 9-inch diameter driving pulley and the 2.75” diameter power take-off pulley. If a generator which has been designed for wind-generator use and which has it’s peak output power at just 600 rpm is used, then an even better pulley diameter ratio can be achieved.

The Wilson Self-Powered DC Generator

Mr. Wilson of Texas built a self-powered generator system using an old table and some car parts. His construction was shaky, but in spite of that, it powered itself and other equipment. The table which he used was five feet (1.5 m) in diameter and 2-inches (50 mm) thick which means that it will have weighed at least 130 pounds or 60 Kilograms which is a substantial amount, well in excess of that used by Chas Campbell with his AC self-powered system. In this DC construction the system was driven by a standard, unmodified, off-the-shelf DC motor powered by two car batteries wired in parallel to give a larger current capacity. These batteries were kept charged up by two ‘generators’ from pre-1964 American cars (the closest available today are permanent magnet alternators). These generators also powered additional equipment and Mr Wilson pointed out that three or more generators could be run by the system, giving a substantial level of excess electrical power.

The machine has to be described as ‘shaky’ because he chose to convert the table top into a V-pulley belt drive flywheel by driving a series of nails into the edge of the wooden disc, with those nails angled to form a V shaped gap through which he ran a pulley belt. After three days of continuous running, those nails started to come out, causing him to power the system down. This unit was built around 1990, and if anyone decides to attempt a replication, then I suggest that the rim of the wooden disc is grooved to take the belt rather than relying on nails. The arrangement was like this:

There was also a belt-tensioning roller which is not shown in the diagram above which assumes that the flywheel has been grooved to take the drive belt. Schematically, the arrangement was like this:

Here, the additional output can be used directly for powering 12-volt equipment or an inverter can be used to provide mains voltage and frequency. A typical inverter looks like this:

The battery power is connected to one end using thick cables to carry the heavy current, and one or more mains sockets are provided at the other end of the case, along with an On/Off switch and power indicators. Inverters come in many sizes and power ratings, generally ranging from 150 watts to 3,000 watts (3 kW). The more expensive ones are specified as “True Sine-Wave Output” but very few present day items of equipment will not run well on the cheaper versions which do not produce a true sine-wave output.

Mr Wilson decided not to patent his design and instead wanted it to be open-source information for anybody to use freely. However, the Jesse McQueen patent shown in chapter 13 looks to be Mr Wilson’s design although the flywheel does not appear to be mentioned there. It should be stressed that the generator output needs to be high and so permanent magnet types are considered to be essential for this application. The specialised motor (and consequently, generator) winding methods of ‘UFOpolitics’ shown in chapter 2, raise efficiencies by a factor of typically 300% or more, and so would raise the output of this system very substantially if they were applied to the motor, or the generators, or both.

John Bedini’s COP=8 Pulsed Flywheel.

The Chas Campbell system is not an isolated case. On page 19 of the book “Free Energy Generation - Circuits and Schematics” John Bedini shows a diagram of a motor/generator which he has had running for three years continuously while keeping its own battery fully charged.

At John’s web site http://www.icehouse.net/john1/index11.html about half way down the page, there is a black and white picture of a very large construction version of this motor. The important thing about this motor is that it is being driven by electrical pulses which apply a continuous stream of short drive pulses to the flywheel. This extracts a steady stream of continuous energy drawn out from the gravitational field, enough to charge the driving battery and keep the motor running. The large version built by Jim Watson had an excess power output of many kilowatts, due to the very large size and weight of its flywheel.

The overall strategy for this is shown here:

It is also likely that Joseph Newman’s motor gains additional energy from its large physical weight of some 90 kilograms driven by a continuous stream of pulses. Any wheel or rotor assembly which is driven with a series of mechanical pulses, should benefit from having a serious flywheel attached to the shaft, or alternatively, the outer edge of the rotor. Engineers consider that effect of a flywheel on an irregular system is to iron out the irregularities in the rotation. That is correct as a flywheel does do that, but Lawrence Tseung’s gravity “lead-out” theory indicates that those irregular pulses also add energy to the system.

James Hardy’s Self-Powered Water-Jet Generator.

As described in more detail in Chapter 2 and Chapter 8, there is a very simple device based on a high-power water pump. In this system, a small quantity of water is pumped around continuously, in the same general style as an ornamental fountain. The difference here is that a high speed jet of water is produced and directed at a turbine wheel. The turbine wheel can be of any type as indicated in the patent which James has been awarded for this design. In the video at present on the web, the water wheel is of very simple design and yet works well – it is shown here:

Small discs are attached to the wheel at widely spaced intervals around it’s rim. The water jet hits these and applies an impulse to the wheel, driving it around, but also adding extra energy through those impulses.

The waterwheel is coupled to a standard electrical generator via pulleys and V-belts. The system is started using the mains supply and then when it is running at full speed, the electrical supply for the pump is switched over from the mains to the output of it’s own generator. This is exactly the same as Chas Campbell does with his pulsed flywheel and both systems are capable of powering additional standard electrical equipment intended for mains use.

Chas Campbell’s flywheel, John Bedini’s flywheel and this water-jet generator all demonstrate very clearly that environmental energy is readily available for us to use any time we choose to do so. All that is necessary is for us to construct one of these devices.

The Permanent Magnet Pendulum.

At the present time, there is a short video clip on YouTube, showing a pendulum which has been running unaided for two years: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZjNbjhxgt4 and which uses both gravity and magnetism to keep going. The device is installed in a case with transparent sides:

The pendulum itself looks rather like a sledgehammer due to it's rigid shaft and the additional magnets mounted on the weight. The above picture shows the pendulum at the end of it's swing to the right and the picture below, in it's extreme left hand swing position:

Which indicates the swing covers a fairly short distance. Mounted near the top of the pendulum, there are two pivoted arms which look quite like microphones, due to having large magnets mounted on their innermost ends:

The device operates like this: The pendulum swings to the right and as it does so, it raises a magnet attached to the pendulum shaft by a curved silver arm:

Presumably, the arm is curved to avoid the constructional complications at the pendulum pivot which would be caused by a straight mounting arm attached to the pendulum shaft. The rising magnet attached to the pendulum pushes the magnet end of the rocker arm upwards even though it does not come close to it.

The rocker arm is used to raise and lower a plate which has a magnet mounted in it. The raising and lowering is achieved by having two cords attached to the end of the rocker arm and their other ends attached to the two upper corners of the moving plate:

The plate slides in two slots in the support housing and the plate movement is relatively small:

The tipping up of the lever arm drops the plate down as the pendulum approaches the plate. This introduces a magnetic braking effect where some of the momentum of the pendulum weight is stored in the opposing magnetic fields of the pendulum magnets and the plate magnet. This brakes the pendulum movement and gives it a magnetic push on its opposite swing, sustaining it's swinging day after day after day.

This is a clever arrangement and the device on display has been built to a very high standard of construction. It does not appear to have any additional energy take off, but seems quite likely that air-core coils could be used along the swing path to generate electrical power. The arrangement appears so close to John Bedini's pendulum battery charger that it may well be possible to use a pendulum of this type to charge batteries just as John does.

While this looks like a very simple device, it is highly likely that it requires exact adjustment of the length of the lever arms, the magnetic gap sizes in relation to the strength of the magnets, etc. etc. Repeated small adjustments are probably needed to get the device operating smoothly and sustaining the pendulum swing. All in all though, it is a very interesting device.

Jerzy Zbikowshi’s Mechanical Power Amplifier.

We come now to a device which I would love to describe as “impossible” but reluctantly, I can’t actually do that. On the surface, this device has every appearance of being impossible, and yet it has been measured in a laboratory as being 147% efficient. Perhaps the laboratory measurements are wrong, however, there seems to be very little scope for measurement error as the device is so basically simple. My problem is that if the results are 100% genuine, which is distinctly possible, then a series of these arranged in a circle, each driving the next one, it would create a self-powered device and I can’t explain where the driving power would come from. I can understand pretty much every other device in this eBook, but this one has me stumped. As I don’t have any basis for claiming to be a genius, I am sharing the information here and I will let you decide if it can work as the patent claims that it does.

The patent in question is the very innocent looking US 7,780,559 entitled “Chain Transmission” which innocently states that it is a single-chain system for rotating a large gearwheel at the same rate as a smaller, driving gearwheel, and without question, that is exactly what it does. At this point, my Engineering training jumps in and says “sure, but the overall mechanical efficiency will be less than 100% and while the larger gearwheel does rotate at the same rate, it will do so far less powerfully, and you have exactly the same effect as driving the second shaft with a small gearwheel which has a large gearwheel bolted to it.

The only problem with this is that testing appears to show that this is not the case and in fact, (probably due to the larger lever arm of the larger gearwheel radius) the arrangement has an output power which was measured in the prototype as being 47% greater than the input power. OK, so how does it work?

In the diagram shown here, a small-diameter driving wheel marked “1” has exactly the same number of teeth as the much larger driven wheel marked “2”. As they are linked by a chain, these two wheels rotate at exactly the same rate, that is, the revolutions per minute are exactly the same for each of those two wheels.

The way that the chain manages to push the larger teeth of the large wheel is by having the driving roller “5” raised by a triangular link “4” so that it has the same rotational pitch as the teeth on the larger wheel.

My immediate reaction to this is to say that as the triangular licks in the drive chain have a somewhat narrower base than their height, that this will cause the driving roller “5” to have a less powerful drive than the driving wheel “1”. But if the lab measurements made on the prototype are correct, then that increased level arm effect is not sufficient to overcome the gains caused by the increased radius of the larger wheel. The lab measurements were made at the certified laboratory of the Institute of Electrical Machines and Drives of the Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland. A video presentation in Polish can be seen at http://www.focus.pl/video/film/perpetuum-mobile/ . It is difficult to see how this chain drive could be COP>1 but it has the advantage that anyone with good mechanical construction skills can test it without the need for any knowledge of electronics.

Gravitational Effects.

We are all familiar with the effects of gravity. If you drop something, it falls downwards. Engineers and scientists are usually of the opinion that useful work cannot be performed on a continuous basis from gravity, as, they point out, when a weight falls and converts it’s “potential energy” into useful work, you then have to put in just as much work to raise the weight up again to its starting point. While this appears to be a sound analysis of the situation, it is not actually true.

Some people claim that a gravity-powered device is impossible because, they say that it would be a “perpetual motion” machine, and they say, perpetual motion is impossible. In actual fact, perpetual motion is not impossible as the argument on it being impossible is based on calculations which assume that the object in question is part of a “closed” system, while in reality, it is most unlikely that any system in the universe is actually a “closed” system, since everything is immersed in a massive sea of energy called the “zero-point energy field”. But that aside, let us examine the actual situation.

Johann Bessler made a fully working gravity wheel in 1712. A 300 pound (136 Kg) wheel which he demonstrated lifting a 70 pound weight through a distance of 80 feet, demonstrating an excess power of 5,600 foot-pounds. Considering the low level of technology at that time, there would appear to be very little scope for that demonstration to be a fake. If it were a fake, then the fake itself would have been a most impressive achievement.

However, Bessler acted in the same way as most inventors, and demanded that somebody would have to pay him a very large amount of money for the secret of how his gravity wheel worked. In common with the present day, there were no takers and Bessler took the details of his design to the grave with him. Not exactly an ideal situation for the rest of us.

However, the main argument against the possibility of a working gravity wheel is the idea that as gravity appears to exert a direct force in the direction of the earth, it therefore cannot be used to perform any useful work, especially since the efficiency of any device will be less than 100%.

While it is certainly agreed that the efficiency of any wheel will be less than 100% as friction will definitely be a factor, it does not necessarily follow that a successful gravity wheel cannot be constructed. Let us apply a little common sense to the problem and see what results.

If we have a see-saw arrangement, where the device is exactly balanced, with the same length of a strong plank on each side of the pivot point, like this:

It balances because the weight of the plank (“W”) to the left of the support point tries to make the plank tip over in a counter-clockwise direction, while exactly the same weight (“W”) tries to tip it over in a clockwise direction. Both turning forces are d times W and as they match exactly, the plank does not move.

The turning force (d times W) is called the “torque”, and if we alter the arrangement by placing unequal weights on the plank, then the beam will tip over in the direction of the heavier side:

With this unequal loading, the beam will tip down on the left hand side, as indicated by the red arrow. This seems like a very simple thing, but it is a very important fact. Let me point out what happens here. As soon as the weight on one side of the pivot is bigger than the weight on the other side (both weights being an equal distance from the pivot point), then the heavy plank starts to move. Why does it move? Because gravity is pushing the weights downwards.

One other point is that the distance from the pivot point is also important. If the added weights “m” are equal but placed at different distances from the pivot point, then the plank will also tip over:

This is because the larger lever arm “x” makes the left hand weight “m” have more influence than the identical weight “m” on the right hand side.

Do you feel that these facts are just too simple for anyone to really bother with? Well, they form the basis of devices which can provide real power to do real work, with no need for electronics or batteries.

The following suggestions for practical systems are put forward for you to consider, and if you are interested enough test out. However, if you decide to attempt to build anything shown here, please understand that you do so entirely at your own risk. In simple terms, if you drop a heavy weight on your toe, while other people may well be sympathetic, nobody else is liable or responsible for your injury - you need to be more careful in the future ! Let me stress it again, this document is for information purposes only.

The Deflected-Weight Generator of Mikhail Dmitriev.

Mikhail is a Russian experimenter who has worked for many years developing and testing gravity-powered devices. His persistence has paid off and he has been very successful. His work is shown on Sterling Allan’s web site http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Mikhail_Dmitriev_Gravity_Wheel where there are videos and photographs of several of his prototypes. It is envisaged that large versions which generate 6 to 12 kilowatts of excess power will become available for purchase in 2011. Each of his various designs is based on the principle of having weights attached to a wheel and arranging for those weights to be offset outwards when falling and offset inwards when rising. Because of the different lever arms involved, that gives a force imbalance which causes the wheel to rotate continuously and if the weights are of a considerable size, then the rotation is powerful and can be used to generate electrical energy.

In order to arrange for the weights to be offset as the wheel goes around, each weight is suspended on a pivoted arm:

For the device to operate as required, that suspension arm needs to be moved to (say) the right when falling and be centred or deflected to the right when rising. Mikhail has chosen to use a small amount of electrical power to make this happen, because the energy provided by gravity in turning the wheel far outweighs the small electrical input needed to make the wheel rotate.

Several mechanisms for making this happen have been tested as you can see from Sterling’s presentation. One method is to push the lever arms to the right with a simple rotating disc which has deflector arms attached to it:

After being given the sideways push, each weight stays off centre until it reaches the bottom of it’s travel. Please remember that while the weights show here are tiny, a full-size working device will have weights which weight a total of perhaps 130 kilograms and the forces involved are then large. The picture above is a little difficult to make out as the rotating disc is transparent and the support for the rotating arms is also transparent. The horizontal metal arm is there to support the transparent panel on which the ‘arms wheel’ bearing is mounted.

An alternative method is to use a small motor which drives the arms directly as shown here:

Each weight is held rigidly and so when the motor arm presses against it, the lever arm is pushed out sideways without the weight twisting away from the motor arm. These prototype weights are not heavy, but when a working unit is being built they will have considerable weight, so to get a well balanced arrangement, it might be advisable to have weights on both sides of the wheel so that there is no offset axial load placed on the shaft which supports the wheel:

Mikhail’s arrangement works well when it relies on the swinging movement of the weights to keep them off centre during the time when they are falling and you can watch a video of that happening. However, it makes one wonder if it would not be possible to arrange for this movement without the need for a motor, although using a motor is a very clever and sensible method of ensuring rotational power. Perhaps if two stationary deflectors were used, one to keep the weights out to the right when falling and one to keep them out to the right when rising, a viable system might be created. Perhaps something like this:

Admittedly, the deflector pieces would have a smoother shape than drawn here, but the principle is shown in spite of the poor quality of the diagram. Where heavy weights are involved, each could have a roller bearing pressing between the weight and the deflector shield in order to minimise friction as the weight slides past. Alternatively, the deflector shield could be faced with powerful magnets opposing similar magnets attached to the weights which would give a no-contact, very low friction movement. A fairly similar idea is part of the next entry from Dale Simpson.

Dale Simpson’s Gravity Wheel Suggestion.

The design of gravity-operated machines is an area which has been of considerable interest to a number of people for quite some time now. The design shown here comes from Dale Simpson of the USA. It should be stressed that the following information is published as open-source, gifted to the world and so it cannot be patented by any individual or organisation. Dale’s prototype wheel has a diameter of about five feet, utilising weights of a substantial value. The overall strategy is to create excess torque by having the weights slide along metal rods radiating from a central hub somewhat like the spokes of a cart wheel. The objective is to create an asymmetrical situation where the weights are closer to the hub when rising, than they are when falling.

The difficulty with designing a system of this type is to devise a successful and practical mechanism for moving the weights in towards the hub when they are near the lowest point in their elliptical path of movement. Dale’s design uses a spring and a latch to assist control the movement of each weight. The key to any mechanical system of this type is the careful choice of components and the precise adjustment of the final mechanism to ensure that operation is exactly as intended. This is a common problem with many free-energy devices as careless replication attempts frequently result in failure, not because the design is at fault, but because the necessary level of skill and care in construction were not met by the person attempting the replication. Here is a sketch of Dale’s design:

The wheel has an outer rim shown in blue and a central hub shown in grey. Metal spokes shown in black run out radially from the hub to the rim. Eight spokes are shown in this diagram as that number allows greater clarity, but a larger number would probably be beneficial when constructing a wheel of this type.

The wheel as shown, rotates in a counter-clockwise direction. Each weight, shown in dark grey, has a pair of low-friction roller bearings attached to it. There is also a spring, shown in red, between the weight and the hub. When a weight reaches the 8-o’clock position, the roller bearings contact a spring compression ramp, shown in purple. This ramp is formed of two parts, one on each side of the spokes, providing a rolling ramp for each of the two roller bearings. The ramp is formed in a curve which has a constant rate of approach towards the hub of the wheel.

The ramp is positioned so that the spring is fully compressed when the weight has just passed the lowest point in its travel. When the spring is fully compressed, a latch holds it in that position. This holds the weight in close to the hub during its upward movement. The springs are not particularly powerful, and should be just strong enough to be able to push the weight back towards the rim of the wheel when the spoke is at forty five degrees above the horizontal. The “centrifugal force” caused by the rotation assists the spring move the weight outwards at this point. The push from the spring is initiated by the latch being tripped open by the latch release component shown in pink.

The weights have an inward motion towards the hub when they are pushed by the wheel’s turning motion which forces the roller bearings upwards along the spring-compression ramp. They have an outward motion along the spokes when the catch holding the spring compressed is released at about the 11-o’clock position. The latch and the release mechanism are both mechanical - no electronics or electrical power supply is needed in this design.

These details are shown in the diagram below:

The question, of course is, will there be enough excess power to make the wheel rotate properly? The quality of construction is definitely a factor as things like the friction between the weights and their spokes needs to be very low. Let us consider the forces involved here:

Take any one weight for this calculation. Any excess rotational energy will be created by the difference between the forces attempting to turn the wheel in a clockwise direction and those forces trying to turn the wheel in a counter-clockwise direction. For the purpose of this discussion, let us assume that we have built the wheel so that the compressed-spring position is one third of the spring-uncompressed position.

As the weights are all of the same value “W”, the see-saw turning effect in a clockwise direction is the weight (“W”) multiplied by it’s distance from the centre of the axle (“L”). That is, W x L.

The turning effect in the counter clockwise direction is the weight (“W”) multiplied by it’s distance from the centre of the axle (“3W”). That is, W x 3 x L.

So, with WL pushing it clockwise, and 3WL pushing it counter-clockwise, there is a net force of (3WL - WL), i.e. a net force of 2WL driving the wheel in a counter-clockwise direction. If that force is able to push the weight in towards the hub, compressing the spring and operating the spring latch, then the wheel will be fully operational. There is actually, some additional turning power provided by the weights on the left hand side of the diagram, both above and below the horizontal, as they are a good deal further out from the axle than those with fully compressed and latched springs.

The only way of determining if this design will work correctly is to build one and test it. It would, of course, be possible to have several of these wheels mounted on a single axle shaft to increase the excess output power available from the drive shaft. This design idea has probably the lowest excess power level of all those in this document. The following designs are higher powered and not particularly difficult to construct.

The Abdulsalam Al-Mayahi Gravity Wheel

This design for a gravity-operated wheel capable of generating electrical power on a continuous basis, comes from Abdulsalam Al-Mayahi, is of very simple construction and currently is the subject of a patent application. While it looks something similar to Dale Simpson’s design shown above, they actually have very little in common. This design does not have springs or latches but instead, operates on a combination of momentum and gravitational forces.

The implementation of the design shown here, while simple in concept, uses fairly sophisticated mechanical parts. There is a good chance that if carefully built and well lubricated, that a relatively crude version built from scrap components found locally, could function perfectly well.

This design does not claim to self-start from a stationary position but is intended to be started manually, spinning it up to speed so that the inertial effects push the weights out to the rim of the wheel with the need to roll along the inner deflection rail. The set-up is like this:

This gravity-powered motor has a metal rim (shown in blue in the diagram above) supported by a number of metal spokes which radiate outwards from the central axle hub which is of robust construction. On each spoke, there is a substantial sliding weight and each of these weights has a metal bar projecting outwards from it’s centre of gravity, supporting a roller bearing on each side of the weight.

The generator is initially spun by hand or by a starter motor. This causes the weights to be pressed outwards by the forces resulting from this rotation. Each weight would normally then be pressed against the metal rim as it’s circular path can only happen if there is a continuous inward acceleration towards the axle.

This normal situation is not allowed to occur as a stationary roller bearing track is installed. The roller bearing of each weight encounters this track or deflection rail, when it reaches the lowest point in it’s movement. The very start of the track is tangential to the bearing’s movement so that there is no impact when the bearing first touches the tack. As the wheel continues to rotate, the track forces the weight inwards towards the axle, much of the energy required to do this, coming from the momentum of the weight itself. The shape of the track is arranged so that the weight reaches the axle hub during a 90-degree rotation of the wheel. It is also shaped in such a way that the distance travelled up the spoke is constant for each degree of rotation. This ensures that the weight-sliding operation is smooth and continuous.

This forced movement causes the counter-clockwise rotational torque to be far less than the clockwise rotational torque because each weight in this “6 o’clock to 9’o’clock” sector is much closer to the axle than are the weights at the opposite side of the wheel in the “12 o’clock to 3 o’clock” sector.

The roller-bearing track continues through the “9 o’clock to 12 o’clock” sector, allowing each weight to gradually return to the rim of the wheel, but doing this without getting far away from the axle, thus adding further to the torque imbalance as each of the weights in the opposing “3 o’clock to 6 o’clock” sector are fully extended to the rim of the wheel and so are producing their maximum torque as the wheel rotates. This torque imbalance not only keeps the wheel rotating, but it also provides excess power for other applications such as spinning an electrical generator.

The power of the wheel can be increased by:

(a) Increasing the mass of each weight, and/or

(b) Increasing the diameter of the wheel, and/or

(c) Mounting two or more wheels on the axle, (ideally, separated angularly in order to provide the smoothest operation possible).

To assist with getting the generator spinning, a second weight-deflection rail is introduced:

During normal, full-speed operation, this second track does not touch the roller bearings at all as each weight is pressed tightly against the rim of the wheel, but during the start-up process, this additional track ensures that the weights stay out near the rim in the critical “12 o’clock to 3 o’clock” sector and follow the desired path in the “9 o’clock to 12 o’clock” sector.

In the diagrams shown above, only one gravity-driven wheel is shown. While this is a perfectly viable arrangement, the output power can be increased by attaching additional wheels with their spokes and weights. As the wheels are located side by side, it is possible to use a single roller-bearing track to support the bearings on each side of it as shown here:

An important feature of this design is the minimising of friction between the weights and the rods which they slide along. This is particularly important at the “6 o’clock” to “9 o’clock” region where the weights have to alter direction rapidly and will press strongly against the spokes of the wheel when they are doing this. To minimise the friction encountered by the sliding weights, one effective option is to install a pair of roller bearings on all four sides of the spoke, eight bearings in all, embedded in each weight. To facilitate this, each weight can comprise four sections as shown here:

While the motion of the weight along the spoke has been described as “sliding”, the reality is that the weights roll along the spokes supported on four sides by the roller bearings. A piece of cushioning material is placed on the rim or on the weights in order to soften the impact when they come together.

Veljko Milkovic’s Pendulum/Lever System.

The concept that it is not possible to have excess power from a purely mechanical device is clearly wrong as has recently been shown by Veljko Milkovic at http://www.veljkomilkovic.com/OscilacijeEng.html where his two-stage pendulum/lever system shows a COP = 12 output of excess energy. COP stands for “Coefficient Of Performance” which is a quantity calculated by diving the output power by the input power which the operator has to provide to make the system work. Please note that we are talking about power levels and not efficiency. It is not possible to have a system efficiency greater than 100% and it is almost impossible to achieve that 100% level.

Here is Veljko’s diagram of his very successful lever / pendulum system:

Here, the beam 2 is very much heavier than the pendulum weight 4. But, when the pendulum is set swinging by a slight push, the beam 2 pounds down on anvil 1 with considerable force, certainly much greater force than was needed to make the pendulum swing.

As there is excess energy, there appears to be no reason why it should not be made self-sustaining by feeding back some of the excess energy to maintain the movement. A very simple modification to do this could be:

Here, the main beam A, is exactly balanced when weight B is hanging motionless in it’s “at-rest” position. When weight B is set swinging, it causes beam A to oscillate, providing much greater power at point C due to the much greater mass of beam A. If an additional, lightweight beam D is provided and counterbalanced by weight E, so that it has a very light upward pressure on its movement stop F, then the operation should be self-sustaining.

For this, the positions are adjusted so that when point C moves to its lowest point, it just nudges beam D slightly downwards. At this moment in time, weight B is at its closest to point C and about to start swinging away to the left again. Beam D being nudged downwards causes its tip to push weight B just enough to maintain its swinging. If weight B has a mass of “W” then point C of beam A has a downward thrust of 12W on Veljko’s working model. As the energy required to move beam D slightly is quite small, the majority of the 12W thrust remains for doing additional useful work such as operating a pump.

Dale Simpson’s Hinged-Plate Suggestion.

Again, this is an open-source design gifted by Dale to the world and so cannot be patented by any person, organisation or other legal entity. This design is based on the increased lever arm of the weights on the falling side compared to the lesser lever arm on the rising side:

This design uses heavy metal plates which are carried on two drive belts shown in blue in the diagram above. These plates are hinged so that they stand out horizontally on the falling side, resting on a pair of lugs welded to the chain link and hang down vertically on the rising side as they are narrower than the gap between the belts.

This difference in position alters the effective distance of their weights from the pivot point, which in this case is the axle of wheel “C”. This is exactly the position described above with the see-saw with equal weights placed at different distances from the pivot. Here again, the distance “x” is much greater than the distance “d” and this causes a continuous turning force on the left hand side which produces a continuous force turning the drive shaft of wheel “C” in a counter-clockwise direction as seen in the diagram.

A key point in this design are the robust hinges which anchor the heavy metal plates to the belt. These are designed so that the plates can hang down and lie flat on the rising side (point “B”) but when the plate passes over the upper wheel to reach point “A”, and the plate flips over, the hinge construction prevents the plate from moving past the horizontal. The upper wheel at point “A” is offset towards the falling side so as to help reduce the length “d” and improve the output power of the device. The chain detail below, shows the inside view of one of the right-hand chain plates. The metal plate swings clear of the chain and the sprocket wheels which the chain runs over.

It should be noted that the movement of the lowest edge of the plates as they turn over when moving past the upper wheel at point “A”, is much faster than anywhere else, and so putting a protective housing around it would definitely be advisable as you don’t want anybody getting hit by one of these heavy plates.

It is, of course, possible to make this device to a much smaller scale to demonstrate it’s operation or test different chain designs. The plates could be made from chipboard which is fairly heavy for its size and relatively cheap.

However, Vance Fraser raises a very valid objection. He points out that because the falling plates are suspended on a chain, that there is no effective difference if those plates stand out sideways, since their weight acts downwards on the chain. This is an interesting point which does not fully convince me, but the contention is that the situation is:

Where the weight of the plate acts directly downwards on the chain and there is a turning force “T” which does not contribute in any way to the driving force of the chain.

Amr Al-Hossary’s Patent.

If that is the case, then the design should perhaps be modified along the lines of the patent application of Amr Al-Hossary where the hinged plates are attached directly to the rotor. That way, the plate lever arm definitely comes into play:

Here, the hinged arms or plates will also give an impact impulse when they open out to their full extent and that provides additional turning power. However, the imbalance between the two side is not a major amount and so this design is not likely to provide a large amount of torque for driving external loads.

Murilo Luciano’s Gravity Chain Suggestion.

Murilo Luciano of Brazil, has devised a very clever, gravity-operated power device which he has named the “Avalanche-drive”. Again, this design cannot be patented as Murilo has gifted it to the world as a royalty-free design which anybody can make. This device continuously places more weights on one side of a drive shaft to give an unbalanced arrangement. This is done by placing expandable links between the weights. The links operate in a scissors-like mode which open up when the weights are rising, and contract when the weights are falling:

In the arrangement shown here, the weights are shown as steel bars. The design is scaleable in both height, width and the mass and number of weights. In the rough sketch above, the practical details of controlling the position of the bars and co-ordinating the rotation of the two support shafts are not shown in order to clarify the movement. In practice, the two shafts are linked with a pair of toothed sprockets and a chain. Two sets of vertical guides are also needed to control the position of the bars when they are in-between the four sprockets which connect them to the drive shafts, and as they go around the sprocket wheels.

In the sketch, there are 79 bar weights. This arrangement controls these so that there are always 21 on the rising side and 56 on the falling side (two being dead-centre). The resulting weight imbalance is substantial. If we take the situation where each of the linking bars weighs one tenth as much as one of the bar weights, then if we call the weight of one link “W”, the rising side has 252 of these “W” units trying to turn the sprockets in a clockwise direction while 588 of the “W” units are trying to turn the sprockets in an counter-clockwise direction. This is a continuous imbalance of 336 of the “W” units in the counter-clockwise direction, and that is a substantial amount. If an arrangement can be implemented where the links open up fully, then the imbalance would be 558 of the “W” units (a 66% improvement) and the level arm difference would be substantial.

There is one other feature, which has not been taken into account in this calculation, and that is the lever arm at which these weights operate. On the falling side, the centre of the weights is further out from the axis of the drive shafts because the link arms are nearly horizontal. On the rising side, the links are spread out over a lesser horizontal distance, so their centre is not as far out from their supporting sprocket. This difference in distance, increases the turning power of the output shafts. In the sketch above, an electrical generator is shown attached directly to one output shaft. That is to make the diagram easier to understand, as in practice, the generator link is likely to be a geared one so that the generator shaft spins much faster than the output shaft rotates. This is not certain as Murilo envisages that this device will operate so rapidly that some form of braking may be needed. The generator will provide braking, especially when supplying a heavy electrical load.

This diagram shows how the two side of the device have the unbalanced loading which causes a counter-clockwise rotation:

The diagrams shown above are intended to show the principles of how this device operates and so for clarity, the practical control mechanisms have not been shown. There are of course, many different ways of controlling the operation and ensuring that it works as required. One of the easiest building methods is to link the two shafts together using a chain and sprocket wheels. It is essential to have the same number of bar weights passing over the upper sprocket wheels as pass under the lower sprocket wheels. On the upper sprocket wheels, the bars are spread out, say, three times as far apart than they are on the lower sprocket wheels, so the upper sprockets need to rotate three times as fast as the lower ones. This is arranged by using a lower drive-chain sprocket wheel which has three times the diameter of the upper one.

The driving force provided by the weight imbalance of the two columns of rod weights needs to be applied to the lower sprocket wheels at point “A” in the diagram above. For this to happen, there has to be a mechanical connection between the stack of bar weights and the sprocket wheel. This can be done in different ways. In the above concept diagrams, this link has been shown as a sprocket tooth or alternatively, a simple pin projection from the sprocket wheel. This is not a good choice as it involves a considerable amount of machining and there would need to be some method to prevent the bar rotating slightly and getting out of alignment with the sprocket wheel. A much better option is to put spacers between the bar weights and have the sprocket teeth insert between the bars so that no bar slots are needed and accurate bar positioning is no longer essential. This arrangement is shown below:

The description up to here has not mentioned the most important practical aspects of the design. It is now time to consider the rising side of the device. To control the expanded section of the chain, and to ensure that it feeds correctly on to the upper sprocket wheels, the gap between successive bar weights must be controlled.

A guiding channel can be used, as shown here, and standard ball-bearings or roller-bearings can be attached to the ends of the weights by using threaded rod (or a bolt with the head inside the weight) and locking nuts.

In the example shown here, which is of course, just one option out of hundreds of different implementations, the bars on the rising side are three times as far apart as those on the falling side. This means that on the upper sprocket wheels, only every third tooth will connect with a bar weight. This is shown in the following diagram. However, if the linked weights were left to their own devices, then the rising side bars would hang down in one straight line. While that would be optimum for drive power, Murilo does not envisage that as a practical option, presumably due to the movement of the links as the bar weights move over their highest point. In my opinion, that arrangement is quite possible to implement reliably provided that the length of the links is selected to match the sprocket distance exactly, however, Murilo’s method is shown here.

Murilo’s method is to use additional restraining links between the weights. The objective here is to make sure that when the weights spread out on their upward journey, that they take up positions exactly three bar widths apart, and so feed correctly on to the teeth of the upper sprocket wheel. These links need to close up on the falling side and open up on the rising side. They could be fabricated from short lengths of chain or from slotted metal strips with a pin sliding along the slot.

Whichever method is chosen, it is important that the links stay clear of the bars and do not prevent the bars stacking closely together on the falling side as that would prevent them seating correctly on the teeth of the lower sprocket wheels. The easiest precision option for the home constructor is using chain, where two bar weights are positioned on the upper sprocket wheel to give the exact spacing, and the tensioned chain is welded in position, as shown below. Placing the chain inside a plastic tube causes it to take up an “A” shape standing outwards from the links when they move into their closed position. This keeps the chains from getting between the link bars. In addition, the chains are staggered from one pair of link bars to the next, as shown below, as an additional measure to keep the operation both reliable and quiet..

In the diagram below, only a few of these restraining links are shown in order to keep the diagram as simple as possible. It is not a good choice to make the upper bar sprocket wheels three times larger than the lower sprocket wheels as this would force both the rising and falling sections of chain out of the vertical, which in turn introduces friction against the guides. The central 1:3 gearing is needed to make sure that the chains on the rising side are fully stretched and the spacing of the bar weights matches the upper sprocket spacing exactly.

The diagrams have not shown the supporting framework which holds the axles in place and maintains the unit in a vertical position, as this framing is not specialised in any way, and there are many acceptable variations. A sensible precaution is to enclose the device in an upright box cabinet to make sure that there is no chance of anything getting caught in the rapidly moving mechanism. This is an impressive design of Murilo’s, who recommends that in the implementation shown above, that the links shown in blue are made 5% longer than those shown in yellow, as this improves the weight distribution and drive of the lower sprocket wheel..

A washing machine has a maximum power requirement of 2.25 kW and in the UK a suitable 3.5 kW alternator costs £225 and needs to be spun at 3,000 rpm for full output.

While the above description covers Murilo’s main design, it is possible to advance the design further, raising its efficiency in the process as well as reducing the construction effort needed to build it. For this version, the main components remain the same, with the upper axle geared to the lower axle as before and the upper axle rotating faster than the lower one. The main difference is that on the rising side, the chain opens up completely. This does away with the need for the chain links, moves the rising weights much closer in and reduces the number of rising weights:

With a reduced number of weights in the diagram above, the weight imbalance is a very substantial 40:11 ratio with the massive advantage of a substantially reduced lever arm “d” which is much smaller than the lever arm “x” of the falling weights. This is a major imbalance, giving 40x pulling the axle in a counter-clockwise direction and only 11d opposing that movement.

In the description so far, it has been assumed that all components will be made of metal. This is not necessarily the best choice. Firstly, metal moving against metal does make a noise, so guides made robustly of thick plastic or other similar material would be a good choice for the guides for the weights.

The weights themselves could equally well be made from strong plastic piping filled with sand, lead pellets, concrete or any other convenient heavy material. The pipes would then have strong end caps capable of holding the pivots for the links. The sprocket wheels themselves could well be made from thick plastic material which would give a quieter operation and which could be bolted to the power take-off shaft with a bolt placed right through the axle.

Most of the dimensions are not critical. Increasing the diameter of the lower sprocket wheel will increase the power of the output axle but will lower its speed. Adding more weights will increase both the output power and to a lesser degree, the speed, but will increase the overall size of the unit and its overall weight and cost. Making each weight heavier will raise the output power, or reduce the overall size if the weight is contained in fewer weights. Increasing the length of the links means fewer weights on the rising side but will require larger sprocket wheels.

It is not necessary to have all the links the same size. If the lengths are chosen carefully and the indentations in the upper sprocket wheel cover the entire circumference, then every second link can be one indentation shorter which tips the weights into a more compact and effective column on the falling side:

With this arrangement, the outer weights, shown here on the left, press down very firmly on the inside column of weights, making a compact group. If using plastic pipes with concrete then the hinge arrangement for the rods can be very simple, with a bolt set in the concrete as shown below.

The rods, washers and bolt can be supported on a thin, rigid strip placed across the top of the pipe. When the concrete has gone solid, the strip is removed and the gap produced by its removal then allows free movement of the rods. If this technique is used, then the bar weights are cast in two steps, with a tightly fitting disc pushed part way up inside the pipe so that one end can be filled while the other end remains open and ready for the completion of the other end.

One advantage of using plastic pipes is that if the sprocket wheels are made from a tough high-density plastic material, such as is used for food chopping boards, and the weight guides are also made from tough plastic, then there should be no metal-upon-metal noise produced during operation, if the bolt holes in the connecting rods are a good fit for the bolts used.

The concrete or mortar used as a filling can be made wet and pliable, since mechanical strength is not an issue here, and a filling with no voids in it is desirable. Even low quality concrete (caused by more water than absolutely necessary) would be more than adequate for this purpose.

The arrangement at the ends of a concrete-filled plastic pipe bar weight could be constructed like this:

There is a very strong inclination when building a device to make it operate smoothly. Where excess energy is being drawn from the gravity field, the reverse is necessary, with a jerky operation being the optimum. Remember that the extra energy only occurs during the duration of the impulses causing the jerks. It follows then, that in an ideal situation, any device of this type should be driven by a rapid series of strong impulses. In practice, using a heavy flywheel or any similar component which has a high inertial mass, although a rapid series of sharp pulses is being applied to the component and jerky operation is not visible to the human eye, excess energy is still being “led-out” and made available to do useful work.

One other observation which may be of interest, and that it the feedback from builders of gravity wheels which says that the power output from a gravity wheel is greater if the axle is horizontal and the rotating wheel is aligned exactly with magnetic East-West.

A Practical Construction Query

I have just been asked about the practical issues of mounting the guiding components for the weights. I must apologise for not making it clear that the diagrams in this description are intended to show the overall methods of operation, rather than being a direct construction arrangement. There will be several ways of constructing an implementation of each device. Here is one suggestion for a practical construction method for the gravity chain device.

The query was as follows:

It is pointed out that the lower guide as shown, can't be supported from inside as the weights sweep through the area which would be used for that support. Also, it can't be supported from outside as the connecting rods have to move through the area where that support would be positioned. A solution has been suggested where the lower guide is supported by a strap from the upper guide, the strap running between the inner and outer weights. That is a solution which could work, but it introduces significant unnecessary friction. An alternative method is to place the guides outside the moving weights as shown here:

This method provides a low-friction channel for the roller-bearings to move along. This controls the position of the weights very accurately and the end walls also provide the supports for the axles which synchronise the positions of the weights and provide gearing between the axles if that is required. For clarity, just two of the many weights are shown and the overall proportions distorted so that the diagram will fit on the page.

With the axles, it might look like this:

Here, the axle shafts are geared together outside the end wall and either a chain or a belt drive used. The lower shaft allows a power take-off. The ratio of the diameters of the pulley wheels or sprocket wheels dictates the relative rates of rotation of the two shafts.

Other Gravity-Powered Designs.

Sterling Allan reports on Bobby Amarasingam’s design which has 12 kilowatts of excess power: http://pesn.com/2010/12/04/9501738_British_gravity_motor_generates_12_kilowatts/

Also reported by Sterling is the Smith-Caggiano gravity/momentum/centrifugal-force generator design. The report is at: http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:OBM-Global%27s_Angular_Force_Generator

Another of Sterling’s reports is on the Chalkalis Gravity Wheel which can be seen at:

http://peswiki.com/index.php/OS:_F._M._Chalkalis_Gravity_Wheel

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-info.com

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 5: Energy-Tapping Pulsed Systems

One very interesting feature of free-energy devices is that although various devices which appear to be completely different and have different apparent applications, the background operation is often the same. It is clear that a sharp positive going DC electric pulse interacts with the surrounding energy field, making large quantities of free-energy available for anyone who has the knowledge of how to gather and use that extra energy.

Let me stress again that “over-unity” is an impossibility. Over-unity suggests that more energy can be taken out of a system than the total energy which goes into the system. This is not possible as you can’t have more than 100% of anything. However, there is another perfectly valid way of looking at the operation of any system, and that is to rate the output of the system relative to the amount of energy that the user has to put in to make it work. This is called the “Coefficient Of Performance” or “COP” for short. A COP = 1 is when all of the energy put in by the user is returned as useful output. A COP>1 is where more useful energy comes out of the device than the user has to put in. For example, a sailing boat in a good breeze transports people along without the need for the energy of movement to be supplied by the crew. The energy comes from the local environment and while the efficiency is low, the COP is greater than 1. What we are looking for here is not something to tap wind energy, wave energy, sunlight energy, river energy, thermal energy or whatever but instead we want something which can tap the invisible energy field which surrounds us all, namely the “zero-point energy” field or the “ambient background”.

For this, let us look at pulsing circuits used by a wide range of people in a number of apparently quite different devices. An electrical “pulse” is a sudden voltage rise and fall with very sharply rising and falling voltages. However, pulses are seldom generated as isolated events when working with practical devices, so it is probably better to think of a train of pulses, or a “waveform” with very sharp rising and falling edges. These can be called oscillators or signal generators and are so commonplace that we tend not to give them a second thought, but the really important factors for using an oscillator for zero-point energy pick-up is the quality of the signal. Ideally, what is needed can be a perfect square wave with no overshoot, and the voltage level never going below zero volts, or a complex waveform, also with very sharp attack and decay times. These waveforms are a good deal more difficult to generate than you might imagine.

Even in these days of sophisticated solid-state electronic devices, the best method of creating a really sharp voltage pulse is still considered to be a spark gap, especially one which has the spark chopped off suddenly by the use of a strong magnetic field at right angles to the spark gap. For an example of this style of operation, consider the following device.

Frank Prentice’s COP=6 Pulsed Aerial System.

Electrical Engineer Frank Wyatt Prentice of the USA invented what he described as an ‘Electrical Power Accumulator’ with an output power six times greater than the input power (COP = 6). He was granted a patent in 1923 which says:

My invention relates to improvements in ELECTRICAL POWER ACCUMULATORS and the like, wherein the earth, acting as rotor and the surrounding air as a stator, collects the energy thus generated by the earth rotating on it’s axis, utilises it for power and other purposes.

In the development of my WIRELESS TRAIN CONTROL SYSTEM for railways, covered by my United States Letters Patent Number 843,550, I discovered that with an antenna consisting of one wire of suitable diameter supported on insulators, three to six inches above the ground and extending one half mile, more or less in length, the antenna being grounded at one end through a spark gap, and energised at the other end by a high frequency generator of 500 watts input and having a secondary frequency of 500,000 Hz, would produce in the antenna, an oscillatory frequency the same as that of the earth currents and thus electrical power from the surrounding media was accumulated along the length of the transmission antenna and with a closed oscillatory loop antenna 18 feet in length run parallel with the transmission antenna at a distance of approximately 20 feet, it was possible to obtain by tuning the loop antenna, sufficient power to light to full candle power a series bank of 50 sixty-watt carbon lamps. Lowering or raising the frequency of 500,000 Hz resulted in a diminishing of the amount of power received through the 18 foot antenna.

Likewise, raising the transmission antenna resulted in a proportionate decrease of power picked up on the receiving antennae and at 6 feet above the earth no power whatsoever was obtainable without a change of voltage and frequency.

It is the objective of my generic invention to utilise the power generated by the earth, by the means described here and illustrated in the drawings. The two drawings show simple and preferred forms of this invention, but I wish it to be understood that no limitation is necessarily made as to the exact and precise circuits, shapes, positions and structural details shown here, and that changes, alterations and modifications may be made when desired within the scope of my invention and as specifically pointed out in the claims.

Referring particularly to Fig.1, 1 and 2 are alternating current feed wires supplying 110 volts 60 cycles per second to a high-frequency generator. 3 is a switch with poles 4 and 5, while 6 and 7 are the connections to the high-frequency transformer 8, which is used to step-up the frequency to 500 kHz and the voltage to, say, 100 kV. 9 is an inductor, 10 is a spark gap, 11 is a variable capacitor, 12 is the primary winding and 13 the secondary winding of transformer 8. The secondary winding is connected to ground through variable capacitor 16, and wire 17. Wire 14 connects transformer 8 to the main transmission antenna 19 which is supported along it’s length on insulators 20. Spark gap 21 is positioned between the main transmission antenna 19 and the ground 24, passing through connecting wire 22 and variable capacitor 23. The main transmission antenna 19, can be any desired length.

In Fig.2, 25 is a closed oscillating loop antenna of any desired length. For greatest efficiency, it is run parallel with the main transmission antenna 19 of Fig.1. Wire 26 is connected to the secondary winding 27 of a step-down transformer which winding then goes to ground 31 through variable capacitor 29. The primary winding 32 of the step-down transformer has variable capacitor 33 connected across it and it feeds directly into winding(s) 34 of frequency transformer(s) which supply current through winding(s) 35 to a motor “M” or other electrical load(s).

Having described the drawings, I will now describe the operation of my invention. Operate switch 3 to connect the input power. Adjust spark gap 10 and variable capacitor 11 so that 100,000 volts at a frequency of 500,000 cycles per second is delivered to step-up transformer 8 of Fig.1. Next, adjust spark gap 21 of the transmission antenna 19 so that all (voltage) peaks and nodes are eliminated in the transmission of the 100,000 volts along the antenna by the current surges across spark gap 21. The high-frequency alternating current flowing through spark gap 21 passes through variable capacitor 23 to ground 24 and from there, back through the ground to earthing point 18, through variable capacitor 16 and back to winding 13 of transformer 8. As the 500,000 Hz current is the same as the earth-generated currents and in tune with it, it naturally follows that accumulation of earth currents will amalgamate with those for transformer 8, providing a reservoir of high-frequency currents to be drawn upon by a tuned circuit of that same 500 kHz frequency, such as that shown in Fig.2, where the antenna 25 is turned to receive a frequency of 500 kHz, which current then passes through transformer 27, any frequency-adjusting transformer(s), and on to power the load(s) 38.

The return of current through the earth from transmission antenna 19, is preferable to return through a wire as the ground return current picks up more earth currents than a wire does. I also prefer under certain conditions, to use a single antenna wire in place of the closed loop antenna shown in Fig.2. Under certain operational requirements, I have had improved performance by having the transmission antenna elevated and carried on poles many feet above the earth, and with that arrangement it is necessary to use a different voltage and frequency in order to accumulate earth currents.

This system of Frank’s effectively applies very sharply pulsed DC pulses to a long length of wire supported in a horizontal position not far above the ground. The pulses are sharp due to both the spark gap on the primary side of the transformer, along with the spark-gap on the secondary (high voltage) side of the transformer. An input power of 500 watts gives a 3 kW power output from what appears to be an incredibly simple piece of equipment.

Dave Lawton’s Solid-State Circuit.

A solid-state semiconductor circuit which has proved successful in producing pulses like this is shown as part of Dave Lawton’s replication of Stan Meyer’s Water Fuel Cell. Here, an ordinary NE555 timer chip generates a square wave which feeds a carefully chosen Field-Effect Transistor the BUZ350 which drives a water-splitter cell via a combined pair of choke coils at point “A” in the diagram below.

Stan Meyer used a toroidal ferrite ring when he was winding these choke coils while Dave Lawton uses two straight ferrite bars, bridged top and bottom with thick iron strips. Chokes wound on straight ferrite rods have been found to work very well also. The effects are the same in all cases, with the waveform applied to the pipe electrodes being converted into very sharp, very short, high-voltage spikes. These spikes unbalance the local quantum environment causing vast flows of energy, a tiny percentage of which happens to flow into the circuit as additional power. The cell runs cold, and at low input current, quite unlike an ordinary electrolysis cell where the temperature rises noticeably and the input current needed is much higher.

John Bedini’s Battery-Charging Circuit.

John Bedini uses this same pulsing of a bi-filar wound coil to produce the same very short, very sharp voltage spikes which unbalance the local energy field, causing major flows of additional energy. The figure shown here is from his US patent 6,545,444.

John has produced and generously shared, many designs, all of which are basically similar and all using a 1:1 ratio bi-filar wound transformer. This one uses a free-running rotor with permanent magnets embedded in it’s rim, to trigger sharp induced currents in the windings of the coil unit marked “13b” which switches the transistor on, powering winding “13a” which powers the rotor on its way. The pick-up coil “13c” collects additional energy from the local environment, and in this particular circuit, feeds it into the capacitor. After a few turns of the rotor (dictated by the gear-down ratio to the second rotor), the charge in the capacitor is fed into a second “on-charge” battery.

The rotor is desirable but not essential as the coils marked 1 and 2 can self-oscillate, and there can be any number of windings shown as 3 in the diagram. Winding 3 produces very short, sharp, high-voltage spikes, which is the essential part of the design. If those sharp pulses are fed to a lead-acid battery (instead of to a capacitor as shown above), then an unusual effect is created which triggers a link between the battery and the immediate environment, causing the environment to charge the battery. This is an amazing discovery and because the voltage pulses are high-voltage courtesy of the 1:1 choke coils, the battery bank being charged can have any number of batteries and can be stacked as a 24-volt bank even though the driving battery is only 12 volts. Even more interesting is the fact that charging can continue for more than half an hour after the pulsing circuit is switched off.

It can be tricky to get one of these circuits tuned properly to work at peak performance, but when they are, they can have performances of COP>10. The major snag is that the charging mechanism does not allow a load to be driven from the battery bank while it is being charged. This means that for any continuous use, there has to be two battery banks, one on charge and one being used. A further major problem is that battery banks are just not suitable for serious household use. A washing machine draws up to 2.2 kilowatts and a wash cycle might be an hour long (two hours long if a “whites” wash and a “coloureds” wash are done one after the other which is not uncommon). During the winter, heating needs to be run at the same time as the washing machine, which could well double the load.

It is recommended that batteries are not loaded much beyond their “C20” rate, that is, one twentieth of their Amp-Hour nominal rating. Say that 85 Amp-Hour deep-cycle leisure batteries are being used, then the recommended draw rate from them is 85 Amps divided by 20, which is 4.25 amps. Let’s push it and say we will risk drawing double that, and make it 8.5 amps. So, how many batteries would we need to supply our washing machine assuming that our inverter was 100% efficient? Well, 2,200 watts on a 12-volts system is 2,200 / 12 = 183 amps, so with each battery contributing 8.5 amps, we would need 183 / 8.5 = 22 large, heavy batteries. We would need twice that number if we were to treat them right, plus twice that again for household heating, say 110 batteries for an anyway realistic system. That sheer size of battery banks is not realistic for your average householder or person living in an apartment. Consequently, it appears that the Bedini pulse-charging systems are not practical for anything other than minor items of equipment.

However, the really important point here is the way that when these short pulses are applied to a lead-acid battery, a link is formed with the environment which causes large amounts of energy to flow into the circuit from outside. This is extra “free-energy”. Interestingly, it is highly likely that if the pulses generated by Dave Lawton’s water-splitter circuit shown above, were fed to a lead-acid battery, then the same battery-charging mechanism is likely to occur. Also, if a Bedini pulse-charging circuit were connected to a water-splitting cell like the Lawton cell, then it is highly probable that it would also drive that cell satisfactorily. Two apparently different applications, two apparently different circuits, but both producing sharp high-voltage pulses which draw extra free-energy from the immediate environment.

The Tesla Switch.

It doesn’t stop there. Nikola Tesla introduced the world to Alternating Current (“AC”) but later on he moved from AC to very short, sharp pulses of Direct Current (“DC”). He found that by adjusting the frequency and duration of these high-voltage pulses, that he could produce a whole range of effects drawn from the environment - heating, cooling, lighting, etc. The important point to note is that the pulses were drawing energy directly from the local environment. Leaving aside the advanced equipment which Tesla was using during those experiments and moving to Tesla’s simple-looking 4-battery switch, we discover the same background operation of sharp voltage pulses drawing free-energy from the environment.

Consider the Electrodyne Corp. circuit (shown in "The Manual of Free-Energy Devices and Systems", 1986) tested by them for a period of three years:

Please note that when I shared this circuit diagram several years ago, someone persuaded me that the diodes were shown the wrong way round, and because of that, I have shown these diodes incorrectly. The diagram above is the one shown by the Electrodyne Corp. staff, and is correct.

As the switching used by this device was a mechanical device which has six switches where three are ON and three are OFF at any moment, the Electrodyne Corp. staff present the circuit diagram like this:

With switching like this:

It is recommended that this simple-looking circuit has an inductive load, preferably a motor, but consider the results of that very extended period of testing. If the switching rate and switching quality were of a sufficiently high standard, then the load could be powered indefinitely. The batteries used were ordinary lead-acid batteries, and after the three years of tests, the batteries appeared to be in perfect condition. Their tests revealed a number of very interesting things. If the circuit was switched off and the batteries discharged to a low level, then when the circuit was switched on again, the batteries returned to full charge in under one minute. No heating occurred in the batteries in spite of the massive charging rate. If the circuit was switched off and heavy current drawn from the batteries, then heat would be produced which is quite normal for battery discharging. The system operated lights, heaters, television sets, small motors and a 30-horsepower electric motor. If left undisturbed, with the circuit running, then each battery would charge up to nearly 36 volts with no apparent ill effects. Control circuitry was developed to prevent this over-charging. This, of course, is easy to do as all that is required is to place a relay across one battery and have it disconnect the circuit when the battery voltage reaches whatever voltage is considered to be a satisfactory maximum voltage.

These test results show spectacular battery charging and battery performance, quite outside the normal range associated with these ordinary lead-acid batteries. Are they being fed very short, very sharp pulses, like the previous two systems? It would look as if they were not, but one other very interesting piece of information coming from Electrodyne is that the circuit did not operate correctly if the switching rate was less than 100 Hz (that is 100 switchings in one second). The Electrodyne switching was done mechanically via three discs mounted on the shaft of a small motor.

One other detail reported by the Electrodyne testers, is that if the switching speed exceeded 800 times per second, that it was “dangerous” but unfortunately, they didn’t say why or how it was dangerous. It clearly was not a major problem with the batteries as they were reported to be in good shape after three years of testing, so definitely no exploding batteries there. It could well be as simple a thing that the voltage on each battery rose so high that it exceeded the voltage specifications of the circuit components, or the loads being powered, which is a distinct possibility. It is possible that at more than 800 pulses per second, the charging produced excessive cooling which was not good for the batteries.

It is generally accepted that for a circuit of this nature to work properly, the switching has to be very sudden and very effective. Most people have an immediate urge to use solid-state switching rather than the mechanical switching used by Electrodyne. A 'thyristor' or 'SCR' might be suitable for this, but the sharp switching of a PCP116 opto-isolator driving an IRF540 FET is impressive and a TC4420 FET-driver could substitute for the opto-isolator if preferred. It is possible that having a slight delay after the switches have turned On and Off, can prove very effective.

The Electrodyne Corp. staff used three identical discs mounted on the shaft of a motor as shown above. This allows the contact "brushes" to be located on opposite sides of the discs. There are, of course, many possible alternative constructions and I have been asked to show how I would choose to build this type of mechanical switching. The common idea of using mechanical relays is not very practical. Firstly, relays have trouble switching at the speeds suggested for this circuit. Secondly, with a contact life of say, two million and a switching speed of just 100 times per second, the relays would reach their projected lifespan after two weeks of operation, which is not a very practical option.

The objective is to have a simple construction which produces several switching for each revolution of the motor, easy adjustment of the timing of two separate sets of three switches (one set being OFF when the other set is ON), a construction which can be taken apart and then assembled again without altering the timing, and an electrical connection method which is straightforward. Obviously, the construction needs to use components which are readily available locally, and ideally, only require simple hand tools for the construction.

This suggested construction allows adjustment of the timing for both the start of the first set of switches and the start of the second set of switches. It should also be possible to introduce a short gap between the operation of these two sets of switches. This particular design is assuming a gap between each switching operation as that may be beneficial. The switch contacts are rigid arms, pulled against the rotating drum by springs. The contacts touching the drum can be of various types and the ones shown are brass or copper cheese-head screws or bolts which are particularly convenient as they allow standard solder tags to be used to make the connections to the switch wires which then run across to ordinary electrical screw connectors, all of which can be accessed from above. I would suggest that four screw connectors should be used as a block as that allows them to be fastened in position with two screws which then stops them rotating when the wires are being tightened. There should not be any need for the conducting inserts in the switching cylinder to be particularly wide in the direction of rotation.

A practical construction method might be:

The contact arms are shown as attached to each other in pairs. A lower level of construction accuracy can be allowed if they are all kept separate and a spring used for each arm rather than one spring for two arms as shown in the drawing. I strongly recommend that the switching drum be solid and the brass or copper insets be a fair thickness and keyed securely into the drum. The surface of the inserts should be very gently eased into exact alignment with the surface of the drum, possibly by the very careful use of a small file or with a lathe if you are luck enough to have access to one. The pivots for all of the switching arms can be a length of threaded rod with lock nuts at each end. There should be almost no movement of the switching arms when the drum is spinning, so no enormous precision is needed for the holes in the switching arms, through which the threaded rod runs. Having said that, it must be understood that each switch in the set of three, must turn On and OFF at the same time, so the contacts on the spring-loaded arms must slide on to and off the conducting strips in the switching cylinder, at exactly the same time. The drawing shows three conducting inserts at each of eight evenly-spaced positions around the circumference of the drum. The number around the drum is not critical although this suggestion gives eight switchings per revolution. If you choose to use a different number, you need to remember that the positioning of the arms underneath the drum will be different. You need to arrange it so that just after one set runs off its conducting strips that the other set slides on to it's conducting strips. Both sets of switches must not be ON at the same time as that short-circuits the batteries, which is probably not a good idea. The timing adjustment is achieved by moving the supporting block slightly, by easing the four clamping screws, sliding the block and tightening the screws again. This, of course, is done when the drum is not rotating. Each set of six switching arms needs to have all of the arms exactly the same length between the sliding contact (shown as a bolt head) and the pivot hole. Each of the conducting strips inset into the drum, need to be aligned exactly and be exactly the same width, otherwise the switching action will be ragged and not properly synchronised. The supports for the switching arms can be either a single block with slots cut in it or the easier construction shown, where it is fabricated from several standard rectangular pieces and glued and/or screwed together.

The unequal amount of conducting strip compared to the non-conducting part means that there will be a timing gap between each pair of On/Off switchings. In spite of that, the battery switching will be a 50% Duty cycle as required. The switching sequence will then be: On / Off / Pause, On / Off / Pause, On / Off / Pause ….. and that may well be a desirable arrangement as having an inter-pulse delay can be very good for battery charging.

However, please don’t imagine that the Tesla Switch described here is a ‘plug-and-play’ device which you can switch on and it will give you the sort of outputs mentioned above, as that is very much not the case. You need to see the Tesla Switch as being a long-term development project with high potential.

If you use the Tesla Switch circuit with manual switches and run each phase for many minutes before altering the switching, it can give up to four times better performance than running the load off the four batteries in parallel. That is not what the Tesla Switch is all about.

The Tesla Switch is one of the more difficult devices to get operational, in spite of the fact that it appeals to a large number of people. There are three possible modes of operation. If the diodes are turned the wrong way round so that they can feed current from each battery, then the operation will definitely be COP<1 but it will be a good deal better than operating without the switch circuit in place.

The second way has only been achieved by John Bedini as far as I am aware. This is where the circuitry is the same but the circuit components and connecting wires are adjusted very carefully to produce circuit resonance. When that happens, the circuit becomes self-powering although there is little or no extra power for other devices.

The third way was developed and tested over three years by staff of the Electrodyne Corporation in America. In this version, the diodes are reversed and they only feed sharp voltage spikes back to the batteries, through the diodes which supposedly don’t allow current to flow in that direction. This is a very different form of operation where the operating power flows into the circuit from the local environment. The batteries need to be ‘conditioned’ through long periods of being operated this way as the ‘cold electricity’ used in the circuit is the opposite of the ‘hot electricity’ which the batteries have been using up to now. This long conditioning period is generally enough to make the average builder give up and believe that the circuit just doesn’t work. Dave Lawton was faced with exactly the same type of problem when he attempted to replicate Stan Meyer’s “Water Fuel Cell”. It appeared ‘dead’ and produced nothing during a whole month of testing, and then it suddenly burst into life, producing large amounts of HHO gas mix for almost no electrical input. Without his exceptional patience, Dave would never have succeeded. I believe that the same applies to the Tesla Switch when wired correctly with the diodes blocking current flow from the batteries – it is likely to take long-term and patient testing before the system swings into life.

One experimenter who did not believe the diodes could possibly work that way round, tested the arrangement and discovered that in spite of the theory, in practice, the reverse-biased diodes actually pass very sharp voltage spikes to the batteries, so the effect may well be like a slick version of John Bedini's battery pulsing circuits.

Mechanical switching appears to work very well indeed, but if we decide to try using electronic circuitry, then we need to get an exact 50% Mark/Space ratio using a switching circuit, and so the following style of circuit might be used with a multi-turn preset resistor in position “A”:

Here, the frequency is not noticeably affected by adjustment through a very wide range of Mark/Space settings. The output from Pin 3 needs to drive a very sharp switching combination such as a TC4420 FET driver connected to IRF540 FETs.

Perhaps the circuit might be something like this:

This circuit allows the Mark-Space ratio to be adjusted without altering the frequency, and the frequency can be adjusted without affecting the Mark-Space setting in any way. In the Tesla Switch circuit, three switches need to be in their On position and the other three switches in their Off position, so we will arrange this by using the ordinary NE555 timer circuit shown above, with it's adjustable Mark-Space ratio (that is, variable On-to-Off ratio). We will use this circuit to drive six opto-isolators which will turn the six transistors On and Off in groups of three as required. To get the very high switching speed needed, PCP116 opto isolators should be used and although these are difficult to find, every effort should be made to get them as they enhance the switching speed.

Variable resistors come in a wide range of types. It is probably best to use a preset type as they are very easy to adjust and hold their settings very solidly. Also, when the correct setting is found, the component will be left on that position permanently. Some common types are:

where some can be adjusted from the top and others adjusted from the side. All of them can be mounted directly on the strip-board or printed circuit board used to construct the circuit.

However, the problem is to decide the direction of current flow and provide solid state components accordingly, as the Tesla Switch circuit almost certainly does not run with conventional electronic design. If you were to reverse the diodes shown in the first circuit diagram in this section, then the circuit will remain solidly COP<1 although some people have managed an operational improvement of 32 times over just using the batteries straight to power the load. With the diodes as shown in the first two diagrams in this section, the circuit operates by drawing in energy from the environment and that operates in an entirely different way in a circuit.

It is interesting to note that in the 1989 patent US 4,829,225 granted to Yury Podrazhansky and Phillip Popp, their evidence is that batteries charge much better and have a longer life if they are pulsed in a specific way. Their formula is that the battery should be given a powerful charging pulse lasting for a period of time between a quarter of a second and two seconds, the pulse being the Amp-Hour rating of the battery. That is, for an 85 AHr battery, the charging pulse would be 85 amps. That pulse is then followed by a discharging pulse of the same, or even greater current but only maintained for only 0.2% to 5% of the duration of the charging pulse. Those two pulses are then followed by a resting period before the pulsing is repeated. They quote the following examples of their experiences when using this method:

Battery:

9V alkaline

1.25V NiCad

0.5 AHr

15V NiCad

2 AHr

12V lead-acid

40 AHr

Charging current:

0.5 Amps

1.2 Amps

3.0 Amps

48 Amps

Charging period:

550 mS

700 mS

500 mS

850 mS

Discharge current:

6 Amps

6 Amps

14 Amps

85 Amps

Discharge period:

2 to 3 mS

2 mS

2 mS

3 mS

Rest period:

15 to 20 mS

7 to 10 mS

10 mS

15 mS

Charging range:

50% to 100%

20% to 100%

20% to 100%

20% to 100%

Total charging time:

12 to 15 mins

20 mins

35 to 40 mins

40 mins

Interestingly, this appears to confirm the charging potential of the Tesla Switch style of operation, especially if there is a short rest period between the two sets of switch operations.

Bozidar Lisac’s Power-Boosting System.

Recently, a patent application has been lodged on what is effectively the Ron Cole one-battery switch and the Tesla Switch. I must admit to being highly doubtful about the notion of using capacitors as an energy source (unless the switching frequency is so high that the capacitors have insufficient time for their voltage to drop significantly), I am including the re-worded patent here. Some experimenters have reported overall battery energy gains with switching speeds of 0.5 Hz or less, which means that in circuits of that type, mechanical switching should give a reasonable switch contact life. This patent has needed a fair degree of attention as the person writing it does not have a full grasp of English and confused the word "load" with the word "charge". Let me say again, that the following patent application is included here primarily for interest sake, rather than being the definitive way of making a circuit of this type.

Patent Application US20080030165 7th February 2008 Inventor: Bozidar Lisac

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SUPPLYING A LOAD WITH ELECTRIC ENERGY RECOVERY

ABSTRACT

In the invention an electric current circulates from the battery UB, through the electric motor M, and the diode D1 charges the capacitors CA and CB, connected in parallel, which, once charged, are connected in series, giving rise to a difference in voltage in relation to the battery, causing half the charge of the capacitors to be returned to the battery through the diode D2, whilst with a new parallel connection, the capacitors recharge, this charge being equal to that which had been previously transferred from the capacitors to the battery, so that by means of the cyclic connection of the capacitors in parallel and series the energy is transferred from the battery to the capacitors and from the capacitors to the battery, thus considerably extending the range of the battery and operation of the motor.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and device enabling the electrical energy with which a charge is supplied to be recovered using a self-rechargeable electricity source in which, which by means of a circuit, the current circulating from an accumulator or battery through a load, e.g. a motor, is fully returned to the same energy level, thereby considerably extending its range.

More specifically, two capacitors that are connected cyclically from parallel to serial and vice versa are charged through a motor during the connections in parallel, whilst in series connection, when its voltage doubles, they return the electricity, recharging the battery. This source represents a closed system which does not require an energy supply from the outside, except to compensate for the losses produced, the range of the battery being limited by the number of charges and discharges that the same technically permits.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

A load, such as an electric motor, is connected to a battery or accumulator with a certain charge, which will be progressively discharged by it, this discharge being directly proportional to the connection time and to the current circulating through the motor. It is therefore necessary to supply fresh energy from an external source to recharge it. Systems that enable the energy consumed by the load to be reused are not known in the state of the art.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention relates to a method for supplying a load with recovery of electrical energy, which comprises supplying a load with electrical energy deriving from the first electrical energy accumulator, and returning at least a proportion of that electrical energy after it passes through the load to the first accumulator for the purpose of recovering the energy supplied.

The electrical energy, after passing through the load, is recovered by second electrical energy accumulator, from where it is transferred to the first accumulator, giving rise to cyclic transfer of electrical energy between the first and second energy accumulators.

The recovery of energy from the second accumulator and transfer to the first accumulator may be achieved without passing the energy through the load. In another alternative implementation, the energy is recovered from the second accumulator and passed to the first accumulator through the load, in which case the polarity of the load is reversed during the recovery of energy through the load.

The transfer of energy is brought about by cyclically connecting two or more electrical energy accumulators between parallel and serial connections.

A second aspect of the invention relates to a device for supplying a load with recovery of electrical energy, which comprises a first electrical energy accumulator and a second electrical energy accumulator, where the load is connected between the first and second accumulators. The device may be provided in one embodiment with a unidirectional connection device, for example, a diode which is connected in parallel to the load, causing circulation of the electrical energy recovered after passing through the load, and via which the electrical energy is returned to the first accumulator.

The first electrical energy accumulator may be a battery. The second electrical energy accumulator might be two or more capacitors with switching to cyclically connect them between parallel and serial connection configurations.

The invention constitutes a self-rechargeable source of electrical energy which enables the range of a battery to be considerably extended so that the current circulating from the same through a motor charges two capacitors connected in parallel, up to the voltage level of the battery, by means of contacts. These capacitors, once charged, are connected in series, producing double their voltage, and they then return the energy to the battery, thereby extending its range. Once the losses have been compensated for, the duration of the extended range depends on the charging and discharging properties of the capacitors.

The existence of the difference in voltage between the battery and the capacitors connected both in parallel and in series, and which give rise to the displacement of energy from the battery to the capacitors and vice versa, is used to supply the motor connected between the battery and the capacitors, comprising the self-rechargeable source of electrical energy.

When connected in parallel, the capacitors are charged through a motor and a diode, and when connected in series, they are charged through another diode, the voltage of the motor being half that of the battery. On the other hand, if the motor is connected between the battery and the serially-connected capacitors, the latter, which are charged in parallel through a diode and are discharged by means of the motor and the other diode, will supply the motor with a voltage equal to that of the battery, whilst a capacitor connected in series to the winding of the motor guarantees its operation without loss of power.

Instead of the two capacitors, two batteries connected in series and another two connected in parallel may be used, between which batteries a motor is connected, the current circulating in this case from the batteries connected in series through the motor to the batteries connected in parallel. The serially-connected batteries are then connected in parallel, by means of switching contacts, and the other two parallel-connected batteries are then connected in series, reversing the direction of the current, whilst the connections of the motor are inverted by means of the simultaneous switching of other contacts in order to maintain the polarity and direction of rotation of the motor.

In one possible embodiment of the invention, another two capacitors and a transformer with two primary windings, or a motor with two windings are added to the device previously described, each pair of capacitors cyclically switching from parallel to serial connection and vice versa so that during the parallel connection cycles, two of the capacitors are charged through one of the windings up to the voltage level of the battery at the same time that the other two capacitors are connected in series, double their voltage and are discharged by means of a second winding to the battery.

The reduced level of energy losses brought about mainly by the dissipation of heat and in the capacitors, as well as by the charge factor of the batteries, is compensated for from an external source, and because the sum of the current circulating through a winding of the motor or transformer charging two of the capacitors and the current simultaneously circulating from the other two capacitors through the second winding, recharging the battery, plus the current which is supplied from the external source, is equal to zero, because of the work carried out by the motor or the loads which are connected to the alternating voltage induced in the secondary of the transformer, no discharge of the battery takes place.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order to supplement the description now being given, and with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, according to a preferred practical embodiment, a set of drawings is attached as an integral part of this description, in which, for informative and non-restrictive purposes, the following is shown:

Fig.1 shows a practical circuit in which, by means of switching, two capacitors connected in parallel are charged from a battery through a motor and a diode, and after the contacts are switched, they are connected in series, thereby discharging the battery through another diode.

Fig.2 shows a practical circuit in which, through switching, the two capacitors are connected in parallel and are charged from a battery through a diode, and after the switching of the contacts they are connected in series, thereby charging the battery through the motor and the other diode.

Fig.3 shows the connection of the two batteries in series, connected through a motor to another two batteries connected in parallel, and which, by means of contacts, switch alternatively, this giving rise to effects similar to those described in relation to the use of the capacitors.

Fig.4 shows the electrical diagram corresponding to the connection between the battery and the two pairs of capacitors of a transformer with two primary and one secondary winding, in which an alternating voltage is induced which is rectified, filtered and converted to a sinusoidal voltage.

Fig.5 shows the electrical diagram of an alternating current motor with two windings connected between the battery and two pairs of capacitors.

Fig.6 shows the electrical diagram of a direct current motor with two windings connected between the battery and two pairs of capacitors, in which two switch contacts ensure their correct polarisation and direction of rotation.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

In a preferred embodiment shown in Fig.1, the load consists of a direct current motor M, the battery UB, and the second accumulator which consists of a pair of capacitors CA and CB. The capacitors CA and CB are connected to each other in parallel by means of two switches S1 and S2. These capacitors are charged through the motor M and diode D1 to a voltage level equal to that of the battery UB, the charge being Q = (CA+CB)UB, and while these capacitors are being charged, the motor M is rotating.

When both capacitors are fully charged, they are connected in series by the switch contacts S1 and S2. This produces a voltage which is twice the value of the voltage of the battery UB, resulting in the charge which is given by Q = 2 x UB x (CA+CB) / 2 which is Q = (CA+CB)UB, which shows that once charged, the charge Q of both capacitors is identical both in parallel and in series.

Diodes D1 and D2 ensure that current flow through the motor M is only ever in one direction. Immediately after capacitors CA and CB are connected in series, they return half of their charge through diode D2. Switches S1 and S2 then connect the capacitors CA and CB in parallel. In this arrangement, they start off with half of the battery voltage. They charge immediately, regaining the battery voltage through the motor M and the diode D1.

By means of repeated cyclic switching of the capacitors CA and CB from parallel to serial connection mode, the current circulating from the battery UB through the motor M to the capacitors, and from these to the battery, recharging it and extending its range, constitutes a self-rechargeable source of electrical energy.

In a second practical embodiment shown in Fig.2, the motor M is connected between the battery UB and the capacitors CA and CB by means of the diode D2. The capacitors are charged directly through the diode D1 and are discharged through the motor M and the diode D2, the values of the charges on the capacitors CA and CB previously described in the example shown in Fig.1 remain unchanged, the difference in this circuit is that the voltage applied to the motor M is the full battery voltage in this case.

The charging rate of the capacitors CA and CB is determined by the intensity of the current flowing through the motor M, to which is connected in parallel, the capacitor CM which guarantees that the operation of the motor is maintained at maximum power. It is possible to substitute a battery, preferably a rapid charge battery, for capacitor CM.

In another embodiment shown in Fig.3, the first and second accumulators consist of pairs of batteries B1, B2 and B3, B4. Therefore, in this embodiment, two pairs of batteries are used instead of the capacitors CA and CB. Batteries B1 and B2 are connected to the switches S1 and S2, and the pair of batteries B3 and B4 are connected to the switches S3 and S4. The switches S1 to S4, connect the pairs of batteries with which they are associated, into series or parallel configurations, depending on the position of the switches.

While the batteries B1 and B2 are connected in parallel, the other two batteries B3 and B4 are connected in series, and the motor M rotates as a result of the difference in voltage between the batteries, as it is connected between both pairs of batteries. At the same time, the current circulating through the motor from the serial connected batteries recharges the two parallel-connected batteries. The switches S1 to S4, which connect the batteries B1 and B2 in series and the batteries B3 and B4 in parallel then switch, thus reversing the direction of the current flow, and at the same time, the switches S5 and S6 change positions in order to maintain the correct polarity for the motor and its direction of rotation.

The two capacitors and the batteries may be switched by means of any mechanical, electromechanical, electrical, electronic or other element that meets the conditions described with the purpose of obtaining a self-rechargeable electrical energy source. These switching operations may be controlled by any known method, for example, a programmable electronic circuit.

In the preferred embodiments previously described, the load consists of a direct current motor, but as an expert in the field may understand, the load may also consist of any type of resistive (?) and/or inductive load.

Another preferred embodiment is shown in Fig.4, where a transformer T with two primary windings L1 and L2 is connected between the battery UB and the two pairs of capacitors C1 and C2, plus C3 and C4, causing the two capacitors C1 and C2 to switch their connections from parallel to serial and back again by means of the contacts S1 and S2, and causing the capacitors C3 and C4 to switch by means of contacts S3 and S4, so that during the cycles of connection of the capacitors C1 and C2 in parallel, the latter are charged via the winding L1 up to the voltage level of the battery, whilst at the same time the capacitors C3 and C4 are connected in series and provide double their voltage, the battery being discharged by means of the winding L2, in which case the charging and discharging currents to circulate in the same direction. On the other hand, during the cycles of connection in parallel of the capacitors C3 and C4, which are charged through the winding L2 up to the battery voltage level, the capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in series to provide double their voltage and are discharged into the battery through the winding L1. The direction of the charging and discharging current therefore changes, thus inducing in the secondary winding L3 an alternating voltage whose frequency depends on the speed of switching of the contacts mentioned, and after being rectified by means of the bridge of diodes P and filtered by the capacitor CP, the resultant DC voltage is converted to a sinusoidal voltage by means of a circuit K.

The connection in parallel of one pair of capacitors and the connection in series of the other pair take place at the same time. Therefore the sum of the current circulating from the battery through one of the windings, charging two of the capacitors, and the current circulating from the other two capacitors through the other winding to the battery, is approximately zero.

From an external energy source FE the minimum energy losses caused essentially by dissipation of heat and in the capacitors, as well as by the charging factor of the battery, are compensated for, with the result that the sum of the current circulating from this source external to the battery and the charging and discharging currents of the capacitors is equal to zero. Therefore the battery is not discharged and its range does not depend on the work developed by the motors or the loads connected to the secondary winding L3 of the transformer T, since the greater the power of the loads, the higher the intensity of the charging and discharging currents of the capacitors.

Fig.5 shows another embodiment in which an alternating current motor M is connected to two windings L1 and L2 so that during the connections in parallel of the capacitors C1 and C2, the latter are charged by means of the winding L1 at the same time that the capacitors C3 and C4, connected in series, are discharged by means of the winding L2 to the battery UB, the charging and discharging current circulating through the windings in the same direction. The capacitors C1 and C2 are then connected in series and the capacitors C3 and C4 are connected in parallel. The direction of the charging and discharging current of the capacitors is therefore reversed, thus producing at terminals of the motor an alternating voltage with a frequency that depends on the speed of switching of the contacts. The energy losses caused are compensated for from an external source FE, the sum of the current circulating from this source to the battery and the currents circulating through the two windings during charging and discharging of the capacitors being equal to zero. The battery is therefore not discharged as a result of the work developed by the motor.

Fig.6 shows the connection of a direct current motor M to two windings L1 and L2 between the battery UB and the two pairs of capacitors C1 and C2 plus C3 and C4, so that during the connections in parallel two of the capacitors are charged by means of the winding L1, and during the simultaneous connections in series, the other two capacitors are charged by means of the winding L2 to the battery. Coinciding with the switching of the contacts S1, S2, S3 and S4, which connect to each pair of capacitors from parallel to serial and vice versa, the contacts S5 and S6 switch, polarising the windings of the motor so that the charging and discharging currents of the capacitors circulate in the same direction, producing a direct voltage. The sum of the current supplied from the external source FE and the charging and discharging currents of the capacitors is equal to zero, and thus there is no battery discharge.

Bob Boyce’s Toroid.

Consider also, Bob Boyce’s very effective pulsed toroid system. As the waveform fed to the toroid has to have very sharp rising and falling voltages, the toroid needs to be able to handle very high frequency signals, far higher than the number of pulses per second fed to the toroid. If the rising edge is very sharp (and it needs to be so fast that it won’t show on a 150 MHz oscilloscope), then as far as the toroid is concerned, there may be a similar falling edge one nano second later and so it needs to be able to respond to that sort of frequency. Consequently, the material and the windings need to be selected very carefully.

The toroid is a 6.5 inch iron-dust unit from MicroMetals, part number “T650-52” and it can be purchased through their web site: http://www.micrometals.com/pcparts/torcore7.html and it can be purchased in small quantities via their "samples requests", which can be submitted at http://www.micrometals.com/samples_index.html

There are four windings made on this core. The wire chosen to wind the transformer is most important. Bob uses solid teflon-covered silver-plated copper wire. It is very important that this wire is solid core and not stranded as stranded wire does not work here (due to the generation of inter-strand, phase-differential induced eddy currents). At this time, a supplier of this wire is http://www.apexjr.com.

Before any winding is done, the toroid is given a layer of the yellow 1P802YE winding tape available in 3" rolls, both the 1" and 2" widths from: http://www.lodestonepacific.com/distrib/pdfs/tape/1p802.pdf. It is very important to avoid using fiberglass winding tape anywhere in the construction of this wound toroid. Bob comments on this as follows: “Big warning here !!!! DO NOT USE FIBERGLASS WINDING TAPE !!!! A big box of 3M winding tape was ordered by accident so I tried it to see if it would work. It not only suppressed the acousto-resonance response of the entire wound toroidal core, but for some strange reason it also caused the electrostatic pulse response of the secondary to reverse polarity as well as reducing the signal amplitude to a mere 10% of what it was !! It totally negated the benefit of the teflon insulation”.

Having covered the toroid with a layer of the 1P802YE winding tape, the secondary winding is made. Again, it is very important that the teflon-covered, silver-plated solid copper wire is used. This is not a system which provides COP>1 performance if any old components are thrown together carelessly during the building process.

The winding turns must be evenly spaced where they fan out from the center of the core. They are tightly packed side by side in the centre opening and they must be wound tightly and the gaps between adjacent turns along the outer edge must be exactly the same. This is not to make the winding look “pretty” but if this is not done, then it will cause magnetic field errors that will lower the overall efficiency when the toroid is being used.

The secondary winding is made using 16 gauge wire which covers the entire length of the toroid as shown here:

If the spaces between the wires are not quite even, then the turns can be pushed into exactly the right place. It is sometimes convenient to use two-inch lengths of plastic strimmer line placed between the turns in order to get the spaces between the turns exactly the same. These can be held in place with a strip of the yellow winding tape:

The picture above has been taken to show what a partially prepared secondary winding looks like when its windings are being moved into their exact positions. When a section of the windings has been spaced accurately, the triangular gaps between the evenly-spaced turns are filled in with beeswax, made pliable using a heat gun. A plastic bottle pushed into the central hole can be helpful when doing this filling. When the beeswax has hardened on both sides of the toroid, the process is then repeated for the next group of turns.

When the winding is complete, with even spacing of the turns and the gaps filled with beeswax, the whole of the toroid is then covered with a layer of the yellow winding tape, as shown here:

So, to recap: the toroid is wrapped in tape, the secondary winding completed, extending the entire way around the toroid, the windings carefully spaced out so that the gaps around the outer edge of the toroid are exactly equal, the winding gaps filled with beeswax, and then the toroid covered with a layer of the yellow tape. There will normally be anything from 127 to 147 turns in the secondary winding due to manufacturing tolerances in the insulation of the wire and so the overall wire length will be about 100 feet.

The primary windings are now wound on top of the tape layer covering the secondary winding. As with the secondary, the direction of the turns is very important.

Please note that every winding starts by passing over the toroid and then being brought up on the outer side ready for the next turn. Each of the following turns proceed in a counter-clockwise direction, and finishes by passing under the toroid. Every winding is created in this way and the quality of workmanship is very important indeed when making these windings. Each winding needs to be tight and positioned exactly with turns touching each other in the centre of the toroid and positioned on the outer edge with exactly equal spaces between each turn. Your construction work has to be better than that of a commercial supplier and needs to reach the quality demanded by the military.

The three primaries are wound on top of the tape which covers the secondary winding. These three primary windings are spaced out equally around the toroid, that is, at 120 degree centres and the leads of the secondary winding are taken out through the gap between two of the primary windings and not taken out through the middle of a primary winding. As with the secondary winding, the primary winding turns are spaced out exactly, held in place with beeswax, and then tightly taped over. The primaries can have more than a single layer, and they are wound with the same direction of winds as the secondary, and with the same care for exact turns spacing as needed for the secondary winding. Tape the entire core well with tightly-stretched PVC electrical tape after winding, to ensure that the primary windings do not move and then add an outer layer of the winding tape.

This toroid pulls in additional energy from the immediate environment when driven by very high quality voltage pulsing applied to each of the three primary windings. The full details of this system have not yet been disclosed, but Bob has said in open forum that he has demonstrated his toroid being pulsed with the secondary not connected to anything and the output is triple the current at twice the input voltage, with is COP=6. When the ends of the secondary are joined together the output current doubled, giving COP=12, that is, twelve times as much power output as the input which Bob had to supply to get that output. This is, of course, not a case of energy being created (which is not possible) but instead, it is a case of eleven times the input power being drawn in from the surrounding environment.

I have never seen the circuitry for this, but it may be as shown here:

As the output voltage is doubled, the battery bank being charged can be double the voltage of the battery supplying the input power. The choke in the lead from the input battery positive is to direct the power generated to the charging batteries. Each primary winding is driven by it’s own separate oscillator which has adjustable frequency and adjustable Mark/Space ratio, or “Duty Cycle”. The Duty Cycle is set initially to about 25% which means that the input power is turned off for three quarters of the time. The highest frequency oscillator is adjusted to give the largest charging output current. Then, the middle frequency oscillator is adjusted to give the highest charging output. Finally, the lowest frequency oscillator is adjusted to give the highest charging output. When that has been done, the Duty Cycle of each oscillator is lowered as far as possible without lowering the charging rate. An oscilloscope is not needed for any of these adjustments.

It should be noted that what was marked as the “Start” of each primary winding in the diagrams showing how each winding is done, is connected to positive power supply line and the end marked “Finish” is connected to the output of the oscillator. This connection arrangement is very important because connecting them the other way round is likely to give a much lower performance.

The three oscillators are quite independent of each other and are free-running. In other words, they are not synchronised in any way and will produce all sorts of different combinations of composite output waveforms as a result of this arrangement. It must be noted that this is not a system which produces a rotating magnetic field as the windings are not pulsed sequentially. As already mentioned, the voltage output waveform from each of the oscillators must have very sharp rise and fall times and the output must, of course, be capable of supplying sufficient current to power the primary windings.

I have never seen an explanation of how this system works, and please remember that the circuit shown above is based on my guesswork and does not come from Bob Boyce. However, I will now suggest a possible mechanism for the way that the circuit works, and for it, let us assume that there is only the highest frequency oscillator connected: When there is an output pulse from the oscillator, a powerful current passes through the primary winding to which it is connected. This generates a strong magnetic pulse. But, since the winding is around a high-quality toroidal core, nearly all of the magnetic flux races around the toroid instead of radiating outwards. That magnetic pulse induces an electrical pulse in both of the other two primary windings, and so all three windings provide a current surge to the battery bank being charged. One pulse in, produces three pulses out, which matches the observed tripling of the input current.

(This suggests that if there were four primary windings that there would be an increased COP result for that arrangement. If that were done, then the fourth oscillator might run at around 85,600 Hz). The short-circuiting of the ends of the secondary winding produces a further increase in the output. I would suggest that this may be due to the fact that the turns ratio of the primary-to-secondary winding, produces a much higher voltage in the secondary winding. If the ends of the secondary winding are connected, then that induced voltage will generate a strong electrical current flowing through the secondary winding. That current will in turn, generate an even greater magnetic pulse, both in the toroid and in the primary windings which are wound around the secondary winding. This enhanced magnetic pulse may account for the enhanced electrical output to the battery bank being charged. Please remember that this not a matter of fact, but just a suggestion which I am putting forward as being a possible explanation of how the circuit is functioning.

Please remember that the toroid has to be able to handle frequencies far higher than the pulsing rate which is applied to it. A high-frequency waveform looks like this:

If you apply that frequency to Bob's toroid, then the toroid needs to be able to handle the waveform cleanly, without degrading it in any way. For this sort of application, an iron-dust toroid such as the MicroMetals product is essential. What many people have difficulty in seeing, is that even if the overall frequency of the signal is lower, as shown here:

in order for the rising edge of the waveform to be handled cleanly, the toroid has to be able to handle a very high frequency signal. The toroid doesn't "know" that the leading edge of the waveform is not going to be followed by a whole stream of very short, very fast, high-frequency pulses. So the toroid has to be able to handle high-frequency waveforms in order to deal with the very sharply rising leading edge which is essential for the successful operation of this and many other free-energy devices.

Bob Boyce has experimented with the much more dangerous rotating magnetic fields type of circuitry and he says:

While working as an engineer for a government subcontractor, I became aware of a problem with a switcher power supply, which under certain temperature and load conditions, would go into over unity operation. Sometimes these would fail in a big way and totally destroy the load. There was far more damage than the power source to the power supply was capable of delivering. The power supply used an on-board toroidal coil wound with teflon insulated, silver-plated solid copper wire on Honeywell powdered iron cores. I guess that this was what started my interest in this. When I went into business for myself, I had the time to devote to research and experimentation.

My early radiant energy research and experimentation were with attempting replications of Tesla and Moray devices, as well as many others. I found a copy of Dr. Hans A. Niepers’ book “Revolution” ISBN 3-925188-07-X. In that book there is information about many devices related to the conversion of gravity field energy.

My first foray into a 3-phase device was during experimentation with a g-strain energy absorber as theorised by professor Shinichi Seike. Needless to say, the results were not what I expected when I connected a 3-phase air core toroid to the 3-phase outputs of the g-strain energy absorber board.

I had been doing these experiments at home and that was where my lightning strike injury occurred in 1995. That put an end to my 3-phase research for a number of years. When I did start back into it, I soon tired of the expense of burned out electronics and loads. I went back to the lower powered single-phase transformers and stuck with that until I worked out some of the control issues which would allow me to get back into the 3-phase design in a more controlled manner. I wish that I had heard of Steven Mark sooner as that would probably have saved me some time. Like Steven, I learned to have a very healthy respect for this stuff.

The interesting part is that the experiment was not running at the time of the lightning strike, but the strike did enter the room where I had been running an earlier experiment with the 3-phase toroid driven by the g-strain energy absorber board. I am under the impression that the running of the experiment had somehow imprinted an energy pattern upon me which may have attracted the lightning to me. The lightning entered the room, entered my right hand, exited my right ankle and left the room via the telephone line. I was quite understandably shaken up, but I was able to drive myself to St Mary’s Hospital (in West Palm Beach, Florida), where I was treated in the emergency room, and released. The pain in my chest afterwards was something which I would not wish upon anyone! All I could really do was to take pain pills until the pain subsided. Considering that I had a well-grounded (by three 20-foot long half-inch diameter copper pipes, one connected to each leg of the base, and a 20-foot long half-inch diameter copper pipe at each guy point) 160-foot radio tower only twenty feet away from that room, the entire house should have been protected under the “cone of protection” provided by that tower. That particular lightning strike defied all common sense of good lightning protection. It was as if it targeted me directly, despite the well-protected location. I have had avalanches occur since then, but I make darned sure that I am very well protected against lightning before running any of these experiments now. I have had the metal building struck but it has not penetrated inside. There are 8-foot long, five-eighths inch diameter copper clad steel ground rods at each corner of the building. I have an 8-foot by 10-foot PVC utility building in which I can run an experiment while I watch on a closed-circuit TV monitor, from the safety of my metal building.

The core does provide stability. I use a low-permeability core in order to avoid saturation from the bias. The lower the frequency, the fewer impulses (kicks) there are per second which results in a lower power density but it also lowers the relativistic effects in the core. So sure, it is a trade-off of control versus power. If the controller were to be fitted totally within the “eye of the storm”, that is, in the centre of the toroid space, then the power density could be greatly increased. My main concern would be losing control in a runaway situation with the controller ignoring command signals from the outside due to these relativistic timing changes. Energy induced in even DC control wiring can override those control signals. You would not want to be anywhere near that if it happened.

I do not like to use ferrite or laminated iron cores. With their high permeability, they can only be used at very low frequencies and very low power densities.

One of the features of this power source is that it seems to adapt to the load (within reason, of course). Load impedance is fairly important for getting maximum power output, due in part, to the High-Frequency portion of the energy riding on the DC output. Momentary short-circuiting of the output does result in a plasma-like discharge arc.

From what I can see, my toroid and that of Steven Mark do look to be very similar. The primary differences that I can see are the core material and the number of poles. It sounds and looks like Steven Mark used stranded copper wire and 4 poles, while I use powdered iron and 3 poles in my current device. Otherwise, both seem to build up a swirling electromagnetic vortex during operation.

Over the years, I have used other core materials with varying degrees of success. I started out with laminated iron cores on 2-phase devices bin the mid 1980s and ten progressed to air-core 3-phase devices in the early 1990s. One of the first units on which I tried 3-phase operation was a Seike “g-strain energy absorber” which I had connected to a hand-wound 3-phase air-core toroidal coil. Talk about uncontrolled operation! But I kept at it, unaware of the dangers. Since I was no longer doing the HHO gas research at that time, I was obsessed with trying to replicate Tesla and Moray research on a shoestring budget. After my lightning strike injury in 1995, I mothballed that line of research until I had the time, energy and funds to continue. I refused to apply this 3-phase design to practical application until the control issue cold be solved.

One technique which can be used to improve the power density at low frequencies is to go from 3 primaries to 6 primaries, that is, two phased sets of 3-phase drive coils.

In March 2012 a similar style of circuit design is to roll out the first 200 commercial units from a company in South Africa. The http://pesn.com/2012/02/22/9602042_South_African_Fuel-Free_Generator_Preparing_for_Market/ web site of Stirling Allan covers many of the details of these units. The expected price for a self-powered 5 kilowatt unit is US $6000 and there are other units of up to 40 kilowatt output. Stirling has visited the company in South Africa and witnessed the device in operation and was due to receive one of these units in March 2012, but delivery has been delayed due to the batteries stopping operating after three months of use.

Don Smith’s High-Power Devices.

Don Smith is a very talented American who has understood all of Tesla's work and has produced literally dozens of practical devices based on his understanding. You will find more specific details in chapter 3, but in broad outline, a twelve-volt battery can be used to generate the pulsing magnetic field needed to nudge the local environment into providing massive amounts of electrical energy. The device described in detail in chapter 3, has an output of around 160 kilowatts, which is far, far more than any individual would need. In other words, it is a device which could easily power your home, and considering that an electric car needs about 65 kilowatts, one could easily power a vehicle, making it into a fuel-less mode of transport. This is not magic, just standard electrical theory being applied correctly for a change.

The key component in many of Don's devices is the humble, commercial power supply used to drive neon sign displays. This module produces some 9,000 volts at a frequency of 35,100 Hz (cycles per second). As Don points out, when you double the pulsing frequency and double the pulsing voltage, the available power goes up by a factor of sixteen times, because the effect of both of these things is squared. You will recall that Bob Boyce is pulsing his toroid very sharply at 42,000 Hz and that high frequency has a major effect on the power produced in his system.

Don then boosts his working voltage further with a step-up transformer called a Tesla Coil. This brings us into an area of massive power. People have the very mistaken idea that a Tesla Coil can only produce voltage and not current. The reality is that if the primary coil is positioned in the centre of the secondary coil, then the voltage and current produced will be roughly the same, and that is a very, very high level of power. One device of Don's looks like this:

This prototype is actually more complicated than it needs to be. It uses three very high-voltage capacitors which are not necessary if you opt for a slightly different method of construction. However, in this version, the twelve-volt battery (which is not shown), powers a true sine-wave inverter in order to provide the mains voltage and frequency needed by the neon-tube driver circuit. The voltage limitations of the capacitors, in particular, the 8,000-volt output storage capacitors, make the 9,000 volt output of the neon-tube driver too much for safe usage. To deal with this, Don uses a Variac-style variable transformer to lower the voltage supplied to the neon-tube driver circuit, and this lets him limit the output voltage to the 8,000 volts of the output storage capacitors.

A key detail is that the wire length in the turns of the short primary winding of the Tesla Coil is exactly one quarter of the wire length of the turns in the long secondary winding. This makes the coils resonate which is a vital factor in the operation. The final, exact tuning, can be done by sliding the primary coil to a slightly different position. In this prototype, Don chose to do the final fine tuning by attaching a small capacitor across each of the windings. This is not necessary.

In the prototype shown above, Don then uses four diodes to rectify the output to DC to feed the storage capacitors. This results in an 8,000 volt supply which can provide 20 amps of current. That is an output power of 160 kilowatts, and is limited by the output capacitor voltage rating.

Don points out that it is not necessary to do it that way and instead, a step-down transformer can be used to lower the output voltage and boost the available current. If this is done, then the voltage limitations disappear (provided that you are using very high-voltage cables) and so no Variac is needed and no high-voltage capacitors are needed either.

There are two options. Either you can aim for a mains-voltage, mains-frequency, AC output, or you can produce a DC output and use an off-the-shelf inverter to run any mains equipment powered by the device. With the first option, Don connects a single resistor across the primary of the step-down transformer and that drags the frequency down to the wanted level, provided that the resistor has the right value:

The alternative method which aims for a DC output does not need to alter the frequency:

In both of these cases, the twelve volt driving battery can be charged continuously by part of the output power, and there are various ways of doing that. However, care needs to be taken that the battery is not overcharged as the input power is very low.

You will notice the similarity between Bob Boyce's toroid system and Don Smith's Tesla Coil system. In each case, a very carefully wound circular winding is pulsed at high frequency, and in each case, substantial amounts of excess electrical power becomes available, flowing in from the surrounding environment, courtesy of the pulsating magnetic field.

Tariel Kapanadze’s Self-Powered Generators.

Tariel Kapanadze produced a similar style of device which is self-powered and produces a mains electricity output. He has demonstrated this for a TV documentary. Further details available are in chapter 3.

The Insights of Vladimir Utkin

Vladimir has recently issued a paper in which he describes some of the very important work done by himself and members of a Russian forum. He has major insights into the work of Tesla, Don Smith and others. With his kind permission, here is his paper (updated as of 15th March 2012):

FREE-ENERGY:

NIKOLA TESLA SECRETS FOR EVERYBODY

by Vladimir Utkin u.v@bk.ru

FIRST SECRET

All of Tesla’s secrets are based on

ELECTROMAGNETIC FEEDBACK

EXPLANATION: An ordinary energy system comprises a generator and motor (common view), and can be completed with an electric current feedback as shown here in electrical circuit (a)

NO FREE-ENERGY FREE ENERGY IS POSSIBLE

(a)(b)

Electrical feedback ElectroMagnetic field feedback

In case (a), the system once started, will slow down and stop because of friction, resistance and so on. Nikola Tesla arranged a feedback loop for the electromagnetic field: case (b), and he said:

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FEEDBACK DESTROYS THE INTERACTION SYMMETRY

This means that an action no longer has an equal and opposite reaction

In case (b), once started, the system will accelerate in spite of friction, resistance and so on (provided that the phase of the electromagnetic feedback is positive and is sufficiently large). In order for an electromagnetic field to exist in a motor, there must be some energy input, and Tesla said:

ENERGY GENERATION BY IT’S OWN APPLICATION

QUESTION: How can you produce positive electromagnetic field feedback?

AN ANSWER: The simplest and well-known example is Michael Faraday’s unipolar motor, as modified by Nikola Tesla:

(a) (b)

An ordinary unipolar motor consists of a magnetised disk, and a voltage applied between the axis and a point on the circumference of the disc as shown in (a) above. But an ordinary unipolar motor can also consists of an external magnet and a metal disc with a voltage applied between the axis and a peripheral point on the disc as in (b) above. Tesla decided to modify this version of the unipolar motor. He cut the metal disc into helical sections as shown here:

In this case, the consumption of current produces an additional magnetic field along the axis of the disc. When the current-carrying wires are tilted in one direction, their magnetic field augments the main external magnetic field. When the wires are tilted in the other direction, their magnetic field reduces the main external magnetic field. So, the current flow can increase or reduce the external magnetic field of the unipolar motor.

Amplification is not possible without applying power

If it is possible to arrange a magnetic field feedback loop for mechanical devices, then it is probably possible to arrange it for solid-state devices like coils and capacitors.

The others parts of this article are devoted to devices which use coils and capacitors. All of the examples in this article are only intended to help your understanding of the principles involved. Understanding would be made easier if we pay attention to the ferromagnetic shielding of the second coil in the transformer invented by Nikola Tesla:

In this case, the ferromagnetic shield separates the first and second coils in the transformer from each other, and that shield can be used as magnetic field feedback loop. This fact will be useful for understanding the final part of this article. It is also helpful to consider the properties of the electrostatic field.

ELECTROSTATICS (scalar field and the longitudinal electromagnetic waves)

Comment: Mr. Tesla said, “there is radiant energy, perpendicular to the surface of any charged conductor, produced by a scalar electromagnetic field, thus giving rise to longitudinal electromagnetic waves”.

At first glance, this contradicts the age-old experience in studying the electromagnetic field (according to modern concepts, any electromagnetic field has components which are perpendicular to the direction of the propagated electromagnetic wave), also, Maxwell's equations describe an electromagnetic field as a vector. However, the first impression is erroneous, and no contradiction exists.

Definitions of Physics: Any conductor has both inductance and capacitance, that is, the ability to accumulate charge on it’s surface. A charge on the surface of a conductor creates an electric field (electrostatic field). The potential (voltage) at any point of the electric field is a scalar quantity!!! (That is, it is a scalar electric field ...).

If the electric charge of the conductor varies with time, then the electrostatic field will also vary with time, resulting in the appearance of the magnetic field component:

Thus, the electromagnetic wave is formed (with the longitudinal component of E ...).

REMARK: In order to understand how a longitudinal wave interacts with conductive bodies, one needs to read the general electrostatics information, typically entitled "Electrification by Influence" or something similar. Particularly interesting are Maxwell's equations where they mention the displacement current (see Maxwell’s pdf at www.free-energy-info.com/Maxwell.pdf ).

Now we come to the first secret:

SECRET 1

The power source in Nikola Tesla’s free energy device, the amplifying transformer, is a

SELF-POWERED L-C CIRCUIT

EXPLANATIONS

AN EXAMPLE OF UNLIMITED VOLTAGE RISE

(Based on batteries and a switch)

EXPLANATION: Batteries 1 and 2 are connected to the capacitor C alternately, through the inductances L. Voltage on capacitor C and the voltage from the batteries are increasing. As a result, there can be unlimited voltage rise. When the voltage on the capacitor reaches the desired level, it is connected to the load.

COMMENT: Two diodes were used to avoid synchronisation requirements. Manual or relay switching can be used. One implementation used a spark gap to connect the output load but a switch is an alternative method.

TIMELINE FOR THE PROCESS:

The schematics can be simplified, and only one battery used (load is connected in the same way).

COMMENT: Maybe Alfred Hubbard used an idea shown as option B, in some versions of his transformer

COMMENT: If you want to get a self-powered circuit, you have to arrange some kind of energy feedback to the batteries. But, is this an actual FE technology? I am not sure….

COMMENT: Is this the only way?

No, of course not - there are different ways of doing it. For example, you can use fields inside and outside of some LC circuits. How can we do that?

For more secrets read the following parts…

HOW DO WE GET THIS RESULT?

AN ANSWER

You need to charge the capacitor using the electric component of the electromagnetic field of the inductor (using the displacement current of Maxwell’s equations)

EXPLANATION

When the electric field in capacitor C is decaying, due to feeding electrical current into an inductor (not shown), the external electric field generated by the inductor tries to charge this capacitor with the inductor’s displacement current. As a result, the capacitor draws energy in from the surrounding electromagnetic field, and the capacitor’s voltage rises cycle by cycle.

IMPLEMENTATION A – a central capacitor is used:

IMPLEMENTATION B – no capacitors are used:

In this case instead of using a capacitor, the capacitance between the two sections of inductor L provides the necessary capacitance.

HOW DO WE START THE PROCESS?

In implementation A, you must charge the capacitor and connect it to the inductor to start the process.

In implementation B, you must use an additional pulsing or “kicking” coil, which starts the process by providing a pulse in either the electrical field or the magnetic field (shown later on).

HOW DO WE STOP THE PROCESS?

The process of pumping energy can continue uninterrupted for an unlimited length of time and so the question arises; how do you stop the device if you should want to?. This can be done by connecting a spark gap across the coil L and the resulting sparking will be sufficient to stop the process.

THE “KICKING” PROCESS USING AN ELECTRIC FIELD

Use an additional special “kicking” coil, which can generate short powerful magnetic pulses, and install an amplifying Tesla coil along the electrical vector of the electromagnetic field of this coil.

The electrical field of the driving pulse or “kicking” coil will charge the spread capacitors of the inductor, and the process will be started. Use pulses as short as possible in “kicking” coil, because the displacement current depends on the speed of the changes in the magnetic field.

THE “KICKING” PROCESS WITH A MAGNETIC FIELD

It is not possible to “kick” the process by displacement of the amplifying Tesla coil in the uniform changing magnetic field of the “kicking” coil, because the output voltage on the ends of the Tesla amplifying coil will be equal to zero in this case. So, you must use a non-uniform magnetic field. For that you must install a “kicking” coil, not in the centre of the amplifying Tesla coil, but positioned away from the centre

IS THAT ALL TRUE, AND THE BEST TECHNIQUE TO USE?

No, it is not! Nikola Tesla found more subtle and more powerful method – his bi-filar pancake coil!

BI-FILAR PANCAKE COIL – MAY BE THE BEST METHOD

The voltage between adjacent turns in an ordinary coil is very low, and so their ability to generate additional energy is not good. Consequently, you need to raise the voltage between adjacent turns in an inductor.

Method: divide the inductor into separate parts, and position the turns of the first part in between the turns of the second part, and then connect end of the first coil to the beginning of the second coil. When you do that, the voltage between adjacent turns will be the same as the voltage between the ends of the whole coil !!!

Next step – rearrange the position of the magnetic and electric fields in the way needed for applying amplifying energy (as described above). The method for doing this is – the flat pancake coil where the magnetic and electric fields are arranged in exactly the way needed for amplifying energy.

Now, it is clear why Tesla always said that his bi-filar pancake coil was an energy-amplifying coil !!!

REMARK: for the best charging of the natural self-capacitance of the coil, you have to use electric pulses which are as short as possible, because the displacement current as shown in Maxwell’s equation, depends to a major degree on the speed of the change in the magnetic field.

THE DUAL - LAYER CYLINDRICAL BI-FILAR COIL

Instead of the standard side-by-side cylindrical bi-filar coil, the coil winding may also be arranged in two separate layers, one on top of the other:

THE ELECTRO – RADIANT EFFECT

(Inductance in an electrostatic field)

EXPLANATION

The primary coil in Tesla’s transformer is the

first plate of the capacitor. The secondary coil - is the second plate of the capacitor.

When you charge a capacitor C from your source of energy, you charge a wire of the primary coil also. As a result, a wire of the secondary coil is charging also (as a return from ambient space).

In order to start the process, you have to remove

charge from the primary coil (by arranging a jump in potential in ambient space). When this is done, a huge displacement current occurs – as a result of that potential jump. Inductance catches this

magnetic flux, and you have energy amplification.

If this process is operating, then you generate a magnetic field in ambient space.

COMMENT: The capacitance of the wire of the primary coil is very low, and so it takes very little energy to charge it, and a very short spark to discharge it (without removing charge from the capacitor C).

COMMENT: Notice that the spark gap must be connected to

the ground as, in my opinion, this is a very important feature of this process, but Mr Tesla did not show grounding. Perhaps this needs to be a separate grounding point.

REMARK: In my opinion, this technology was also used in Gray’s device and in Smith’s devices and in both cases the spark gap was connected to the ground.

ALSO:

Pay attention to the words used in Gray’s patent “…. for inductive load”.

And, pay attention to Smith’s words “I can see this magnetic field, if I use a magnetometer”.

MODERN IMPLEMENTATIONS

in self-powered L-C circuits

EXAMPLE 1

Using a bi-filar coil as the primary coil in a resonant Tesla transformer

By Don Smith

Explanation: The bi-filar primary coil is used as primary for energy amplification, and is pulsed through the spark gap.

EXAMPLE 2

By Mislavskij

Is comprised of two capacitor plates sandwiching a ferrite ring core with a coil wound on it:

EXPLANATION

When a capacitor is charging (or discharging), this “displacement” current flow generates a magnetic field in the vacuum in a circular form (Maxwell’s equations). If a coil is wound on a ferrite toroid placed between the plates of the capacitor, then a voltage is generated in the turns of that coil:

Also, if an alternating current is applied to the coil wound on the ferrite toroid, then voltage is generated on the capacitor plates.

If an inductor and a capacitor are combined in an L-C circuit, then there are two cases inside such an L-C circuit:

a) energy amplification and b) energy destruction

The situation depends on how the coils and capacitor are connected together

Energy Generation Energy Destruction

COMMENT: If the direction of the turns in the coil wound on the ferrite core is reversed, then the wires connecting the coil to the capacitor plates need to be swapped over as well.

The first experiments with a ferrite core inside a capacitor were made in 1992 by Mislavskij (a 7th-year pupil of the Moscow school), and so it is known as “Mislavskij’s transformer”.

PROTOTYPE TRANSFORMER:

THE SAME APPROACH?

By Don Smith

In this arrangement, the capacitor is charged by sparks and powerful displacement current is produced. The transformer with the ferromagnetic core is collecting this current.

COMMENT: This schematic diagram is very rough, and lacking in details. It will not perform correctly without back-electromagnetic force suppression of some kind (see below).

SECRET 1.1

Back-EMF suppression in a resonating Tesla coil

Version 1

The primary and secondary coils, and the ground connection in this Tesla coil are arranged in special manner:

Explanation: The exciting (driving) current and the load current in an electromagnetic field, are perpendicular to each other as shown here:

COMMENT: In order to get an energy gain, the frequency of excitation of the primary coil must be the resonant frequency of the secondary coil.

COMMENT: Excitation with just a single spark is possible.

COMMENT: In Mr. Tesla’s terminology, this is pumping charges or charge funneling, the charge is coming from the ground (which is a source of energy).

POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE) DISTRIBUTION ON THE COIL

EXPLANATION The task of the oscillating circuit is to create a local electromagnetic field with a large electrical component. In theory, it would only be necessary to charge up the high voltage capacitor just once and then a lossless circuit would maintain the oscillations indefinitely without needing any further power input. In reality, there are some losses and so some additional power input is needed.

THESE OSCILLATIONS ACT AS A "BAIT", ATTRACTING CHARGE INFLOW FROM THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT. Almost no energy is needed in order to create and maintain such a "bait"...

The next step is to move to this "bait" to one side of the circuit, close to the source of the charges which is the Ground. At this small separation, breakdown occurs and the inherent parasitic capacitance of the circuit will be instantly recharged with energy flowing into the circuit from outside.

At the ends of the circuit there will be a voltage difference, and so there will be spurious oscillations. The direction of this electromagnetic field is perpendicular to the original field of the "bait" and so it does not destroy it. This effect is due to the fact that the coil consists of two opposing halves. The parasitic oscillations gradually die out, and they do not destroy the “bait” field. The process is repeated spark by spark for every spark which occurs. Consequently, the more often sparks occur, the greater the efficiency of the process will be. The energy in the "bait" experiences almost no dissipation, providing a much greater power output than the power needed to keep the device operating.

TESLA SCHEMATICS

COMMENT: Don Smith named this technology “Bird on the wire”. The bird is safe on the wire until a spark occurs.

COMMENT: Mr. Tesla named this technology a “charge funnel” or “charge pump”

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE TECHNOLOGY

1. This Free-Energy device generates an AC electrical potential in ambient space (“bait” for electrons),

2. Electrons flowing through the load, flow in from the environment, attracted by this “bait” (pumped in)

NOT A SINGLE ELECTRON USED FOR EXCITING AMBIENT SPACE NEEDS TO FLOW THROUGH THE LOAD

POSSIBLE DESIGN FOR THE “CHARGE PUMP” OR “CHARGE FUNNEL”

By Edwin Gray

Probable Schematic for Edwin Gray’s Cold Electricity Circuit

EXPLANATION: This schematic is a simplification of Gray’s patent, produced by Dr. Peter Lindemann for greater clarification in his book.

POSSIBLE DESIGN FOR THE “CHARGE PUMP” or “CHARGE FUNNEL”

EXPLANATION: The charging system is unable to “see” the field inside a charging capacitor.

COMMON VIEW OF RESONANCE: Resonance is not destroyed if you short-circuit or open a “pumping” capacitor.

COMMENT: You can add an ordinary, very large capacitor in parallel with the “pumping” capacitor for more impressive results.

Don Smith illustration

COMMENTS: You have to use an alternating E-field, in order to charge the capacitor. But, Smith marked the North and South poles in his drawing. I think that this is true for only one instant. Diodes are not shown in his drawings, which indicates that his device as shown, is to my mind not complete.

THE EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF ED GRAY’S TUBE

EXPLANATION: Gray’s tube with it’s two internal grids is seen in the middle. Two diodes are underneath the acrylic sheet (???). A Leiden Jar is located on the left (???) The HF HV coil is behind Gray’s tube (???)

A POSSIBLE DESIGN FOR THE “CHARGE PUMP” or “CHARGE FUNNEL”

THE TESTATIKA by Paul Bauman

EXPLANATION: The central electrode in the jars (capacitors) is for the excitation of ambient space; the two external cylinders are the plates of the charging capacitors.

EXPLANATION: The charging mechanism is unable to “see” the field inside the charging capacitors.

COMMENT: For more details read the section on asymmetrical capacitors.

A POSSIBLE DESIGN FOR THE “CHARGE PUMP” or “CHARGE FUNNEL”

COMMENT: This is based on Tesla’s schematics

COMMENT: First, you need to arrange a “voltage killer” barrier on one side of the Tesla coil. This is to create a “BLIND” charging system which can’t “see” the charge on the capacitor (see below for more detail on “blindness”).

COMMENTS: ‘Huge capacitor’ means: as much ordinary capacitance as possible.

Effectiveness depends on voltage and coil frequency, and current in the node.

Effectiveness depends also on the frequency at which the excitation spark occurs.

It is very similar to Don Smith’s devices.

COMMENT: For more details read part devoted to Avramenko’s plug…

POSSIBLE DESIGN FOR THE “CHARGE PUMP” or “CHARGE FUNNEL”

EXPLANATION: The charging system is unable to “see” the field inside the charging capacitor.

COMMENT: For more details read the part which is devoted to Avramenko’s plug…

COMMENT: An ordinary piece of wire can be used in some versions of this gadget, see below….

ENERGY REGENERATION BY

L/4 COIL

COMMENT: This system is based on wireless energy transmission through the ground

COMMENT: Energy radiated to ambient space lowers the efficiency of this process

COMMENT: The Receiver and Transmitter coils must have the same resonant frequency

COMMENT: Possible alternative arrangement:

COMMENT: A metal sheet can be used instead of a long wire

The “COLD” and “HOT” ends of a Tesla Coil

by Donald Smith

COMMENT: If the excitation coil L1 is positioned in the centre of coil L2, then the Tesla Coil will have a “cold” end and a “hot” end. A spark gap can only be connected to the “hot” end. You cannot get a good spark if the spark gap is connected to the “cold” end.

COMMENT: This is very important for practical applications, so read Don Smith’s documents for more details.

COMMENT: It is easy to understand the “Hot” and “Cold” ends, if one end of the Tesla Coil is grounded…

The Grounded Tesla coil – a hidden form of energy

EXPLANATION: We can look at the Tesla coil as a piece of metal. Every piece of metal can be charged. If Tesla coil is grounded, it has an extra charge delivered from the ground, and has an extra energy also. But, it can be find out only in electrostatics interactions, not in electromagnetic one.

Comment: This diagram shows only one instant, after half a cycle, the polarities will be swapped over.

Question: How can we use this fact?

Answer: We have to arrange an electrostatic interaction:

Comments: Extra capacitors can be used for charging them.

This looks like Smith’s plasma globe device. Maybe, he used this technology.

This can be used in charge pump technology for excitation by an alternating electrical field, read the section on the charge pump or charge funnel.

The wiring can be different to that shown above.

Examples of grounded bifilar (multi-strand) coils

From Tariel Kapanadze in his 100 KW device

from Steven Mark in big TPU

from Donald Smith

Both of the two out of phase outputs were used and both connected to the step-down transformer.

1. Between sparks:

There is no current in the step-down transformer and so the two ends of L2 are at the same voltage.

2. During a spark:

Parasitic capacitors (not shown) connected across both sections of L2 are discharged to ground, and current is produced in the step-down transformer. One end of L2 is at ground potential. But, the magnetic field of this current in L2 is perpendicular to the resonating field and so has no influence on it. As a result of this, you have power in the load, but the resonance is not destroyed.

COMMENTS: In my opinion, these schematics have errors in the excitation section. Find those errors.

Excitation by a single spark is possible.

In the terminology of Mr. Tesla, this is a ‘charge pump’ or ‘charge funnel’. The charges are coming from the Ground which is the source of the energy.

There are more secrets in the following parts.

SECRET 1.1

Back EMF suppression in a resonance coil

Version 2

Primary and secondary coils are placed on a rod core. All of the coils are arranged in special manner. The primary coil is placed in the middle of the core. The secondary coil is in two parts which are positioned at the ends of the rod. All of the coils are wound in the same direction.

Explanation:

The electromagnetic fields produced by the resonant (excitation) current and the load current are perpendicular to each other:

So, although you have power in the load, resonance is not destroyed by that output power.

Comments: The load must be chosen so as to get the maximum amount of power flowing into it. Very low loads and very high loads will both have close to zero energy flowing in them.

The secondary coil is shunting the primary coil, and so it has a current flowing in it even if no loads are connected.

The secondary coil can be adjusted for resonance too.

The “rod” material can be air, or other materials.

SECRET 1.1

Back EMF suppression in a resonance coil

Version 3

(long wire usage – bifilar usage)

EXPLANATION: It is very much like Version 1, but here, the two coils are combined into a single coil.

IT IS IMPOSSIBLE!

(Without back EMF suppression)

By Don Smith

Multi-coil system for energy multiplication

COMMENT : You decide how you think it was made. Maybe short-circuited coils will be useful…

Read the following parts to discover more secrets…

MODERN OPTIONS?

For Back EMF suppression

Version 3

BI-FILAR USAGE

By Tariel Kapanadze

BIFILAR USAGE

By Timothy Trapp

COMMENT: See Trapp’s sites for more details

POSSIBLE CORE CONFIGURATION

For back EMF suppression

TOROIDAL CORE

COMMENTS: An ordinary excitation winding is wound all of the way around a toroidal core.

A bi-filar output winding is wound around the whole of a toroidal core.

Remember about the “Hot” and “Cold” ends of a bi-filar coil.

COMMENT: Remember about the “Hot” and “Cold” ends of the output coil

THE BASIS OF BACK EMF SUPPRESSION

(Tesla patent)

SECRET 1.2

The Spark-Exciting Generator (“SEG”)

(Charge delivering to LC circuit)

EXPLANATION:

The spark delivers charge to the L-C circuit

The charge Q on a capacitor C with voltage U is: Q = U x C or U = Q / C

Where Q is a charge delivered by one spark.

During the excitation of the L-C circuit by the sparks, the capacitance C is constant.

After N excitations, the voltage Un on C will be Un = N x Q / C And, energy En will be raised as N2.

In other words, If the L-C circuit is excited by charges, we have energy amplification.

COMMENT: You need to understand that a feedback loop in the electromagnetic field is a changing voltage level in the L-C circuit capacitor, a high-voltage transformer is connected to collect the excess energy.

WITHOUT SYNCHRONISATION

The Spark-Exciting Generator

From Don Smith

MAINTAIN RESONANCE AND GET FREE-ENERGY !!

EXPLANATION: It appears that we need to charge the capacitor circuit to an energy level which is greater than that of the source energy itself. At first glance, this appears to be an impossible task, but the problem is actually solved quite simply.

The charging system is screened, or "blinded", to use the terminology of Mr. Tesla, so that it cannot “see” the presence of the charge in the capacitor. To accomplish this, one end of a capacitor is connected to the ground and the other end is connected to the high-energy coil, the second end of which is free. After connecting to this higher energy level from the energising coil, electrons from the ground can charge a capacitor to a very high level.

In this case, the charging system does not "see" what charge is already in a capacitor. Each pulse is treated as if it were the first pulse ever generated. Thus, the capacitor can reach a higher energy level than of the source itself. After the accumulation of the energy, it is discharged to the load through the discharge spark gap. After that, the process is repeated again and again indefinitely ...

COMMENT: The frequency of the excitation sparks, must match the resonant frequency of the output coil. (capacitors 2 and 14 are used to achieve this goal). This is multi-spark excitation.

COMMENT: Charges are pumping from the ground to 11-15 circuit, this device extracts charge from ambient space. Because of this, it will not work properly without a ground connection.

If you need Mains frequency, or don’t want use an output spark, then read the following parts…

Asymmetrical transformers can be used (read the following parts)

POSSIBLE SEG ARRANGEMENT

(From Russian forum)

COMMENT: The L1 Tesla coil shown above, is energised by spark f1. Resonant, step-down transformer L2 is connected to the L1 Tesla coil by output spark f2. The frequency of f1 is much higher than that of f2.

SEG WITHOUT SYNCHRONISATION

From Don Smith

REMARK: It must be adjusted by dimensions, materials (???)

EXPLANATION

REMINDER: An ordinary capacitor is a device for separating charges on it’s plates,

The total charge inside an ordinary capacitor is zero (read the textbooks).

There is an electrical field only inside the capacitor. The electrical field outside the capacitor is zero (because the fields cancel each other).

So far, connecting one plate to the ground we will get no current flowing in this circuit:

REMINDER: A separated capacitor is a device for accumulating charges on it’s plates.

The total charge on a separated capacitor is NOT zero (read the textbooks). So far, by connecting one plate of the separated capacitor to the ground we will get a current flowing in this circuit (because there is an external field).

REMARK: We get the same situation, if only one plate of an ordinary capacitor is charged. So far, connecting an uncharged plate of an ordinary capacitor to the ground we get a current flowing in this circuit also (because there is an external field).

Alternately charging a capacitor’s plates Avramenko’s plug – is it a free energy device?

The principle: Each plate of a capacitor charges as a separated capacitor. Charging takes place in an alternating fashion, first one plate and then the other plate.

The result: The capacitor is charged to a voltage which is greater than that which the charging system delivers.

Explanation: The external field of an ordinary charged capacitor is equal to or near zero, as noted above. So, if you charge plates as a separated capacitor (upload or download charge), the charging system will not “see" the field which already exists inside the capacitor, and will charge the plates as if the field inside the capacitor is absent.

Once a plate has been charged, begin to charge another plate.

After the second plate of the capacitor has been charged, the external field becomes zero again. The charging system cannot "see" the field inside the capacitor once again and the process repeats again several times, raising the voltage until the spark gap connected to the output load discharges it.

REMARK: You will recall that an ordinary capacitor is a device for charge separation. The charging process of a capacitor causes electrons from on one plate to be "pumped" to another plate. After that, there is an excess of electrons on one plate, while the other one has deficit, and that creates a potential difference between them (read the textbooks). The total amount of charge inside the capacitor does not change. Thus the task of the charging system is to move charge temporarily from one plate to another.

The simplest Free-Energy device (???)

REMARK: The capacitance of an ordinary capacitor is much greater than the capacitance of a separated plate capacitor (provided that it’s plates are close to each other).

COMMENT: The time between S1 and S2 is very short.

REMARKS: This is an illustration of energy-dependence in a coordinated system.

This is an illustration of the so-called Zero-Point Energy.

ASYMMETRICAL CAPACITOR

(Current amplification???)

COMMENT: The capacitance (size) of the plate on the right is much greater than that of the plate on the left.

COMMENT: Charges from the ground will run on to the right hand plate UNTIL the moment when the external field drops to zero caused by the second spark (“S2”). It takes more charges flowing from the ground to annihilate the external field at the instant of the second spark, because the capacitance of the plate on the right is far greater. ‘More charge’ means ‘more current’, so you have achieved current amplification through this arrangement.

COMMENT: The field at the terminals of the plate on the right is not zero after both sparks have occurred, this is because a field remains due to the additional charges which have flowed in (‘pumped’) from the ground.

THE SIMPLEST ASYMMETRICAL CAPACITORS

The most simple asymmetrical capacitors are the Leyden jar and the coaxial cable (also invented by Mr. Tesla).

Apart from the fact that the area (capacitance) of the plates of these capacitors is different, and they therefore are asymmetrical, they have another property:

The electrostatic field of the external electrode of these devices does not affect the internal electrode.

EXPLANATION: This is caused by the fact that the electrostatic field is absent inside the metal bodies (see textbooks).

REMARK: This is true provided that the plates are charged separately.

CAPACITOR - TRIODE

REMARK: Dr. Harold Aspden has pointed out the possibility of Energy Amplification when using this device.

THE PRINCIPLE OF CURRENT AMPLIFICATION

IN THE CAPACITOR – TRIODE

EXPLANATION: You have to get zero potential on the inside of a small cylinder (on the input electrode). In this case, the charge on the external cylinder will be more than on the internal cylinder. More charge means more current, and so you’ll have current amplification.

In detail:

The potential around any cylinder with radius ‘R’ is:

where q is a charge on this cylinder

Potential inside this cylinder is the same, because:

and

If you want to get zero potential inside two cylinders (on the input electrode) you have to deliver more charge of the opposite sign to the external one, proportionally to the radius of this cylinder. A larger radius means more charge.

OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE:

1. Charge the input electrode from your source of energy.

2. The small cylinder (control electrode) will be charged automatically, if it’s connected to the ground through a diode with the properly polarity.

3. Discharge the input electrode to zero level (for example, by using a spark). As a result there will be a zero potential on it.

4. If the external cylinder is connected to the ground through a diode with the properly polarity, it will be charged automatically with the opposite sign. But the charge “pumped” from the ground will more than for small cylinder (proportional to the ratio of their radiuses).

5. As a result, there is current amplification.

COMMENT: Did Edwin Gray use this principle in his device?.

COMMENT If so, then Gray’s patent is lacking some very important details (???)

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE “BLINDNESS”

CHARGING SYSTEM IN THE SEG

EXPLANATION: The “short” coil is not able to see the oscillations in the “long” coil, because the total number of magnetic lines from the “long” coil which are passing through the “short” coil is close to zero (because one half is in one direction and the other half is in the opposite direction).

COMMENT: This a particular case of an asymmetrical transformer, for more details read the part about asymmetrical transformers.

COMMENTS ABOUT THE SEG:

All Back EMF schematics can be used in SEG

COMMENTS: No current will be produced in the load in any of these circuits, unless there is a ground connection. Is excitation possible with just a single spark (???)

FOR MORE ASYMMETRY IN SEG ?

FOR ONE SPARK EXCITING IN SEG ?

By Don Smith

COMMENT: This arrangement becomes more asymmetrical after excitation

EXPLANATION

Symmetry is destroyed by a spark

If the impedances of Ra and Rc are the same at the frequency produced by signal generator F1, then the resulting voltage at points A and B will also be identical which means that there will be zero output.

If the circuit is excited by the very sharp, positive-only, DC voltage spike produced by a spark, then the impedances of Ra and Rc are not the same and there is a non-zero output.

Here is a possible alternative. Please note that the position of the output coil must be adjusted, it’s best position depending on value of resistor Rc and the frequency being produced by signal generator F1.

Here is another possible arrangement. Here, the position of the output coil depends on L1 and L2:

A NOMOGRAPH

Using a nomograph: Draw a straight line from your chosen 30 kHz frequency (purple line) through your chosen 100 nanofarad capacitor value and carry the line on as far as the (blue) inductance line as shown above.

You can now read the reactance off the red line, which looks like 51 ohms to me. This means that when the circuit is running at a frequency of 30 kHz, then the current flow through your 100 nF capacitor will be the same as through a 51 ohm resistor. Reading off the blue "Inductance" line that same current flow at that frequency would occur with a coil which has an inductance of 0.28 millihenries.

MODERN OPTIONS IN SEG

Back EMF suppression in resonance coil

Version 3

By Don Smith

COMMENT: Please note that a long wire is used and one-spark excitation, where additional capacitors are used to create non-symmetry (???)

Version???

By Don Smith

Multi coil system for energy multiplication

Version???

By Tariel Kapanadze

No description, so read the following section…

KAPANADZE PROCESS

The process requires only 4 steps:

STEP 1

An L-C (coil-capacitor) circuit is pulsed and it’s resonant frequency determined (possibly by feeding it power through a spark gap and adjusting a nearby coil for maximum power collection).

STEP 2

The SEG process causes the energy level in the L-C circuit to rise. Power is fed via a spark gap which produces a very sharp square wave signal which contains every frequency in it. The L-C circuit automatically resonates at it’s own frequency in the same way that a bell always produces the same musical frequency when struck, no matter how it is struck.

STEP 3

The output waveform from the L-C circuit is then manipulated to provide an output which oscillates at the frequency on the local mains supply (50 Hz or 60 Hz typically).

STEP 4

Finally, the oscillations are smoothed by filtering to provide mains-frequency output power.

COMMENT: All of these processes are described in Kapanadze’s patents and so, no state or private confidential information is shown here. Kapanadze’s process is the SEG process.

COMMENT: As I see it, the main difference between the designs of Don Smith and Tariel Kapanadze is the inverter or modulator in the output circuit. At mains frequency you need a huge transformer core in a powerful inverter.

Read the following parts to discover more secrets…

MODERN OPTION

Lowering the L-C frequency to mains frequency (Modulation)

COMMENTS: It is possible to use square waves instead of sine waves to ease the loading on the transistors. This is very similar to the output sections of Tariel Kapanadze’s patents. This method does not require a powerful transformer with a huge core in order to provide 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

Don Smith’s option (guessed at by Patrick Kelly)

COMMENT : There is no high-frequency high-voltage step-down transformer, but a step-down transformer is used for mains frequency which means that it will need a huge core.

FOR BOTH SCHEMATICS:

You must choose the load in order to get the maximum power output. Very low, and very high loads will give almost no energy in the load (because the current flowing in the output circuit is restricted by the current flowing in the resonant circuit).

ILLUSTRATIONS FOR FREQUENCY LOWERING

From Tariel Kapanadze

ENERGY GAIN (REMARKS on 1.1 and 1.2 SECRETS)

We must consider two options: 1. Back-EMF suppression . . . . . (1.1) 2. Excitation by a spark . . . . . . . (1.2).

THESE OPTIONS ARE DIFFERENT However, in both cases, an increase of energy occurs due to the charges being pumped in from the ground. In the terminology of Mr. Tesla – “a charge funnel” or in modern terminology “a charge pump”.

1. In the first case, the problem for the oscillating circuit is to "create" an electromagnetic field which has a high intensity electrical component in ambient space. (Ideally, it is only necessary for the high-voltage capacitor be fully charged once. After that, if the circuit is lossless, then oscillation will be maintained indefinitely without the need for any further input power). THIS IS A "BAIT" TO ATTRACT CHARGES FROM THE AMBIENT SPACE.

Only a tiny amount of energy is needed to create such a "bait"... Next, move the "bait" to one side of the circuit, the side which is the source of the charges (Ground). The separation between the “bait” and the charges is now so small that breakdown occurs. The inherent parasitic capacitance of the circuit will be instantly charged, creating a voltage difference at the opposite ends of the circuit, which in turn causes spurious oscillations. The energy contained in these oscillations is the energy gain which we want to capture and use. This energy powers the load. This very useful electromagnetic field containing our excess power oscillates in a direction which is perpendicular to the direction of oscillation of the "bait" field and because of this very important difference, the output power oscillations do not destroy it. This vital factor happens because the coil is wound with two opposing halves. The parasitic oscillations gradually die out, passing all of their energy to the load. This energy-gaining process is repeated, spark by spark. The more often a spark occurs, the higher the excess power output will be. That is, the higher the spark frequency (caused by a higher voltage across the spark gap), the higher the power output and the greater the efficiency of the process. Hardly any additional "bait" energy is ever required. 2. In the second case we must charge the capacitor circuit to an energy level higher than that of the source energy itself. At first glance, this appears to be an impossible task, but the problem is solved quite easily.

The charging system is screened, or "blinded", to use the terminology of Mr. Tesla, so that it cannot “see” the presence of the charge in the capacitor. To accomplish this, one end of a capacitor is connected to the ground and the other end is connected to the high-energy coil, the second end of which is free. After connecting to this higher energy level from the energising coil, electrons from the ground can charge a capacitor to a very high level.

In this case, the charging system does not "see" what charge is already in a capacitor. Each pulse is treated as if it were the first pulse ever generated. Thus, the capacitor can reach a higher energy level than that of the source itself. After the accumulation of the energy, it is discharged to the load through the discharge spark gap. After that, the process is repeated again and again indefinitely ...

THIS PROCESS DOES NOT REQUIRE THE SUPPRESSION OF BACK-EMF

3. It should be noted, that option 1 and option 2 above could be combined.

SECRET 2

SWITCHABLE INDUCTANCE

The inductance is comprised of two coils which are positioned close to each other. Their connections are shown in front.

CONSTRUCTION: When constructing this arrangement there are many different options due to the various types of core which can be used for the coils:

1. Air-core

2. A ferromagnetic bar core

3. A ferromagnetic toroidal core

4. A transformer style ferromagnetic core.

PROPERTIES: (tested many times with a variety of cores)

The value of the total inductance LS does not change if you short one of the inductors L1 or L2

(This may have been tested for the first time by Mr. Tesla back in the 19th century).

APPLICATION TECHNIQUE:

This energy generation is based on the asymmetrical process:

1. Feed the total inductance LS with a current I

2. Then short-circuit one of the inductors (say, L1)

3. Drain the energy from inductor L2 into a capacitor

4. After draining L2, then remove the short-circuit from L1, short-circuit L2 and then drain the energy from L1 into a capacitor

QUESTION: Is it possible, using this method, to get twice the energy amount due to the asymmetry of the process, and if not, then what is wrong?

AN ANSWER: We need to start winding coils and performing tests.

EXAMPLES OF COILS ACTUALLY CONSTRUCTED

A coil was wound on a transformer ferromagnetic core (the size is not important) with permeability 2500 (not important) which was designed as a power-supply transformer. Each half-coil was 200 turns (not important), of 0.33 mm diameter wire (not important). The total inductance LS is about 2 mH (not important).

A coil was wound on a toroidal ferromagnetic core with permeability 1000 (not important). Each half-coil was 200 turns (not important), of 0.33 mm diameter wire (not important). The total inductance LS is about 4 mH (not important).

An ordinary laminated iron core transformer intended for 50-60 Hz power supply use (size is not important) was wound with a coil placed on each of it’s two halves. The total inductance LS is about 100 mH (not important).

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE TESTS

To make tests to confirm the properties of the coils, and then make measurements of the LS inductance both with coil L2 short-circuited and coil L2 not short-circuited, and then compare the results.

COMMENT: All of the tests can be done with just the toroidal coil as the other coils have been shown to have the same properties. You can repeat these tests and confirm this for yourself.

OPTION 1

These simple inductance measurements can be carried out with the help of an ordinary RLC (Resistance / Inductance / Capacitance) meter, such as the one shown here:

The measurements taken:

The total coil inductance LS was measured without short-circuited coils, the figure was recorded. The L2 coil was then short-circuited and the inductance LS measured again and the result recorded. Then, the results of the two measurements were compared.

The result: The inductance LS was unchanged (to an accuracy of about a one percent).

OPTION 2

A special set-up was used, consisting of an analogue oscilloscope, a digital voltmeter and a signal generator, to measure a voltage on the inductance LS without L2 being short-circuited and then with L2 short-circuited.

After the measurements were made, all of the results were compared.

Schematic of the set-up:

The order in which the measurements were taken

The voltage on the resistor was measured using the oscilloscope and the voltage on the inductor was measured using the voltmeter. Readings were taken before and after short-circuiting L2.

The result: The voltages remained unchanged (to an accuracy of about one percent).

Additional measurements

Before the above measurements were taken, the voltages across L1 and L2 were measured. The voltage on both halves was a half of the voltage on the total inductor LS.

COMMENT: The frequency of about 10 kHz was chosen because the coil did not have parasitic resonances at this frequency or at low frequencies. All measurements were repeated using a coil with a ferromagnetic E-shaped transformer core. All of the results were the same.

OPTION 3

Capacitor recharging.

The objective was to match voltages on a capacitor, both before and after it being recharged by interaction with an inductor which could be connected into the circuit via a switch.

The experiment conditions

A capacitor is charged from a battery and is connected to the inductor through the first diode (included to give protection against oscillations). At the moment of feedback, half of the inductor is shunted by the second diode (due to it’s polarity), while the inductance must remain unchanged. If after recharging the capacitor the capacitor voltage is the same (but with reversed polarity), then generation will have taken place (because a half of the energy remains in the shunted half of the inductor).

In theory, it is impossible, for an ordinary inductor consisting of two coils to do this.

The result :

The result confirms the prediction – the remaining energy is more than the capacitor gives to the coil (with an accuracy of 20%).

Test components: Capacitor 47 nano Farads, inductor LS is about 2 mH , Shotky silicon diodes BAT42, voltage used: 12 V.

THE RESULT VERIFICATION FOR OPTION 3

For verification of these results and in order to improve the accuracy, all measurements were repeated using alternative components.

Test components: Capacitor: 1.5 nano Farads; total inductance: 1.6 mH, germanium diodes: (Russian) D311, charging voltage: 5V.

The result: Confirmation of the previous measurements (a) shown below:

(a) (b)

The recharging accuracy was improved to 10 percent. Also, a check measurement was made without the second diode. The result was essentially the same as the measurement which used the shunting diode. The missing 10 percent of the voltage can be explained as losses due to the spread capacitor’s inductance and in it’s resistance.

CONTINUED TESTING

The shunting diode was reversed and the test performed again:

The result: It seems that the charge is spot on…

Further testing

An oscilloscope was connected to the coil instead of to the capacitor, in order to avoid influence of the first diode so the oscillations viewed were based on the inductance of the spread capacitors.

The result: The accuracy of capacitor recharging was improved to 5 percent (due to the removal of the influence of the first diode). After the main capacitor was switched off (by the diode), you can see oscillations caused by the spread capacitance of the inductors. Based on the frequency of the oscillations which were 4 to 5 times higher than that of the main capacitor, one can estimate the spread capacitance as being 16 to 25 times lower than the main capacitor.

Still further testing

Testing of the oscillation circuit shunting, with the two cases combined (and without the first diode):

The result: A contour (oscillation circuit) is not destroyed, but it is shunted a lot. One can explain it by considering the moments when both diodes are conducting and so, shunt the circuit. As an addition, the voltage on the down diode is shown (the time scale is stretched). The negative voltage is close to maximum.

Still further testing

Charging a capacitor by shunting current in oscillation mode.

Conditions: The addition of a charging capacitor of 47 nano Farads.

The result: A capacitor is charging without shunting the circuit. The final voltage on it is 0.8 V, and rises an falls of the voltage depend on the value of the capacitor.

THE OVERALL RESULTS OF THE TESTS (OPTIONS 1, 2 and 3)

The symmetry of interaction in systems with electromagnetic field feedback (as with switched inductance) appears to be violated, and this implies that this arrangement could be used to generate energy.

COMMENT: You need to choose the load in order to get the maximum power output. Very low, and very high loads, will send almost no energy to the load.

ILLUSTRATION FOR SWITCHABLE INDUCTANCE

EXPLANATION: The circuit has two kinds of currents: the main current and the shunting current.

The main and the shunting currents run through the same output capacitor in one direction, if the output capacitor is discharged.

There is no shunting current, if the output capacitor is charged.

ILLUSTRATION FOR SWITCHABLE INDUCTANCE

From Don Smith

EXPLANATION As Don Smith said, two detector receivers were combined, and one FE device was constructed.

COMMENTS: Don Smith produced this explanation as a PDF file: www.free-energy-info.com/Smith.pdf

The resistance of the load must be chosen so as to get the maximum possible power in it.

The “board” does not contain an output circuit, because a couple of spark gaps and one step-down transformer can be used instead of diodes and a capacitor (this was pointed out before, so read the part which describes the suppression of back EMF).

MECHANICAL (INERTIAL) ANALOGUE OF SWITCHABLE INDUCTANCE

From Tariel Kapanadze

EXPLANATION: When one pendulum is stopping the other is accelerating. The controlling mechanism connects the pendulums to the output generator one after the other and so maintains the oscillations.

CONNECTING EXTRA MASS TO A MECHANICAL OSCILLATOR

EXPLANATION: Mechanical energy can be stored in any spring by compressing it or stretching it (1). It corresponds to two positions in a mechanical oscillator (2), when only potential energy takes place in an oscillating process.

EXPLANATION: If extra mass is connecting periodically to one side or the other, of a mechanical oscillator, it will be shifting without any energy loss during the oscillation process

THE PRINCIPLE OF AMPLIFICATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

Explanation: The principle is based on an asymmetrical flywheel (1) consisting of a small mass and a large mass. These masses are balanced across the centre of rotation, that is, are located at a distance proportional to their weights, from the center of rotation. This helps to avoid vibration when they are rotating (the same principle used when balancing a car wheel).

The inertial moment of such a flywheel (1) is analogous to the inertial moments of flywheels (2) and (3), consisting only of large or small masses. However, from the point of view of kinetic energy, all of these examples, (1), (2) and (3) are different. This is because the kinetic energy of every mass depends on the direction and speed at which it moves (if is released during rotation). The highest common kinetic energy is in the masses of flywheel (3), as less energy is contained in flywheel (1) and the smallest kinetic energy is in flywheel (2). In order to get an increase in energy one needs to achieve a set-up which is based on a spring (for energy transformation from kinetic energy to potential energy and back again) and a lever of Archimedes (for changing the point where the force is applied).

Comments:

1. The simplified schematic diagrams shown here are for explanation purposes only.

2. In an actual device, you can use a spring in rotation mode (as Tariel Kapanadze did).

3. You can use disks and rings as flywheel masses (as Tariel Kapanadze did).

4. Altering one mass to another is actually achieved by connecting them in various ways.

Comment: Any asymmetrical mechanical oscillator behaves as indicated above, when the potential energy of a compressed spring is transformed into the kinetic energy of moving masses.

The potential energy of the spring is distributed unequally between the small and large masses. A small mass acquires more energy relative to it’s size than a large mass does. The sum of the kinetic energies of both masses is equal to the potential energy of the spring.

Comment: This is based on Tesla’s asymmetrical schematic:

FLYWHEEL – A HIDDEN FORM OF ENERGY

(Clarifications on mechanical energy amplification)

EXPLANATION: If you don’t want to lose mechanical energy when doing work, then this work must be done by an imaging force. This force is absent in an inertial coordinate system, but it is present in a non-inertial coordinate system. When in a rotational coordinate system this force is called ‘centrifugal’ force.

COMMENT: After the work is done, the centrifugal force is low and if you want to continue producing mechanical work, you have to use the other coordinate system where centrifugal force is high again. This is possible because linear velocity does not change. You have to provide the other support point only (and a cord) in order to produce mechanical energy again.

COMMENT: If you want to make this mechanical work continuous, then the end of the first track must also be the beginning of the second track. You have to change coordinate system periodically.

COMMENT: In a real situation, you have to compensate for energy loss due to friction and so a part of the excess energy must be used to maintain the process.

ILLUSTRATION FOR SWITCHABLE INDUCTANCE

From Alfred Hubbard

EXPLANATION: The center coil and all of the peripheral coils can “grasp” the same flux coming from the resonance coil. All other details are the same as in Smith’s version.

COMMENTS: In other words, you can use rods as the coil core, instead of a closed ferromagnetic core.

But, this is not the only option in Hubbard’s device. He may have had another one, based on a different principle, perhaps the principle of energy amplification in an LC circuit as described earlier, but with switchable inductance being used.

MODERN OPTIONS?

In switchable inductance

Version 1

A coil has more inductance when some of it’s parts are short-circuited:

EXPLANATION: The central section of the coil and it’s two end sections are wound in opposite directions.

COMMENT: The coil shown in the picture above has twice the inductance, when it’s end sections are short-circuited (measurements made with the Chinese-built RLC test meter shown here):

But, this looks like resonance in an asymmetrical transformer ?????

Version 3

By Tariel Kapanadze

No description …???

Read on for further details….

THE BASIS OF SWITCHABLE INDUCTANCES

(Tesla patent)

SECRET 3

THE ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER

With a magnetic field feedback loop (evolution of the 2nd secret)

LENZ LAW IS VIOLATED IN AN ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER

(Therefore it is not possible to use it as an ordinary transformer)

An asymmetrical transformer can have two coils: L2 and LS. Coil L2 is wound on one side of the toroidal core while LS is wound so that it encloses both the toroid and the coil L2 as shown here:

Optionally, this arrangement can be implemented with a wide range of styles of transformer core:

One option is to use the above (switched inductor) arrangement and add one more coil:

Now that you understand the operational principles of this system, you can use any configuration which you need. For example:

ILLUSTRATION FOR AN ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER OF SOME KIND

THE MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF AN ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER

This example shows an ordinary transformer, wound on an E-core plus an external excitation magnet:

In other words: L2 is still used, but instead of LS the exciting magnet is used.

The result:

1. The voltage developed across coil L2 depends on the number of turns in L2, but the short-circuit current through L2 does NOT depend on the number of turns in coil L2.

2. You need to choose the load connected to L2 in order to get the maximum power output. Very low, and very high loads, will give almost no power output.

RESONANCE IN AN ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER

The first coil is used as a transmitter of energy, and the second coil as a receiver of energy.

It is very like radio broadcasting, where the receiver is located far away from the transmitter, and has no feedback. The first coil works in parallel resonance and the second coil in serial resonance (although the two schematic diagrams look alike).

CONSEQUENTLY: You can get much more voltage on L2 than on LS

An experiment:

Conditions:

The resonance frequency is about 10 kHz. The total inductance LS is 2.2 mH, the L2 inductance (same as the L1 inductance) is 100 mH, the ratio LS:L2 is 1:45 with an E-shape core, permeability is 2500.

The result:

At the resonance frequency, there can be a voltage which is 50 times more on any parts (L1 or L2) matched with the total coil LS, and voltage changes on R are no more than 15 percent.

The phase shift in voltage is about 90 degrees between LS and L2.

(The amplitudes were equalised)

Further

An additional step-down coil LD was wound around L2, turns ratio 50:1 (matched with L2), and the load resistor RL = 100 Ohms was connected to it.

The result

Changes in current consumption (estimated by measuring the voltage across R) are no more 15 percent.

MODERN OPTIONS IN USAGE OF AN

Asymmetrical transformer

By Don Smith

The schematic is like this:

COMMENTS: Between sparks, L2 has a voltage on it’s ends. If RL is connected directly to L2 then there will be no output current without resonance and there will be no output current without a spark.

MORE ACCURATE:

COMMENTS: L2 has no voltage on it’s ends (without a spark). This is ordinary back-EMF suppression, invented by Nikola Tesla.

MORE USEFUL

COMMENT: L2 has no voltage on it’s ends (without a spark).

Secret 3.1

THE ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER BASED

ON THE SHORT-CIRCUITED COIL

INTRODUCTION

Remark: Voltage distribution on the shorted coil depends on the position of the exciting coil.

DESCRIPTION

CASE 1 The excitation coil is centered:

Result: We have the full period of the voltage distribution on the short-circuited coil

CONSTRUCTION OF THE ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER

based on the short-circuited coil

CASE 1 The short-circuited coil is wound in one direction

Result: The output does not influence the input in any way.

Explanation: The signal from the output coil generates zero voltage difference on the input coil.

Remark: The position of the coils should be adjusted in order to give the best result.

CASE 2: The short-circuited coil is wound in opposite directions from the centre outwards, and only half of the coil is short-circuited:

Result: The output has no influence on the input coil

Explanation: The signal from the output coil generates zero voltage difference on the input coil.

Remark: The position of the input coil needs to be adjusted to get the best result.

Remark: The coil’s position depends on permeability of the core. More permeability means more alike with distribution pointed at the beginning.

Best Position: To find the best coil position, connect the signal generator to the output, and then find the coil position which shows zero at the input terminals. Alternatively, use an RLC meter connected to the input terminals and then find the coil position which gives no change in reading when the output terminals are short-circuited (for both case 1 and case 2).

Comment: The length of the wire, the total length of the coil, and the diameter of the coil are not important. The number of turns in the input and output coils plays the same role as in an ordinary transformer, for both case 1 and case 2.

MODERN APPLICATIONS FOR SHORT-CIRCUITED COILS

By Don Smith

CASE 1

CASE 2

REMARK: The position of the coils must be adjusted until the output has zero influence on the input.

REMEMBER: None of the (input) energy used for exciting ambient space should appear in the load.

AN EXAMPLE OF CASE 2

By Don Smith

COMMENTS: The output coil can be adjusted to resonate with the input coil, but this is not important for understanding the principle. Excitation with just one spark is possible (not in resonance), but the frequency of the sparks influences the output power directly.

COMMENT: Don Smith used the simplest doubling excitation frequency

COMMENTS: Resonance frequency of the circuit is about 60-70 kHz, but dimmer is for 30-35 kHz.

For adjusting the excitation frequency, voltage/frequency technology was used.

You have to adjust two parameters: the position of the slider and the excitation frequency.

MODERN APPLICATION FOR SHORT-CIRCUITED COILS

By William Barbat

US Patent Application number 2007/0007844

Self-Sustaining Electric-Power Generator Utilizing Electrons of Low Inertial Mass to Magnify Inductive Energy

COMMENT In order to understand this device, you have to read Barbat’s patent application US 2007/0007844 A1:

www.free-energy-info.com/PatD25.pdf

COMMENT I would like to point out that externally, it looks very much like Alfred Hubbard’s device.

AN EXAMPLE OF CASE 1

By Tariel Kapanadze

COMMENT: Adjust the positions of the coils to get the best result.

AN EXAMPLE OF CASE 1

By Steven Mark

TPU

REMARK: An idea – an asymmetrical transformer based on the shorted-circuited coil:

REMARK: The positions of the coils must be properly adjusted, in order to have no transmission feedback from the output to the input. To understand this better, read the part which is devoted to switchable inductance.

EXPLANATION:

THE BASIS OF THE TPU

(Tesla Patent)

REMEMBER:

The position of the coils must be adjusted.

The easiest way to do this is to add or remove

turns at the ends of the coils.

AN EXAMPLE OF CASE 2

By Tariel Kapanadze

Mechanical device

MODERN USE OF SHORT-CIRCUITED COILS

by Cherepanov Valera (‘SR193’ in Russian forum)

COMMENT: This arrangement can be used for back-EMF suppression in resonance (spark excited) mode to get a laser effect (very exciting summation effects).

COMMENT: This was copied from this device of Tariel Kapanadze (???).

Don Smith

COMMENT: Mr. Tesla said: “The optimum relation for the main and additional coil is 3/4L and L/4”. Is that ratio used here?

COMMENT: If you don’t understand this schematic, look at simplest version of the coil.

THE SIMPLEST VERSION

where the output has zero influence on the input

Comment: This is an instance of case 1 where the output coil was removed, and some of the turns from the short-circuited coil were used instead.

THE ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER (BASED ON A SHORT-CIRCUITED COIL)

COMBINED WITH A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER?

Don Smith

THE RELATIONSHIPS of Don Smith’s TPU size and position are important.

REMARK: Those relationships are used to produce an asymmetrical transformer

MECHANICAL ANALOGUE OF THE

ASYMMETRICAL TRANSFORMER

CASE 2

By Don Smith

Schematic:

REMEMBER: Any asymmetrical transformer must be adjusted.

REMARK: Don Smith placed magnets inside the coils, but that is not important for understanding the process as his device does not match the schematic.

SOME REMARKS ON ASYMMETRICAL IN-FRONT CONNECTION

(Useful remarks)

Some turns were added on one half of the coil, and some turns were removed from the other half. An additional magnetic field H3 was created, with inductance - LD.

RESULT: A large part of the total inductance acts as an inductor, and a small part acts as a capacitor.

This is a well known fact (read books). The total voltage on the coil is less than on it’s halves.

Yellow – The voltage on the total coil

Red – The voltage on the large section of that coil

RESULT: The voltage on it’s halves is 4 times the voltage on the total coil

The measurements were made in the frequency band 10 kHz to 100 kHz.

Here is the result of a capacitor discharging into this coil:

SECRET 4

CURRENT AMPLIFICATION

If a lot of asymmetric transformers are placed with a common flux flow through them, they will have no influence on this flux flow, as any one asymmetric transformer does not have any influence on the flux flow. If the secondary L2 transformer coils are then connected in parallel, this produces current amplification.

AS A RESULT

You have an asymmetric transformer arranged in a stack:

For flat (uniform) field inside of LS, it can be arranged with additional turns at it’s ends.

EXAMPLES OF COILS WHICH WERE ACTUALLY CONSTRUCTED

The coils are constructed from 5 sections, made from E-type ferrite core with a permeability of 2500, and wound using plastic-covered wire. The central sections L2 have 25 turns, and edge sections have 36 turns (to equalise the voltage on them). All sections are connected in parallel. The coil LS has field-flattening turns at it’s ends, and a single-layer winding LS was used, the number of turns depending on the diameter of the wire used.

The current amplification for these particular coils is 4 times.

Changing LS inductance is 3% (if L2 is short-circuited)

SECRET 5

The power source in Nikola Tesla car “Red arrow” is

FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE

COMMENT: To understand electromagnetic feedback, you must consider the action to be like that of domains which have a group behaviour, or alternatively, spin waves (like a row of standing dominos falling over where each one is toppled by the previous one hitting it).

THE BASIS OF FERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE

When a ferromagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, it can absorb external electromagnetic radiation in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, which will cause ferromagnetic resonance at the correct frequency.

This is an energy-amplifying transformer invented by Mr. Tesla.

QUESTION: What use is a ferromagnetic rod in Free-Energy devices?

AN ANSWER: It can change magnetisation of the material along magnetic field direction without the need for a powerful external force.

QUESTION: Is it true that the resonant frequencies for ferromagnetics are in the tens of Gigahertz range?

AN ANSWER: Yes, it is true, and the frequency of ferromagnetic resonance depends on the external magnetic field (a strong magnetic field produces a high frequency). But with ferromagnetics it is possible to get resonance without applying any external magnetic field, this is the so-called “natural ferromagnetic resonance”. In this case, the magnetic field is defined by the local magnetisation of the sample. Here, the absorption frequencies occur in a wide band, due to the large variations possible in the conditions of magnetisation, and so you must use a wide band of frequencies to get ferromagnetic resonance

A POSSIBLE PROCESS FOR ACQUIRING FREE-ENERGY

1. Subjecting a ferromagnetic to a short electromagnetic pulse even without an external magnetic field, causes the acquisition of spin precession (domains will have group behaviour, and so ferromagnetics can easily be magnetised).

2. Magnetisation of ferromagnetics can be by an external magnetic field.

3. Energy acquisition can be as a result of strong sample magnetisation caused by an external magnetic field of lesser strength.

COMMENT: You must use synchronisation for processes of irradiation and magnetisation of the sample.

USEFUL COMMENT: A ferromagnetic shield will not destroy the inductance of any coil placed inside it, provided that the ends of that coil are positioned on one side of the coil.

But, this coil can magnetise the ferromagnetic shield.

SECRET 5 CONTINUATION …

TWO PERPENDICULAR COILS ON A COMMON AXIS

(Standing waves, spin waves, domino effect, laser effect, open resonator, etc…)

EXPLANATION: Standing waves can be excited not only in Tesla’s “horseshoe” magnet, but also in Tesla’s ferromagnetic transformer (excited by sparks…)

COMMENT: Excitation can be arranged in different ways, by coils connection. The frequencies of oscillations in a coil depends on the number of turns in it (a big variation is possible due to this factor).

ACTUAL COILS

COMMENT: The positions of the coils on the rods depends on whatever ferromagnetic material is being used, and on it’s size. The optimum arrangement has to be determined through experimentation.

A transformer can have two pairs of coils: exciting (tubes), resonance or load (inside)

– see Tesla’s picture

TOROIDAL VERSION OF AN ASYMMETRIC STACKED TRANSFORMER

An inductor L2 is placed on the central ring between the short-circuits of the core, and the coil LS (not shown) is wound around all three rings, covering the whole of the toroid - this is an ordinary toroidal coil.

The number of short-circuits depends on your requirements, and influences on the current amplification.

THAT IS ALL, GOOD LUCK …

CONCLUSIONS

1. The Energy-Conservation Law is a result (not reason) of symmetrical interaction.

2. The simplest way to destroy symmetrical interaction is by using electromagnetic field feedback.

3. All asymmetrical systems are outside the area covered by the Energy-Conservation Law.

THE ENERGY CONSERVATION LAW CANNOT BE VIOLATED

(The field covered by this law is only symmetrical interactions)

No Private or State secrets are contained in this document.

There are no ready-to-use schematics in this document, as all diagrams are only provided as an aid to understanding the principles involved.

Walter Ford’s High-powered Crystal Set

In the 1961 edition of the Electronics Experimenter’s Handbook, there is an interesting circuit from Walter B. Ford for a high-power crystal set capable of powering a 2.5-inch loudspeaker:

He says: Here’s a pint-sized crystal radio with enough power to drive a 2.5” speaker. This little unit's selectivity is far better than you would expect to find in a crystal receiver and volume is equal to that obtained with sets using a transistor. No external power source is required.

The unusual selectivity of this radio is due to its special double-tuned circuit. A pair of diodes connected as a voltage-doubler provides the extra power to operate the small speaker. An output jack is provided for headphone listening and for connecting the set to an amplifier.

Construction: The model was built on a 2.5” x 4.5" wooden chassis with a 3.5" x 4.5” metal front panel. However, size is not critical, and other materials can be substituted if desired.

Two standard ferrite loopsticks, L2 and L3, are used. Both must be modified by the addition of a second winding. L1 and L4, respectively. Each of the added windings consists of 22 turns of No. 24 cotton-covered wire wound on a small cardboard tube as shown in the picture. (Actually, any wire size from No. 22 to No. 28 with cotton or enamel insulation will do the job).

The diameter of the cardboard tube should be slightly larger than L2 and L3 so that L1 and L4 will slip overL2 and L3 easily.

Resistor R1 is used only for feeding the set into an amplifier; it should be omitted for both earphone and loudspeaker operation. Trimmer capacitor C2 should be soldered across the stator terminals of two-gang variable capacitor C1a/C1b as shown. The speaker and output transformer can be mounted wherever convenient.

If a metal chassis is used, then be sure to insulate the aerial and earth connection sockets from the chassis.

When all of the parts have been mounted on the chassis, wire them together following the schematic and pictorial diagrams. Be sure that diodes D1 and D2 and capacitors C3 and C4 are connected correctly, paying attention to their polarity.

While this is interesting, what appears to be a key factor is contained in the drawings, where he states that the only important thing is that it is essential for the two sets of coils to be mounted perpendicular to each other:

Alignment and Operation. To align the receiver, connect it to an antenna and ground. The optimum length of the antenna varies with location, but 50 feet will usually be suitable in areas which receive several broadcast stations. Next, plug a high-impedance earphone into jack J1. Tune a station near the high frequency end of the broadcast band – say, 1500 kHz – and adjust the trimmer capacitors on variable capacitor C1a/C1b to get the loudest signal.

Trimmer capacitor C2 should then be adjusted for the best selectivity and volume over the entire broadcast band. Finally, Coils L1 and L4 can be moved to their optimum positions by sliding them backwards and forwards over coils L2 and L3. If a nearby station interferes with the reception of a weaker station, tune the slug of L2 to get minimum interference. For loudspeaker operation, simply unplug the earphone. Strong local stations should be received at fair volume.

How It Works: The receiver employs a double-tuned circuit feeding a crystal diode voltage-doubler/detector which drives a small loudspeaker. Radio frequency signals picked up by the antenna system are induced into coil L2 from coil L1. The desired signal is selected by the tuned circuit C1a/L2 and coupled through capacitor C2 to a second tuned circuit C1b/L3, which improves the selectivity by narrowing the radio frequency bandpass. The twice-tuned signal is then induced into coil L4 from coil L3.

The positive half of the radio frequency signal appearing across L4, passes through the 1N34A germanium diode D2 to charge capacitor C4. The negative half of the signal passes through diode D1 to charge capacitor C3. The polarity of the charges on C3 and C4 are such that the effective voltage is doubled. This voltage appears across the primary of output transformer T1 which converts the high-impedance signal to a low-impedance output suited to the loudspeaker.

While this looks like a very good design for a crystal set, the fact that it is insisted that the coil pairs must be mounted at right angles to each other raises an interesting parallel with the above work of Vladimir Utkin where he states that if the high-frequency excitation field is at right angles to the output coil, then there will be a free-energy inflow into the circuit from the local environment. Perhaps this crystal set design gains extra power to drive it’s loudspeaker from an inflow of environmental energy.

Lawrence Tseung’s Self-Powered “FLEET” Generator.

The "FLEET" ("Forever Lead-out Existing Energy Transformer") device is a self-powered electrical generator which has no moving parts and which can be constructed cheaply. It has been developed by a Hong Kong based team of people: Mr Lawrence Tseung, Dr. Raymond Ting, Miss Forever Yuen, Mr Miller Tong and Mr Chung Yi Ching. It is the result of some years of thought, research and testing and it has now reached an advanced stage of testing and demonstration and is nearly ready for commercial production.

Mt Tseung has applied his "Lead-out" theory to the category of low-power circuits known as the "Joule Thief" circuits. These circuits originated with an article by Mr Z. Kaparnik, in the "Ingenuity Unlimited" section of the November 1999 edition of the "Everyday Practical Electronics" magazine.

The initial circuit allowed the very last energy to be drawn from any ordinary dry-cell battery, and used to light a white Light-Emitting Diode ("LED") for use as a small torch. It allows a battery which is considered to be fully discharged, to drive the circuit until the battery voltage drops right down to 0.35 volts. The initial circuit uses a bi-filar coil wound on a ferrite ring or "toroid". Bi-filar means that the coil is wound with two separate strands of wire side by side, so that each adjacent turn is part of the other coil. A coil of that type has unusual magnetic properties. The Joule Thief circuit is like this:

It is important to notice how the coil is wound and how it is connected. It is called a "toroid" because it is wound on a ring. The ring is made of ferrite because that material can operate at high frequencies and the circuit switches On and Off about 50,000 times per second ("50 kHz"). Notice that while the wires are wound side by side, the start of the red wire is connected to the end of the green wire. It is that connection which makes it a "bi-filar" coil instead of just a two-strand coil.

This "Joule Thief" circuit was then adapted by Bill Sherman and used to charge a second battery as well as lighting the Light-Emitting Diode. This was achieved by adding just one more component - a diode. The diode used was a 1N4005 type because that was to hand at the time, but Bill suggests that the circuit would work better with a very fast-acting Schottky-type diode, perhaps a 1N5819G type.

The circuit produced by Bill is:

When driven by a 1.5 single cell battery, this circuit produces about 50 volts with no load and can supply 9.3 milliamps of current when the output is short-circuited. This means that you could charge a 6-volt battery using a 1.5 volt battery.

“Gadgetmall” of the www.overunity.com Joule Thief forum has taken the circuit further and found a very interesting situation. He has modified the circuit and used a “batt-cap” which is a very high capacity, very low-loss capacitor. This is his circuit:

He has added an additional winding to his one-inch (25 mm) diameter ferrite toroid, and he uses that to power a 1 watt LED. Why he has done this is not immediately clear to me, except possibly, that it shows when the circuit is operating. He runs the circuit driven by a small rechargeable battery, which feeds 13 milliamps into the circuit, for a period of fourteen hours. At the end of that time, the batt-cap has gathered enough energy to fully recharge the driving battery in a minute or two, and then power a heater winding of nichrome wire (as used in mains-powered radiant heaters) for four and a half minutes. Alternatively, that amount of extra power could boil a kettle of water. The really interesting thing about this is that the driving battery gets recharged every time and so the circuit is self-sustaining although it is not a powerful circuit.

Mr Tseung has taken the Joule Thief circuit and modified it to become a circuit with a very serious output, moving it into a completely different category.

As a first step towards what the team calls their "Fleet" device, the toroid has been enlarged to a much greater diameter. The coil is now wound on a section of plastic pipe, 170 mm (6.5 inches) in diameter and 45 mm (1.75 inch) deep:

This section of pipe is "bi-filar" wound with two wires side by side as already described for the Joule Thief construction. As before, the start of one wire is connected to the end of the other wire. Then, the winding is given a layer of electrical tape to hold it in place and to provide an easy working surface for a second winding.

The wire used for the winding is the widely available red and black pair of wires, sometimes called "figure of eight" because the cut end of the wires looks like the numeral 8. The wire should be able to carry 2.5 amps. It must be side-by-side wire and not one of the twisted varieties. It looks like this:

The second winding is made in the same way but the connections are slightly different. As before, the end of the first wire is connected to the start of the second wire, but that connection is then insulated and not used in the following circuitry. This just connects the two windings one after the other, known technically as being connected "in series" and is the equivalent of making the winding with just a single strand of wire. The completed coil may look like this:

This particular design is still in it's early stages and so many different coils sizes and constructions are being tested:

The arrangement is for the inner winding of the toroid to be oscillated by the Joule Thief circuit already described. This causes a pulsating magnetic field to envelope the outer winding of the toroid, producing an electrical output which is capable of doing useful work. The really important thing about this arrangement, is the fact that the amount of power coming out of the circuit is very much greater than the amount of power needed to make the circuit operate. The additional power is led out of the local environment and drawn into the circuit, becoming available to do useful work.

The overall circuit then looks like this:

While the outer winding is shown here with thicker wire of a different colour, this is only to make the arrangement easier to understand. In reality, the outer winding is with exactly the same wire as the inner winding, and it will normally go all the way around the toroid. The total amount of wire needed to make the windings is about 70 metres and so it is normal to buy a full 100 metre reel of the twin-core wire, which allows both windings to be made and leaves spare wire for other things.

For those of you who are very technically minded, the output waveform looks like this:

and the voltage pulses in this output are occurring about 290,000 times per second.

What has worked better for me is using a bridge of four diodes rather than a single diode:

I have used this circuit, driven by a 1.5 volt battery, to charge 12-volt batteries, but the best results are in the five to six volt range. I have used this circuit to confirm COP>1 by charging one small 12V lead-acid battery with an identical battery, swapping the batteries over and repeating the process several times. The result was that both batteries gained genuine, usable power. I suspect that the effect would have been much greater if I had charged two or more batteries in parallel. The toroid was an 8-inch diameter, 10 mm by 12 mm offcut from a plastic pipe which happened to be to hand and the wire used was plastic covered 6-amp equipment wire, again, because it was to hand at the time. Winding the toroid and setting up the circuit was done in a single evening.

Overall, this is a very simple, cheap and easily constructed COP>10 device which has the potential of providing large amounts of free, useable, electrical power. With further development, it may well be possible to produce a version which could deliver the power needed by a whole household. It is also likely that these devices will become available for purchase a quite a low cost. All in all, this is a very important device and full credit must go to the development team who have carried the research to this point and who are continuing to refine the design to produce more and more power.

Ed Gray’s Power System.

The power tube presented to the public by Edwin Gray snr. operates by generating a series of very short, very sharp pulses using a spark gap. This device is reputed to have a power output which is one hundred times that of the power input. Ed Gray and his electric pulse motor are very famous, but as far as I am aware, nobody has successfully replicated this claimed performance. Further, an in-depth examination of the background details by Mr Mark McKay have turned up a number of facts which present a very different picture, and while it is perfectly correct to say that spark-gap pulses generate a good waveform for shocking the local zero-point energy field into the sort of imbalance which can provide a massive power inflow into a device or circuit, we need to be careful to get the full facts in this case.

First, let us put the whole thing in its proper perspective. In May 1973, Cal-Tech in the US performed an independent assessment of an engine provided to them by Edwin Gray. They measured the input and the output and certified that the output power was 275 times greater than the input power. This demonstrates clearly that excess power can be drawn into an engine and provide a performance which can power both the engine as well as doing additional useful work.

Having said that, it needs to be made clear that Edwin Gray did not build that small motor, did not understand how it worked, nor did he ever disclose the design in any of the patents which he obtained afterwards. We need to follow the sequence of events and notice when each thing happened. The history is as follows:

In 1957, a Russian immigrant to the USA, one Alexei Poppoff, showed Edwin Gray a circuit which he said that he had been shown by Nikola Tesla. Edwin Gray did not understand the circuit and had no idea how to create anything useful based on it. He then joined up with his next-door neighbour Marvin Cole, who held a Masters degree in Mechanical Engineering and who, unlike Gray, was able to understand the circuitry.

In 1958, Ed Gray left the Los Angles area in a hurry.

From 1958 to 1967 Marvin Cole, working alone, designed and built ever more powerful prototype engines, and it was a small one of these which was tested by Cal-Tech. In this period, Marvin also developed ever more powerful power supplies, which are the really important item in all of this.

In 1967, Ed Gray rejoins Marvin Cole and together from 1967 to 1972 they solicited venture capital and promoted the technology.

Early in 1972, Marvin Cole disappeared and never saw Gray again. It is not clear if he was intimidated, died, or just did not want to be involved in all the publicity and effort needed to turn the prototype engines into a commercial product. No matter what the reason, the result was that Edwin Gray was suddenly disconnected from the brains behind the project, and that left him in a very difficult position. He didn't want to let go of the dream of becoming rich through this spectacular development, and so he tried to continue the development on his own.

As already mentioned, in May of the following year (1973), Gray had a small Marvin Cole motor independently third-party tested at the famous Cal-Tech laboratory in Los Angles, where a measured input of just 27 watts produced a measured output of 10 horsepower (7460 watts). The objective was to provide solid evidence of a new technology which was capable of changing the world and so would attract investors. To further boost his image and convince potential investors, in that same year of 1973, Edwin staged demonstrations which jumped electromagnets up into the air, showing the strength of the power which drove the Marvin Cole engines.

It is very important to understand that all of Edwin Gray's patents were applied for after the departure of Marvin Cole. These do not disclose the technology tested by Cal-Tech and it must be understood that Edwin was very much afraid of revealing anything important in any of the patents in case some other person would understand the things which were a mystery to him and snatch away the prize of commercial success. So, please be aware that the patents where applied for solely to encourage investors and most definitely not to show any significant details.

Marvin Cole's power system produced "cold electricity" which could power lights and other devices. It was frequently demonstrated that the output was not conventional electricity and powered light bulbs which were placed under water and at the same time, it was quite safe for a hand to be put into that same water along with the lit bulb. The glass of the conventional bulbs used in these demonstrations would have shattered when placed under water if they had been powered by conventional "hot electricity" as the sudden change in temperature would have broken the glass. Powered as they were by "cold electricity", they ran cool and so there was no stress on the glass when submerged in water.

Peter Lindemann points out that Ed Gray’s power conversion tube circuit is effectively a copy of Nikola Tesla’s circuit for doing the same thing:

This was disclosed by Tesla in his ‘Philadelphia and St Louis’ lecture in 1893 and shows how loads can be powered when a high voltage source is pulsed by a magnetically-quenched sparks - this creates DC pulses of very short duration.

The diagram above, illustrates the difference between the Magnetic field generated around a conductor fed with a pulse of Direct Current and the Radiant Energy waves created by that pulse. If a sharp current pulse is driven down a vertical wire, it causes two different types of field. The first field is magnetic, where the lines of magnetic force rotate around the wire. These lines are horizontal, and rotate clockwise when viewed from above. The magnetic field remains as long as the current flows down the wire.

The second field is the Radiant Energy wave. This wave will only occur if the current pulse is in one direction, i.e. it will not occur if the wire is fed with alternating current. The wave radiates out horizontally from the vertical wire in every direction in the form of a shock wave. It is a one-off event and does not repeat if the current in the wire is maintained. The Radiant Energy briefly unbalances the zero-point energy field and that causes an energy flow as the field moves back into equilibrium again.

The Radiant energy wave is not restricted to a single plane as shown in the diagram above, which is intended to indicate the difference between the electromagnetic field circling around the wire, and the Radiant Energy field which radiates away from the wire. Both of these fields occur at all points along the full length of the wire as shown here:

Radiant Energy, when converted to electrical power, produces a different kind of electrical power to that produced by batteries and by the mains supply. Power a motor with conventional electricity and it gets hot under load. Power the same motor by Radiant Energy electricity and under load the motor gets cold. Really overload it by stalling it and the motor housing is likely to be covered with frost. That is why this form of electricity is referred to as “cold” electricity.

In his book “Cold War Secrets - HAARP and Beyond”, Gerry Vassilatos quotes research work done in this area by Tesla and others:

Tesla’s Experiments.

In 1889 Tesla began experimenting with capacitors charged to high voltages and discharged in very short time intervals. These very short pulses produced very sharp shockwaves which he felt across the front of his whole body. He was aware that closing a switch on a high-voltage dynamo often produced a stinging shock. This was believed to be static electricity and it occurred only at switch-on and only for a few milliseconds. However, in those few milliseconds, bluish needles of energy stand out from the electrical cables and they leak to ground, often through the bodies of any people standing nearby, causing immediate death if the installation is large. While the generators of that time were rated at some thousands of volts, these discharges were millions of volts in intensity. The generator problem was eliminated by the used of highly insulated switches which were provided with a very large ground connection.

Tesla was intrigued by this phenomenon which appeared to match the effect of his capacitor discharges. He calculated that the voltages produced were hundreds of times greater than could be supplied by the capacitor or generator. It was clear that the power supplied was being amplified or augmented in some way, but the question was, from where was the extra energy coming?

Tesla continued to investigate through experiments, taking precautions against the high voltages being produced. He was soon able to produce these shockwaves whenever he wanted to. The shockwaves produced a stinging sensation no matter where he stood in his laboratory, and hands and face were particularly sensitive to the wave. These waves radiated out and penetrated metal, glass and every other kind of material. This was clearly not an electromagnetic wave, so he called the new wave ‘Radiant Electricity’.

Tesla searched the literature to find references to this radiant energy but he could not find much. In 1842, Dr. Joseph Henry had observed that steel needles were magnetised by a Leyden Jar spark discharge located on a different floor of the building. The magnetising wave had passed through brick walls, oak doors, heavy stone and iron flooring and tin ceilings to reach the needles located in a vault in the cellar.

In 1872, Elihu Thomson took a large Ruhmkorrf Spark Coil, attached one pole of the coil to a cold-water pipe and the other pole to a metal table top. This resulted in a series of massive sparks which electrified the metal door knob of the room and produced the stinging shockwaves which Tesla was investigating. He found that any insulated metal object anywhere in the building would produce long continuous white sparks discharging to ground. This discovery was written up briefly in the Scientific American journal later that year.

Tesla concluded that all of the phenomena which he had observed, implied the presence of “a medium of gaseous structure, that is, one consisting of independent carriers capable of free motion - besides the air, another medium is present”. This invisible medium is capable of carrying waves of energy through all substances, which suggests that, if physical, its basic structure is much smaller than the atoms which make up commonplace materials, allowing the stream of matter to pass freely through all solids. It appears that all of space is filled with this matter.

Thomas Henry Moray demonstrated this energy flow passing through glass and lighting standard electric light bulbs. Harold Aspden performed an experiment known as the “Aspden Effect” which also indicates the presence of this medium. Harold made this discovery when running tests not related to this subject. He started an electric motor which had a rotor mass of 800 grams and recorded the fact that it took an energy input of 300 joules to bring it up to its running speed of 3,250 revolutions per minute when it was driving no load.

The rotor having a mass of 800 grams and spinning at that speed, its kinetic energy together with that of the drive motor is no more than 15 joules, contrasting with the excessive energy of 300 joules needed to get it rotating at that speed. If the motor is left running for five minutes or more, and then switched off, it comes to rest after a few seconds. But, the motor can then be started again (in the same or opposite direction) and brought up to speed with only 30 joules provided that the time lapse between stopping and restarting is no more than a minute or so. If there is a delay of several minutes, then an energy input of 300 joules is needed to get the rotor spinning again.

This is not a transient heating phenomenon. At all times the bearing housings feel cool and any heating in the drive motor would imply an increase of resistance and a build-up of power to a higher steady state condition. The experimental evidence is that there is something unseen, which is put into motion by the machine rotor. That “something” has an effective mass density 20 times that of the rotor, but it is something that can move independently and take several minutes to decay, while the motor comes to rest in a few seconds.

Two machines of different rotor size and composition reveal the phenomenon and tests indicate variations with time of day and compass orientation of the spin axis. One machine, the one incorporating weaker magnets, showed evidence of gaining strength magnetically during the tests which were repeated over a period of several days.

This clearly shows that there is an unseen medium which interacts with everyday objects and actions, and confirms Tesla’s discovery. Tesla continued to experiment and determined that a very short uni-directional pulse is necessary to generate the radiant energy wave. In other words, an alternating voltage does not create the effect, it has to be a DC pulse. The shorter the pulse time and the higher the voltage, the greater the energy wave. He found that using a capacitor and an arc discharge mechanism with a very powerful permanent magnet placed at right angles to the spark, improved the performance of his equipment by a major factor.

Additional experiments showed that the effects were altered by adjusting the duration of the electrical pulse. In each instance, the power of the radiated energy appeared to be constant irrespective of the distance from his apparatus. The energy was in the form of individual longitudinal waves. Objects placed near the equipment became powerfully electrified, retaining their charge for many minutes after the equipment was switched off.

Tesla was using a charging dynamo as a power source and he found that if he moved his magnetic discharger to one side of the dynamo, the radiant wave was positive. If he moved the magnetic discharger towards the other side of the dynamo, the radiant wave became negative in sign. This was clearly a new electrical force which travelled as light-like rays, showing them to be different in nature to the electromagnetic waves of Maxwell.

Investigating the effects of adjusting the duration of the pulses, Tesla found that a pulse train which had individual pulses with durations exceeding 100 microseconds, produced pain and mechanical pressures. At this duration, objects in the field visibly vibrated and were even pushed along by the field. Thin wires subjected to sudden bursts of the radiant field, exploded into vapour. When the pulse duration was reduced to 100 microseconds or below, the painful effect was no longer felt and the waves are harmless.

With a pulse duration of 1 microsecond, strong physiological heat was felt. With even shorter pulse durations, spontaneous illuminations capable of filling rooms with white light, were produced. Even shorter pulses produced cool room penetrating breezes with an accompanying uplift in mood and awareness. These effects have been verified by Eric Dollard who has written about them in some detail.

In 1890, Tesla discovered that if he placed a two-foot long single-turn deep copper helix coil near his magnetic disrupter, the thin-walled coil developed a sheath of white sparks with long silvery white streamers rising from the top of the coil. These discharges appeared to have much higher voltages than the generating circuit. This effect was greatly increased if the coil was placed inside the disrupter wire circle. The discharge seemed to hug the surface of the coil with a strange affinity, and rode up its surface to the open end. The shockwave flowed over the coil at right angles to the windings and produced very long discharges from the top of the coil. With the disrupter charge jumping one inch in its magnetic housing, the coil streamers were more than two feet in length. This effect was generated at the moment when the magnetic field quenched the spark and it was wholly unknown at that time.

This train of very short uni-directional pulses causes a very strange field to expand outwards. This field resembles a stuttering electrostatic field but has a far more powerful effect than would be expected from an electrostatic charge. Tesla was unable to account for the enormous voltage multiplication of his apparatus using any of the electrical formula of his day. He therefore presumed that the effect was entirely due to radiant transformation rules which would have to be determined through experimental measurements. This he proceeded to do.

Tesla had discovered a new induction law where radiant shockwaves actually auto-intensified when encountering segmented objects. The segmentation was the key to releasing the action. Radiant shockwaves encountered a helix and “flashed over” the outer skin, from end to end. This shockwave did not pass through the windings of the coil but treated the surface of the coil as a transmission path. Measurements showed that the voltage increase along the surface of the coil was exactly proportional to the length travelled along the coil, with the voltage increase reaching values of 10,000 volts per inch of coil. The 10,000 volts which he was feeding to his 24 inch coil were being magnified to 240,000 volts at the end of his coil. This was unheard of for simple equipment like that. Tesla also discovered that the voltage increase was mathematically linked to the resistance of the coil winding, with higher resistance windings producing higher voltages.

Tesla then began to refer to his disrupter loop as his special “primary” and to the long helical coil as his special “secondary” but he never intended anyone to equate these terms to those referring to electromagnetic transformers which operate in a completely different way.

There was an attribute which baffled Tesla for a time. His measurements showed that there was no current flowing in the long copper ‘secondary’ coil. Voltage was rising with every inch of the coil, but there was no current flow in the coil itself. Tesla started to refer to his measured results as his “electrostatic induction laws”. He found that each coil had its own optimum pulse duration and that the circuit driving it needed to be ‘tuned’ to the coil by adjusting the length of the pulses to give the best performance.

Tesla then noticed that the results given by his experiments paralleled the equations for dynamic gas movements, so he began wondering if the white flame discharges might not be a gaseous manifestation of electrostatic force. He found that when a metal point was connected to the upper terminal of the ‘secondary’ coil, the streamers were directed very much like water flowing through a pipe. When the stream was directed at distant metal plates, it produced electronic charges which could be measured as current at the receiving site but in transit, no current existed. The current only appeared when the stream was intercepted. Eric Dollard has stated that this intercepted current can reach several hundred or even thousands of amps.

Tesla made another remarkable discovery. He connected a very heavy U-shaped copper bar directly across the primary of his disrupter, forming a dead short-circuit. He then connected several ordinary incandescent filament bulbs between the legs of the U-shaped bar. When the equipment was powered up, the lamps lit with a brilliant cold white light. This is quite impossible with conventional electricity, and it shows clearly that what Tesla was dealing with was something new. This new energy is sometimes called “cold electricity” and Edwin Gray snr. demonstrated how different it is by lighting incandescent-filament bulbs directly from his power tube, submerging them in water and putting his hand in the water. Cold electricity is generally considered to be harmless to humans. Ed Gray’s power tube operates by generating radiant electricity waves by using a spark gap, and collecting the energy using three encasing copper cylinders surrounding the spark gap. The cylinders are drilled with many holes as that enhances the pick-up and the load is driven directly from the current in the cylinders. When lighting bulbs, Ed used an air-cored transformer made of just a few turns of very heavy wire. I, personally, am aware of two people who have independently reproduced Ed’s power tube.

Tesla viewed the streamers coming off his coils as being wasted energy so he tried to suppress them. He tried a conical coil but found that this accentuated the problem. He then tried placing a copper sphere at the top of his coil. This stopped the streamers but electrons were dislodged from the copper sphere, creating really dangerous conditions. This implied that metals generate electron flows when struck by the coil streamers (as had been seen when the streamers had been aimed at remote metal plates and current was generated as a result).

Tesla designed, built and used large globe lamps which required only a single external plate for receiving the radiant energy. No matter how far away these lamps were from the radiant source, they became brilliantly lit, almost to the level of an arc lamp and far, far brighter than any of the conventional Edison filament lamps. By adjusting the voltage and the pulse duration of his apparatus, Tesla could also heat or cool a room.

Tesla’s experiments suggest that a method of extracting free-energy is to use a Tesla coil which has a metal spike instead of the more common metal sphere at the end of the ‘secondary’ coil. If the Tesla coil is fed with sufficiently short uni-directional pulses and the ‘secondary’ coil pointed at a metal plate, then it should be possible to draw off serious levels of power from the metal plate, just as Tesla discovered. This has been confirmed by Don Smith who uses two metal plates separated by a layer of plastic dielectric, forming a capacitor. He states that a well designed Tesla coil is capable of producing currents as high as the voltages and he demonstrates a hand-held 28 watt Tesla Coil played on the first plate producing a substantial continuous spark discharge between the second plate and ground. I estimate that the spark produced would have to be thousands of volts at a significant current, which puts it in the kilowatt range, like most of Don's other devices. Video: http://www.metacafe.com/watch/2820531/don_smith_free_energy/ Don's patent is in Chapter 3 and his .pdf document here: http://www.free-energy-info.com/Smith.pdf in which he explains many of his high-power designs.

Don also points out that the positioning of the primary coil relative to the secondary coil of a Tesla Coil determines the amount of current which can be provided. Contrary to most opinion, it is possible to have Tesla Coil current as high as the voltage. Don always stresses that you have the option of picking the electrical component (as conventional science has done) which leads to "heat death" while the alternative option of selecting the magnetic component makes "the world your oyster". With a magnetic ripple imposed on the zero-point energy field, which Don prefers to call the 'ambient background energy', you can make as many electric conversions as you wish, without depleting the magnetic event in any way. In other words, you can draw off serious amounts of current from capacitor plates positioned at right angles to the magnetic flow, and every additional pair of plates gives you an additional source of major current without any need to increase the magnetic disturbance in any way. With his single metal plate, Tesla mentioned currents of a thousand amps being available. Please remember that a Tesla Coil produces seriously high voltages and is not a toy. Great care is needed around a Tesla Coil so, when it is running, keep well away from it.

Don also states that the collection and transfer of energy requires temporary storage which occurs as the capacitors and coils of a resonant circuit are cycled on and off. The frequency at which the capacitors and coils are pumped, determines the amount of electrical energy that moves onwards. The amount of Energy transferred relates directly to the density of lines of magnetic flux present. The Kinetic Energy formula is helpful in establishing the amount of energy present. This formula points to mass multiplied by the square of the velocity. In the case of electrical energy, intensity of voltage and amperes multiplied by cycles per second, replace velocity. Note that the "acceleration" of the Voltage and the Amperage, increases in a non-linear fashion as the Law of Squares applies, with each unit of increase causing a squaring of the flux lines present. In resonant air-core coil energy transfer, the increase in flux lines present disturbs more electrons than previously and this results in greater output energy than input energy being present and available.

Energy stored, multiplied by the cycles per second, is the energy being pumped by the system. Capacitors and inductors (coils) temporarily store electrons.

Capacitor formula: W = 0.5 x C x V2 x Hz where:

W is the energy in Joules (Joules = Volts x Amps x seconds)

C is the capacitance in Farads

V is the voltage

Hz is the cycles per second

Inductor formula: W = 0.5 x L x A2 x Hz where:

W is the energy in Joules

L is the inductance in Henrys

A is the current in amps

Hz is the frequency in cycles per second

Both one Henry and one Farad equal one volt. The higher the frequency, including the squaring of the flux lines, causes a large increase in the amount of energy being produced. This, combined with the use of a resonant energy induction system (all electrons moving in the same direction at the same time), make the move into COP>1 practical.

The damping process of conventional electrical power generation, has all of the available electrons bouncing randomly, mostly cancelling out each other, and so the useful energy available is only a very small percentage of the energy which is present. In a resonant induction system, a very high percentage of the energy present is useful. When resonating, (ohms-impedance-Z) becomes zero and all of the energy present becomes available, without being degraded in any way. Ohms is load or wasted energy and amperes is the rate of that wasting.

Now, apply this information to an air-core coil resonant transformer energy system. L-1 and L-2 coils are now present. L-1 has fewer turns and is several times the diameter of L-2. Input from a 12-volt 'gelcel' high-voltage laser module, produces 8,000 volts with low (wasted energy) amperage into 4 turns of coil L-1. Each turn of L-1 then acquires 2,000 volts of resonant potential. Each turn of L-2 is then exposed to an electric flux of 2,000 volts. Each turn at the bottom end of L-2 acquires 2,000 volts. The flux lines are squared and are additive as the voltage and amperage progress towards the top end of L-2's many turns.

A huge number of flux lines which were not previously present, occur at the top end of L-2. These flux lines excite the electrons nearby in it's earth and air and groundings. This high level of excitement above the ambient, causes a large number of electrons to become available, electrons which previously, were not part of the energy present. At this point, large amounts of excess energy is present. This COP>1 device produces energy at radio frequencies in the megahertz range and this allows it to be small in size and yet produce large amounts of energy. A megawatt sized unit will sit comfortably on a breakfast table. The energy is changed to direct current, and then, to the desired working frequency.

The energy powering these devices is drawn from the surrounding energy field and is not conventional electricity and it does not flow through the wire of the ‘secondary’ coil, but instead, it runs along the outside of the coil and through space to strike the surface of the metal plate, where it generates conventional electric current. Thomas Henry Moray demonstrated that this energy flowing along the outside of the wire can pass through glass without being affected in any way.

In his 1995 paper Don Smith presents the following diagram:

While Tesla’s experiment used a metal plate, he patented (US 512,340) a coil type which he said is very effective in picking up this radiant energy. This "pancake" coil type goes by the rather impressive name of “bi-filar serial-connected coil”, which, despite it's impressive name is not difficult to wind using two separate strands of wire as shown here:

If a strong magnetic field is positioned across the spark gap as shown above, it sharpens the cut-off of the spark and enhances the uni-directional character of the pulse of current. It should be remembered that if a very short sharp pulse of uni-directional current such as is produced by a spark jumping across a spark gap as in the arrangement shown above, occurs in a conductor, then a strong wave of radiant energy radiates out in a plane at right angles to the pulse of current.

This radiant energy wave is quite different from the electromagnetic field generated around the wire carrying the pulse of current. In the Tesla coil arrangement shown above, it should be possible to gather additional free energy through one or more co-axial (like layers of an onion) cylindrical coils around the spark gap leads. These coils will be better if they are would as bi-filar serially-connected coils. The reason for this arrangement is that the magnetic field component of the coils is (nearly) zero as the current flowing through the wire is flowing in opposite directions in alternate turns, and so the magnetic fields produced should cancel out:

Tesla was granted US Patent 685, 957 “Apparatus for the Utilisation of Radiant Energy” in which he shows various ways of handling the energy collected by the metal plate. It is likely that the pick-up techniques shown in the patent of Hermann Plauston, which is in the Appendix, would also work very effectively with this collected energy. Old patents sometimes mention a “condenser” which is the original term for what is nowadays called a “capacitor”.

After careful consideration and many experiments, Tesla concluded that the radiant rays which he was utilising, radiated out so rapidly that electrons were unable to keep up with them. The rays were being carried via a medium consisting of extremely mobile, almost mass-less particles, very much smaller than electrons and which, because of their size and speed, could pass easily through most materials. In spite of their small size, their extreme speed caused them to have considerable momentum. A fact which is very difficult to come to terms with is that these rays seem to propagate outwards instantly, with no time delay at all, as if transmitted through matter which is wholly incompressible. It is sometimes called “Radiant Energy” or “RE” for short and appears to have no net charge in conventional terms. This is a unique feature of the universe, with unique characteristics, which if utilised, provides a whole host of new applications and capabilities.

Tesla considered that this newly discovered field acted like a fluid. A hundred and fifteen years later, the cover story of the December 2005 edition of the ‘Scientific American’ journal states that experimental models hint that space-time could be a kind of fluid. It has taken a long time for modern science to start catching up with Tesla. In actual fact, it was Michael Faraday (1781 - 1867) who came up with the idea in the first place.

The Alberto Molina-Martinez Generator.

US patent application US 20020125774 of 6th March 2002, shows a self-powered electrical generator. Like that used by Bob Boyce, this is a toroidal (ring-shaped) frame with several windings on it, as shown in the diagram below. Once it has been powered up with AC mains frequency voltage, it produces so much power that it can supply it’s own input power requirement as well as powering other loads such as light bulbs. This patent application is shown in full in the Appendix.

It is said that the Toroid device built by Stephen Mark and shown in web videos, is a replication of this generator design. The forum at present at http://www.overunity.com/index.php/topic,2535.0.html is dedicated to replicating Stephen Mark’s device and considerable progress has been made. This group is operating on the basis that instead of a metallic toroid core as shown here, that a Mobius-loop toroidal wire core is used. At this point in time, their efforts have not yet produced a circuit which exhibits a COP>1 performance

You will notice that very many different devices, aimed at doing different things, all operate by generating very sharp DC pulses

So, a wide range of different devices have the same background technique for making them work. Meyer used the pulsing for water-splitting in a hydroxy gas cell. Bedini uses the pulsing to charge batteries with cold electricity. Tesla used the pulsing to charge batteries, provide heating, cooling and lighting. Boyce uses pulsing to obtain electrolysis at 1,200% of Faraday’s stated maximum rate of electrolysis. Gray used the pulsing to capture cold electricity to drive a powerful electric motor. Many different applications all based on using very short, very sharp, high-voltage pulses.

Alfred Hubbard’s Self-Powered Generator.

In 1920 Alfred Hubbard demonstrated his ‘Atmospheric Power Generator’ which was said to have an output power of some three times greater than the input power. It is difficult to determine the exact details of its construction, but the best information to hand suggests the following:

It consisted of one tall central iron-cored ‘primary’ coil 15 inches high. The core was made from 16 iron rods and the winding made of 43 turns of cable. The cable had 7 cores each of 0.09” diameter, forming a bundle 0.204” in diameter inside the insulation which had an outside diameter of 0.34” which is American Wire Gauge Size 4 wire.

Placed around the central coil were 8 ‘secondary’ coils wound on low-carbon steel fence pipe of 2” inner diameter and approximately 2.25” outer diameter (57 mm), 15 inches high. The windings were also 43 turns of AWG No 4 wire and the coils were wired with the bottom of each coil connected to the top of the adjacent coil, i.e. the secondary coils were wired in series. The secondary coils touch each other tangentially and they also touch the central primary winding tangentially.

The generator was initially demonstrated powering an 18-foot boat with a 35 horsepower electric motor, around Portage Bay on Lake Union, Seattle at eight to ten knots, starting from the Seattle Yacht Club wharf. It appears that the wires should have been larger diameter as they started to overheat quite quickly. Dozens of people witnessed this demonstration and it was reported in the local Seattle press. Alfred is reported to have referred to the secondary windings as “electromagnets” each having both primary and secondary windings of copper wire. Details of the device are presented in Joseph Cater’s book “Awesome Force” which attempts to explain the theory of its operation.

The circuit looks deceptively simple, with the DC input being converted to a rapid train of very short duration pulses, stepped up in voltage and fed to the primary winding. The output is passed through a step-down transformer and was said to be 280 Amps at 125 Volts:

The variable capacitors shown are used to tune the input and output circuits to their resonant frequencies. There appears to be similarities between this circuit and the circuitry used by Edwin Gray when he was using his power tube to drive mains light bulbs and other standard electrical equipment. Edwin used air-cored transformer windings of very heavy-duty wire, to drive the loads and while Alfred does have steel formers for the secondary coils, they are mainly air-core, unlike his primary coil. Edwin and Nikola Tesla were tapping the same source of power, and since Alfred Hubbard worked with Tesla for a short period, it seems likely that his transformer is based on the same techniques that Tesla used so successfully.

It may well be that Alfred’s circuitry was actually constructed more like Tesla’s circuitry for his unique coils. It might have been like this:

Alfred’s association with Tesla raises some interesting points. Firstly, Tesla was aware that to generate Radiant Energy waves of the type that Edwin Gray trapped so successfully, ideally, uni-directional pulses of very short duration (1 millisecond or less) were needed. The best way to generate these is using a spark, so it is distinctly possible that Alfred’s oscillator contained a spark generator. Secondly, Tesla was aware that a serially-connected bi-filar wound coil is a very effective device for collecting Radiant Energy. Might it be possible that the information on how the secondary coils were wound and connected is not quite correct, and that while the coils were connected in series, they were bifilar-wound?

In fact, it seems much more likely that there were separate inner bi-filar windings connected in series while the outer bi-filar windings were also connected in series, especially since, it was reported that the device had four wires coming out of it. This strongly suggests that the bi-filar series-connected ‘secondary’ windings were connected internally to form the final circuit and that the four wires were one pair for the primary winding and one pair for the serially-connected pickup set of sixteen windings:

The device was examined and tested fully by Father William Smith, professor of physics at Seattle College. He was quoted as saying “I unhesitatingly say that Hubbard’s invention is destined to take the place of existing power generators”. While this indicates that Professor Smith’s examination and tests showed that the device worked extremely well, he clearly was not aware of the marketplace opposition to any commercial form of free-energy device.

It has been suggested that the core of the device was packed with radio-active material (probably radium) and that an outer steel cylinder was placed around the device to absorb excess radiation. If that was so, the amount of material would have been very minor, and used only to ionise the air around the coils to improve the energy pick up. Any radio-active material used would have been similar to the ‘luminous’ paint which used to be applied to the hands of alarm clocks, and consequently, fairly harmless.

Joseph Cater’s Version of the Hubbard Generator.

What appears to be an implementation of the Hubbard coil system, or perhaps a very closely related device is Joseph H. Cater’s self-sustaining electrical generator. As usual, information on it is limited and not particularly clear, so the following is just my attempt to piece together some information from different sources. Much of this information comes from a document which has Geoff Egel’s name on it and although it seems likely that Geoff is quoting some other source, my thanks goes to him for sharing what we have here. The diagrams give the names of various minor websites none of which exist any longer and so these have been removed as they have no useful purpose any longer. Here is an original diagram from this information:

As it seems to me that there are many conflicting details in this information, I am presenting it here in pretty much the same form in which it reached me:

Mr. Cater claims that a group in California built this device which, it is claimed, performed very well, but he does not claim that he has personally seen or tested such a device. This design is published for researchers and experimenters in order that a working prototype may be developed. Mr. Cater says "I would be willing to give big odds that if my instructions are carried out to the letter, then sensational results will be obtained. It should easily outperform any other generator that has ever been built including the Moray and the Hubbard devices. It could easily be mass-produced.

Some years ago I got word from someone in Germany who built a similar configuration (a very poor replica of this one, where the output coil consisted of only windings on a solid iron bar which in turn was surrounded by smaller coils on smaller bars which constituted the input. Even this was quite successful as the output was three times the input. I do not know what happened to the builder but such a crude device as this could give the world free energy. The output of a small unit could be used as the input for a larger one and so on”.

Please bear in mind that these plans are not meant to be explicit in every fine detail, but are provided as the best guide that the author can make with the available data. Therefore you will need to use some of your own ingenuity and design skills in the construction of this rather unusual coil configuration.

The Primary Coil Input-driver: Suggestions for the Bench-test Prototype

I would suggest the construction of an input power supply which can vary Frequency, Voltage and Current. A frequency range of 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz would be a good starting point. The higher the frequency of the input current (the amperage and voltage being held constant) the greater the induced output E.M.F. as it is directly proportional to the frequency (the rate of change of the magnetic flux). A frequency of 50 or 60 Hz would be more convenient to experiment with as these frequencies are standard power mains frequencies, however a frequency of 360 Hz or higher is recommended.

Mr. Cater suggests that for experimental purposes in determining the input needed to get the desired output, that rectified 12 volt AC is used. Sinusoidal waves should be used and not square waves. Because of its tremendous potential, care should be taken to limit the amount of input current. One should start with a low frequency (50 or 60 Hz) and low amperage, then gradually increasing the current until the desired input / output is obtained.

Such caution was not followed with a previous model built by a group in California and it resulted in the disintegration of the output coil. The iron sheets in this model were not plated and did not have the caps fitted. Nevertheless, it was still an effective orgone accumulator. The gold plating of the iron sheets and the addition of the caps enables it to operate with a much lower input current and lower frequency.

The Primary Coils

If the outer body of your secondary coil is eight inches in diameter, then you won’t fit the recommended seventeen primary coils around its perimeter. If your primary coils are one and a half inches in diameter then these will fit nicely around the perimeter of an 8-inch diameter secondary coil. However, it is preferable to have larger primary coils as mentioned in Mr Cater’s opening comments, so it may be advisable to stick to the recommended 2-inch diameter size for the primary coils, but settle for one less and use only 16 primary coils.

Experimentation will decide which is the best way to go. For the purposes of this article I will refer to 2-inch diameter coils.

Cut medium gauge soft iron rods (oxy-welding rods will do) to 13-inch lengths. Be sure to de-burr the cut rods so that a compact fit is achieved.

Next, wind each coil separately with one terminal at each end (no gap ‘G’ is required for the primary coils). Then the primary coils are physically mounted around the large secondary coil - refer to Diagram 1.

The primary coils are then interconnected with suitable leads of the same gauge as the coil wire to form a series coil configuration. Refer to Diagram 2.

All coils must be wound in an identical manner so that the current in each one travels in a clockwise or counter clockwise direction. It is essential that the current flows in the same direction.

The Secondary Coil: Construction Notes

The secondary coil consists of a number of concentric cylinders and coils of three varying types repeated in a special sequence as detailed here.

1. You begin with the soft iron core in the same way as the primary iron cores were constructed. Use two inch diameter (2" OD) thin-walled PVC tubing cut to thirteen inches (13") in length, and packed with soft iron rods (oxyacetylene welding rods will do).

2. Around the central PVC tubing wrap the gold-plated iron sheeting so that the gold is facing outwards. The iron sheeting needs to be in the range 0.010" to 0.015" in thickness. The iron sheeting should be as thin as possible as you want to get the most powerful fluctuating magnetic field possible, induced as close to the wire as can be physically and electrically achieved.

This is the reason for the oil-soaked iron powder. The purpose of the oil is, of course, to make the iron powder physically manageable. The thinner the iron sheeting the more completely magnetised it will be. The gold plating is only the frosting on the cake so to speak. It certainly does not need to be very thick and no, you don’t have to pay thousands of dollars for gold plating. A simple chemical process is used. Ask your local electroplater for a lead in the right direction. As to the suppliers of the iron sheeting, you certainly wont find it down at your local hardware store as it is a rather a specialised item. Try transformer manufacturers or electric motor and generator suppliers.

You will need eight (8) concentric iron cylinders. Each one will be thirteen inches (13”) wide with varying lengths depending on the circumference of each concentric layer. Allow a quarter inch over the circumference length to give a small overlap. You will need to devise a method for keeping the iron sheeting in position ready for the next stage of construction. Several spots of super glue should do the job nicely.

3. Now that you have wrapped your first iron layer around the central PVC tube containing the soft iron core, you are now ready to wind your first secondary coil. Use a heavy gauge enamel coated wire somewhere near the gauge of house wiring. If this is not available, then insulated single core wire will do. As with all the coils that are to be wound, whether primary or secondary, only one layer of wire is wound. When you are winding the secondary coil leave a small space between each turn. Refer to Diagram 3.

The gap ‘G’ reduces the inertia of flowing electrons as well as providing room for the oil-soaked iron powder which is to be packed between each winding. Perhaps 1 mm to 1.5 mm would be a sufficient gap between adjacent turns of the winding. However, before packing each coil with the iron powder, it would be advisable to lacquer the coil winding to seal it in position on the iron sheeting. This also provides extra insulative protection. The purpose of the non-metallic concentric spacers within the secondary coil serves two purposes:

a. To minimise the cancellation effects.

b. To produce an Orgone accumulator effect.

The material used could be heavy-duty PVC tubing with quarter-inch thick walls or quarter-inch thick sheeting, possibly heat treated, wrapped around the coils. You may be lucky for one or two of the concentric rings required, and have a piece of PVC tubing which is just the right diameter. For the remaining diameters you could reduce the circumference of a larger piece of tubing, thus converting it to the desired diameter. Be sure that the butt joint is perfect or that any gaps in the join are filled in with a suitable plastic filler. Some innovation and ingenuity may be required for this part of the construction. The general strategy for building this multi-layered secondary coil is to build it by winding each coil on separate concentric cylinders consisting of the gold-plated iron sheeting wrapped around the non-metallic spacer. The inner diameter of one cylinder will be the outer diameter of another. They are then joined together one inside the other. Fly wires are then used to interconnect the ends of each coil. For initial experiments this may be done in several ways, two of which are recommended by Mr. Cater:

1. Each concentric coil may be connected in series so that the current will flow in the same direction, either clockwise or counter clock wise as if it is one continuous coil.

or

2. Each adjacent pair of coils is wired so that the current flows in the opposite direction to the adjacent pair of coils. In other words, the first two adjacent coils are connected in the clockwise direction, and then the next pair of adjacent coils is connected counter clock wise. The third pair will be clockwise and the fourth pair counter clockwise. Changing the wiring configuration can be achieved quite simply by rearranging the external fly leads which are used to interconnect each of the secondary coils.

The leads should take the shortest path around the outer face of the secondary coil and of course they should be of the same gauge as the actual coil winding itself. Refer to Diagram 4

The Side Caps

Now that you have completed the secondary coil and wound the primary coils, the next step is to cut the caps to their correct size so that their diameter will be big enough to cover in the entire primary and secondary coil assembly. Refer to Diagram 1 above where the required dimension is marked as "Dia. C”

1. Cut eight pieces of quarter-inch thick plastic sheeting to the diameter "Dia. C” dimension, 4 per cap, so 8 in total.

2. Cut eight pieces of gold-plated iron sheeting in the same manner. 3. Glue together the plastic and iron sheeting as illustrated in the expanded drawing Diagram 6.

Devise a method to attach the caps to the sides of the unit and a means of positioning the outer primary coils so that they are all held in their correct positions. Bear in mind that powerful magnetic forces will be present and that the unit itself will be quite heavy, so a strong form construction is needed. One suggestion is to use dowels to hold the caps in position and use suitably shaped plastic spacers to position and hold the primary coils in place. Once the caps have been fitted, the generator becomes a highly potent orgone accumulator.

Gold-plated iron is many, many times more effective than any other metallic material. The accumulator effect greatly increases the effectiveness of the generator.

Testing

Now that you have actually completed all the construction work, you now need a suitable input driver unit which should have been thoroughly tested and ready for driving the unit. Let’s be optimistic and hook up a good size load for the secondary, a couple of radiator bars (electric heaters) should do to begin with. Across the output terminals you can connect all the usual test gear.

Summary

The construction of the secondary coils may be carried out by completing the following steps:

1. Fill a thin-walled PVC tube of 2-inch diameter and 13-inches long, with soft iron rods.

2. Wrap the PVC tubing with the iron sheeting cut to 13” size with a 1/4" overlap along the tube, flush with the ends. Ensure that the gold side is facing outwards.

3. Wind the single-layer heavy-gauge coil with a suitable spacing between each turn of the winding and attach suitable terminals at each end of the wire.

4. Coat the coil winding with lacquer, sealing it in position.

5. Pack between each turn of the coil windings with oil-impregnated iron powder.

6. Wrap the coil and iron powder with ducting tape.

7. Fit the quarter-inch thick non-conductive spacer as described above.

8. Repeat step 2 to step 7, eight times and finish off by fitting an outer casing of the quarter-inch thick non- conducting material.

This Article first saw the light of day several years ago and it is believed, was first published in the Australian Free-Energy Newsletter called “Tuning In”.

Another source comments on the Cater device as follows:

A self-sustaining electric generator was demonstrated at Seattle, Washington in 1919 by an inventor named Hubbard. His invention was supposedly 14 inches long and 11 inches in diameter. It powered a 35 horsepower electric motor which pushed a boat continuously around the bay for several hours. This demonstration was witnessed by thousands. During the time of his demonstrations, Hubbard made a sketch of one of his smaller generators used to power ordinary electrical appliances shown in Fig. 28:

It was approximately six inches long and about five inches in diameter. It consisted of eight coils in series, wound on iron cores which in turn surrounded a slightly larger central coil. The central coil was wound on a hollow tube which contained many small rods of soft iron. Four terminals extended from the unit, two connecting to the outer coils which received the input current, while the other two came from the central coil.

It is highly significant that both wires used in the generator appeared to be of heavy gauge like those used in power lines with the same kind of insulation. Each coil had only one layer of this wire which means that only a moderate number of turns were used in the entire generator. It is known that the generator produced a fluctuating current of an undisclosed frequency and had no moving parts.

The basic principle on which the generator operated is apparent. A small current passed through a coil with a moderate number of turns per unit length will magnetise an iron core to a surprising degree. This principle is utilised to great advantage in electromagnets. What apparently hasn’t been realised is that during the brief interval in which the current builds up after it is turned on, an induced EMF (voltage) is produced in the coil by the changing magnetic flux, which is in the same direction as the current. This induced EMF is the result of the magnetic field produced by the magnetisation of the iron core. If this induced EMF were in the opposite direction to the current, then a sizeable current could never be produced in the coil as the EMF opposing the current would automatically cancel it before it could increase.

Fig. 29 shows a graph of the magnetisation of an iron core plotted against ampere turns per unit length. The term “ampere turns” is the number of turns of the coil per unit length multiplied by the number of amps of current flowing through the coil. For example, a current of 1 amp flowing through a coil of 100 turns will produce the same effect as 2 amps flowing through a coil of the same length which has only 50 turns.

There is a section on the curve where a slight increase in ampere turns will produce a tremendous in magnetisation of the iron core. The cause of this phenomenon should be analysed. It seems strange that just a few ampere-turns can produce extensive and significant magnetisation of the iron core. Yet, the observable magnetic field produced by the current without the magnetic core is tiny by comparison. A similar field produced by a permanent magnet, would be unable to induce a noticeable magnetisation of the iron. This is something which conventional science has found convenient to ignore.

If an alternating current is passed through an electromagnet and the ampere-turns exceed a critical point, a chain reaction takes place in the coil, producing a tremendous increase of current in the coil. This is responsible for transformers which occasionally burn out during current surges. In some cases the sudden increase in current is sufficient to push the ampere-turns value into this critical range. The chain reaction results from an increase in the magnetisation of the iron which produces an increase in the current, which then produces an additional large increase in magnetisation, and so on until the iron reaches its maximum degree of magnetisation.

This process occurs during the first half of the AC cycle. The EMF is flowing in the direction opposite to that of the current after it reaches its maximum value and the second part of the cycle begins. This EMF, which is the same magnitude as that which brought the current to its maximum value during the first part of the cycle, now acts as a brake and stops the current. The applied alternating EMF then starts the current in the opposite direction and the identical process occurs again with the current flowing in the opposite direction.

Normal working transformers have ampere-turns which are well below this critical point. The additional EMF induced in the coils by the magnetisation of the iron offsets the natural inductive impedance of the coils. This is why transformers have such a high degree of efficiency. If any material other than iron or special steel were used for the core, the efficiency would drop significantly.

A normal square-wave pulsed current cannot be used in such a device due to the very short time of the rise and fall of the applied voltage, so a sine wave power supply is needed to produce this effect. Since the induced EMF in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux, it follows that the higher the frequency of this sine wave supply, the better.

There is possibly another factor which could contribute to the success of the Hubbard device. At that time, the only insulated wire available had thick and heavy insulation. This means that adjacent turns of wire in the coil were separated by a distance equal to twice the thickness of the insulation. Consequently, the gap resulted in a cancellation of magnetic effects produced by electrons flowing in the wire. Since inertia is dependent on the ability to generate a magnetic field, the inertial properties of the electrons would be almost nullified.

There is an optimum distance between the wires which would produce the maximum effect. It seems likely that the thick insulation on Hubbard’s wire produced this optimum distance. Most of the resultant magnetic field was that which encircled both wires and that would be the weaker part of the field. This means that a relatively low EMF could accelerate a larger number of electrons to a high velocity during a very short period of time. As the electrons leave the coil, inertia returns. This would result in a backup of a high concentration of electrons in the coil. Since electrostatic repulsion is not affected, electrons would be ejected from the coil at a high velocity despite their increased inertia. This would produce an output of both high voltage and high amperage.

A Suggestion

A suggestion put forward by a French contributor suggests driving a Hubbard coil like this:

This is a circuit which has not been built by the man who puts it forward for consideration and construction by anyone who wishes to try it. He estimates that the excess output should be 10 kilowatts. The circuit is a cross between the Ed Gray circuit and the Hubbard circuit. The start of the circuit is like the Ed Gray system where a twelve volt battery powers circuitry which generates high-voltage AC power. Some neon-tube drivers produce high voltage, high-frequency AC directly from 12V DC packaged in one small unit, and so the 60 milliamp versions are likely to be suited to this application. This is stored in a 2000-volt 47 microfarad capacitor bank built from the very fast-acting capacitors used in disposable cameras.

When the voltage in the capacitors builds up to a high enough level, it discharges very rapidly through the spark plug, creating a spark which, according to Ed Gray, pulls in energy from the surrounding environment – energy which can be picked up by perforated copper cylinders placed around the spark and (ideally) fed to an earth connection, or alternatively, to the negative rail of the system. This spark gap does not use the silver-plated copper electrodes which Ed Gray considered to be important for the spark gap.

The very sharp current discharge passes through the central winding of the Hubbard coil. This coil is wound on a soft iron core and the resulting magnetic pulse generates major electrical output in the surrounding, smaller-diameter Hubbard coils.

Finally, when the electrical pulse finishes, it generates a large back-EMF pulse, which is fed to the second battery to charge it. This is in the style used by Ed Gray, but Ed found that it was essential to have a capacitor in that line in order to limit the current being fed into the battery and avoid damaging the battery. Ed found it so difficult to get the size of that capacitor right, that he abandoned the method in favour of using a conventional alternator to charge the battery. If a capacitor is used, then it is very important that it is a non-polarised type in a metal can as electrolytic capacitors used for this current-limiting method are likely to overheat and explode.

Please remember that this is an untested circuit put forward for testing and as it uses high-voltages, it is not a circuit suited to experimentation by people who are not already familiar with working with dangerous high voltages.

The style of construction used by Ed Gray was something like this:

It is generally considered that the solid copper rods, the carbon block and the silver plating of the ends of those rods form an important part of the device. However, I am not aware of anybody getting a significant energy gain from one of these devices, so using a standard spark plug may be perfectly satisfactory. The copper cylinders have many holes drilled in them as that is thought to improve their performance. They are supported by insulators so that they do not touch anything else.

Floyd Sweet’s “VTA” Self-Powered Generator.

Another device in this category of pulsed devices which tap external energy was produced by Floyd (“Sparky”) Sweet. The device was called “Vacuum Triode Amplifier” or “VTA” by Tom Bearden. There is very little practical information available on this device, though there is a video of it in operation on the web, with an input power of just 0.31 milliwatt and a continuous power output of more than 500 watts (112 volts AC at 60 Hz) which is a COP of more than 1,612,000 which is spectacularly impressive.

The device was capable of producing more than 1 kW of output power at 120 Volts, 60 Hz and can be connected so as to be self-powered. The output is energy which resembles electricity in that it powers motors, lamps, etc. but as the power increases through any load there is a temperature drop instead of the expected temperature rise, which is why it is called “cold” electricity.

When it became known that he had produced the device he became the target of serious threats, some of which were delivered face-to-face in broad daylight. It is quite possible that the concern was due to the device tapping zero-point energy, which when done at high currents opens a whole new can of worms. One of the observed characteristics of the device was that when the current was increased, the measured weight of the apparatus reduced by about a pound. While this is hardly new, it suggests that space/time was being warped. The German scientists at the end of WWII had been experimenting with this (and killing off the unfortunate people who were used to test the system) - if you have considerable perseverance, you can read up on this in Nick Cook’s inexpensive book “The Hunt for Zero-Point” ISBN 0099414988.

Floyd found that the weight of his device reduced in proportion to the amount of energy being produced. But he found that if the load was increased enough, a point was suddenly reached where a loud sound like a whirlwind was produced, although there was no movement of the air. The sound was heard by his wife Rose who was in another room of their apartment and by others outside the apartment. Floyd did not increase the load further (which is just as well as he would probably have received a fatal dose of radiation if he had) and did not repeat the test. In my opinion, this is a potentially dangerous device. It should be noted that a highly lethal 20,000 Volts is used to ‘condition’ the magnets and the principles of operation are not understood at this time. Also, there is insufficient information to hand to provide realistic advice on practical construction details.

On one occasion, Floyd accidentally short-circuited the output wires. There was a bright flash and the wires became covered with frost. It was noted that when the output load was over 1 kW, the magnets and coils powering the device became colder, reaching a temperature of 20 degrees Fahrenheit below room temperature. On one occasion, Floyd received a shock from the apparatus with the current flowing between the thumb and the small finger of one hand. The result was an injury akin to frostbite, causing him considerable pain for at least two weeks.

Observed characteristics of the device include:

1. The output voltage does not change when the output power is increased from 100W to 1 kW.

2. The device needs a continuous load of at least 25W.

3. The output falls in the early hours of the morning but recovers later on without any intervention.

4. A local earthquake can stop the device operating.

5. The device can be started in self-powered mode by briefly applying 9 Volts to the drive coils.

6. The device can be stopped by momentary interruption of the power to the power coils.

7. Conventional instruments operate normally up to an output of 1 kW but stop working above that output level, with their readings showing zero or some other spurious reading.

It appears that Floyd’s device was comprised of one or two large ferrite permanent magnets (grade 8, size 150 mm x 100 mm x 25 mm) with coils wound in three planes mutually at right angles to each other (i.e. in the x, y and z axes). The magnetisation of the ferrite magnets is modified by suddenly applying 20,000 Volts from a bank of capacitors (510 Joules) or more to plates on each side of it while simultaneously driving a 1 Amp 60 Hz (or 50 Hz) alternating current through the energising coil. The alternating current should be at the frequency required for the output. The voltage pulse to the plates should be applied at the instant when the ‘A’ coil voltage reaches a peak. This needs to be initiated electronically.

It is said that the powering of the plates causes the magnetic material to resonate for a period of about fifteen minutes, and that the applied voltage in the energising coil modifies the positioning of the newly formed poles of the magnet so that it will in future, resonate at that frequency and voltage. It is important that the voltage applied to the energising coil in this ‘conditioning’ process be a perfect sinewave. Shock, or outside influence can destroy the ‘conditioning’ but it can be reinstated by repeating the conditioning process. It should be noted that the conditioning process may not be successful at the first attempt but repeating the process on the same magnet is usually successful. Once conditioning is completed, the capacitors are no longer needed. The device then only needs a few milliwatts of 60 Hz applied to the input coil to give up to 1.5 kW at 60 Hz at the output coil. The output coil can then supply the input coil indefinitely.

The conditioning process modifies the magnetisation of the ferrite slab. Before the process the North pole is on one face of the magnet and the South pole on the opposite face. After conditioning, the South pole does not stop at the mid point but extends to the outer edges of the North pole face, extending inwards from the edge by about 6 mm. Also, there is a magnetic ‘bubble’ created in the middle of the North pole face and the position of this ‘bubble’ moves when another magnet is brought near it.

The conditioned slab has three coil windings:

1. The ‘A’ coil is wound first around the outer perimeter, each turn being 150 + 100 + 150 + 100 = 500 mm long (plus a small amount caused by the thickness of the coil former material). It has about 600 turns of 28 AWG (0.3 mm) wire.

2. The ‘B’ coil is wound across the 100 mm faces, so one turn is about 100 + 25 + 100 + 25 = 250 mm (plus a small amount for the former thickness and clearing coil ‘A’). It has between 200 and 500 turns of 20 AWG (1 mm) wire.

3. The ‘C’ coil is wound along the 150 mm face, so one turn is 150 + 25 + 150 + 25 = 350 mm (plus the former thickness, plus clearance for coil ‘A’ and coil ‘B’). It has between 200 and 500 turns of 20 AWG (1 mm) wire and should match the resistance of coil ‘B’ as closely as possible.

Coil ‘A’ is the input coil. Coil ‘B’ is the output coil. Coil ‘C’ is used for the conditioning and for the production of gravitational effects.

At time of writing, information and photographs of the original device can be found on the website:

http://www.intalek.com/Index/Projects/Research/Construction%20of%20the%20Floyd%20Sweet's%20VTA%20by%20Michael%20Watson.htm where a paper by Michael Watson gives much practical information. For example, he states that an experimental set up which he made, had:

The ‘A’ coil with a resistance of 70 ohms and an inductance of 63 mH,

The ‘B’ coil, wound with 23 AWG wire with a resistance of 4.95 ohms and an inductance of 1.735 mH, and

The ‘C’ coil, also wound with 23 AWG wire, with a resistance of 5.05 ohms and an inductance of 1.78 mH.

Chapter 3 has additional information on the VTA.

Rosemary Ainslie’s COP=17 Heater.

Rosemary Ainslie has produced a pulsed heater system which has been measured at a performance of COP = 17. This is a recent design and as far as I am aware, has not yet been replicated by other people. Panacea-bocaf.org are working with Rosemary's original developers to produce an independent implementation of the heater. At this point in time, the heater has been built to a prototype testing scale for laboratory examination and measurement and not been produced in the kilowatt range, which, hopefully, will come at a later date.

Panacea have produced a 250-page document describing the research, the testing, the theory, etc. and that can be downloaded free using this link:

http://www.panaceauniversity.org/Rosemary%20Ainslie%20COP17%20Heater%20Technology.pdf

As that document contains the details which scientists need to see for serious testing and development, it may be a little technical for some people, so Panacea have produced a simplified version aimed at the average home-build investigator and that can be downloaded free using this link:

http://www.panaceauniversity.org/Ainslie_heater_circuit_by_Patrick_Kelly.pdf

In very broad outline, the circuit produces the same very short, very sharp voltage pulses that are the basis for so many "free-energy" devices. The circuit used looks very simple but in spite of that, the way that it operates is not at all simple. The circuit is shown below and to a quick glance, it looks like a standard 555 timer chip circuit, used in many existing applications. However, if the circuit is operated as a 555 pulsing circuit, then the output is not COP>1.

Looking more closely, we notice that the link between the output of the 555 chip on pin 3 and the input gate pin of the Field-Effect Transistor, is unusual as it is not the usual voltage divider between pin 3 and the 0-volts ground line. Instead, the gate is directly coupled to the 555 chip output by a single, low-resistance preset resistor.

Normally, an NE555 chip struggles to reach 50,000 cycles per second and a large number of 555 chips on the market can't even operate at even that frequency. To get Rosemary's circuit into it's COP>1 operation, the resistor marked "GATE" is adjusted very slowly to find the point at which the circuit becomes unstable, over-rides the normal operation of the 555 chip and starts oscillating at the resonant frequency of the overall circuit, forcing the 555 chip to become a feedback component. The circuit then produces the sharp, short voltages spikes at more than ten times the operating speed of the 555 chip and pulsing the 10-ohm heating element marked "LOAD" at about 500,000 pulses per second.

That rate of operation is clearly well outside the possible performance of an NE555 chip, besides which, the timing elements of the chip should be producing a much lower frequency, as indeed it does before the "GATE" resistor adjustment causes the circuit to break out of its normal design-mode operation and start the high-speed spike generating, resonant performance. The circuit used is shown here:

As Panacea-bocaf are working to test and develop this circuit further, it would be a good idea to download their free documentation on the design and keep an eye on their progress in this field. The two documents give very considerable detail on the work which has already been done, and of course, you can yourself experiment with this circuit and see what results and adjustments you can discover yourself.

Joseph H. Cater

Joseph comments: The experiments of Schauberger and others have confirmed the enormous and almost unlimited quantities of electricity housed in water. The following is an absurdly simple and practical method of extracting this energy. It employs the “Coanda” or “cloud-buster” effect.

A plastic tube 14” to 16” (350 mm to 400 mm) long and about 2.5” (65 mm) in diameter is filled with distilled water. At each end, exposed to the water, is a copper terminal which is used for both the electrical input and output. Rechargeable dry cells of suitable voltage are connected in series with the input terminals. When the two output terminals are short-circuited or connected to a load, electricity starts flowing. This is current entrained by the input current. When high voltage is applied, the output voltage is almost as great as the input voltage. However, the amperage is inadequate. The answer to the problem is ultrasonics. It is an experimental fact that ultrasound of 600,000 Hz focussed on a container of water causes the water to boil. This means that sound of this frequency disintegrates large quantities of “soft” electrons in the water. The sudden release of “hard” electrons produces tremendous thermal agitation of the water molecules.

A DC ultrasonic transducer attached to the tube would produce sufficient free electrons to be entrained for the unit to have almost unlimited output potential. The tube functions like a sounding board. Mr Cater has been given powerful evidence that two different individuals who received this information got sensational results from the generator. They had access to such a transducer. They tried to set up in business but the vested interests saw to it that they were put out of business and persuaded to remain silent ever since.

An associate of Mr Cater built a fist-sized siren which generated a frequency of 600 kHz. When focussed on a small container of water, the water boiled. This demonstrated that it could be used instead of a solid-state DC ultrasonic transducer on the water generator. A small DC motor could operate the siren. It would be far more effective as it produces a much more intense sound. The construction is shown here:

Dr Oleg Gritskevitch’s 1.5 Megawatt Self-Powered Generator.

Dr Oleg V. Gritskevitch of Vladivostok in Russia, the holder of some seventy patents, designed and fully tested an electrical generator along the same lines as Joseph Cater’s device mentioned above. It uses no fuel and has given a DC output of 220 volts at 6,800 amps (1.5 megawatts) for more than two years. As built by Dr Gritskevitch, this is not a home-builder’s ideal project as massive electrical input is needed to get the device started, and his prototype weighs 900 kilograms (nearly 2,000 lbs). Details are given on the very good RexResearch web site: http://www.rexresearch.com/gritskevich/gritskevich.htm but in broad outline, the device is a toroidal pipe some two metres (6’-6”) in diameter, coated on the inside with barium titinate and filled with ultra-pure distilled water mixed with ‘heavy water’. Inside the toroid are electromagnetic coils and surrounding it, copper pipes carrying cooling water to keep the temperature down to 50 degrees Centigrade. Also inserted into the toroid at intervals around the circumference are electrical contacts.

The device is started by giving the water a massive high-voltage discharge of some 100,000 volts at 50 mA for three to five minutes. This power input gets the water ionised and circulating. The circulation is maintained by the electromagnetic coils and the power output is around COP=100.

Oleg died without ever getting funding for his design (a typical method of blocking free-energy devices from reaching the market). A more detailed description of the device and it’s operation comes direct from Oleg:

This is a description of the construction and operation of Oleg V. Gritskevitch’s hydro-magnetic dynamo, which is an example of a very powerful new energy system. The prototype in Armenia has averaged some 1,500 kilowatts of power over a period of several years.

Oleg was born on 14 August 1936 and grew up in Vladivostok, Russia. He married and has a son Boris. Gritskevitch was a physicist by education. He worked in the Far-East branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1985 he worked independently as an inventor. He has more than 70 patents on inventions ranging from household engineering up to high technologies, which he has been trying to apply in our country although he encountered major difficulties in this. After numerous attempts to obtain the patents, he became convinced that the information had become widely known. Therefore he received the state certificates of know-how (a French way of patenting), for all his inventions.

Introduction

During the 1999 Symposium of the Institute for New Energy, he lectured on his hydro-magnetic dynamo. This paper is his attempt to explain the construction and operation of his dynamo. To protect his secrets from investigators, he, on occasion, provided misleading information. For example, the drawing accompanying the Russian patent mentioned below, shows a cylinder across the toroid to mislead readers. The real dynamo has the toroid alone, without the cylinder. Even its name “hydro-magnetic dynamo” is somewhat deliberately misleading.

Oleg stated that he had some familiarity with the new energy field. Nearly all purported new energy devices are fairly small electrical generators. The dynamo may be the only new electrical generator which most nearly meets all the requirements of an ideal large-scale electrical generator. Oleg claimed that his dynamo really is the single most valuable invention the world has ever known.

Alexander V. Frolov of St. Petersburg recommended Oleg to contact Dr. Patrick Bailey of the Institute for New Energy since Patrick has lots of contacts who could possibly help with patenting his invention of a new source of energy in USA.

Oleg worked on the theory and creation of the electrostatic generator-converter the “Hydro-Magnetic Dynamo” for about 20 years. The first primitive equipment was created when Oleg worked in the Academy of Sciences. During that time, various changes were introduced in the generator and in the theory of how it works. As a result, it is now ready for manufacture, installation, and applications in industry.

Oleg made the first public report on his work in 1991 at a symposium in Volgodonsk city. His report received positive reactions and reviews from the experts in the nuclear industry in USSR. That same year, he was accepted into the International Nuclear Society. During those years he offered development of this technology to different state bodies and private enterprises. But the answer from everybody was “It is a very interesting and important project, but we cannot fund it.

Eventually, Oleg tried to transfer this technology to the USA through the embassy in Moscow. The former ambassador to the USSR, Dr. J. Matlock knows about it. He wanted to meet Oleg, but at that time there were forces opposed to the carrying out of his plans. So he started to look for other possible investors. He was ready to consider any offers of co-operation, joint patenting, sale of technological information, creation of a joint venture, etc. etc. Oleg was awarded some 70 Russian patents covering a wide range of important technical topics.

History

This project was the result of one article in the August 1972 issue of a popular Russian magazine Tehnika Molodiozhi. The article written by A. Kaldamasov was entitled Ball Lightning in a Liquid. The article came to the attention of Michail Razovsky and Oleg in 1974. Oleg’s group of volunteers and enthusiasts was looking for a new source of energy and so this article served as a starting point for the understanding of chemical-physical processes occurring in water. During the period 1976 to 1978 one year was spent in the radiological lab of the Vladivostok city hospital, including Vladilen Bulgakov, radiology physician, and Michail Razovsky, theoretician in the plasma physics field and others, assembling a device, which was supposed to separate water into oxygen and hydrogen more efficiently. During the experiments, instead of the expected results, it produced electricity very efficiently! The input power during the experiment was one 800-watt water pump. The output was 1,400 watts (COP=1.75). This device was assembled using plastic pipes connected with hoses, where the water was circulating in a loop. This then led to the idea of creating the second device as a generator-toroid.

The second generator was assembled in the workshop of the Ocean Research Institute in Vladivostok (Director Academician Viktor Ilichov), and in the summer of 1990 it was transported to the testing station of the Ministry of Electronics Industry in Vladivostok. This lab was well equipped with all necessary sets of instruments. At the same time, patent papers were filed in the USSR State Committee of Inventions. In the spring of 1991 the State Commission, led by Yurii Lebedev, chairman of the Innovation Council and Chairman of the Russian Federation Council of Ministers, arrived in Vladivostok. This commission arrived to the town for two reasons: to recommend a financial request for manufacturing the dynamo; and to classify this energy source as a “Discovery”. (document #14-451).

After the next change in Russian government the financing for the project was terminated. The first article on the dynamo was published in the Russian magazine (Tehnika Molodyozhi 1990, #3, March issue, Page 17, entitled “Innovator’s Ideas”.

Several Armenian physicists, after reading that article, sent Oleg a letter asking to meet with him in Vladivostok for negotiations about the dynamo. They arrived in March 1991 and ran tests on the second generator, which was operational at that time. Oleg flew to Armenia, and work on the third generator started at the end of 1991. It was completed at the end of 1992. It was operating and producing energy until January 1997, when it was destroyed during the war. Some people were also killed and other people moved to the USA. This version of dynamo created an output which averaged 6,800 amperes at 220 volts DC (1.496 megawatts). It’s input power was only approximately 1% of the output power.

Oleg was an invited speaker of the Meeting of the Alternative Energy Institute (Dr. Hal Fox) in Salt Lake City in August 1999. The official announcement about his speech had several mistakes (for example, the name of Armenia was changed to Romania).

Dynamo Theory

The Hydro-Magnetic Dynamo is a large-scale, emission-free electrical generator, which does not require external fuelling. The dynamo is capable of powering large transportation vehicles such as buses, trucks, ships, locomotives, and aeroplanes. Doubt remains about making dynamos compact enough to power cars.

While three experimental prototypes have been built with Russian and Armenian expertise and equipment, a fourth demonstration prototype needs to be built with more modern Western engineering expertise and equipment to verify the dynamo’s performance claims and to further explore the dynamo’s potential capabilities.

The claimed performance is as follows:

Dynamos are scaleable from 100 kilowatts to 1,000 megawatts. One 1000-megawatt dynamo is about the size of a two-car garage. For comparison, Hoover Dam’s 17 generators have a total capacity of 2,000 megawatts. A dynamo can reliably run continuously for 25 years or more with little or no maintenance, no external fuel source, and no pollution. If a dynamo’s output is 1,000,000 watts, its total input power is approximately 10,000 watts and so the dynamo’s energy efficiency is about 10,000%.

The source of the dynamo’s huge electrical output is a nuclear reaction, which is not generally known to mainstream science. However, it is known that the dynamo produces alpha particles, which are helium nuclei, made from fused deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron. The electrons missing from the helium nuclei are what seem to provide a copious ‘sink’ of electricity, and that is the secret of the dynamo’s ability to generate an exceptionally large amount of electricity. It is also known that the dynamo uses high-density charge clusters. High-density charge clusters are thought by some theorists, to be the basis of plasma-injected transmutation of elements and the neutralisation of radioactive materials. Unlike hot fusion and fission reactors, the dynamo does not accumulate any radioactive components.

The result of the dynamo’s processes is conversion of electrostatic fields to direct current. It should be noted that a clear understanding of terms like “Coulomb’s conversion” and “liquid Van de Graff generator” is very important.

Schematically, the dynamo is an electrostatic transformer, or in other words an electrostatic voltage multiplier. One version of the dynamo uses lasers to start up. There were three dynamo prototypes built. The first two small experimental prototypes were built in Vladivostok, Russia. The third and last prototype generated electricity continuously, (except when turned off to incorporate improvements), from 1992 to January 1997 in Armenia.

As mentioned above, the Armenian prototype generated a direct current of 6,800 amperes at 220 volts which is about 1.5 megawatts. Minimum power output has been 500,000 watts, and maximum power output has been 2,500,000 watts during winter experiments due to better cooling. The Armenian prototype dynamo’s toroid weighed 900 kilograms and had a diameter of approximately 2 meters. Cooling water is circulated through copper pipes wrapped around the toroid. The heat is expelled from the cooling water with a heat exchanger. The working temperature was typically 36 degrees Centigrade.

After a dynamo is assembled, the water is literally ‘jump-started’ (by discharging a large bank of capacitors) to get it circulating inside the toroid. The starting impulse pressure is as high as 400 atmospheres. The dynamo’s controls are temporarily set to generating a modest amount of electricity sufficient to sustain itself, possibly even while being transported from the factory to the place of its future operation. The control circuits are simple as only sensors and a control computer are used. We do not need any technical-maintenance personnel.

For the Armenian prototype dynamo, two 10-Farad capacitor-batteries were used to provide the initial water motion (acceleration and excitation of water). The capacitors were 20 kilograms each, with diameters of 50 centimetres, and were borrowed from Russian military radar stations. Using a total of 20,000 Joules, 100,000 Volts at 0.05 Amperes of current were applied to the Armenian dynamo for 3 to 5 minutes to ionise and polarise the water, which then started the generation of electricity.

The reason for the very high voltage provided by the large Russian radar capacitors, when starting the generator, appears to be to polarise the crystals of barium titanate. One comparison is with the electronic ignition on a gas stove. Once the barium titanate crystals are polarised, the generator is running.

After these capacitors had been used to ‘jump-start’ the Armenian prototype dynamo, a bank of buffer batteries sustained continuous operation when water motion and ionising began. This battery bank contained 8 powerful 12-volt, 150-ampere lead batteries. The Armenian dynamo’s sustaining input power was 14,400 watts. The nominal maximum output power was about 1,500,000 watts. On one occasion, the output current was accidentally increased to 40,000 amperes for almost a minute. Fortunately, the power was reduced to a safe level before the water started to boil. Internal coils (windings) provide the control of water velocity and therefore control dynamo power. The faster the water is moving, the more electricity the dynamo generates. Once the water stops circulating around the toroid, the dynamo must be ‘jump-started’ again to a minimum power level before it can sustain its electricity generation using it’s own output power.

The following is a condensed summary, with some editing and additional commentary, of the “Description” of the dynamo’s Russian patent IPC H 02 K 44/00 “Method of Deriving Electrical Energy and Realisation of Gritskevich's MHD-Generator”:

The dynamo is a sealed polystyrene toroid filled with ultra-pure distilled water with heavy water (deuterium oxide) added. The movement of water inside the closed loop and the use of the unique properties of water as a polar liquid, cause a release of electrical energy as an outcome of a rupture of the hydrogen bonds. Additional electrical energy is drawn from nuclear reactions and micro-cavity processes. The liquid is ionised, polarised, and moving around the toroid at start-up time by a running magnetic field with the help of stimulating electromagnetic windings.

Electrostatic generator-transformer “Hydro-magnetic dynamo”. (“GT HMD”) works due to the process of amplification and maintenance of a stationary (oscillating in particular) electromagnetic field by hydrodynamic movements of the conductive medium. The stator (i.e. the toroid) is made of materials with a high dielectric permittivity. Liquid rotor is a recombined water (‘pure’ water with high-molecular compounds), which moves due to the high-voltage discharges and running electromagnetic field.

The main processes in GT HMD are:

A principle of Van-der-Graff's electrostatic generator, where the solid insulating tape was changed to the liquid one.

A perpetual washout of the surface electrons from the spacer layer takes place;

The Coulomb’s transformations take place;

A single-turn low-frequency generator works as a coaxial turn with 4 resonance points and energy carrying substance inside it that has very high resonance properties;

The electrostatic breakdowns of cavitation-vacuum structures in water take place.

The polar liquid (pure water) consists of dipoles only, i.e. strictly oriented charged molecules. During the interaction of ionized pure water with the layer BaTiO3 the electrostatic field of above 10 million volts/cm is formed. During this process the breakdown of physical vacuum takes place.

The electrostatic field, coupled with the action of the BaTiO3 layer (if we apply electrical filed to BaTiO3, then this layer creates the sound vibrations of about 25,000 Hz, this vibration helps to break down the water molecules) and facilitates the further break down of the molecular-atomic structures of water. Also, due to the perpetual electrostatic discharges, the breakdown of the cavitation-vacuum structures occurs and the cold fusion nuclear reaction continues. With this fusion the energy of 500 kJ/mole is liberated in a vacuum and an energy of 6 kJ/mole is liberated in water. Thus, new hydrogen bonds form in vacuum with the energy liberation of about 20 kJ/ mole. Due to this process the acceleration of ionisation of polar liquid takes place. In addition, the constant ‘washing out’ of the incomplete electron bindings from the layer of barium titanate occurs and free electrons form. Due to this process, the polar liquid transforms into an ordered flow of electrons and negative ions, which can be described very simply, as an ionic-electric current.

Work on construction of the experimental generator started in September 1991 in Armenia and came to an end in March 1992. The active working weight of the prototype of dynamo (torus + water) was about 900 Kg. The diameter of the torus was about 2 meters. The torus was made from impact-resistant optic polysterol. This torus consisted of two halves, which were turned on the merry-go-round machine.

The monocrystallic barium titanate BaTiO3 was sprayed on the internal surface of torus, its dielectric permittivity was 6000. The thickness of the layer was about 1 micron. The water was purified to the specific resistance of 18,000,000 Ohm/cm.

As we mentioned above, to start the dynamo two condenser jars of 10 Farad each were used. The energy of a starting battery constituted 20,000 Joules, the voltage was 100,000 Volts and the current was 0.05 Ampere to provide the initial movement of water (acceleration and disturbance).

The electrodes were made of metal tubes with diameter of about 5 mm. The dynamo is started using these electrodes. A total of 32 of these electrodes were installed evenly spaced around the circumference of the toroid.

The toroid’s cooling system formed a closed circuit of copper piping with purified water circulated through it. The copper tubes used in this system were covered with glass insulation. They also were the turns of load winding. The temperature of toroid was maintained not higher than 50 Celsius degrees.

An average output power was 220 volts x 6,800 ampere = 1,490 kilowatts. The current was DC. Periodically the power could be increased to 2,500 Kw when sufficient cooling of the generator could be provided. The additional power was drawn from four resonant windings. This alternating current, after rectification, was used to charge the back-up battery. Thus, the total output power constituted more than 1,500,000 watts. The low-frequency voltage was obtained from the load windings and the direct current was obtained from the stabilisation chamber.

It should be noted that the high-voltage discharges of the 32 electrodes, ionise the partially pre-ionised water further. By means of the stimulation windings, a circulating magnetic field is created which moves the water in one direction inside the toroid. An electromotive force is created by the electromagnetic induction in a separate set of windings. As we already mentioned, during the movement of the water stream, free electrons are created, and an additional energy gets emitted because of the water’s friction against the coating layer on the inside surface of the toroid, because of electrostatic breakdowns of cavity-vacuum structures, and because of the ongoing nuclear reaction.

If the dynamo’s output is 1,000,000 watts, it’s total input power is approximately 10,000 watts. So therefore the dynamo’s energy efficiency is about 10,000%.

In addition to the barium titanate deposited on the teflon-coated inner surface of the polystyrene toroid, the water itself also contains tiny barium titanate crystals which are suspended in the water. Ultrasound at 25,000 cycles per second is propagated through the water to form micro-bubbles on the surfaces of the suspended barium titanate crystals. Again due to the barium titanate's piezoelectric action, very high electrostatic fields are also developed within the micro-bubbles at the surface of the crystals. The electrons from the nuclear reaction are added to the electrons generated at the toroid's interior surface. The total amount of mono-crystalline barium titanate in the Armenian dynamo was nearly 1000 grams. Satellites, locomotives, heavy trucks, airplanes, and ships are obvious transportation applications.

Dynamo Economics

The dynamo’s production cost is estimated at $500 per kilowatt which is very competitive when compared to nuclear power’s capital costs of $5,000 per kilowatt, windmill capital costs of $4,000 per kilowatt, etc. A well-run nuclear power plant can generate power for 1.5 cents per kilowatt-hour, coal 1.8 cents, natural gas 3.4 cents, and oil 4.1 cents, on average. The dynamo’s operating cost would be approximately 0.1 cent per kilowatt-hour with no external fuel needed and without any pollution being created.

These dynamos could replace all nuclear power plants, solar installations, wood-burning furnaces, hydro-electric generation, etc. A recent IEEE Spectrum article stated that the world’s demand for electricity increases by approximately 500 megawatts every day. To put this in perspective, that is the equivalent of building another Hoover Dam every four days to keep up with the world’s increasing electricity demand. Or, a dynamo manufacturing company would have to build another 500-megawatt dynamo every single day to keep up with world electricity increased demand (in addition to replace all existing generators fuelled by hydro, nuclear, and fossil fuels.)

The text of the patent application mentioned above is not in English although the abstract of the patent number WO 01/15305 A1 has been translated into English:

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@yahoo.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

Chapter 6: Pulse-Charging Battery Systems

It is possible to draw substantial amounts of energy from the local environment and use that energy to charge batteries. Not only that, but when this method of charging is used, the batteries gradually get conditioned to this form of non-conventional energy and their capacity for doing work increases. In addition, about 50% of vehicle batteries abandoned as being incapable of holding their charge any longer, will respond to this type of charging and revive fully. This means that a battery bank can be created for almost no cost.

However, while this economic angle is very attractive, the practical aspect of using batteries for any significant home application is just not practical. Firstly, lead-acid batteries tend to get acid all over the place when repeatedly charged, and this is not suited to most home locations. Secondly, it is recommended that batteries are not discharged more rapidly than a twenty hour period. This means that a battery rated at a capacity of 80 Amp-hours (AHr) should not be required to supply a current of more than 4 amps. This is a devastating restriction which pushes battery operation into the non-practical category, except for very minor loads like lights, TVs, DVD recorders and similar equipment with minimal power requirements.

The main costs of running a home are those of heating/cooling the premises and operating equipment like a washing machine. These items have a minimum load capacity of just over 2 kW. It makes no difference to the power requirement if you use a 12-volt, 24-volt or 48-volt battery bank. No matter which arrangement is chosen, the number of batteries needed to provide any given power requirement is the same. The higher voltage banks can have smaller diameter wiring as the current is lower, but the power requirement remains the same.

So, to provide a 2 kW load with power, requires a total current from 12-volt batteries of 2000 / 12 = 167 amps. Using 80 AHr batteries this is 42 batteries. Unfortunately, the charging circuits described below, will not charge a battery which is powering a load. This means that for a requirement like heating, which is a day and night requirement, there needs to be two of these battery banks, which takes us to 84 batteries. This is only for a minimal 2 kW loading, which means that if this is being used for heating, it is not possible to operate the washing machine unless the heating is turned off. So, allowing for some extra loading like this, the battery count reaches, perhaps, 126. Ignoring the cost, and assuming that you can find some way to get over the acid problem, the sheer physical volume of this number of batteries is just not realistic for domestic installation and use. In passing, you would also need two inverters with a 2500 watt capability

The recent charging system shown by ‘UFOpolitics’ in chapter 3, provides a very good and simple charging method which uses cold electricity. This can overcome the previous constraints imposed by using batteries, probably both with regards to current draw and with regards to recharging time. The Electrodyne Corp. staff who experimented extensively with the Tesla Switch circuitry, found that when a battery was fully conditioned to used cold electricity, that a battery could be disconnected, discharged independently to it’s full capacity, and then re-charged completely in under one minute. That style of operation completely overcomes the objections to using battery banks to power household equipment of any power.

Battery banks are used to power standard inverters which can look like this:

The battery connects at the back, using very thick wires, and one or more mains sockets on the front provide a power supply similar to the mains, matching it in both voltage and frequency. There is one variety of inverter called a “True Sine-Wave” inverter and costing much more than the ordinary non-sinewave inverters. Most equipment works well on the ordinary variety. It is usually the power available from the battery bank which is the limiting factor, combined with the long time taken to recharge the battery bank after use.

John Bedini’s Battery-Charging System.

John Bedini has designed a whole series of pulse-generator circuits, all based on the 1:1 multi-strand choke coil component disclosed in his patent US 6,545,444

Roger Andrews’ Switching System.

The very neat switching arrangement used by John is shown in detail in the earlier patent US 3,783,550 issued in 1974 where the same magnet-triggered boosting electromagnet pulse is used to power a whole series of movements. One of these is two magnetic spinning tops made to spin in a shallow dish:

When the tops spin fast, they rise up the sloping base of the dish and spin near the outer edge. When they slow down they move back towards the centre of the dish and that triggers the battery/transistor/electromagnet built into the base of the dish. The pulse from the electromagnet boosts the spin of the top, sending it back up the slope. This is a very neat arrangement as the transistor is off most of the time and yet the two tops keep spinning.

Another of Roger’s systems is shown here:

It operates in almost the same way, with a magnetic wheel rolling backwards and forwards along a curved track. At the lowest point, the electromagnet is triggered by the induced voltage in some of the turns of the coil, powering the transistor and boosting the magnetic roller on it’s way.

Another Andrews device is the pendulum where the passing magnet of the pendulum triggers a boosting pulse from the solenoid, keeping the pendulum swinging. John Bedini has also used this mechanism for a pulsed battery charging system and Veljko Milkovic has demonstrated that substantial mechanical power can be extracted from a lever which is powered by a pendulum.

Andrews also shows a switching arrangement for a motor. This design is essentially the same as used by John Bedini in many of his pulsing systems:

Here, as the rotor magnet passes the curved electromagnet in the base, it switches on the two transistors which produce a pulse which keeps the rotor spinning and the tiny generator turning. Andrews produced this for amusement as the rotor appears to spin on it’s own without any drive power.

As with the Andrews system, the Bedini rotor is started spinning by hand. As a magnet passes the triple-wound “tri-filar” coil, it induces a voltage in all three coil windings. The magnet on the rotor is effectively contributing energy to the circuit as it passes the coil. One winding feeds a current to the base of the transistor via the resistor ‘R’. This switches the transistor hard on, driving a strong current pulse from the battery through the second coil winding, creating a ‘North’ pole at the top of the coil, boosting the rotor on its way. As only a changing magnetic field generate a voltage in a coil winding, the steady transistor current through coil two is unable to sustain the transistor base current through coil one and the transistor switches off again.

The cutting of the current through the coil causes the voltage across the coils to overshoot by a major amount, moving outside the battery rail by a serious voltage. The diode protects the transistor by preventing the base voltage being taken below -0.7 volts. The third coil, shown on the left, picks up all of these pulses and rectifies them via a bridge of 1000V rated diodes. The resulting pulsing DC current is passed to the capacitor, which is one from a disposable camera, as these are built for high voltages and very rapid discharges. The voltage on the capacitor builds up rapidly and after several pulses, the stored energy in it is discharged into the “Charging” battery via the mechanical switch contacts. The drive band to the wheel with the cam on it, provides a mechanical gearing down so that there are several charging pulses between successive closings of the contacts. The three coil windings are placed on the spool at the same time and comprise 450 turns of the three wires (mark the starting ends before winding the coil).

The operation of this device is a little unusual. The rotor is started off by hand and it progressively gains speed until its maximum rate is reached. The amount of energy passed to the coil windings by each magnet on the rotor stays the same, but the faster the rotor moves, the shorter the interval of time in which the energy is transferred. The energy input per second, received from the permanent magnets, increases with the increased speed.

If the rotation is fast enough, the operation changes. Up to now, the current taken from the ‘Driving’ battery has been increasing with the increasing speed, but now the driving current starts to drop although the speed continues to increase. The reason for this is that the increased speed has caused the permanent magnet to move past the coil before the coil is pulsed. This means that the coil pulse no longer has just to push against the ‘North’ pole of the magnet, but in addition it attracts the ‘South’ pole of the next magnet on the rotor, which keeps the rotor going and increases the magnetic effect of the coil pulse. John states that the mechanical efficiency of these devices is always below 100% efficient, but having said that, it is possible to get results of COP = 11. Many people who build these devices never manage to get COP>1.

It is important that a standard mains powered battery charger is never used to charge these batteries. It is clear that the ‘cold electricity’ produced by a properly tuned Bedini device is substantially different to normal electricity although they can both perform the same tasks when powering electrical equipment. When starting to charge a lead-acid battery with radiant energy for the first time, it is recommended that the battery is first discharged to at least 1.7 volts per cell, which is about 10 volts for a 12 volts battery.

It is important to use the transistors specified in any of John’s diagrams, rather than transistors which are listed as equivalents. Many of the designs utilise the badly named “negative resistance” characteristics of transistors. These semiconductors do not exhibit any form of negative resistance, but instead, show reduced positive resistance with increasing current, over part of their operating range.

It has been said that the use of “Litz” wire can increase the output of this device by anything up to 300%. Litz wire is the technique of taking three or more strands of wire and twisting them together. This is done with the wires stretched out side by side, by taking a length of say, three feet, and rotating the mid point of the bundle of wires for several turns in one direction. This produces clockwise twists for half the length and counter-clockwise twists for the remainder of the length. Done over a long length of wire, the wires are twisted repeatedly clockwise - counter clockwise - clockwise - counter clockwise - ... along their whole length. The ends of the wires are then cleared of their insulation and soldered together to make a three-strand cable, and the cable is then used to wind the coils. This style of winding modifies the magnetic and electrical properties of the windings. It has been said that taking three long strands of wire and just twisting them together in one direction to make a long twisted three-strand cable is nearly as effective as using Litz wire. The websites www.mwswire.com/litzmain.htm and www.litz-wire.com are suppliers of ready made Litz wire.

A website which shows pictures of John’s devices is: www.rexresearch.com/bedini/images.htm

CAUTION: Care must be taken when working with batteries, especially lead-acid batteries. A charged battery contains a large amount of energy and short-circuiting the terminals will cause a very large current flow which may start a fire. When being charged, some batteries give off hydrogen gas which when mixed with air is highly dangerous and which could explode if ignited by a spark. Batteries can explode and/or catch fire if grossly overcharged or charged with an excessively large current, so there could be danger from flying pieces of the casing and possibly acid being thrown around. Even an apparently clean lead-acid battery can have caustic traces on the case, so you should be sure to wash your hands thoroughly after handling a battery. Batteries with lead terminals tend to shed small fragments of lead when clips are put on them. Lead is toxic, so please be sure to wash your hands after handling any part of a lead-acid battery. Remember too that some batteries can develop slight leaks so please protect against any leakage. If you decide to perform any experiments using batteries, that you do so entirely at your own risk and on your own responsibility. This set of documents is presented for information purposes only and you are not encouraged to do anything other than read the information.

Also, if you get one of John’s pulse motors tuned correctly, it will accelerate to perhaps 10,000 rpm. This is great for picking up energy but if ceramic magnets are used, the speed can cause them to disintegrate and fly in all directions. People have had magnet fragments embedded in their ceiling. It would be wise to build a housing enclosing the rotor and magnets so that if the magnets disintegrate, all of the fragments are contained safely.

Ronald Knight’s Professional Advice on Battery Safety.

Ronald Knight has many years of professional experience in handling batteries and in pulse-charging them. He comments on battery safety as follows:

I have not heard of anyone having a catastrophic failure of a battery case in all the energy groups to which I belong and most of them use batteries in the various systems which I study. However, that does not mean that it cannot happen. The most common reason for catastrophic failure in the case of a lead-acid battery, is arcing causing failure in the grids which are assembled together inside the battery to make up the cells of the battery. Any internal arcing will cause a rapid build up of pressure from expanding Hydrogen gas, resulting in a catastrophic failure of the battery case.

I am a former maintenance engineer for U.S. Batteries, so I can say with confidence, that when you receive a new battery from at least that manufacturer, you receive a battery which has undergone the best test available to insure the manufacturer that he is not selling junk which will be sent back to him. It is a relatively easy test, and as it takes place during the initial charge, there is no wasted time nor is there one battery that escapes the pass-or-fail test. The battery is charged with the absolute maximum current which it can take. If the battery does not blow up due to internal arcing during the initial charge it is highly likely that it will not blow up under the regular use for which it was designed. However, all bets are off with used batteries that have gone beyond their expected life.

I have witnessed several catastrophic failures of battery cases daily at work. I have been standing right next to batteries (within 12 inches) when they explode (it is like a .45 ACP pistol round going off) and have only been startled and had to change my under shorts and Tyvek jump-suit, and wash off my rubber boots. I have been in the charge room with several hundred batteries at a time positioned very closely together and have seen batteries explode almost every working day and I have never seen two side by side blow, nor have I ever seen one fire or any flash damage to the case or surrounding area as a result. I have never even seen a flash but what I have seen tells me it is wise to always wear eye protection when charging.

I have my new gel cells in a heavy plastic zip-lock bags partly unzipped when in the house and in a marine battery box outside in the garage, that is just in the remote chance of catastrophic failure or the more likely event of acid on the outside of the battery case.

Vented batteries are always a risk of spillage which is their most common hazard, they should always be in a plastic lined cardboard or plastic box with sides taller than the battery and no holes in it. You would be surprised at how far away I have found acid around a vented lead acid battery under charge.

Have an emergency plan, keep a box of baking soda and a water source around to neutralise and flush the acid in case of spillage. It is best to have plastic under and around wherever your lead-acid batteries are located.

Ronald Knight gets about fifteen times more power from his Bedini-charged batteries than is drawn from the driving side of the circuit. He stresses that this does not happen immediately, as the batteries being charged have to be “conditioned” by repeated cycles of charging and discharging. When this is done, the capacity of the batteries being charged increases. Interestingly, the rate of current draw on the driving side of the circuit is not increased if the battery bank being charged is increased in capacity. This is because the power which charges the batteries flows from the environment and not from the driving battery. The driving battery just produces the high-voltage spikes which trigger the energy flow from the environment, and as a consequence of that the battery bank being charged can be a higher voltage than the 12-volt driving battery, and there can be any number of batteries in the charging bank.

Ron Pugh’s Battery Charger.

John Bedini’s designs have been experimented with and developed by a number of enthusiasts. This in no way detracts from fact that the whole system and concepts come from John and I should like to express my sincere thanks to John for his most generous sharing of his systems. Thanks is also due to Ron Pugh who has kindly agreed for the details of one of his Bedini generators to be presented here. Let me stress again, that if you decide to build and use one of these devices, you do so entirely at your own risk and no responsibility for your actions rests with John Bedini, Ron Pugh or anyone else. Let me stress again that this document is provided for information purposes only and is not a recommendation or encouragement for you to build a similar device.

Ron’s device is much more powerful than the average system, having fifteen coil windings and it performs most impressively. Here is a picture of it rotating at high speed:

This is not a toy. It draws significant current and produces substantial charging rates. This is how Ron chose to build his device. The rotor is constructed from aluminium discs which were to hand but he would have chosen aluminium for the rotor if starting from scratch as his experience indicates that it is a very suitable material for the rotor. The rotor has six magnets inserted in it. These are evenly spaced 60 degrees apart with the North poles all facing outwards.

The magnets are normal ceramic types about 22 mm wide, 47 mm long and 10 mm high. Ron uses two of these in each of his six rotor slots. He bought several spare ones and then graded all of them in order of their magnetic strength, which varies a bit from magnet to magnet. Ron did this grading using a gauss meter. An alternative method would have been to use a paper clip about 30 mm in size and measure the distance at which one end of the clip just starts to rise up off the table as the magnet is moved towards it:

Having graded the magnets in order of strength, Ron then took the best twelve and paired them off, placing the weakest and strongest together, the second weakest and the second strongest, and so on. This produced six pairs which have fairly closely matching magnetic strengths. The pairs of magnets were then glued in place in the rotor using super glue:

It is not desirable to recess the magnets though it is possible to place a restraining layer around the circumference of the rotor as the clearance between the magnet faces and the coils is about a quarter of an inch (6 mm) when adjusted for optimum performance. The North poles of the magnets face outwards as shown in the diagram above. If desired, the attachment of the magnets can be strengthened by the addition of blank side plates to the rotor which allows the magnet gluing to be implemented on five of the six faces of the magnet pairs:

The magnets embedded in the outer edge of the rotor are acted on by wound “coils” which act as 1:1 transformers, electromagnets, and pickup coils. There are three of these “coils”, each being about 3 inches long and wound with five strands of #19 AWG (20 SWG) wire. The coil formers were made from plastic pipe of 7/8 inch (22 mm) outer diameter which Ron drilled out to an inner diameter of 3/4 inch (19 mm) which gives a wall thickness of 1/16 inch (1.5 mm). The end pieces for the coil formers were made from 1/8 inch (3 mm) PVC which was fixed to the plastic tube using plumbers PVC glue. The coil winding was with the five wires twisted around each other. This was done by clamping the ends of the five wires together at each end to form one 120 foot long bundle.

The bundle of wires was then stretched out and kept clear of the ground by passing it through openings in a set of patio chairs. A battery-powered drill was attached to one end and operated until the wires were loosely twisted together. This tends to twist the ends of the wires together to a greater extent near the end of the bundle rather than the middle. So the procedure was repeated, twisting the other end of the bundle. It is worth remarking in passing, that the drill turns in the same direction at each end in order to keep the twists all in the same direction. The twisted bundle of wires is collected on a large-diameter reel and then used to wind one of the “coils”.

The coils are wound with the end plates attached and drilled ready to screw to their 1/4 inch (6 mm) PVC bases, which are the bolted to the 3/4 inch (18 mm) MDF supporting structure. To help the winding to remain completely even, a piece of paper is placed over each layer of the winding:

The three coils produced in this way were then attached to the main surface of the device. There could just as easily have been six coils. The positioning is made so as to create an adjustable gap of about 1/4 inch (6 mm) between the coils and the rotor magnets in order to find the optimum position for magnetic interaction. The magnetic effects are magnified by the core material of the coils. This is made from lengths of oxyacetylene welding wire which is copper coated. The wire is cut to size and coated with clear shellac to prevent energy loss through eddy currents circulating inside the core.

The coils are positioned at equal intervals around the rotor and so are 120 degrees apart. The end pieces of the coil formers are bolted to a 1/4 inch (6 mm) PVC base plate which has slotted mounting holes which allow the magnetic gap to be adjusted as shown here:

The three coils have a total of fifteen identical windings. One winding is used to sense when a rotor magnet reaches the coils during its rotation. This will, of course happen six times for each revolution of the rotor as there are six magnets in the rotor. When the trigger winding is activated by the magnet, the electronics powers up all of the remaining fourteen coils with a very sharp, pulse which has a very short rise time and a very short fall time. The sharpness and brevity of this pulse is a critical factor in drawing excess energy in from the environment and will be explained in greater detail later on. The electronic circuitry is mounted on three aluminium heat sinks, each about 100 mm square. Two of these have five BD243C NPN transistors bolted to them and the third one has four BD243C transistors mounted on it.

The metal mounting plate of the BD243 transistors acts as its heat sink, which is why they are all bolted to the large aluminium plate. BD243C transistors look like this:

The circuit has been built on the aluminium panels so that the transistors can be bolted directly on to it, and provided with insulating strips mounted on top of it to avoid short circuits to the other components. Standard strip connector blocks have been used to inter-connect the boards which look like this:

The circuit used with this device is simple but as there are so many components involved, the diagram is split into parts to fit on the page. These parts are shown here:

While this looks like a fairly large and complicated circuit, it actually is not. You will notice that there are fourteen identical circuit sections. Each of these is quite simple:

This is a very simple transistor circuit. When the trigger line goes positive (driven by the magnet passing the coil) the transistor is switched on hard, powering the coil which is then effectively connected across the driving battery. The trigger pulse is quite short, so the transistor switches off almost immediately. This is the point at which the circuit operation gets subtle. The coil characteristics are such that this sharp powering pulse and sudden cut-off cause the voltage across the coil to rise very rapidly, dragging the voltage on the collector of the transistor up to several hundred volts. Fortunately, this effect is energy drawn from the environment which is quite unlike conventional electricity, and thankfully, a good deal less damaging to the transistor. This rise in voltage, effectively “turns over” the set of three 1N4007 diodes which then conducts strongly, feeding this excess free-energy into the charging battery. Ron uses three diodes in parallel as they have a better current-carrying capacity and thermal characteristics than a single diode. This is a common practice and any number of diodes can be placed in parallel, with sometimes as many as ten being used.

The only other part of the circuit is the section which generates the trigger signal:

When a magnet passes the coil containing the trigger winding, it generates a voltage in the winding. The intensity of the trigger signal is controlled by passing it through an ordinary vehicle 6 watt, 12 volt bulb and then further limiting the current by making it pass through a resistor. To allow some manual control of the level of the trigger signal, the resistor is divided into a fixed resistor and a variable resistor (which many people like to call a “pot”). This variable resistor and the adjustment of the gap between the coils and the rotor are the only adjustments of the device. The bulb has more than one function. When the tuning is correct, the bulb will glow dimly which is a very useful indication of the operation. The trigger circuit then feeds each of the transistor bases via their 470 ohm resistors.

John Bedini aims for an even more powerful implementation, wiring his circuit with AWG #18 (19 SWG) heavy-duty copper wire and using MJL21194 transistors and 1N5408 diodes. He increases the trigger drive by dropping the variable resistor and reducing fixed resistor to just 22 ohms. The MJL21194 transistor has the same pin connections as the BD243C transistor. This is the starting section of John’s circuit:

There are various ways of constructing this circuit. Ron shows two different methods. The first is shown above and uses paxolin strips (printed-circuit board material) above the aluminium heat sink to mount the components. Another method which is easy to see, uses thick copper wires held clear of the aluminium, to provide a clean and secure mounting for the components as shown here:

It is important to realise that the collector of a BD243C transistor is internally connected to the heat-sink plate used for the physical mounting of the transistor. As the circuit does not have the collectors of these transistors connected together electrically, they cannot just be bolted to a single heat-sink plate. The above picture might give the wrong impression as it does not show clearly that the metal bolts fastening the transistors in place do not go directly into the aluminium plate, but instead, they fasten into plastic tee-nuts.

An alternative, frequently used by the builders of high-powered electronic circuits, is to use mica washers between the transistor and the common heat sink plate, and use plastic fastening bolts or metal bolts with a plastic insulating collar between the fastening and the plate. Mica has the very useful property of conducting heat very well but not conducting electricity. Mica “washers” shaped to the transistor package are available from the suppliers of the transistors. In this instance, it seems clear that heat dissipation is not a problem in this circuit, which in a way is to be expected as the energy being drawn from the environment is frequently called “cold” electricity as it cools components down with increasing current as opposed to heating them up as conventional electricity does.

This particular circuit board is mounted at the rear of the unit:

Although the circuit diagram shows a twelve volt drive supply, which is a very common supply voltage, Ron sometimes powers his device with a mains operated Power Supply Unit which shows a power input of a pretty trivial 43 watts. It should be noted that this device operates by pulling in extra power from the environment. That drawing in of power gets disrupted if any attempt is made to loop that environmental power back on itself or driving the unit directly from another battery charged by the unit itself. It may be just possible to power the unit successfully from a previously charged battery if an inverted is used to convert the power to AC and then a step-down transformer and regulated power rectification circuit is used. As the power input is so very low, off-grid operation should be easily possible with a battery and a solar panel.

It is not possible to operate a load off the battery under charge during the charging process as this disrupts the energy flow. Some of these circuits recommend that a separate 4 foot long earthing rod be used to earth the negative side of the driving battery, but to date, Ron has not experimented with this. In passing, it is good practice to enclose any lead-acid battery in a battery box. Marine chandlers can supply these as they are used extensively in boating activities.

When cutting the wire lengths for coating and pushing into the coil formers, Ron uses a jig to ensure that all of the lengths are identical. This arrangement is shown here:

The distance between the shears and the metal angle clamped to the workbench makes each cut length of wire exactly the required size while the plastic container collects the cut pieces ready for coating with clear shellac or clear polyurethane varnish before use in the coil cores.

Experience is particularly important when operating a device of this kind. The 100 ohm variable resistor should be a wire-wound type as it has to carry significant current. Initially the variable resistor is set to its minimum value and the power applied. This causes the rotor to start moving. As the rate of spin increases, the variable resistor is gradually increased and a maximum speed will be found with the variable resistor around the middle of its range, i.e. about 50 ohm resistance. Increasing the resistance further causes the speed to reduce.

The next step is to turn the variable resistor to its minimum resistance position again. This causes the rotor to leave its previous maximum speed (about 1,700 rpm) and increase the speed again. As the speed starts increasing again, the variable resistor is once again gradually turned, increasing its resistance. This raises the rotor speed to about 3,800 rpm when the variable resistor reaches mid point again. This is probably fast enough for all practical purposes, and at this speed, even the slightest imbalance of the rotor shows up quite markedly. To go any faster than this requires an exceptionally high standard of constructional accuracy. Please remember that the rotor has a large amount of energy stored in it at this speed and so is potentially very dangerous. If the rotor breaks or a magnet comes off it, that stored energy will produce a highly dangerous projectile. That is why it is advisable, although not shown in the above photographs, to construct an enclosure for the rotor. That could be a U-shaped channel between the coils. The channel would then catch and restrain any fragments should anything break loose.

If you were to measure the current during this adjustment process, it would be seen to reduce as the rotor speeds up. This looks as if the efficiency of the device is rising. That may be so, but it is not necessarily a good thing in this case where the objective is to produce radiant energy charging of the battery bank. John Bedini has shown that serious charging takes place when the current draw of the device is 3 to 5+ amps at maximum rotor speed and not a miserly 50 mA draw, which can be achieved but which will not produce good charging. The power can be increased by raising the input voltage to 24 volts or even higher - John Bedini operates at 48 volts rather than 12 volts

The device can be further tuned by stopping it and adjusting the gap between the coils and the rotor and then repeating the start-up procedure. The optimum adjustment is where the final rotor speed is the highest.

The above text is intended to give a practical introduction to one of John Bedini’s inventions. It seems appropriate that some attempt at an explanation of what is happening, should be advanced at this point. In the most informative book “Energy From The Vacuum - Concepts and Principles” by Tom Bearden (ISBN 0-9725146-0-0) an explanation of this type of system is put forward. While the description appears to be aimed mainly at John’s motor system which ran continuously for three years, powering a load and recharging it’s own battery, the description would appear to apply to this system as well. I will attempt to summarise it here:

Conventional electrical theory does not go far enough when dealing with lead/acid batteries in electronic circuits. Lead/acid batteries are extremely non-linear devices and there is a wide range of manufacturing methods which make it difficult to present a comprehensive statement covering every type in detail. However, contrary to popular belief, there are actually at least three separate currents flowing in a battery-operated circuit:

1. Ion current flowing in the electrolyte between the plates inside the battery. This current does not leave the battery and enter the external electronic circuit.

2. Electron current flowing from the plates out into the external circuit.

3. Current flow from the environment which passes along the external circuitry and into the battery.

The exact chemical processes inside the battery are quite complex and involve additional currents which are not relevant here. The current flow from the environment follows the electron flow around the external circuit and on into the battery. This is “cold” electricity which is quite different to conventional electricity and it can be very much larger than the standard electrical current described in conventional textbooks. A battery has unlimited capacity for this kind of energy and when it has a substantial “cold” electricity charge, it can soak up the conventional energy from a standard battery charger for a week or more, without raising the battery voltage at all.

An important point to understand is that the ions in the lead plates of the battery have much greater inertia than electrons do (several hundred thousand times in fact). Consequently, if an electron and an ion are both suddenly given an identical push, the electron will achieve rapid movement much more quickly than the ion will. It is assumed that the external electron current is in phase with the ion current in the plates of the battery, but this need not be so. John Bedini deliberately exploits the difference of momentum by applying a very sharply rising potential to the plates of the battery.

In the first instant, this causes electrons to pile up on the plates while they are waiting for the much heavier ions to get moving. This pile up of electrons pushes the voltage on the terminal of the battery to rise to as much as 100 volts. This in turn, causes the energy to flow back out into the circuit as well as into the battery, giving simultaneously, both circuit power and serious levels of battery charging. This over potential also causes much increased power flow from the environment into the circuit, giving augmented power both for driving the external circuit and for increasing the rate of battery charge. The battery half of the circuit is now 180 degrees out of phase with the circuit-powering half of the circuit.

It is important to understand that the circuit-driving energy and the battery-charging energy do not come from the sharp pulses applied to the battery. Instead, the additional energy flows in from the environment, triggered by the pulses generated by the Bedini circuit. In other words, the Bedini pulses act as a tap on the external energy source and are not themselves the source of the extra power.

If the Bedini circuit is adjusted correctly, the pulse is cut off very sharply just before the tapped energy inflow is about to end. This has a further enhancing effect due to the Lenz law reaction which causes an induced voltage surge which can take the over-voltage potential to as much as 400 volts. This has a further effect on the local environment, drawing in an even higher level of additional power and extending the period of time during which that extra power flows into both the circuit and the battery. This is why the exact adjustment of a Bedini pulsing system is so important.

The Self-Charging Battery Charger.

One major disadvantage of these battery pulse-chargers is the fact that it is thought that it is not possible to self-power the device nor to boost the running battery during the battery charging process. There is one variation of the pulse-charger which does actually boost the driving motor as it runs, and one particular implementation of this is shown here:

The rotor weighs about five pounds (2 Kg) and is very heavy for its size, because it is constructed from flooring laminate, and has a thickness of 1.875 inches (48 mm) to match the width of the magnets. There are ten magnets size 1.875” x 0.875” x 0.25” (48 mm x 22 mm x 6 mm) which are assembled in pairs, to produce the most evenly matched magnetic sets possible. That is, the strongest is put together with the weakest, the second most strong with the second weakest, and so on to produce the five sets, each half an inch (12 mm) thick. These pairs are embedded in the rotor at equal 72O centres around the edge of the rotor.

The battery pulsing produced by this circuit is the same as shown in John Bedini’s patent already mentioned. As the rotor turns, the trigger winding energises the 2N3055 transistor which then drives a strong pulse through the winding shown in red in the diagram above. The voltage spike which occurs when the drive current is suddenly cut off, is fed to the battery being charged. This happens five times during a single revolution of the rotor.

The clever variation introduced here, is to position a pick-up coil opposite the driving/charging coil. As there are five magnets, the drive/charging coil is not in use when a magnet is passing the pick-up coil. The driving circuit is not actually active at this instant, so the micro switch is used to disconnect the circuit completely from the driving battery and connect the pick-up coil to the driving battery. This feeds a charging pulse to the driving battery via the bridge of 1N4007 high-voltage diodes. This is only done once per revolution, and the physical position of the micro switch is adjusted to get the timing exactly right.

This arrangement produces a circuit which in addition to pulsing the battery bank under charge, but also returns current to the driving battery.

Another variation on this theme is shown on YouTube where an experimenter who calls himself “Daftman” has this video explaining the circuit he uses in his Bedini-style battery-charging motor:

http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=JJillOTsmrM&feature=channel and his video of his motor running can be seen at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S96MjW-isXM and his motor has been running for months in a self-powered mode.

The Relay Coil Battery Charger.

One experimenter on the Energetic Forum has posted a video of his adaptation of the Bedini circuit at http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=4P1zr58MVfI . He has found that adding a 6-volt relay coil into the feed to the base of the transistor has halved the power used and yet keeps the rotor at about the same rate of rotation. The circuit is shown here:

The build used has three electromagnet coils placed around a horizontal rotor:

The Modified Fan Battery Charger.

Other more simple methods of getting this radiant energy charging of batteries are also available. One simple method is to skip most of the mechanical construction and use a slightly adapted synchronous fan. This method is shown by “Imhotep” in his instructional video which is located at http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=eDS9qk-Nw4M&feature=related . The original idea comes from John Bedini and the fan idea from Dr Peter Lindemann.

The most common choice for the fan is a computer cooling fan - the larger the better. These fans usually have four windings connected like this:

To use these windings as both drive and pick-up coils, the fan is opened up by lifting the label covering the hub of the fan, removing the plastic clip holding the fan blades on the spindle and opening the casing to expose the coils. The wire post with two wires going to it then has one wire removed and a fourth post improvised by drilling a small hole and inserting a short length of wire from a resistor. The fourth wire end is then soldered to it to give this arrangement:

This produces two separate coil chains: 1 to 2 and 4 to 3. One can then be used as the drive coil and the other as the power pick-up coil which passes the very short high voltage pulses to the battery which is being charged.

When opened up, the fan looks like this:

And the circuit arrangement is:

The fan is started by hand and then continues to spin, working as a fan as well as charging a battery. The current draw from the driving battery is very low and yet the radiant energy charging of the other battery (or battery bank) is not slow. Please remember that batteries which are to be used with this radiant energy, need to be charged and discharged many times before they become adapted to working with this new energy. When that has been accomplished, the battery capacity is much greater than specified on the label of the battery and the recharging time also becomes much shorter. The circuit is adjusted with the variable resistor, which changes the transistor drive current, which in turn, alters the speed of the fan. The variable resistor setting is adjusted very slowly to find the resonant spot where the input current drops to a minimum. At resonant point, the battery charging will be at it's maximum level. It should be stressed that this device and the relay charger shown below, are simple demonstration devices with small coils and to get serious charging, you need to use one of John Bedini's large-coil battery pulsing systems with a bank of lead-acid batteries being charged.

A very neat build of an 80 mm computer fan conversion to a pulse charger built by Brian Heath is shown here:

The Automotive relay Battery Charger.

An even more simple charging method is also shown by “Imhotep” in another of his instructional videos at http://d1190995.domaincentral.com.au/page6.html . Here he adapts an ordinary 40 amp car relay, converting it from having a “normally open” contact, to operating with a “normally closed” contact. It is not necessary for you to do this as automotive relays with “normally closed” contacts are readily available and are not expensive.

The relay is then wired up so that it powers itself through its own contacts. This causes a current to flow through the relay coil winding, operating the contact and opening it. This cuts off the current through the relay’s own coil, causing the contacts to close again and the process starts all over again.

The repeated opening and closing of the relay contacts happens at the resonant frequency of the relay and this produces a buzzing noise. Actually, buzzers were originally made this way and they were used in much the same way as a doorbell would be used today.

The circuit used is shown here:

As you can see, this very simple circuit uses only two components: one relay and one diode. The key feature is the fact that when the relay contacts open and current stops flowing through the relay coil, a very high voltage spike is generated across the relay coil. In transistor circuits which drive a relay, you will see a diode wired across the relay coil in order to short-circuit this high voltage at switch-off and stop the transistor getting destroyed by the excessively high voltage. In this circuit, no protection is needed for the relay. Any number of batteries can be charged at the same time.

An ordinary 40 amp automotive relay like this:

can have a “changeover” contact, which means that it has a “normally closed” contact and so can be used directly without any need to open or modify the relay itself.

In this circuit, however, that reverse voltage is being used in a very productive way. These voltage spikes are very sharp, very short and have a very fast voltage rise. This is exactly what is needed to trigger an inflow of radiant energy from the local environment, into the battery. This battery charging current is not coming from the driving battery but is coming from the environment. The small current from the driving battery is just operating the relay as a buzzer.

Please remember that at this time, we have no instrument which can directly measure the flow of radiant energy into the charging battery. The only reliable way of assessing the inflow is to see how long it takes to discharge the charged battery through a known load.

My experience with using relays for battery charging indicates that you get a better result if 24 volts is used to drive the circuit and as vehicle relays don’t have that much of a coil winding, there is a considerable improvement if a large coil is connected across the relay coil or coils as shown here:

When using one of these relay charging systems you will find that quite a lot of noise is generated. This can be reduced quite easily with a little padding and it does have the advantage of indicating that the charging system is running correctly.

The Self-Charging Motor.

A video at http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=AWpB3peU3Uk&feature=related shows an interesting home-built device which uses the motor out of an old video recorder, the bearing out of an old computer CD drive and pick-up coils made by removing the case and contacts from standard relays:

The construction is very straightforward with a simple, uncluttered, open layout:

With this arrangement, one pair of AA-size NiCad batteries drives the motor, spinning the motor, moving its magnets rapidly past the ring of converted relays, producing charging DC current via the bridge rectifiers and that current is sufficient to keep the device running continuously.

A comment made on the video is that if the ferrite magnets were replaced with neodymiums, then the charging voltage rises to around 70 volts. Unfortunately, the present rotor is too flexible and the neodymium magnets actually flex the rotor down towards the relay cores as they pass, so a more robust rotor is needed.

The ‘Alexkor’ Solid-State Battery Charger Circuits.

The "Alexkor" battery-charging system is very effective, cheap and easy to build. It is a version of the system described in Fig. 22B on page 7 of the http://www.totallyamped.net/adams / web page:

While this description has been around for years, it is part of a discussion on the principles of the operation of EMF magnetic fields and pulsing in coils. 'Alexkor' has developed a practical circuit which he says works very well. It can be constructed as a single unit as shown here:

Here, the coil is wound with 200 turns of 0.7 mm enamelled copper wire and the actual construction is compact:

And to get an idea of the performance, Alex uses a capacitor to see the size of the voltage spikes produced by the circuit:

This is the first step in the process as the same circuit can be used to drive many coils of this type. The resistor feeding the base of the transistor is about 500 ohms for the prototype, but using a 390 ohm resistor in series with a variable resistor of say, 1K, would allow a good standard resistor value to be selected for each transistor/coil pair:

As can be seen from the photographs, Alex uses preset resistors to adjust the settings to their optimum values. The simplicity of this circuit makes it very attractive as a construction project and using more than one coil should make for impressive performance figures. Alex says that the best results are achieved with just the one (1000V 10A) diode and not a diode bridge, which is borne out by the teaching comments on the above web site.

Further development by Alex shows better performance when using the IRF510 FET instead of the BD243C transistor. He also has found it very effective charging four separate batteries and he has revived an old NiCad drill battery using this circuit:

It is possible to use various different transistors with these circuits. As some people have difficulty in working out a suitable physical construction for a circuit, here is a suggestion for a possible layout using an MJ11016 high-power high-gain transistor on stripboard.

Alexkor’s Self-Charging Circuit.

This is a particularly simple circuit which allows a 12V, 8 amp-hour battery charge a 48V, 12 amp-hour battery with radiant energy, in 20 hours using twelve times less current than a conventional charger would. The circuit can charge lithium, NiCad or lead-acid batteries The circuit used is:

The coil is wound on a hollow former, using two separate strands of wire of 0.5 mm diameter, giving a resistance of just 2 ohms. The strands of wire are placed side by side in a single layer like this:

A possible physical layout using a small standard electrical connector strip might be:

If the coil is wound on say, a 1.25-inch or 32 mm diameter plastic pipe, then the outside pipe diameter is 36 mm due to the wall thickness of the plastic pipe, and each turn takes about 118 mm, so around 24 metres of wire will be needed for the 200 turns. If 13 metres (14 yards) of wire is measured off the spool and the wire folded back on itself in a sharp U-turn, then the coil can be wound tightly and neatly with close side-by-side turns. A small hole drilled at the end of the pipe allows the folded wire to be secured with two turns through the hole, and the 200 turns will take up a length of about 100 mm (4-inches) and the two loose ends secured using another small hole drilled in the pipe. The starting ends are cut apart and the ends of each coil determined using a continuity test.

An even more advanced circuit from Alex has even higher performance by using a high-speed transistor and a very fast-action diode, and a neon is not needed to protect the transistor:

The fast UF5408 diode used in this circuit is available, at the present time, on www.ebay.co.uk in packs of 20 for £3.84 inclusive of postage.

The transistor drive to the battery bank can be replicated for additional drive and an additional ten transistors could be used like this:

The 2700 pF capacitor is recommended for each additional transistor, but it is not an essential item and the circuit will operate ok with just the one on the bi-filar coil drive section.

A recent circuit design from Alexkor uses the tiniest of inputs; just 1.5 volts at a current which can be adjusted down from 4 milliamps to just 1 milliamp. This tiny circuit can charge a 12-volt battery, although admittedly, the charging rate is not very high as it takes ten hours per Amp-Hour to charge the battery. However, it is spectacular to get a input of just 1.5 milliwatts to charge a 12V battery. The circuit has very few components:

The coil is tiny, bi-filar wound on ferrite or with an air-core. In the circuit diagram, the dots on the coil windings indicate the start of the two side-by-side windings. This makes it clear that the start of one winding is connected to the end of the other winding as well as to the positive side of the 1.5V battery. The variable resistor could be omitted and various fixed resistors tried until the 1 milliamp current level is reached. It should be emphasised that there is just one earthing point and it is a real connect-to-the-ground type of connection. Simple arithmetic will show you that if there is a charging current flowing into the battery to charge it, then even with an imagined 100% efficiency of the battery, the battery charge is many times greater than the draw from the battery driving the circuit. The circuit runs at a frequency between 200 MHz and 300 MHz.

While the coils shown above are definitely air-core to allow high frequency operation, coils, most other coils are generally much more efficient with some form of magnetic core, such as iron-dust or ferrite. While it is not likely to be able to operate at frequencies as high as 35 KHz, a very good material for coil cores is the metal of masonry anchors or "sleeve anchors" which look like this:

This metal is immune to rusting, easy to work and loses all magnetism as soon as the magnetic field is removed. You can confirm this for yourself by placing a permanent magnet on one end of the bolt or the tube and using the other end to pick up a steel screw. As soon as the permanent magnet is removed, the screw falls off as the metal does not retain any of the magnetism from the permanent magnet. These anchors are cheap and readily available from builder's supplies outlets, including those on the internet. It is unlikely that this material could operate at more than 1,000 Hz and the circuit above gains a lot of it's performance from the high speed, fast switching and very short "On" time duty cycle.

If you use the bolt section of one of these anchors, the conical bump at the end of the shaft will have a delaying effect on the build-up and release of the magnetic field and so it might be advisable to either file it down gently by hand, or to cut off the conical section. There will always be eddy current losses in any solid metal core, but that does not stop them being very effective in operation. As with everything else, testing an actual device is the key to good performance and sound knowledge.

Howerd Halay’s Battery Charging Techniques

Howerd Halay of the UK stresses the major difference between “conditioned” batteries and all batteries which have not been conditioned. He says: to condition a battery or capacitor, it needs to be repeatedly charged with ‘cold’ electricity and discharged again. Cold electricity is either high frequency AC electricity or alternatively DC at high voltage. With cold electricity, the electricity flows outside the wires (Steinmetz) and so, Current does not equal Voltage divided by Resistance as Ohm’s Law suggests. Instead, Current equals Voltage x Resistance x a Constant “C” which has to be determined by experimentation. It is also possible to get cold electricity from pulsed DC, provided that the DC voltage is over 80 volts. If using that technique, then the sharper and faster the pulses, the better.

When you first pulse an AC or DC capacitor, it behaves normally. After approximately 12 hours of continuous pulsing a change occurs in the behaviour of the capacitor. In the case of the water capacitor, it develops a nano coating on one side only. When measured with a resistance meter it shows no resistance at all. One can say that one side becomes quasi superconducting. In the case of an ordinary capacitor, there is no reason to believe that it behaves differently. The capacitor also charges much faster than before and when the power source is switched off it continues charging! Yes you read that correctly. In my case it fires pulses for up to 3 minutes after the power is switched off, which is why they are dangerous. The firing decays exponentially although I haven't yet tabulated it scientifically – I’ll leave that to other people to do. The result of this is that you can have two identical capacitors side by side. One behaves as if it is plugged into a charger, while the other capacitor behaves normally. All capacitors self-charge to a certain extent but “conditioned” capacitors are in a league of their own! I have tested a neon on a conditioned capacitor through two earth rods 10 feet apart. I gave up looking at the lit neon after half an hour!

I use a very low-powered high-voltage source with a power output of only 1.2 watts as I like to play safe with these things. With a low power source, I have charged batteries using pulses of up to 800 volts without the batteries showing any ill effects. Also, using one-wire electricity is safer as that transmits mostly voltage and so minimum current is fed. So, to condition a battery or a capacitor using cold electricity, you can use a circuit like this:

Here, the size of the voltage pulses fed to the battery or capacitor to be conditioned, is controlled by the strike voltage of the neon. The ordinary NE2 type neon lamps strike around 90V and so the 2N6509G SCR will feed pulses of about that voltage to the battery or capacitor. If two neons are connected in series and used instead of the single neon shown above, then the voltage pulses will be around 180V. This type of circuit appears to work better if several capacitors are used in series as shown here, as they seem to charge up faster and discharge faster as well. You have to leave the device running for a day to get the full benefit. I regularly charge a 1.6 Kw car battery bank, and after switching off, the battery bank voltage goes up!!

I have also tried 5 seconds of ON time and two minutes of OFF time, and the capacitors continue firing pulses. However the rate of firing is much less when the power is off than when the power is on. If you fail to use the capacitors for a while - in my case it was three weeks or so - you have to start the conditioning process all over again. In my case conditioning them again was harder and seemed to take days rather than hours. The capacitors are COLD. The wires leading up to them and out of them are COLD, but if you get a shock from them, then that shock is HOT !!

Because this charging process uses cold electricity, non-rechargeable batteries can be charged this way. In my case two out of three batteries recover their charge OK, and curiously they charge to a much higher voltage than their rated value. The battery can be replaced with a capacitor. Obviously, any battery or capacitor which is to be conditioned, needs to have be able to be charged with a voltage of not more than 70 volts per neon, so for example, a 96V battery bank would need two neons in series across the SCR of the charging circuit. This circuit will keep on charging the battery for up to three minutes after the input power is switched off. An even more powerful version of the circuit boosts the cold electricity power by using a choke. The neons will light much more strongly. The neons should pulse or you've got a short-circuit. In other words, if the neon(s) is lit continuously, it is a bad sign.

You can use a variable resistor in series with the input power to vary the pulse rate. Negative radiant energy is delivered which produces cold electricity and conditions all capacitors in the output section of the circuit.

Be very careful with this circuit as it can kill you. This circuit is only for experienced experimenters. Capacitors will take about a day to get conditioned. This circuit is good for bringing dead car batteries back to life. When a battery is conditioned and the charging circuit input power is switched off, the battery will continue charging ! Once they are conditioned, you can charge 4 car batteries in parallel using just a 6 watt 12 volt power supply, or a solar panel. However, this description must not under any circumstances be considered to be a recommendation that you should actually build this circuit as this presentation is for information purposes only.

The Ron Cole One-Battery Switch.

The following circuit is unproven as far as I am aware, but it is an interesting idea. Also, I am not sure if the idea came from John Bedini or from Ron Cole. It has the potential advantage of being a battery charger which operates on its own driving battery. It may also be possible to operate it while it is powering a load. At this time, this is not a fully tested circuit, so please treat it as an idea for experimentation if you are so inclined.

The idea is to use two capacitors which are charged up to the battery voltage and then suddenly connected together to apply twice the battery voltage to the battery. The idea is that the sudden pulse may be sharp enough to cause an inflow of radiant energy from the local environment. To be successful, that energy inflow has to be greater than the current draw of the circuit and the capacitors. The circuit is essentially like this:

Here, the pulser circuit is set to give short, very sharp pulses to drive the relay cleanly. The relay has two changeover contacts “A” and “B”. The operation is very simple. Initially, the capacitors “C1” and “C2” are charged up when the relay is in it’s unpowered state and no current is flowing through the relay coil:

As you can see, the “normally closed” relay contacts have each of the capacitors connected directly across the battery supply rails. This gives the circuit shown above on the right. When the relay is powered up, the situation changes very suddenly to give this arrangement:

Here, the two charged capacitors are disconnected from the opposite supply rails and connected together to form a combined voltage of, in the case of a 12 volt battery, 24 volts connected across the 12 volt battery. This will cause a sudden inflow of current into the battery. However, before practically any capacitor current has flowed, the relay is operated again, repeating the sequence.

The Tesla Switch.

The Tesla Switch is covered in more detail in Chapter 5, but it is worth mentioning it again here as it does perform battery charging. The similarity ends there, because the Tesla switch does the battery charging while the circuit is providing serious current into a load. Also, the Tesla switch uses only four batteries, and still is capable of driving a thirty horsepower motor, which is the equivalent of 22 kilowatts of electrical power.

The simple circuit shown here was used by testers of the Electrodyne Corp. over a period of three years using ordinary vehicle lead-acid batteries. During that time, the batteries were not only kept charged by the circuit, but the battery voltage climbed to as much as 36 volts, without any damage to the batteries.

If the voltage on a battery under load actually increases, it is reasonable to assume that the battery is receiving more power than that delivered to the load (a load is a motor, a pump, a fan, lights, or any other electrical equipment). As this is so, and the circuit is not connected to any visible outside source of energy, it will be realised that there has to be an outside source of energy which is not visible. If the circuit is provided with powerful enough components, it is perfectly capable of powering an electric car at high speeds, as has been demonstrated by Ronald Brandt. This indicates that the invisible source of outside energy is capable of supplying serious amounts of additional power. It should also be remembered that a lead-acid battery does not normally return anything like 100% of the electrical energy fed into it during charging, so the outside source of energy is providing additional current to the batteries as well as to the load.

So, how does this circuit manage to do this? Well, it does it in exactly the same way as the battery pulse-charging circuits in that it generates a very sharply rising voltage waveform when it switches from its State 1 to its State 2 (as shown in detail earlier). This very rapid switching unbalances the local quantum energy field, causing major flows of energy, some of which enters this circuit and powers both the circuit and the load. Although it does use four batteries, and the batteries do get charged through the generation of sharp pulses, this is not a circuit which charges massive battery banks so that they can power a load at some later time.

The Self-charging Motor

It is possible to enhance the performance of a DC motor by attaching sets of neodymium magnets to the outside of the body of the motor. One example of this is shown in a video at

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NoLbphJkxMM&list=LLIpt7ksyRVQi3ITZwSeQxaw&feature=mh_lolz shows such an arrangement and the video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xv-req4U8U&feature=related shows how the motor can be set up to produce this enhancement of it’s performance. The motor looks like this:

And a frame is used to hold four sets of bar magnets in position around it:

The frame is made from two pieces of 3 mm aluminium with plastic spacers holding the two aluminium discs apart. The plastic spacers are secured with brass screws. As the motor casing is about 3 mm thick steel, that tends to deflect the added magnetic field outwards, which is the reverse of what is wanted. So, a 6 mm thick strip of steel is placed outside the magnets in order to direct the field inwards. The magnets and steel strips are then inserted to complete the arrangement:

The motor is demonstrated when set up like that. Then four sets of very narrow magnets are added in intermediate positions and the number of broad magnets increased to three at each location, the steel strips discarded and four broad magnets used at each of the four locations around the motor:

With this arrangement, the motor runs at ten times it’s design speed (which would destroy it very quickly), so it is run with just one sixth of it’s design voltage. It is used to drive an electric generator shown in two videos at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dkiHUasERA&feature=related and

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTLvqCiKadI&feature=related which explain the sophisticated design features of this generator which has been built with great care:

Given a couple of minutes of gentle turning of the crank, charges up the five batt-caps sufficiently to run the motor for anything up to two hours. The arrangement is clever with the stator magnets in a Howard Johnston sequence which is also angled inwards like the magnetic Wankel motor. One electromagnet is powered up briefly once per revolution and the back-EMF at switch-off is rectified and passed back to the capacitors, forming a very efficient generator. Other design features are explained in the videos which are definitely worth watching.

The generator, when running can discharge a rapid sequence of high-voltage sparks which the builder just uses for an interesting display. However, those spark discharges are quite capable of charging a bank of batteries (not to mention, running a Don Smith style power device). The builder then goes on to add an ordinary capacitor to the series-connected batt-cap bank, and couples the motor to it:

This allows the enhanced motor to become fully self-running as well as producing excess power which could easily charge a bank of large batteries. Incidentally, conventional science says that this is “impossible” and so they will only look at this machine with their eyes closed because they can’t afford to believe it – after all, that would require them to modify their present theories and the people who pay their salaries would not allow any such change.

This motor is shown running on capacitors, but if it is powered by an ordinary battery and run at it’s design speed of 3,300 rpm instead of the extremely low speed shown, then it should be able to charge up a serious bank of large batteries, one of which could then be used to power it for the next charging run.

The ‘UFOpolitics’ Motor

In chapter 2, there is a section on how an experimenter alters the wiring inside DC motors. This alteration has a major effect, boosting the output power by a major amount as well as providing an additional generated electrical output. One person who followed his instructions and rewound a tiny 3-volt 3-pole motor, then tried running that motor on a discharged 6-volt battery. The motor ran, slowly at first and then picked up speed. That seemed impossible as the motor draws 300 milliamps when running and the battery was just not capable of providing that current. However, impossible or not, the motor ran and not only did it run but it started recharging the battery driving it. This suggests that this is a self-sustaining system which provides output power and yet never needs to have the battery recharged.

The way that this happens is that what we think of as “electricity” is actually a more complex thing called “electromagnetism”. We think of electricity and magnetism as being two different things, while in fact, they are two different aspects of the single entity electromagnetism. The electric component always has an efficiency of less than 100% which the magnetic component always has an efficiency which is greater than 100% - something which we usually don’t notice as we tend to ignore the magnetic component.

In the case of this tiny 3-volt motor, it draws it’s running ‘hot electricity’ current from the battery. That causes rotating magnetic fields inside the motor and these generate ‘cold electricity’ which flows back along the supply wires and charges the battery.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-info.110mb.com

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 7: Aerial Systems and Electrostatic Generators

It is generally thought that aerials are not capable of gathering much power. The popular conception is that the only power available is low level radio waves from distant radio transmitters, and while it is certainly true that radio waves can be picked up with an aerial, the real sources of power are not radio transmitters.

For example, we will be looking at information from Hermann Plauson and he considered any aerial system of his which did not produce more than an excess power of 100 kilowatts, as a “small” system (admittedly, with many aerials). Thomas Henry Moray demonstrated his system to audiences repeatedly, pulling in power levels of up to 50 kilowatts from a single sort aerial. These power levels are not produced by radio station signals.

Nikola Tesla’s Aerial System.

Nikola Tesla produced an aerial device which is worth mentioning. It was patented on May 21st 1901 as an “Apparatus for the Utilisation of Radiant Energy”, US Patent number 685,957.

The device appears simple but Tesla states that the capacitor needs to be “of considerable electrostatic capacity” and he recommends using the best quality mica to construct it as described in his 1897 patent No. 577,671. The circuit draws power via an insulated, shiny metal plate. The insulation could be spray-on plastic. The larger the plate, the greater the energy pick-up. The higher the plate is elevated, the greater the pick-up.

This system of Tesla’s picks up energy day and night. The capacitor gets charged up and a vibrating switch repeatedly discharges the capacitor into the step-down transformer. The transformer lowers the voltage and raises the current available and the output is then used to power the electrical load.

It seems probable that this device operates primarily from static electricity, which some people believe is a manifestation of the zero-point energy field. Tesla’s equipment might well operate when fed by a motor-driven Wimshurst machine instead of a large aerial plate. Details of home-built Wimshurst equipment are available in the book ‘Homemade Lightning’ by R.A. Ford, ISBN 0-07-021528-6.

However, it should be understood that Tesla described two different forms of energy pick-up. The first is static electricity, picked up from very slight interaction of the pick-up plate with the zero-point energy field flowing through it, and the other being pick-up of dynamic radiant energy events, typically from lightning strikes. At a casual glance, the average person would not consider lightning as being a viable source of energy, but this is not the case as there are about two hundred lightning strikes per second - mainly in the tropics - and what is generally not understood is that they are radiant energy events and their effects are felt instantly everywhere on earth as transmissions through the zero-point energy field are instantaneous at any distance. To clarify the situation a little more, here are two of Tesla's patents, one on pick-up of the static field which Tesla remarks appears to be unlimited in voltage, and one patent on pick-up of dynamic energy.

This is a slightly re-worded copy of this patent, as some words have changed their meaning since this patent was issued. If you wish to see the original, then http://www.freepatentsonline.com will allow you to download a copy without any charge.

Patent US 685,957 5th November 1901 Inventor: Nikola Tesla

APPARATUS FOR THE UTILISATION OF RADIANT ENERGY

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, Nikola Tesla, a citizen of the Unites States, residing at the borough of Manhattan, in the city, county and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful improvements in Apparatus for the Utilisation of Radiant Energy, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the drawings accompanying and forming a part of the same.

It is well known that certain radiations - such as those of ultra-violet light, cathodic, Roentgen rays, or the like - possess the property of charging and discharging conductors of electricity, the discharge being particularly noticeable when the conductor upon which the rays impinge is negatively electrified. These radiations are generally considered to be ether vibrations of extremely small wave lengths, and in explanation of the phenomena noted, it has been assumed by some authorities that they ionise, or render conducting, the atmosphere through which they are propagated. However, my own experiments and observations lead me to conclusions more in accord with the theory heretofore advanced by me that sources of such radiant energy throw off with great velocity, minute particles of matter which are strongly electrified, and therefore capable of charging an electrical conductor, or, even if not so, may at any rate discharge an electrified conductor, either by bodily carrying off its charge or otherwise.

My present application is based upon a discovery which I have made that when rays or radiations of the above kind are permitted to fall upon an insulated conducting-body connected to one of the terminals of a capacitor, while the other terminal of the capacitor is made to receive or carry away electricity, a current flows into the capacitor so long as the insulated body is exposed to the rays, and under the conditions specified below, an indefinite accumulation of electrical energy in the capacitor takes place. After a suitable time interval during which the rays are allowed to act, this energy may manifest itself in a powerful discharge, which may be used for the operation or control of mechanical or electrical devices, or rendered useful in many other ways.

In applying my discovery, I provide a capacitor, preferably of considerable electrostatic capacity, and connect one of its terminals to an insulated metal plate or other conducting-body exposed to the rays or streams of radiant matter. It is very important, particularly in view of the fact that electrical energy is generally supplied to the capacitor at a very slow rate, to construct the capacitor with the greatest care. I prefer to use the best quality of mica as the dielectric, taking every possible precaution in insulating the armatures, so that the instrument may withstand great electrical pressures without leaking and may leave no perceptible electrification when discharging instantaneously. In practice, I have found that the best results are obtained with capacitors treated in the manner described in Patent 577,671 granted to me on 23rd February 1897. Obviously, the above precautions should be the more rigorously observed the slower the rate of charging and the smaller the time interval during which the energy is allowed to accumulate in the capacitor. The insulated plate or conducting-body should present to the rays or streams of matter, as large a surface as is practical, I having ascertained that the amount of energy conveyed to it per unit of time is, under otherwise identical conditions, proportional to the area exposed, or nearly so. Furthermore, the surface should be clean and preferably highly polished or amalgamated. The second terminal or armature of the capacitor may be connected to one of the poles of a battery or other source of electricity, or to any conducting body or object whatever of such properties or so conditioned that by its means, electricity of the required sign will be supplied to the terminal. A simple way of supplying positive or negative electricity to the terminal is to connect it to an insulated conductor supported at some height in the atmosphere, or to a grounded conductor, the former, as is well known, furnishing positive, and the latter negative electricity. As the rays or supposed streams of matter generally convey a positive charge to the first terminal of the capacitor mentioned above. I usually connect the second terminal of the capacitor to the ground, this being the most convenient way of obtaining negative electricity, dispensing with the necessity of providing an artificial source. In order to use the energy collected in the capacitor for any useful purpose, I also connect to the capacitor terminals, a circuit containing an instrument or apparatus which it is desired to operate, and another instrument or device for alternately closing and opening the circuit. This latter device can be any form of circuit-controller with fixed or moveable parts or electrodes, which may be actuated either by the stored energy or by independent means.

My discovery will be more fully understood from the following description and drawings, where Fig.1 is a diagram showing the general arrangement of the apparatus as usually employed.

Fig.2 is a similar diagram, illustrating in more detail, typical forms of the devices or elements used in practice.

Fig.3 and Fig.4 are diagrams of modified arrangements suitable for special purposes.

Fig.1 shows the simplest form, in which C is the capacitor, P the insulated plate or conducting-body which is exposed to the rays, and P' another plate or conductor which is grounded, all being connected in series as shown. The terminals T and T' of the capacitor C are also connected to a circuit which contains a device R which is to be operated, and a circuit-controlling device d as described above.

The apparatus being arranged as shown, it will be found that when the radiation of the sun, or any other source capable of producing the effects described above, fall on plate P, there will be an accumulation of energy in capacitor C. I believe that this phenomenon is best explained as follows: The sun, as well as other sources of radiant energy , throws off minute particles of positively electrified matter, which striking plate P, create an electrical charge on it. The opposite terminal of the capacitor being connected to the ground, which can be considered to be a vast reservoir of negative electricity, a feeble current flows continuously into the capacitor, and since these supposed particles are of an inconceivably small radius or curvature, and consequently, charged to a very high voltage, this charging of the capacitor may continue as I have actually observed, almost indefinitely, even to the point of rupturing the dielectric. If the device d be of such character that it will operate to close the circuit in which it is included when the capacitor voltage has reached a certain level, then the accumulated charge will pass through the circuit, operating the receiver R.

In illustration of this effect, Fig.2 shows the same general arrangement as in Fig.1, and the device d is shown composed of two very thin conducting plates t and t' which are free to move and placed very close to each other. The freedom of movement can be either through the flexibility of the plates or through the character of their support. To improve their action they should be enclosed in a housing which can have the air removed from it. The plates t and t' are connected in series in a working circuit which includes a suitable receiver, which in this example is shown as an electromagnet M, a moveable armature a, a spring b, and a ratchet wheel w, provided with a spring-pawl r, which is pivoted to armature a as illustrated. When the radiation falls on plate P, a current flows into the capacitor until its voltage causes the plates t and t' to be attracted together, closing the circuit and energising the magnet M, causing it to draw down the armature a and cause a partial rotation of the ratchet wheel w. When the current flow stops, the armature is retracted by the spring b, without, however, moving the wheel w. With the stoppage of the current, the plates t and t' cease to be attracted and separate, thus restoring the circuit to its original condition.

Fig.3 shows a modified form of apparatus used in connection with an artificial source of radiant energy, which in this case may be an arc emitting copious ultra-violet rays. A suitable reflector may be provided for concentrating and directing the radiation. A magnet R and circuit-controller d are arranged as in the previous figures, but in this case, instead of performing the whole of the work, the magnet performs the task of alternately opening and closing a local circuit, containing a source of current B and a receiving or translating device D. The controller d may, if desired, consist of two fixed electrodes separated by a minute air gap or weak dielectric film which breaks down more or less suddenly when a definite voltage difference is reached at the terminals of the capacitor, and returns to its original state when the discharge occurs.

Still another modification is shown in Fig.4, in which S, the source of radiant energy is a special form of Roentgen tube devised by me, having only one terminal k, generally of aluminium, in the form of half a sphere, with a plain polished surface on the front side, from which the streams are thrown off. It may be excited by attaching it to one of the terminals of any generator with sufficiently high electromotive force; but whatever apparatus is used, it is important that the tube has the air inside it removed to a high degree, otherwise it might prove to be entirely ineffective. The working, or discharge circuit connected to the terminals T and T' of the capacitor, includes, in this case, the primary winding p of a transformer, and a circuit-controller comprised of a fixed terminal or brush t and a moveable terminal t' in the shape of a wheel, with conducting and insulating segments, which may be rotated at an arbitrary speed by any suitable means. In inductive relation to the primary winding p, is a secondary winding s, usually of a much greater number of turns, to the ends of which is connected a receiver R. The terminals of the capacitor being connected as shown, one to an insulated plate P and the other to a grounded plate P'. When the tube S is excited, rays or streams of matter are emitted from it and these convey a positive charge to the plate P and capacitor terminal T, while the capacitor terminal T' is continuously receiving negative electricity from plate P'. As already explained, this results in an accumulation of electrical energy in the capacitor, and this continues as long as the circuit including the primary winding p is interrupted. Whenever the circuit is closed by the rotation of the terminal t', the stored energy is discharged through the primary winding p, giving rise to induced currents in the secondary winding s, which operates the receiver R.

It is clear from what has been stated above, that if the terminal T' is connected to a plate supplying positive instead of negative electricity, then the rays should convey negative electricity to plate P. The source S may be any form of Roentgen or Leonard tube, but it is obvious from the theory of action that in order to be very effective, the impulses exciting it should be wholly, or mainly of one sign. If ordinary symmetrical alternating currents are employed, then provision should be made for allowing the rays to fall on plate P only during those periods when they can produce the desired result. Obviously, if the source radiation is stopped or intercepted, or the intensity varied in any manner such as periodically interrupting or rhythmically varying the current exciting the source, there will be corresponding changes in the action upon the receiver R and thus signals may be transmitted and many other useful effects produced. Further, it will be understood that any form of circuit-closer which will respond, or be set in operation when a predetermined amount of energy is stored in the capacitor, may be used instead of the device already described in connection with Fig.2.

The second patent requires the equipment to be tuned to one quarter of the wavelength of the energy pulses being collected. This patent shows a transmission method as well as a receiving method, but our main concern here is the receiving section shown on the right of the diagram as that can receive naturally occurring energy pulses in the environment and so provides free usable energy.

As it may be a little difficult to visualise the coil arrangement in this patent as many people are familiar with the "Tesla Coil" arrangement where a few turns of thick wire or copper tubing are used as a winding placed around an ordinary cylindrical coil, much like, this illustration from Tesla's patent US 568,178:

In this case it should be understood that Tesla is speaking about his flat "pancake" coil design and not the well-known Tesla Coil configuration.

Patent US 649,621 15th May 1900 Inventor: Nikola Tesla

APPARATUS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, Nikola Tesla, a citizen of the Unites States, residing at the borough of Manhattan, in the city, county and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful improvements in Apparatus for the Transmission of Electrical Energy, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the drawing accompanying and forming a part of the same.

This application is a division of an application filed by me on 2nd September 1897, US 650,343 entitled "Systems of Transmission of Electrical Energy" and is based on new and useful features and combinations of apparatus shown and described in that patent application.

This invention comprises a transmitting coil or conductor in which electrical currents or oscillations are produced and which is arranged to cause these currents or oscillations to be propagated by conduction through the natural medium from one location to a remote location, and a receiving coil or conductor adapted to be excited by the oscillations or currents propagated by the transmitter.

This apparatus is shown in the accompanying diagram where A is a coil, generally of many turns and of a very large diameter, wound in spiral form, either around a magnetic core or not as may be desired. C is a second coil formed by a conductor of much larger size and smaller length, wound around and in proximity to coil A.

The apparatus at one point is used as a transmitter, the coil A in this case forming a high-voltage secondary of a transformer, and the coil C the primary which operates at a much lower voltage. The source of current for the primary winding is marked G. One terminal of the secondary winding A is at the centre of the spiral coil, and from this terminal the current is led by a conductor B to a terminal D, preferably of large surface, formed or maintained by such means as a balloon at an elevation suitable for the purpose of transmission. The other terminal of the secondary winding A is connected to earth, and if desired, to the primary winding also in order that the primary winding may also be at substantially the same voltage as the adjacent portions of the secondary winding, thus ensuring safety.

At the receiving station, a transformer of similar construction is used, but in this case the coil A' constitutes the primary winding and the shorter coil C' is the secondary winding. In this receiving circuit, lamps L, motors M, or other devices for using this current, are connected. The elevated terminal D' connects with the centre of the coil A' and the other terminal is connected to earth and preferably, also, to the coil C' again for safety reasons as mentioned above.

The length of the thin wire coil in each transformer should be approximately one quarter of the wave length of the electric disturbance in the circuit, this estimate being based on the velocity of propagation of the disturbance through the coil itself and the circuit with which it is designed to be used. By way of illustration, if the rate at which the current flows through the circuit containing the coil is 185,000 miles per second, then a frequency of 925 Hz would maintain 925 stationary nodes in a circuit 185,000 miles long and each wave would be 200 miles in length.

For such a low frequency, which would only be resorted to when it is indispensable for the operation of ordinary motors, I would use a secondary winding wound from a wire 50 miles in length. By adjusting the length of wire in the secondary winding, the points of highest voltage are made to coincide with the elevated terminals D and D', and it should be understood that whatever wire length is chosen, this length requirement should be complied with in order to get the best possible results.

It will be readily understood that when these relationships exist, the best conditions for resonance between the transmitting and receiving circuits are attained and owing to the fact that the points of highest voltage in the coils A and A' are coincident with the elevated terminals, the maximum current flow will take place in the two coils and this implies that the capacitance and inductance in each of the circuits have the values which produce the most perfect synchronism with the oscillations.

When the source of current G is in operation and produces rapidly pulsating or oscillating currents in the circuit of coil C, corresponding induced currents of very much higher voltage are generated in the secondary coil A, and since the voltage in that coil gradually increases with the number of turns towards the centre, and the voltage difference between adjacent turns is comparatively small, a very high voltage is generated, which would not be possible with ordinary coils.

As the main objective is to produce a current with excessively high voltage, this objective is facilitated by using a current in the primary winding which has a very considerable frequency, but that frequency is in a large measure, arbitrary, because if the voltage is sufficiently high and the terminals of the coils be kept at the proper height where the atmosphere is rarefied, the stratum of air will serve as a conducting medium with even less resistance then through an ordinary conductor.

As to the elevation of terminals D and D', it is obvious that this is a matter which will be determined by a number of things, such as the amount and the quality of the work to be performed, the condition of the atmosphere and the character of the surrounding countryside. Thus, if there are high mountains in the vicinity, then the terminals should be at a greater height, and generally, they should be at an altitude much greater than that of the highest objects near them. Since, by the means described, practically any voltage which is desired may be produced, the currents through the air strata may be very small, thus reducing the loss in the air.

The apparatus at the receiving station responds to the currents propagated by the transmitter in a manner which will be well understood from the description above. The primary circuit of the receiver - that is, the thin wire coil A' - is excited by the currents propagated by conduction through the intervening natural medium between it and the transmitter, and these currents induce in the secondary coil C', other currents which are used to operate the devices connected to that circuit.

Obviously, the receiving coils, transformers, or other apparatus may be moveable - as for instance, when they are carried by a vessel floating in the air or by a ship at sea. In the former case, the connection of one terminal of the receiving apparatus to the ground might not be permanent, but might be intermittently or inductively established.

It should be noted that Tesla's suggestion of using the conductive envelope of a specially constructed balloon as a good method of increasing the active area of the elevated receiving plate, is one that was taken up by Hermann Plauson when he was building power stations operating on naturally occurring energy.

Jes Ascanius’ Version of Nikola Tesla’s Aerial System.

This sort of information may seem confusing and maybe a little too technical for you, so let me tell you about the practical and useful applications used by Jes Ascanius, a Danish developer, to whom thanks is due for sharing his design. Initially, he set up a system to charge his mobile phone battery overnight from an aerial. Then he went on to produce a full-size Tesla Aerial System as described at the start of this chapter. Let’s start with the very simple system and progress from that to the more powerful arrangements.

The initial circuit uses one strand of solid wire which rises vertically to a 700 mm diameter drum where there are some twenty turns. The arrangement is like this:

The aerial wire is several metres long, and in the prototype, was supported by (and insulated from) the eaves of a house. The aerial should be vertical or near vertical and a proper earth connection provided by driving a metal rod into the ground or connecting a wire to a metal plate and burying the plate in the ground as a good electrical connection is needed here. The earth connection used here is a 12 mm copper pipe 3 metres long, driven into the ground and the ground around it saturated with water:

The wire used to connect with the earthing rod is very important and should not be less than 8 swg copper wire, that is, 4 mm diameter and 13 sq. mm. cross-sectional area. As with all free-energy devices, the exact constructional details are vital.

The diodes used are germanium 1N34 or 1N34a which are particularly suited to this application. Ceramic disc types are recommended for the 200 nF capacitors. The prototype build looked like this:

Now, consider this circuit as described, to be one modular building block which can lead to unlimited power from an aerial. I will represent the circuit shown above as a rectangle, showing the above circuit as:

While it is possible to use more than one module with the aerial to get more power, the Danish developer then switched to the full-blown Tesla arrangement by attaching a 600 x 800 x 2 mm aluminium plate inside the sloping roof of his house:

The plate being suspended using nylon cord to prevent it touching the roof or anything else:

The plate is positioned between 3 and 3.5 metres (10 to 12 feet) above the ground and the attachment to the plate is also heavy-duty 8 swg cable:

The cable is connected to the aluminium plate using a brass bolt and nuts which the builder thinks may be significant, quite apart from avoiding any galvanitic connection to the circuit. The cable is then run vertically downwards to the circuit. For this arrangement a second earthing point is also used. This is a galvanised iron pipe 3 metres long, driven vertically into the ground which is saturated with water. The second earth is 2 metres away from the first earth and there is no known significance in the use of an iron pipe as it was used because it was to hand at the time..

This arrangement provides serious power, enough to cause injury to, or kill a careless human. With two modules, it will light an LED very brightly, driving it to 2.6 volts. If the LED is removed, then the voltage climbs to about twenty volts and is easily sufficient to charge a 12V battery or battery bank although that takes time. With twenty modules a 12V battery can be charged over night. It is estimated that with two hundred modules, the power would be sufficient to power a household although that has not yet been done. It should be borne in mind that each module is easy and cheap to make, so arranging for a stack of them where additional modules can be added at a later date for more power, is an ideal arrangement. The circuit is like this:

This circuit looks completely mad as the aerial input to the circuit appears to be directly short-circuited by the second earth connection. In spite of this, the circuit works very well when connected this way. Additional modules can be added without any known limit. Increased power can be had by either raising the aluminium plate higher above the ground, to say, 10 metres (33 feet), or by adding one or more additional aerial plates. As you have a good aerial connected through to a very good earth, there has to be the possibility of the equipment being hit by lightning, and so it is recommended that a protective spark-gap is installed between the aerial and the earth, close to the circuit, so that if high-voltage is suddenly applied to the aerial, the spark gap will fire and shunt the excess power through to the earth. Alternatively, possibly a better solution is to install a standard lightning rod system a few metres away from the aerial and a metre or two higher up, so that it forms a more attractive point for a lightning strike.

Further experimentation has shown that altering the connection point for the aerial has a significant effect on the results. If the connection is made at the mid point between the aerial plate and the earth connection, it produces a greater output:

With this arrangement a single module produces around 30 volts while the original method of connecting near the earth was giving about 26 volts with two modules.

Dragan Kljajic has been experimenting with this circuit and has started by building many of these modules on a printed circuit board like this:

Using two of these boards, Dragan is pulling 96 watts continuously from his aerial plate. He intends to extend this arrangement much further, but is being hindered at present by a local civil war.

Here is a forum: http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/10947-jes-ascanius-radiant-collector.html where some builders of this system share comments. One comment is that there is an increased risk of a lightning strike where you have an earthed aerial, and so it is advisable not to place the aerial plate inside a house, but perhaps suspended between two trees. Also, using a car spark plug connected across the module set can protect against lightning strikes damaging the circuitry.

As a result of queries, Jes stresses the following points:

1. The plate must be high off the ground.

2. The plate must be polished and insulated.

3. The wire must be single-strand solid wire.

4. There must not be any part of the wire above the circuit, which is not insulated.

He further comments: you can use aluminium foil and cling film to make many collector plates 0.4 m x 5 m and connect them close together to feed the aerial wire. Remember, no uninsulated wire anywhere. Any queries should be asked on the forum shown above.

Thomas Henry Moray’s Aerial System.

In this field, Thomas Henry Moray is outstanding. By 1936 he had developed a piece of apparatus which was capable of putting out high power with no human-generated input power at all.

Moray’s equipment is said to have contained a germanium diode which he built himself in the days before solid-state devices became readily available. The equipment was examined and tested many times. On dozens of occasions, he demonstrated the equipment driving a bank of twenty 150W bulbs, plus a 600W heater, plus a 575W iron (a total of 4.175 kW). The power picked up by this device needed only small diameter wires and had characteristics different from conventional electricity. One demonstration which was repeated many times, was to show that the output power circuit could be broken and a sheet of ordinary glass placed between the severed ends of the wire, without disrupting the supply. This type of power is called “Cold electricity” because thin wires carrying major power loads, do not overheat. This form of energy is said to flow in waves which surround the wires of a circuit and not actually through the wires at all. Unlike conventional electricity, it does not use electrons for transmission and that is why it can continue through a sheet of glass which would stop conventional electricity dead in its tracks.

On one occasion, Moray took his equipment away from all urban areas to a place chosen at random by a critic. He then set up the equipment and demonstrated the power output, well away from any man-generated electrical induction. He disconnected the aerial and showed that the power output stopped immediately. He connected the aerial again to generate the output as before. He then disconnected the earth connection which stopped the output again. When the earth wire was connected again, the output power returned. He found that the power output level fell somewhat at night. The aerial used in his demonstrations was reported to be like this:

From which it can be seen that even a relatively short aerial wire suspended not far from the ground, is capable of collecting substantial amounts of usable electrical power. The earth used in the remote demonstrations was a length of gas pipe which was hammered into the ground. It was noted that as each hammer blow drove the pipe deeper into the earth, the light bulbs (which formed the electrical load) shone more brightly, indicating that the quality of the earth connection is very important when serious power is being drawn from an aerial.

Thomas developed various versions of the device, the latest of which did not need the aerial or earth connections, weighed 50 pounds and had an output of 50 kilowatts. This device was tested in both an aeroplane and a submarine, thus showing the device to be fully self-contained and portable. It was also tested in locations which were fully shielded from electromagnetic radiation.

Moray was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt in his laboratory. This caused him to change the glass in his car to bullet-proof glass. He was threatened many times. His demonstration equipment was smashed with a hammer. When threats were made against his family, he stopped rebuilding his equipment and appeared to have turned his attentions to other things, producing a device for ‘therapeutic’ medical treatment.

In his book “The Energy Machine of T. Henry Moray”, Moray B. King provides more information on this system. He states that Moray was refused a patent on the grounds that the examiner couldn’t see how the device could output so much power when the valve cathodes were not heated. Moray was granted US Patent 2,460,707 on 1st February 1949 for an Electrotherapeutic Apparatus, in which he included the specification for the three valves used in his power device, apparently because he wanted them to be covered by a patent. As far as can be seen, the valve shown here is an oscillator tube. Moray claimed that this tube had the very high capacitance of 1 Farad when running at its resonant frequency. Moray liked to use powdered quartz as a dielectric in the capacitors which he made, and he had a habit of mixing in radium salts and uranium ores with the quartz. These materials may well be important in producing ionisation in these tubes and that ionisation may well be important in tapping the energy field.

The tube shown above has a six-layer capacitor formed from two U-shaped circular metal rings with the space between them filled with a dielectric material. The plates are shown in red and blue, while the dielectric is shown in green. Inside the capacitor, there is a separate ring of dielectric material (possibly made from a different material) and an inside ring of corrugated metal to form an ion brush-discharge electrode. The capacitor and electrode connections are taken to pins in the base of the tube.

Quartz is suggested for the material of the outer covering of the tube and the wire element numbered 79 in the diagram is said to be a heating element intended to be powered by a low-voltage current source. However, as Moray had an earlier patent application refused on the grounds that there was no heating element in his tubes, it is distinctly possible that the heating element shown here is spurious, and drawn solely to avoid rejection by the examiners. In his patent, Moray refers to the capacitor in this tube as a “sparking” capacitor, so he may have been driving it with excessively high voltages which caused repeated breakdown of the capacitor material.

The tube of Fig.16 above, uses a different technique where an X-ray tube is used to bombard a corrugated electrode through a screen containing an X-ray window. It is thought that a brief burst of X-rays was used to trigger very short, sharp bursts of ions between the anode and cathode of the tube and these pick up extra energy with every burst.

An alternative version of this tube is shown in Fig.18 below. Here the construction is rather similar but instead of an X-ray window, a lens and reflector are used to cause the ionisation of the switching channel between the anode and cathode. In both tubes, the corrugated electrode supports a corona build-up just prior to the short X-ray switching pulse, and it is thought that the ions contribute to the intensity of the resulting pulses which emerge from the tube. Very short uni-directional pulses are capable of causing conditions under which additional energy can be picked up. From where does this extra energy come? In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell published his “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” and in it he pointed out that the vacuum contains a considerable amount of energy (Vol. 2, p. 472 and 473). John Archibald Wheeler of Princeton University, a leading physicist who worked on the US atomic bomb project, has calculated the flux density of the vacuum. Applying Einstein’s E=mC2 formula indicates that there is enough energy in every 1 cc of “empty” space, to create all of the matter in the visible universe which can be seen with our most powerful telescopes. That amount of energy is so great as to be beyond imagining. This energy field is referred to as “Universal Energy”, “Cosmic Energy” or “Zero Point Energy”. At this time, we do not have any instrument which responds directly to this energy and so it is almost impossible to measure.

The existence of this energy field is now widely accepted by mainstream science and it is borne out by the situation found at quantum levels. It is generally thought that this energy is chaotic in form and for useful energy to by drawn from it, it needs to be restructured into a coherent form. It appears that uni-directional electromagnetic pulses of one millisecond or less, can be used to cause the necessary restructuring as they generate an outward coherent wave of radiant energy, from which energy can be extracted for use in most electrical devices, if a suitable receptor system is used. Tom Bearden states that at the quantum level, the seething energy of this field appears continuously as positive and negative charges. As these are evenly distributed, the net charge at any point is always zero. If a “dipole” (two opposite charges near each other) is created anywhere, then it polarises the energy field disrupting the previously even distribution of charges and causing massive streams of energy to radiate outwards from the dipole.

A voltage pulse acts as a dipole, provided the voltage rise is fast enough, and that is what causes a wave of radiant energy fanning out from the location of the voltage pulse. Batteries and magnets create continuous dipoles and so cause the local quantum energy field to send out continuous streams of massive power which can be utilised if (and only if) you know how to do it. The search for mechanisms to capture and use even a tiny fraction of these energy streams is what the “free-energy” field of research is all about. Some people say that there is no such thing as “free-energy” because you have to pay for the device which captures it. That is like taking a bus trip to a car dealership where they are giving away new cars, and saying that your new car was not a “free” car because you had to pay a bus fare to reach the car dealership.

Moray King suggests that the circuit used by Thomas Henry Moray was as follows:

There can be little doubt that Thomas Henry Moray built several versions of his apparatus, each of which produced output power well in excess of any input power needed. It seems highly likely that most of them used no input power whatsoever, and if there were any others, they will have been powered by a tiny fraction of the output power. If mild radioactive material was used as described, then the output power could in no way be attributed to that source alone, since the output power was thousands of time greater than any power available from the radioactive materials.

It is perhaps time to explain a little more about, voltage, power and current. We have been raised with the notion that it is necessary to “burn” a fuel to get power, that batteries “run down” when used and that you have to keep turning the shaft of an electrical generator to be able to draw current from it. These things are not actually true. The relatively recent field of Quantum Mechanics shows that if a charge, such as an electron has, is positioned in what is supposed to be “empty” space, it is not alone. The “empty” space is actually seething with energy, to the extent that “virtual” particles are popping into existence for a fraction of a second and then disappearing again. They are called “virtual” because they exist for such a short time.

Because of the negative charge of the electron, the particles appearing and disappearing around it will all be positive in charge. The electron has “polarised” the space around itself because it has a charge. The instant that a positive “virtual” particle appears, there are two charges near each other - minus on the electron and plus on the particle. When you have two opposite charges near each other, they form a “dipole”. Dipoles form a gateway through which energy from the environment flows continuously. An instant later, the particle disappears, but it’s place is immediately taken by another virtual particle. The result is a continuous stream of energy flowing out from the dipole.

Batteries with their positive and negative terminals are electrical dipoles, so too are generators when the input shaft is spun. Permanent magnets with their North and South poles are magnetic dipoles. Both of these have continuous streams of energy flowing through them. So, why then do batteries run down and lose their charge? The reason is that we power circuits using a closed loop. The energy flowing out of one terminal flows into the opposite terminal and instantly destroys the dipole. A new dipole has to be created every split second if the circuit is to deliver power, and it is that self-destructive method of use which causes the battery to discharge or which needs the generator shaft to be rotated continuously.

If a different operating technique is used, where the dipole is not continuously destroyed, then devices which can provide a continuous stream of energy drawn from our natural environment can be constructed. This is not magic, just the next step in conventional science and engineering. Thomas Henry Moray managed it, initially with an aerial and earth like a crystal set to provide the dipole, his device was able to draw many kilowatts of power from the environment. No fuel was needed, the energy is already there surrounding us all, all of the time. As far as I am aware, nobody has managed to replicate Moray’s device (which was the reason for it being violently suppressed) but knowing that it existed and was repeatedly demonstrated to work perfectly well, is useful in that it shows that it is possible to tap the massive zero-point energy field with a practical, home-constructed device.

Here is a collection of additional items of information gathered from several different sources:

Moray started his experiments with 'the taking of electricity from the ground', as he described it, during the summer of 1909. By autumn 1910 he had sufficient power to operate a small electrical device, and demonstrated his idea to two friends. The early stages of this demonstration consisted of operating a miniature arc light. It soon became clear to him that the energy was not static and that the static of the universe would be of no assistance to him in obtaining the power for which he was searching.

During the Christmas Holidays of 1911, he began to realise fully, that the energy with which he was working, was of an oscillating nature. He also realised that the energy was not coming out of the earth, but instead, was coming to the earth from some outside source. These electrical oscillations in the form of waves were not simple oscillations, but were surging like the waves of the sea, coming continually to the earth but more in the daytime than at night, but always arriving as vibrations from the reservoir of colossal energy out there in space. By this time Moray was able to gather enough power to light a 16-candlepower carbon lamp to about a half of it's capacity, but he did not manage to gain any further improvement until the spring of 1925.

In 1912 Moray was called to go on a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and under a visitor's visa was allowed to enter Sweden during the Exhibition of 1912 in Stockholm. In his notebook, dated November 1, 1913, he included a note saying that he had obtained material from a railroad car at Abisco, Sweden the previous summer, also some more material from the side of a hill. He made electric tests of these materials, taking them home to try each as a detector for his energy machine. Tests indicated that this soft, white stone-like substance might make a good "valve-like detector". This "valve-like detector" is what led him to do research into semi-conductive materials, and from this soft white stone he developed his first valve and the valve which was used in some of his early Radiant Energy devices (silver wire touching a stone can act as a rectifier).

Moray demonstrated that energy was available by its actions on a resistive load, such as a flat-iron or a space heater, and by lighting bulbs. A resistive device acts as a load which is directly proportional to the amount of energy delivered to it. In heating a heater, or lighting a bulb, the number of watts produced can be calculated as equal to the number of watts provided to the device. This energy is fed into a load to give either heat, light, or power. A motor can be operated but it must be designed to run on a high frequency power supply. The Radiant Energy device used an antenna and a ground connected to his solid state Radiant Energy circuit:

The diagram shown above is reproduced from a rough sketch drawn from memory after seeing Moray's circuit diagram. The person who drew it does not understand how the circuit works, so please treat this diagram as being just an overall suggestion as to what Moray's circuit might have been like. It is actually much more likely that is was a cascade of pairs of tank circuits containing Moray's valve, each pair being one series tank circuit followed by one parallel tank circuit, the oscillating frequency dropping with each tank pair and the output power rising with each tank pair. Moray's circuit was started oscillating by stroking the U-shaped coil with a permanent magnet for a few seconds, and when the circuit started operating, then switch 'S' was closed, effectively removing the U-shaped coil from the circuit.

Moray was able to demonstrate that none of the output energy came from within his device. Internally the device was electrically dead when it had not been connected and tuned to the antenna. When his device was set up, he could connect it to an antenna and ground, and by priming it first and then tuning it as he primed it, the device would draw in electrical energy. This high frequency electrical energy produced up to 250,000 volts and it powered a brighter light than witnesses had ever seen before. Heavy loads could be connected to the device without dimming the lights already connected to it. This device worked many miles from any known source of electrical energy such as power transmission lines or radio signals. The device produced up to 50,000 watts of power and worked for long periods of time.

Moray initially assumed that this energy was electromagnetic in nature however, he never claimed that it was. He assumed at first that this energy came from the earth but later he believed it was flowing in from the universe. Finally he began to believe that it was present throughout all space, intermolecular space as well as terrestrial and celestial space. He did not necessarily understand how his detectors operated, only that if he built the device very carefully according to his calculations it would work. He was able to demonstrate the existence of an energy that today, though it has not been identified or proven, has been theorised by many researchers.

The largest instrument was about 6 inches high, circular in shape and about 8 inches in diameter. We went out on the roof of the chicken coop carrying the device on a small drafting board, erected an antenna upon the roof of the coop, the antenna being about 100 feet from the house. We pulled the main line switches in the house before going out upon the roof. Mr Judd had Moray move the drafting board from place to place and he also examined the inside of the coop for hidden equipment. The machine was then assembled in his presence and the device was started. Mr Judd timed me to see how long it would take to bring get the light operating. I was able to light the CGE lamp to its full brightness and to heat an old-style Hotpoint electric flat iron to sizzling point, which required 655 watts. Mr Judd asked for the antenna to be disconnected. When this was done, the light went out. The aerial was connected again and the light reappeared. We drove a new grounding rod at a spot selected by Mr Judd, made a connection to the new grounding point and the light burned dim, but came brighter and brighter as the new grounding rod was driven deeper and deeper into the ground.

If the ground or antenna is left disconnected for too long a time, the device becomes electrically dead and must be retuned in order to regain the energy flow. Dr Eyring found no fault with the demonstration and the worst that he could say about it was that it might be induction, but that if Moray would take the device out in the mountains away from all power lines, a distance of three or four miles, and it then operated, he would then acknowledge that it could not be induction and that his theory was wrong.

At last they decided to go up Emigration Canyon, as there are no power lines in that canyon. All three gentlemen were very well satisfied and pleased with what they saw. The antenna wire was put up without any aid or instructions whatever from Mr Moray, except that he suggested that the wire be stretched tighter to prevent so much sag at the centre. This was done and the wire then appeared to clear the ground by about 7 or 8 feet at its lowest point. The ground pipe was of half-inch water pipe consisting of two sections. The lower section was pointed at the end to make its driving into the creek bed easy. It was about 6 feet long and after being driven down about 5 feet the second section, which was about 4 feet long, was screwed on with a wrench and the pipe driven further down until it struck a hard object, so about 7 feet of pipe was in the ground.

The antenna wire was insulated from the poles with two glass insulators about 6 inches long and having holes in both ends. A piece of wire about 2 feet long connected each insulator with the pole. The lead-in wire was fastened to the antenna wire at a point about 10 or 15 feet from the east pole. I helped Mr Moray solder the connection. I paced the distance between the two antenna poles and estimated it to be 87 feet. Mr Moray's equipment, apart from the antenna and ground wires, consisted of a brown box about the size of a butter box, another slightly smaller unpainted box, a fibre board box about 6" x 4" x 4", which Mr Moray referred to as containing the tubes, and a metal baseboard about 14" x 4" x 1" containing what appeared to be a magnet at one end, a switch near the middle and a receptacle for an electric light bulb at the other end. There were also several posts for connecting wires on the baseboard.

When all of the wires were connected and everything was ready, Mr Moray began tuning in. Before tuning, he placed the key on the post: he said it would be in contact while the light burnt, but no light appeared. The tuning consisted of stroking the end of a magnet across two metal projections protruding from what I referred to above as being 'a magnet'. After tuning for slightly more than 10 minutes the key was put on the operating post and the light appeared immediately. Mr Moray put the key on the operating post two or three times before during the tuning operation but no light appeared. We allowed the light to burn for 15 minutes. In my opinion, the brilliance of the light coming from the 100-watt bulb, was about 75% as bright as a 100-watt bulb connected to an ordinary house socket. It was an steady light, without fluctuations of any kind.

While the light was burning Mr Moray disconnected the antenna lead-in wire from the apparatus and the light went out. He connected it again and the light appeared. He also disconnected the ground wire and the light went out. He then connected it and the light appeared again.

In another demonstration, Mr Moray opened the device and let everyone see everything except one small part that he placed his hand over and hid in his fist. This part he cut off and put in his vest pocket. Everything else, people were allowed to examine to their hearts' content. "If that part is able to make such power itself, then it's some device and worth selling. Such a battery would be worthwhile", were some of the remarks made.

On several occasions Dr Moray would disconnect the antenna wire momentarily, but not long enough to lose the light. In disconnecting and connecting the antenna wire a flash of electricity could always be seen at the

At a demonstration in 1928, the aerial used was about 200 feet long and positioned about 80 feet above the ground: the wire is a copper cable approximately a quarter of an inch in diameter, and well insulated. The earth connection used was the water pipe in the basement of Dr Moray's home. The device was assembled in a trunk through the sides of which were holes for the connections to ground and to the antenna and for observation; the holes were about one-half inch in diameter. There were two boxes about 10 by 20 by 4 inches, one on top of the other; both were closed and the covers fastened with screws. On the upper box was lying an insulating panel about an inch thick by 15 inches long and 3 inches wide; it was made of slate or hard rubber or some material of similar appearance. On this were two binding posts which could be connected together by a small switch; also mounted on this panel was an object about 2.5 inches square, wrapped in friction tape, from which protrude two poles about 1/4-inch in diameter, apparently of sift iron. Two light bulb sockets were connected in the circuit. In one of these there was a 20-watt bulb, and in the other a 100 watt bulb.

Dr Moray then took a magnet, which was a very broad, short limbed U, and began to stroke one pole of it on the poles in the taped body. Mr Jensen placed his fingers on the binding posts several times, and at last received a rather vigorous shock. Mr Moray then threw the switch and the bulbs lit up. As a further proof that the conversion of the energy was due to the mechanism in the box, Dr Moray hit the table on which the trunk was standing, a moderate blow with a hammer whereupon the light flickered and went off, due to the detector being shaken out of adjustment. The boxes, in which the mechanism had been housed during the test, were opened and the contents examined. There were capacitors, the detector, a transformer, and two tubes in them but nothing else. Nothing that in the least resembled a battery.

It is to be noted that after a total run of 158 hours the device supplied 635 watts; inasmuch as a horsepower is but 746 watts this equals 0.878 of a horsepower or slightly more than 7/8 horsepower. This alone is sufficient to dispose of any suggestion of a battery.

A report from 1929 says: It is now more than 2 years since I first became acquainted with Dr T. H. Moray and the work he is carrying on, and in that time he has demonstrated inventive ability of an exceptional order. Perhaps the most wonderful of his inventions is a device whereby he is able to draw electric power from an antenna. This energy is not derived by induction from power lines, as has been suggested by some, nor is it derived from radio stations, as has been demonstrated by taking the apparatus more than 26 miles from the nearest power line and over a hundred miles from the nearest radio station and showing that it operates just as well as anywhere else.

This device was subjected to an endurance test in which it was operated continuously for a week, and at the end of that time a 100-watt lamp was lighted simultaneously with the heating of a 575 watt standard Hotpoint flat iron, making a total of 675 watts; it is very evident that no batteries could sustain such a drain as this.

He has also invented a very sensitive sound detector whereby it is possible to hear conversations carried on in an ordinary tome of voice at a distance of several blocks. He has also worked out numerous radio hook-ups which eliminate many of the parts now considered necessary for good reception, yet there is no diminution in quality or volume; in fact, there is a notable elimination of interference from static when some of these are used. He has devised a means by which he is able to measure with some degree of accuracy the energy evolved during mental activity; that is, he gets definite, variable deflections of the needle of a sensitive galvanometer which appeared to be related to the vigour of mental activity. There are a great many other equally remarkable things which he has done, such as reducing old rubber from truck tires to the state of a viscous fluid which is readily vulcanisable without the addition of smoke sheet as is necessary with other processes; also a high frequency therapeutic device, and numerous other devices which show great ingenuity.

The 6 lamps are set up in parallel and a small diameter wire is used as the current enters the tube prior to and connecting with the step-down transformer, this takes the very high voltage to the transformer. This voltage will jump across a spark gap of at least six inches. The operating frequency is so high that I have no instrument in my laboratory that is able to measure the amperage or the voltage at this frequency. (Signed, Murray O. Hayes, PhD.).

Dr Milton Marshall was attempting to identify the material that Moray called his "Swedish Stone". Moray described the radio detector which he had developed. He compared it to what was commonly known as the crystal of a crystal set. However, his detector was superior since it could drive a loudspeaker without the use of a battery. He used the most easily demonstrated device, the germanium diode, that worked on the same principle to illustrate how he thought the Radiant Energy Detector worked (Moray originally built the radio simply for the purpose of showing how he was able to pick up radio signals with a solid-state device, producing sufficiently strong signals which could drive a loudspeaker, which was something unheard of in that day. His circuit did not have batteries, and it was very similar to the old crystal-set circuitry.

The device was housed in a wooden box something like 12" by 18", with an antenna and a ground going into it. Wires leading out of the box led to a bank of some forty 100-watt light bulbs and to an electric iron. Moray touched a switch at the top of the box with a hand electrostatic plate and the globes all lit up brilliantly. We all noted that the bulbs burned cold except each had a hot spot about the size of a dime on the top slightly off centre. I also recall that I could turn the lights on and off by approaching and retreating to and from the device, either with my whole body or my hand. If my memory is clear, the machine had to be tuned with a dial to be placed in this condition. (Chester M. Todd, 1971)

In 1938, after examining the transformer of the device, Mr E. G. Jensen stated that he considered that the amount of current which he had seen taken from the device was positive proof that the current developed by or in the machine was different to any in use at that time. This was because the transformer would have burned out if it had been carrying normal current, but the transformer showed no signs of even ever having been warm. He was informed by Dr Hayes that the transformer had been in use under the same loading conditions during many demonstrations in the past.

The "Number 1" capacitor consisted of two small sheets of aluminium of about 30 gauge, separated by and making contact with a piece of one-quarter inch thick plate glass. The plate glass was larger than the aluminium sheets and overlapped them.

The "Number 2" capacitor was a commercial unit manufactured by Igred Condenser & Mfg. Co. and had a capacity of 0.025 mfd.

They were used as shown here:

With the 60 watt lamp and the two capacitors attached to the antenna and the antenna and ground attached to the box containing the Radiant Energy equipment as shown in the sketch, the 100-watt lamp on the secondary or output side was lighted. Unscrewing the 60-watt lamp from its socket caused the 100-watt amp to go out, but it immediately lighted when the 60-watt lamp was screwed into its socket again. The 60-watt lamp did not light. Shorting the antenna and ground by placing a wire across them, caused the 100-watt lamp to go out. Similar shorting with the hands also caused the 100-watt lamp to go out. No electricity could be felt when shorting with the hands. If either the ground or the antenna wires were disconnected from the box, the 100-watt lamp would go out. Neither of the capacitors or the 60-watt lamp on the primary side of the box were necessary but were simply put there to show that the high frequency power will jump or pass through them.

Moray's patent application on this device was filed in 1931 and rejected on a number of grounds. Firstly, "Because no means was provided for causing the cathode to emit an appreciable number of electrons, the current produced in the cathode by the antenna will not heat the cathode to a temperature at which an appreciable number of electrons per second are emitted". In other words, according to Thomas E. Robinson, Commissioner of Patents, a solid state device, such as a transistor, cannot possibly work. Secondly, because "No natural source of electric wave energy is known to the Examiner and proof of the existence of such a source is required". In other words, it was not enough for Moray to demonstrate the effect of the energy source; he also had to identify it, which he could not do. None of the original patent applications that Henry made are any longer available at the US Patent Office. Although their file jackets are there, the contents and applications themselves are gone.

In 1942, Moray attempted to rebuild a Radiant Energy device, using the remaining bit of what was known as the "Swedish Stone". This material, which was the heart of his original RE detector, he had never managed to duplicate, and the shortage of this material limited the amount of power which he could draw. Consequently, in the large unit, he developed a second detector that forced him into extensive research involving nuclear materials and radioactive reactions. He became deeply involved in the study of synthetic radioactivity as described by Gustave LeBon in his book "The Evolution of Matter". The years slipped by and Moray spent most of his time working on what he called the "counter-balance" to eliminate the need for an aerial antenna.

Moray said:

Enough energy is coming to the earth to light over 1,693,600 100-watt lamps for every human being on the earth today. No fuel of any kind need be taken as this energy can be picked-up directly by ocean liners, railroads, airplanes, automobiles, or any form of transportation. Heat, light and power can be made available for use in all kinds of buildings and for all kinds of machinery. An example would be to pump water onto the desert lands, the power source being only a fraction of the weight of any steam plant or any kind of engine in use today and all this at a fraction of the current cost.

The total energy involved in "cosmic" radiations is very large. The mechanism of its generation involves a basic relationship with the total structure and action of the universe. Today it is believed that cosmic radiation consists primarily of protons and some heavier nuclei. At times this cosmic energy packs a wallop of around 100 quadrillion volts. Coming continuously with slight variations in time, the radiations have a uniformly directional isotropy. The earth is, therefore, surrounded in an atmosphere of radiation with cosmic rays coming continually to the earth from all directions, although there may be a slight deflection of the weaker rays by the earth's magnetic field. There is every indication that our sun is not the source of any appreciable amount of this radiation. The origin, therefore, is from the universe as a whole. The total energy of cosmic radiation is more than the entire luminous output of all the stars and nebulae of the universe combined. Unlimited power is being delivered to everyone's doorstep.

The Moray Radiant Energy discovery, using radiations from the cosmos as its power source, gives the greatest amount of energy per pound of equipment of any system known to man. Electrical power through an electric motor or an electric jet far exceeds any form of energy in any engine in the delivery of power. There is no dead centre of lost motion in an electric motor nor loss of push in an electric jet. Also, the starting torque is much higher in the electrically powered engine than in the combustion engine.

Harnessing cosmic energy is the most practical method yet discovered by man. Furthermore, it is possible to utilise this vast source of energy from the universe without a prime mover at any point on the earth --- on the ground, in the air, on the water, under the water, or even underground. If one considers that an electrical generator is not in the true sense a generator - as electricity is not made by the generator - but is merely an electrical pump, the Moray Radiant Energy device may then be referred to as a cosmic ray pump: that is, a high speed electron oscillator serving as a detector of cosmic radiations which causes a pumping action or surging within its circuitry.

To account for the propagation of heat and light - two of the forms of Radiant Energy - man has postulated the existence of a medium filling all space. But, the transference of the energy of radiant heat and light is not the only evidence in favour of the existence of such a medium. Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic phenomena and gravitation itself point in the same direction.

Attractions and repulsion take place between electrified bodies, magnets, and circuits conveying electric currents. Large masses may be set in motion in this manner, acquiring kinetic energy. If an electric current is started in any circuit, corresponding induced currents spring up in all very closely neighbouring conductors. To originate a current in any conductor requires the expenditure of energy. How, then, is the energy propagated from the circuit to the conductors? If we believe in the continuity of the propagation of energy - that is, is we believe that when it disappears at one place and reappears at another it must have passed through the intervening space and, therefore, have existed there somehow in the meantime - we are forced to postulate a vehicle for its conveyance form place to place.

When a particle is electrified, what one must first observe is that a certain amount of energy has been spent; work has been done. The result is an electrified state of the particle. The process of electrifying a conductor is, therefore, the storing of energy in some way in or around the conductor in some medium. The work is spent in altering the state of the medium, and when the particle is discharged, the medium returns to its original state, and the store of energy is disengaged. Similarly, a supply of energy is required to maintain an electric current, and the phenomenon arising from the current are manifestations of the presence of this energy in the medium around the circuit. It used to be that an electrified particle or body was supposed to have something called "electricity" residing upon it which caused electrical phenomena. An electric current was regarded as a flow of electricity travelling along a wire (for example), and the energy which appeared at any part of a circuit (if considered at all) was supposed to have been conveyed along the wire by the current. But, the existence of induction and electromagnetic interactions between bodies situated at a distance from each other leads one to look upon the medium around the conductors as playing a very important part in the development of these electrical phenomena. In fact, it is the storehouse of the energy.

It is upon this basis that Maxwell founded his theory of electricity and magnetism, and determined the distribution of the energy in the various parts of an electric field in terms of electric and magnetic forces. The medium around an electrified body is charged with energy and not of an imaginary electric fluid distributed over the electrified body or conductor. When we speak of the charge of an electrified conductor we are referring to the charge of energy in the medium around it, and when we talk of the electric flow or current in the circuit we are referring to the only flow we know of, namely, the flow of energy through the electric field within the wire.

The work in producing the electrification of a conductor is spent on the medium and stored there, probably as energy of motion. To denote this we shall say that the medium around the conductor is polarised, this word being employed to denote that its state or some of its properties have been altered in some manner and to a certain extent depending on the intensity of the charge. If the charge is negative the polarisation is in the opposite sense, the two being related, perhaps, like right-handed and left-handed twists or rotations.

Now consider the case of a body charged alternately, positively and negatively in rapid succession. The positive charge means a positive polarisation of the medium, which begins at the conductor and travels out through space. When the body is discharged the medium is once more set free and resumes its former condition. The negative charge now induces a modification of the medium or polarisation in the opposite sense. The result of alternate charges of opposite sign is that the medium at any point becomes polarised alternately in opposite directions, while waves of opposite polarisations are propagated through space, each carrying energy derived from the source or agent supplying the electrification. Here, then, we have a periodic disturbance of some king occurring at each point, accompanied by waves of energy travelling outwards from the conductor.

The phenomenon of interference leads to the conclusion that light is the result of periodic disturbances or vibrations of the medium, but as to the nature of these vibrations, as to the exact nature of the periodic changes or what it is that changes them, we possess no knowledge. We know that alternating electric charges are accompanied by corresponding changes of state or vibrations of the medium, and if the charge is varied periodically and with sufficient rapidity, we have a vibration at each point analogous to, perhaps identical with, that which occurs in the propagation of light - a combination of wave and particle properties. This then is the electromagnetic theory of the luminous vibration.

In the older elastic-solid theory, the light vibrations were supposed to be actual oscillations of the elements or molecules of the medium about their positions of rest, such as takes place when waves of transverse disturbance are propagated through an elastic solid. Such limitation is unwarranted to some extent, but one cannot afford to entirely disregard the particle theory of light either. A combination of the theories has merit. We know that the change, disturbance, vibration, polarisation, or whatever we wish to term it, is periodic and transverse to the direction of propagation. The electromagnetic theory teaches us nothing further as to its nature, but rather asserts that whatever the charge may be, it is the same in kind as that which occurs in the medium when the charge of an electrified body is altered or reversed. It reduces light and heat waves to the same category as waves of electrical polarisation. The only quality of the later required to constitute the former is sufficient rapidity of alteration. These speculations were given the strongest confirmation by experiments of Prof. Hertz many years ago.

When a resilient substance is subjected to strain and then set free, one of two things may happen. The substance may slowly recover from the strain and gradually attain its natural state, or the elastic recoil may carry it past its position of equilibrium and cause it to execute a series of oscillations. Something of the same sort may also occur when an electrified capacitor is discharged. In ordinary language, there may be a continuous flow of electricity in one direction until the discharge is completed, or an oscillating discharge may occur. That is, the first flow may be succeeded by a backrush, as if the first discharge had overrun itself and something like recoil had set in. The capacitor thus becomes more or less charged again in the opposite sense, and a second discharge occurs, accompanied by a second backrush, the oscillation going on until all the energy is either completely radiated or used up in heating the conductors or performing other work.

When capacitors are filled with energy captured by the Moray Radiant Energy device and then discharged through a circuit of proper impedance, reactance and inductance, thereby synchronising the oscillation of the device with those of the universe, electrical inertia is set up. In the reversal of the current, the capacitors are charged, discharged and recharged slowly until the energy stored in them is radiated in kinetic energy through the device, and this energy can be kept alive indefinitely by establishing resonance with the oscillations of the universe.

Considering oscillations from a mechanical, electrical and mathematical point of view, we find that electrical resistance is the same as mechanical friction and current is comparable to mechanical velocity. Inertia and inductance may then be considered analogous terms. In mechanics the greater the inertia of a body, the longer it will stay in motion. In the Radiant Energy device's resistance-inductance-capacity (REC or RLC) circuit, the greater the electrical inductance, the longer the current continues to flow once it is established by synchronisation with cosmic surges.

Expressed mathematically, the equations are the same for electrical or mechanical phenomena. Which means, that R < √(4L / C), where R is the resistance in ohms, L is the inductance in henries, and C is the capacitance in farads. When this is true, an oscillatory discharge will occur and a very powerful inductance inertia will assert itself. For low values of R, the frequency of the oscillations can be shown by f = 1/2 π √(CL). The rapidity of the oscillations is governed by the capacitance and inductance.

In the vibrational forces of the universe, we find the key to the source of all energy. How we can utilise this energy for modern industry without being limited to mechanical prime movers is the question. And, the answer may be an energy generator, balanced so as to oscillate in synchronisation with the oscillations of the universe.

Dr Ross Gunn, a civilian scientist for the US Navy, stated years ago that the earth is a huge generator, generating over 200 million amperes of electric current continuously. For example, the aurora borealis is considered to be a very large definite electrical phenomenon produced by the passage of electric charges through the rarefied gases of the higher atmosphere. The earth has since been shown, by Dr Gunn and others, to have a negative charge amounting to 400,000 coulombs. Yet, six feet above the ground the air is charged with more than +200 volts with respect to the ground.

It is known that air conducts electricity away from charged objects. This being true, how does the earth maintain its charge since it is a charged object exposed to the surrounding atmosphere? If the air conducts electricity, the earth's charge must be constantly passing into the atmosphere. And it has been calculated that the earth has a continuous discharge into the atmosphere of 1,800 amperes. At this rate, the earth should lose 90% of its charge into the air in one hour, yet the earth's charge does not diminish. From where does the earth's energy come?

The conversion of matter to energy in the stars is accepted, and, reasoning from what occurs in radioactive disintegration during which energy waves are radiated, one may conclude that energy waves of very high frequency are sent out from the stars (one of which is our sun). Now, of course, the conversion of energy into matter must equally be accepted.

It has been found that ionisation, which could be the medium for the flow of energy, increases with increasing altitude, instead of decreasing as would be expected. Since the source of energy is the universe, the generation of energy by rotary action and by all prime movers is an effect and not a cause. Oscillatory energy action, be it in a Leyden jar, another man-made capacitor, or in what we may call natural capacitors, always behaves the same. The oscillations will continue until they have reach their cycle of height and then there will be a backrush returning to where the oscillations originated. Every oscillation, whether large or small, is completed during the same interval of time. These oscillations all prove the same great fact, that they are governed by the same cycle of time, completed during the same interval of time. Waves of energy have a regular beat note, coming and going as the waves of the sea, but in a very definite mathematical order - coming to the earth from every direction with a definite rhythm.

Energy has a definite elastic or resilient rigidity and density, which is subject to displacement and strain. When strain is removed, the medium will spring back to its old position and beyond, surging back and forth, and will continue to oscillate until the original pressure is used up. If the internal impedance is too great, there will be no oscillations, but it will merely slide back in a dead beat to its unrestrained state.

By cutting down resistance to a minimum and synchronising the resilient ionic actions of the Moray device with the wave actions of the universe, periods of oscillation can be made to come quicker and quicker until inertia asserts itself, thus lengthening out the time of final recovery. This is done by carrying the recoil beyond the natural oscillations and prolonging the vibrations by capturing the in oscillatory action. When the recovery becomes distinctly oscillatory, a harmonic pattern is initiated and the oscillations continue, resonance thereby being established with the universe.

In the universe we see the same laws being obeyed as in our laboratories. As one traces down to the almost infinitesimal constituents of the atom, one finds that matter does not exist at all as the realistic substance which we have supposed it to be. There at the very foundation, it consists of nothing more than energy charges emitted at various wavelengths or frequencies. It is becoming more and more certain that the apparent complexity of nature is due to our lack of knowledge. And, as the picture unfolds, it promises a marvellous simplicity.

One of the most marvellous relationships that has ever been revealed in the entire science of physics is that between light and electricity and the existence of electronics in atoms of matter. Knowing what we do at the present time with regard to the structure of atoms, this relationship is not quite so surprising. However, considering the total absence of this knowledge about a half century ago, the discovery that light, and radiation in general, are vibratory phenomena was revolutionary.

Speaking of radiation, "Radiant" here means proceeding from a centre in straight lines in every direction. Energy is internal and inherent. "Energy" is defined as a condition of matter, by virtue of which, any definite portion may affect changes in any other definite portion. This was written in 1892, and discoveries since confirm it. Energy then is a state of matter, or rather, the result of a particular state or condition in which matter may be when any observed phase of energy appears.

In addition to possessing kinetic energy, the atom is capable of absorbing energy internally. This internal energy is associated with the configuration of the particles of which the atom is composed. Under ordinary conditions an atom is in what is known as a state of equilibrium, in which there is neither a giving off, nor an absorbing of energy. But, the internal energy of the atom can be altered. When the internal energy of the atom exceeds that of its normal state it is said to be excited. Excitations may be caused in several ways, e.g., the collision of an atom with rapidly moving positive or negative particles or the breaking of lines of force in an electromagnetic generator. Kinetic energy is released when excitation causes a particle to give up some or all of its kinetic energy to the atom during collisions. This is taking place in the universe all the time.

The electric motor and generator would never have been discovered if a dielectric (insulator) had not been discovered. If one discovers a dielectric valve for the energy of the universe, one has the answer to harnessing the energy of the universe! A limiting case of excitation is ionisation, wherein energy is absorbed by the atom sufficiently to allow a loosely bound electron to leave the atom, against the electrostatic forces which tend to hold it within the atom. An atom which has given up one or more electrons is said to be ionised. It is possible that ionisation, i.e., excitation, may take place in successive steps through absorption of quanta energy. The return of an ionised atom to a state of lower energy is associated with electromagnetic radiation. Also, from the process of ionisation, electrical energy may become associated with the vibrational forces of the universe coming into the earth as cosmic radiation. The higher the frequency, the greater the ionisation or excitation, a form of energy which is kinetic in nature. There are tremendous energies coming to the earth from outer space. These energies are only different manifestations of the energies we see in operation all around us. In most cases we are not even aware of their existence. They penetrate everything including our own bodies. Every one of us is alive by virtue of these energies. Every part and particle of the universe is alive with them. The generators that now furnish our electric power do not create or originate any power or electricity; they merely direct, pump, the existing energy or electricity.

As in musical notes of high and low "C", the vibrational rates (frequencies) are different, but all "C" notes are essentially the same (harmonically related). This is the foundation upon which much of my investigation of vibratory phenomena is based.

It has been agreed that all forms of matter are vibrating at a particular rate or frequency. And, so it is with the various forms of energy - heat and light, magnetism and electricity. These are but forms of vibratory motion connected with and being generated from the same source, the universe. Matter vibrates at a particular rate, according to its character, and may be transmitted into other substance by lowering or raising its rate of frequency. If the frequency is raised high enough, the molecules will separate and the atoms become free. Raising the frequency still higher, the atoms resolve themselves into their original components. Matter then becomes a form of energy. Frequencies may be developed which will balance the force of gravity to a point of neutralisation. One can then go beyond the force of gravitation. Understanding the principles of vibration is truly understanding energy.

In gamma rays, we find potentials which are equivalent to as much as 1,000,000 volts, yet their wave lengths are not the shortest known. In octaves still higher there are rays which are known as "cosmic rays". Who can draw a definite line and say how much higher other octaves exist than those knows as the cosmic rays? Our starting point from the discovery of these different waves was electrical conductivity of the air, and it has been found that this conductivity is just as strong by night as by day. Radiations emitted by the sun can scarcely be the sole cause of this energy. All space is saturated with vibration, energies, which are no doubt electrical in character. The relation of matte to energy and energy to matter then becomes the potential of the universe - one continuous series of oscillations.

Atoms maintain an equilibrium by oscillations, rotations, attractions and repulsions, but this does not interfere with a transformation of equilibrium, which, when the transformations of equilibrium are rapid enough, become energy, i.e., matter is turning into energy and energy into matter.

There can be no generation of electrical current and no kinetic energy if there is no disturbance of equilibrium, i.e., change of potential or change of energy levels. When one thinks of the oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air all about us moving with the speed of bullets and striking us and everything else at this speed, one can form some idea of the agitation taking place here and in the universe.

The oscillations from outer space are emitting electromagnetic waves of many wavelengths and frequencies. The Moray device is so constructed that the frequency is very much lower on the secondary side than on the primary side, and almost complete resonance is established. I am convinced that the energies from the universe are active radiations produced by the evolution of matter into energy and energy into matter.

Dr Anderson's cloud chamber at the California Institute of Technology, in which the positron was discovered, has furnished much information about cosmic ray energies. He found that some positrons are born of cosmic rays smashing into matter. The cosmic ray energies deduced from the tracks left in the Anderson cloud chamber range from 100 volts to 3,000,000,000 volts. The Lemaitre-Vallarts theory, together with Dr Johnson's asymmetry measurements, give definite values for the energy of half of the cosmic radiation, and shows it continuously distributed between 5 billion and 50 billion volts.

The figure of 100 billion volts is a result of Dr W. Kolhorster's measurement of penetrating radiation in the depths of the Strassfurt salt mines. He found that the minimum energy of these rays had a penetration which was greater than ever before demonstrated. Dr Axel Corlin of Sweden's Lund Observatory found radiation that still had energy after passing through somewhat greater depths and, therefore, the voltage figures can be made even higher. Energies of 100 billion volts or more are indicated by the great bursts set off by cosmic ray collisions, called the stosse, which have been observed particularly in Germany. The Moray RE devices have worked equally well in deep mines, under water or high in the mountains and in an airplane.

It is about 100 years since science began to consider light, heat, magnetism, galvanism, and electricity as natural forces. In the early part of the 19th century school books termed these things "imponderable substances". The corpuscle theory of light was taught, the sun was supposed to provide an endless supply of those corpuscles. After the corpuscle theory faded, scientists turned to the wave theory, but even that was based on a crude concept of movement of the ultimate principles or atoms, of matter. The electron theory has superseded the earlier ones now, and while the electron theory explains the observed and theoretical "facts" better than the previous concepts did, could it be that, as the greater light of knowledge leads us on, the electron theory in turn will fall short of providing "absolute" knowledge? The Einstein Theory may stand in need of revision or amendment; or, in time, it may join the theories of corpuscles and waves on the back shelf.

A specific case, in which the electric field performs the double function of molecular excitation and the creation of intermolecular and atomic ions, is being given by the system used by the inventor. It is a system utilising the principles of the wire corona with a concentric cylinder at different pressures. The system is modified in conformity to the concept that chemical reactions must take place when the oppositely charged molecular ions from an appropriate activated catalyst are accelerated against one another in the wire corona. It consists of a cylinder made of a suitable catalyst from which positive ions are emitted. The reactants (gases) streaming through the chamber parallel to the length of the wire attain the polarity of the negative molecular ions by the high electric field close to the wire. As these negative molecular ions are accelerated at the right angles to the wire in the direction of the electric field toward the positively charged catalyst cylinder, they are met by an avalanche of onrushing atomic ions from the catalyst. A certain amount of reaction takes place in that instant, 10-8 seconds. However, some of the negative molecular ions outside the mean free path of the positive atomic ions are free to rush headlong toward the positive cylindrical field where they are neutralised, and instantly given a positive charge by the avalanche of out-rushing positive ions. These positive molecular ions are accelerated back into the field and collide against the negative molecular ions coming from the direction of the negative electrode corona. This melee continues until the reaction has come to a point where the individual participants are either all gone or the mixture is outside of the electric field: backrush oscillations.

The Moray apparatus combined with other equipment, consists of a combination of specially constructed tubes which we will refer to as valves, "pressure transmitters", interceptors and oscillators. The valves are not rectifiers in the sense that they operate as radio valves in changing Alternating Current or High Frequency oscillations into Direct Current. They have an actual valve action in stopping the "flow" of energy which may be thought of as oscillatory action similar to the waves of the sea, without rectification, from returning to the outer circuit, much as a retaining wall could stop the waves of the sea from returning. The other modalities and "tubes" of the device are equally unique in their performance. Although no new laws of energy are being advanced or claimed as having been discovered, the application in the method of utilisation of the energy throughout space is unique in that "generation" is accomplished by oscillatory utilisation rather than by the conventional prime mover. These detector tubes have a synchronised pull with the specially developed oscillators of high faradic capacity and provide a means through which oscillating energy may pass to specially constructed valve oscillators whose relation to the first stage valve is such as to permit oscillations to come in from but not return to the outer circuit with an automatic variable relation to the oscillations from the universe, and capable of setting up within their circuits initial oscillations which coincide with the oscillations of the universe.

Special provision is provided to stop RE tubes from becoming blocked in their dissipation of the charges created by the oscillations that continually accumulate based on the oscillatory capacity backrush effect common to capacitors and are herein applied in vacuum tubes. This action of these devices has the effect of enlarging and prolonging the time of charge and discharge of the capacitors and the capacity energy in the circuit to an appreciable interval in perfect harmony with the natural energy wave through the interceptor's valves and oscillators in the circuit which set up in the circuit electrical pulsations corresponding to the energy waves captured by the interceptor and again kept from returning to the second outer circuit by "multi-walled" valves. The final tubes act as energy pressure transmitters with a means to prevent "shunting" condensation by a special form of "getter". This stops condensation accumulating at the base of the tubes which would block their ionic action.

One must "split" the energy discharge band into lines of variation (call this what you will), lines of energy or lines of light beyond the "light rays". The oscillations, therefore, do not become simple oscillations but through the action of the universe set up an energy flow which might be referred to as the assertion of inertia. When inertia sets in, the action will continue because of the oscillations of the cosmos, otherwise one would have a complete dissipation of energy and no oscillations. The oscillation will vibrate during the same period of time regardless of the potential, but the rate of vibration of the device depends on the "capacity" of its modalities, i.e., condensers, etc.

Put together in pure energy resonance, certain energy responding apparatus which synchronise with the resonance of certain vibrations in the universe, and what do you have? Useable energy from the universe. This energy may come to the planets as oscillations similar to the oscillations and tides of the sea. The Radiant Energy tubes receive this energy in surges which may last only a few microseconds by the pressure and current in those surges are so strong that sufficient energy is delivered to the equipment in resonance to be useable in multiples of flashes and in a magnitude which competes with the light of day. Remember resonance and pressure can do a lot to amplify energy. Also remember that the vibrations going out from the sources in the universe must also return to their sources. Nothing is lost. There is only a lowering of potential like water flowing over a water wheel.

The Radiant Energy tubes present no new laws of physics. They simply expand the application of known laws, thereby obtaining results not at first thought possible. This is the history of science. Radiant Energy tubes possess greater ability to obtain "saturation" and thus charge the accompanying capacitors at a more steady rate. When a certain voltage is reached, ionisation occurs in the gases of the discharged tube and causes the capacitors of the valve circuit to discharge into other capacitors of the valve circuit, to discharge into other capacitors of the oscillators and the other modalities of the circuit.

When ionisation in the preceding tubes is no longer possible because of the reduced voltage, the process starts all over again. The first valve passes vibrations of energy into an oscillatory circuit; ionisation sets in, a discharge occurs, and energy passes through another valve into other oscillators. The process is repeated from the first stage on to the second stage, on to the third and so on, much like a bucket brigade. That is why I asked years ago, "Cannot a steady flow of water be obtained from the waves of the sea or energy from the vibrations of the cosmos?"

When a vibration of any kind strikes a boundary between two media of different vibratory impedances at an angle of less than 90 degrees, a transformation of the vibratory rate may be changed into another vibratory rate. The Radiant Energy device therefore will continue to capture energy by resonance, or call it what you will, as long as the "keep alive" vibration of the cosmos continues to oscillate the various stages of the valves and oscillators in the circuit. Simple, is it not? Just a case of the trapping of energy which is everywhere present in the primary circuit and causing it to oscillate through the secondary circuits through a blocked circuit of no return.

Our experiments have proved that there is an energy which exists in the universe which, by proper development of equipment, can be made available for commercial use.

Such an energy transformer or converter has been built. It has been operated, at full load continuously with no expenditure of fuels of any type, without a mechanical prime mover, kept alive by the oscillations of the energies from the cosmos; an energy converter, or transformer, which would be capable of converting the high frequency, high level energy of the cosmic radiation into current of usable frequency and voltage.

Basically the theory of operation is as follows:

Oscillations are started in the first stage or circuit of the device by exciting it with an external energy source.

The circuit is "tuned" until the oscillations are sustained by harmonic coupling to the cosmic wave frequencies.

The reinforcing action of the harmonic coupling increases the amplitude of the oscillations until the peak pulses "spill" over into the next stage through a special detector or valve which prevents the return or feedback of energy from succeeding circuits.

These "pulses" drive this stage, which oscillates at a lower frequency and is again reinforced by harmonic coupling with the ever present cosmic waves.

The second stage drives a third stage, and additional stages are coupled until a suitable power level at a useable frequency and voltage is obtained by means of special transformers.

The specific information on Moray's system is very limited, especially since his patent application has been removed. The diagram above and the diagram below have been reproduced from what is alleged to be the notes from which the patent application was composed. These notes are not very clear both in wording and in the quality of reproduction, however, the diagrams shown here are an attempt to show clearly anything which is reasonably certain in those diagrams.

This is supposed to be the construction information on the Moray Valve which was capable of being set to either rectify a signal or to amplify a signal. The casing is a metal cup which also forms one of the contacts for the valve. inside the cup there are four pellets attached to the side. The outer two pellets are made of bismuth and are fused directly on to the metal case. The two inner pellets are attached to the case with tin instead of solder. Judging from the drawing, it looks as if the metal arm contacting the pellets can only connect with the inner two pellets. The arm presses sharply against the pellets in the same way that the "cat's whisker" diodes of the time were touched with a silver wire to make a point contact and produce rectification.

If it is correct that the rotatable arm only contacts one of the two inner pellets, then the reason for those outer bismuth pellets must be as an indirect part of the valve. So, this section of the case is an arrangement of the metal of the case, tin, bismuth and five junctions between different materials, not counting the contact arm. One of the two inner pellets is made of purified germanium with the addition of very small amounts of a doping material. Iron Sulphide (FeS), Molybdenum Sulphide (MoS), Bismuth, Uranium and Silver have been mentioned as possible doping agents. Another material mentioned is Lead which has had it's structure altered by the process described in Moray's patent US 2,460,707. The pellets are said to be produced under high pressure.

From this it can be seen that we do not have anything remotely like the full information on Moray's system. However, there are a number of important things which we can learn from this. Firstly, using just a good earthing connection and an aerial of just ninety feet (30 m) or so in length suspended only some eight feet off the ground, it is possible to draw significant current from the environment. The photograph shows 35 light bulbs being lit by Moray and that is a substantial amount of power. It is unlikely that we will be able to reproduce Moray's exact method of extracting power, but it is highly unlikely that his method is the only possible way of achieving efficient power extraction. So, if we experiment with the components and materials to hand today, it is distinctly possible that we could extract major amounts of power from a relatively small aerial wire positioned at quite a convenient height above the ground, and a good quality earth.

Moray's book "The Sea of Energy in which the Earth Floats" can be downloaded as a free 64-page eBook from http://www.free-energy-devices.com/P26.pdf

Hermann Plauson’s Aerial Systems.

Hermann Plauson was granted US Patent 1,540,998 in June 1925. The patent is similar in style to Tesla’s pick-up system and it illustrates the principle with a system which is very much like Paul Baumann’s “Testatica” device hidden away in a Swiss religious commune. The patent is very detailed with 37 drawings showing different arrangements, and a more simply worded version is shown in full in the Appendix. In fact, the patent reads more like a tutorial rather than a patent.

A system of this type should most definitely be taken seriously: Hermann considers one of his systems with an output of 100 kilowatts as being a “small” system. However, it needs to be understood that each of Hermann’s aerials, unlike those of Thomas Henry Moray, contributed less than one kilowatt each, and when Hermann speaks of a 100 kilowatt installation, he is referring to an array of more than one hundred separate aerials.

Hermann illustrates several different methods of energy capture and several methods of increasing the effectiveness of the captured energy. While an installation to capture a continuous supply of 100+ kilowatts is unrealistic for an individual, requiring amny tall aerials, there is the distinct possibility of making a scaled-down version which is capable of providing serious levels of free power. Reading his patent through carefully is definitely to be recommended.

Herman starts by illustrating how working electricity can be taken from a Wimshurst machine. The Wimshurst output voltage is very high and the current capacity is very low and most people would dismiss it out of hand as being totally inadequate for any kind of practical work. However, Hermann boosts the power level by feeding the output into a step-down transformer which lowers the output voltage to a convenient level and raises the available current in proportion to the reduction in voltage. This is the same technique patented by Nikola Tesla. The apparatus which Herman illustrates is shown here:

His patent says: “By suitably selecting the ratio between the number of turns in the primary and secondary windings, with regard to a correct application of the coefficients of resonance (capacitance, inductance and resistance) the high voltage of the primary circuit may be suitably converted into a low voltage high current output”. It should be remembered that a spark produces a very sharply rising voltage pulse and that unbalances the local quantum energy field, as described earlier, producing very large energy flows as the local environment returns to its balanced steady-state. The spark, which is produced by relatively low power, is used as a trigger for vastly larger energy flows, which feed the step-down transformer, producing serious current at reasonable voltage, capable of doing useful work, without the requirement for any input power from the user.

You will notice how simple this circuit is. Three capacitors “a1”, “b1” and “c1” in a chain, form a single high-voltage capacitor. The blobs shown connected across these capacitors are emergency discharge spark gaps put there to deal with unusual events like the aerial being hit by a lightning strike. This circuit is very much like the Wimshurst machine circuit which Hermann uses as an illustration of the principle of operation of these kinds of circuits. In this circuit, he shows a special motor marked “M” which is driven by the circuit and he also shows output terminals which can have other equipment connected across them.

When the oscillatory discharges in the primary circuit become weaker or cease entirely, the capacitors are charged again by the static electricity until the accumulated charge again breaks down across the spark gap. All this is repeated as long as electricity is produced by the static machine through the application of mechanical energy to it. Herman states that without the spark gap arrangement across the three capacitors connected between the aerial and the earth, “it is impossible to collect and render available large quantities of electrical energy.”

In addition to the use of spark gaps in parallel, a second measure of security is also necessary for taking the current from this circuit. This is the introduction of protective electromagnets or choking coils in the aerial circuit as shown by S in the diagram below. A single “electromagnet” having a core of the thinnest possible separate laminations is connected with the aerial. In the case of high voltages in the aerial network or at places where there are frequent thunderstorms, several such toroidal-wound coils may be connected in series.

In the case of large units, several such magnets can be employed in parallel or in series parallel. The windings of these electromagnets may be simply connected in series with the aerials. In this case, the windings should be made up from several thin parallel wires, which together, make up the necessary cross-sectional area of wire. The winding may be made of primary and secondary windings in the form of a transformer. The primary winding will then be connected in series with the aerial network, and the secondary winding more or less short-circuited through a regulating resistor or an induction coil. In the latter case it is possible to regulate, to a certain extent, the effect of these choking coils.

Fig.5 shows an arrangement for producing large currents which can be used directly, without motors, to provide heating and lighting. The main difference here is that the spark gap consists of a star-shaped disc 7 which can rotate on its own axis and is rotated by a motor opposite similarly fitted electrodes 7a. When separate points of the stars face one another, discharges take place, thus forming an oscillation circuit with capacitors 5 and 6 and inductor 9. A motor may also be connected directly to the ends of inductor 9.

The patent continues by showing many ways to increase the power of the aerial system and many ways of applying the output to practical electrical devices. It contains 37 diagrams, a wealth of practical information, and a copy of it is in the Appendix.

Roy Meyer’s Aerial Device.

Roy Meyers was granted UK Patent 1913,01098 in January 1914. The patent, which is included in the Appendix, shows an extremely simple device which produces an electrical output without any form of visible input whatsoever. This intriguing device was discovered when testing a very simple form, where two horseshoe magnets were interconnected with soft iron wire and two bars of zinc placed between the legs of the magnets. Roy found that he got an output of 8 volts using just two 4-inch magnets with 1-inch square legs and zinc bars of similar size. The physical orientation of the device is very important. The patent says that current is collected if the open ends of the magnets are pointing in a North - South direction and not if they are positioned in the East - West direction. However, replication attempts seem to indicate the reverse of this with energy pick-up occurring when the alignment is East-West. Indications are that this is not an easy device to get operating correctly.

The first arrangement is shown in the following diagram:

Roy developed his system further and found that while it works indoors, it does perform better if located outdoors and raised to a height of fifty or sixty feet. However, that is by no means essential, and the output power and voltage can be increased by increasing the number of collector units. Roy developed these to produce the style shown here:

The zinc acts more effectively if installed as sheets bent into a V shape. The magnets and zinc sheets can be stacked vertically and/or horizontally and the greater the number used, the greater the electrical output. A good earth connection is recommended and presumably, the average cold water pipe of any house provides a more than adequate earth connection which is convenient to use, provided the pipework is made of metal.

The Aerial System of Raymond Phillips Senior.

Presents an interesting patent US 4,685,047 of 4th August 1987, entitled “Apparatus for Converting Radio Frequency Energy to Direct Current”. While this patent speaks of radio-frequency energy, I can see no particular reason why that would be the only energy which could be picked up by this circuitry. The patent information is as follows:

Abstract:

This patent describes an apparatus and methods for converting radio frequency energy into direct current for generating electric power. It includes a dipolar antenna for receiving radio frequency energy and a circuit for converting the radio frequency energy to direct current. The circuit has a positive output line connected to one pole of the antenna and a negative output line connected to the other pole of the antenna. A positive transmitting diode is in the positive output line and a negative transmitting diode is in the negative output line. First and second bus lines and a pair of tuned circuits of opposite polarity couple the positive output line and negative line to the bus line with one of the bus lines being connected to ground. Each tuned circuit includes a first bridging line connecting the positive output line to the first and second ground lines and a second bridging line connecting the negative output line to the first and second ground lines. Each bridging line has in it, a diode connected with a polarity which is reversed with respect to the input diode. The bridging lines of each tuned circuit are connected to one another by an inductor and have capacitors placed between the diode and the bus lines. A Direct Current device is connected to the positive line of the circuit.

Background of the Invention:

This invention shows an apparatus for converting radio frequency energy to Direct Current of sufficient magnitude to power devices such as battery chargers and electric motors without the use of amplification.

There has long been interest in technology directed to transmitting electrical energy over a distance without using wires. Development of such a technology has enormous potential. This was first recognized by Nikola Tesla who in 1899 constructed a 200 foot Tesla coil rated at 300 kilowatts at 150 kilocycles. Tesla hoped to set up standing waves of electrical energy around the whole surface of the earth, so that receiving antennas set at optimum points could tap the power when needed. Tesla was able to light hundreds of lamps at a distance of about 40 kilometers with his device without using wires. The scheme has generally remained a scientific curiosity but has provided the initial groundwork for current developments wherein attempts are being made to transmit power using microwaves. However, power transmitted by microwaves is envisioned in the form of a beam of very high intensity which is focused from a microwave generator to a receiving antenna. This technology is envisioned as being used for many types of purposes, however, the focused microwave beam is not suitable for many applications because the beam must be directed toward a receiving antenna and cannot be transmitted through most objects, including living objects, without destroying those objects.

This invention relies on converting energy from standing waves which are emitted from radio frequency antennas in the RF range rather than the microwave range. Of particular interest are very low frequencies which are not used in communications and are available for transmitting power. Also of interest are the low frequency waves emitted by the earth due to pulsing of its magnetic field. These low frequency standing "earth" waves can be picked up by receivers tuned to them.

Summary of the Invention:

This invention shows an RF antenna for receiving radio waves. The RF antenna connected to a circuit configured to convert the RF signals to Direct Current. The radio frequency signals received by the antenna are transmitted to two leads, one being rectified to produce positive voltage and the other rectified to produce negative voltage. The positive voltage lead is connected directly to a positive output line and the negative voltage lead is connected directly to a negative output line. The positive output line is connected to a pair of bus lines through a first pair of capacitors, while the negative output line is connected to the pair of bus lines by a second pair of capacitors. Placed between the first bus line and the positive output line is a reverse diode of negative polarity, while placed between the negative output line and first bus line is a reverse diode of positive polarity. The positive and negative output lines are connected to one another through an inductor which is in parallel with the capacitors of the first and second pair connected between the second bus line and the positive and negative output lines.

In one implementation of the invention this circuit is duplicated for each positive and negative output line. In another the circuit is coupled to additional identical circuits in order to increase the direct current output of the arrangement. In another implementation, the antenna used is a dipolar antenna of aluminium wire arranged in a "butterfly" configuration.

This invention uses these elements to generate direct current of sufficient power to perform tasks such as charging batteries, lighting lamps and powering direct current electric motors without the use of amplifiers.

Brief description of the drawing:

The reference characters used show the same or similar parts in each views, and what is shown is a diagram of a circuit, a driven device and a dipolar antenna which receives radio frequency waves which are then converted to DC current for powering the driven device.

Description of the preferred embodiment:

Referring now to the drawing below, there is shown a dipolar antenna, designated generally by the numeral 10, which receives radio frequency waves from an RF transmitter.

These waves are passed to the conversion circuit through a coaxial cable 13 and the DC output current of the circuit is used to power an output device 15, which may be, for example, a battery charger, DC motor, or lighting device. The circuit has no other power inputs and so has no amplifiers for boosting the RF energy.

The source of frequencies which can be converted to Direct Current by the circuit shown may include sources of high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), very low frequency (VLF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) radio waves as well as seismic vibration of the earth's magnetic fields.

Preferably, the dipolar antenna 10 is formed of two triangular loops of aluminium wire 16 and 17, one of which is connected to the annular conductor 21 of the coaxial cable 13 and the other of which is connected to the centre conductor 22 of the coaxial cable. The size of the bipolar antenna 10 is dependent on the particular application to which it is put. In one embodiment of the invention, the antenna 10 is approximately 12 inches in width and 18 inches in length. Such an antenna is used to receive five watt energy, such as that generated by a walkie-talkie or citizen-band radio.

The outer conductor of the aerial is connected to positive lead 21 and the centre conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to the negative lead 22 of the circuit. A positive transmitting diode D1 is placed between the lead 21 and the positive output line 25. A negative transmitting diode D2 is placed between the lead 22 and the negative output line 26.

In order to provide a DC output of sufficient power, a number of inductance-capacitance RF tuned circuits 30, each forming a positive cell, or a negative cell, are used to connect the positive output line 25 and negative output line 26 to the first and second bus lines 31 and 32, respectively. Bus line 32 is connected to ground while bus line 31 can be connected to similar circuits. Inductor 35 serves as a radio frequency choke. As is seen of the drawing, the RF tuned circuit cell 30 is repeated a plurality of times. In the specific example shown, the circuit has separate cells 30, 37, 38 and 39. The cells 30 and 38 are of opposite polarity and balance one another, while the cells 37 and 39 are of opposite polarity and also balance one another. In order for the system to function, a pair of opposite polarised cells must be used. The particular number of cells 30 and the value of the components in it, are determined by the configuration of the dipole antenna 10 and the power and frequency of the RF transmitter.

This radio frequency to direct current conversion circuit may itself be connected to a duplicate circuit via pin 41 so as to provide additional direct current output on lines similar to positive output line 25 and negative output line 26 the output lines may be connected together in order to boost the total output of the system.

An operative embodiment of the invention uses the following elements:

Diodes: D1, D2, D3 and D4 - Germanium Diodes, type 1N34A,

Inductors: 35-47 millihenry R. F. Choke

Capacitors: C1 and C2 - 0.47 Pico Farads at 200 volts

Coaxial Cable: 13 - 50 ohms

Dipolar Antenna: aluminium wire triangular loops approximately 12 inches by 18 inches.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope of it, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various uses and conditions.

The “Alexkor” Aerial System.

‘Alexkor’ who provided some of the charging circuits shown in chapter 6, also uses an aerial system for charging batteries in the 1.5V to 6V range. It is a simple system which uses an aerial of the type used by Thomas Henry Moray, that is, the bulk of the aerial is horizontal:

The suggestion is that the aerial is suspended between the eaves of a house and a nearby tree, but I don’t know anybody who would be able to do that. The longer the aerial or the greater the number of aerials connected, the greater the charging power available. The aerial wire should be not less than 0.5 mm in diameter and it needs to be insulated from it’s supports – plastic cord can be used for that.

The circuit used is:

A more powerful version of the circuit is:

Here, there are three sets of diodes placed between the aerial and the earth. Let me stress again that the earth connection is a thick copper wire connected to a long rod or pipe driven into the ground or a large metal plate buried in dampened ground.

As the circuit operates, the three sets of diodes with their isolation capacitors, build up an increasing voltage on capacitor “C1”. The voltage at point “B” will also increase and be about twelve volts less than the voltage on capacitor “C1”. Eventually, that voltage will rise high enough to cause a discharge through the tiny neon tube and that current pulse flows through the Gate connection “G” of the thyristor, switching it on. Once switched on, the thyristor stays on until capacitor “C1” has been discharged, after which, the thyristor switches off and the process starts all over again. The amount of power in these pulses is considerable and the thyristor gets quite warm when the circuit is running. The BT151-800R thyristor can handle as much as 800 volts and pass 7.5 amps of current continuously.

An important point to note is that the power available from this circuit increases with additional aerials. With two aerials connected, the power is doubled and with three aerials the power is tripled. That is, each additional aerial provides as much power as the first aerial did and there does not appear to be any limit to the number of aerials which can be connected.

The TREC

There is a powerful aerial system which has been developed by Lawrence Rayburn of Canada. Initially, Lawrence intended to market kits to make it easy for people to replicate his aerial design which was providing him with ten kilowatts of power. However, Lawrence shelved that idea as he decided that the risk to users was just too high. He was also concerned that the aerial/earth combination might attract lightning strikes, causing considerable local damage. So, it is VERY important that you understand that this is a dangerous and potentially LETHAL aerial system which is quite capable of killing you if you are careless. If you are not already experienced in working with high-voltage/high-current devices, then this is NOT something for you to experiment with, and anyone who does fool around with this design does so wholly at his own risk as this material is presented “for information purposes only” and there is no recommendation whatsoever that you should actually construct one of these aerial systems.

The technique used is quite different from the other aerial systems mentioned earlier in this chapter. Here, the objective is to create a tuned, resonant cavity reaching up to the ionosphere where there is a massive amount of excess energy supplied by the sun.

The tuning mechanism consists of two spirals of 3/4-inch (20 mm) copper pipe wound so that they cover a four foot (1220 mm) diameter area. These spirals are covered above and below with a sheet of Lexan plastic. The diameter of the copper pipe is important and smaller diameter should not be used even though it would be much easier to bend into shape. Actually, bending the large-diameter copper pipe is unlikely to be an easy task. Presumably, a pipe-bending machine would be used and a conical spiral produced and then the cone flattened to form the flat spiral. The spiral has even spaces between the turns, at all points along it’s length.

The two spirals are mounted, one vertically above the other with thirty feet (9145 mm) between them and the lower spiral being one foot (305 mm) above the ground. This means that this aerial system is only suited to people who can erect a structure of this height without inconveniencing neighbours or contravening local planning regulations.

The tuneable cavity is created by connecting the innermost ends of the two spirals together using 4 AWG wire which has a 5.19 mm diameter copper core. The outer end of the lower spiral is then connected to a large ground plate buried two feet (600 mm) below the surface of the ground, with four separate strands of the 4 AWG wire.

An adjustable spark gap is used. It can be positioned in the vertical wire between the two spirals, or in the middle of an extra 4 AWG wire run vertically between the outer ends of the two spirals. The power take-off is from the middle of the central vertical wire.

The cavity is tuned by sliding coils inside each other. This arrangement not only tunes the cavity but it also steps down the very high aerial voltage and raises the available current at the same time. This is where the danger comes in. The intermediate parts of this step-down tuning arrangement can have voltages of 600 volts at high current, and those voltages can easily kill you, which is why this is NOT a system for beginners and why Lawrence did not go ahead with selling kits for this aerial system.

The aerial output is fed into a final step-down transformer and a 50 Hz (cycles per second) or 60Hz signal from a signal generator is used to modulate the incoming power and allow it to be used with normal mains equipment which may need that frequency of AC. Resistive heaters and lights don’t need AC or care about the frequency of any AC which they are fed.

The tuning of the system is very sharp and whatever is being used as the load affects the tuning. The wire used for the tuning array is insulated, single solid-core copper wire. 4 AWG has a core diameter of 5.19 mm, 8 AWG has a core diameter of 3.26 mm, 10 AWG has a core diameter of 2.59 mm and 16 AWG has a core diameter of 1.29 mm. Page 1 of the Appendix shows other characteristics for these wires. These heavy wires are an essential part of this design.

You will notice that two separate earth connections are needed for this aerial system. The second earth connection should be a long copper rod driven deep into the ground and some distance away from the buried plate earth. For the separation of two earth connections, ten metres (eleven yards) is generally considered to be a reasonable distance between them. The main earth is a 4-foot x 4-foot plate buried exactly under the lower spiral and the connection runs to the centre of that plate.

It is suggested that the spark-gap be constructed using copper-clad carbon welding rods, mounted in a nylon housing which allows the gap to be adjusted with a nylon screw. Remember that this is not a connection which you can disconnect from the power supply when making connections or adjustments. Also, on one occasion when a 500-watt light bulb was connected across the spark gap, it burned out instantly with a bright flash of light. This system is not a toy so thick rubber gloves and rubber footwear should be used.

The 4 AWG copper wires can be connected to the copper rods forming the spark electrodes, using copper pipe clamps. A tapered nylon rod could be used to adjust the spark gap screw while keeping well away from the copper. The spark gap should start at a one-inch (25 mm) gap and adjusted to no less than a half-inch gap. The spark gap and it’s adjusting gear should be enclosed in a weather-proofing container and it has been suggested that it could be and advantage to fill that container with helium gas.

Please remember that coils, such as those in the tuning section of this system, have capacitance as well as inductance. The coil insulation is a dielectric and you standing on the ground form a good earth connection, so please don’t imagine that you can’t get a serious shock from handling an insulated coil carrying high-voltage high-frequency AC current, and in one implementation after modulation in the mixer at 60 hertz the pre-output transformer was measured at 3496 volts!

If you are not experienced in working with high-voltage circuitry, and still decide to try building and using this circuit, then please put your affairs in order and pre-pay your funeral expenses before you start building. (That statement is not intended to be humorous).

It is said that if the upper spiral is positioned at a height of just four feet (1200 mm) then the output is much lower and suited to charging a battery bank. As far as I am aware, this system has not been replicated and so there has been no practical feedback on building or using it.

The TREC appears to be not unlike the Patent Application US 2008/0191580 from Harold Deyo:

Harmonic Energy Exchange Device

Patent application US 2008/0191580 Inventor: Harold Stanley Deyo 14th August 2008

ABSTRACT

This invention converts inertial impulses into electric currents. Specifically, it converts impulses created by the impacts of high-energy particles from the Sun and other cosmic sources into the Earth's Magnetosphere and the varying D, E, F1 and F2 layers of its Ionosphere to controlled electric currents. This invention presents a new method of utilising energy from the Sun and other sources of high energy articles as a virtually, inexhaustible, alternative-energy source for the world.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the conversion of impact energies created by the collision of high-speed cosmic particles and electromagnetic radiations with “Earth's Outer Layers” to produce inertial waves in the dielectric Troposphere which are subsequently converted into electricity by this invention.

The term “Earth's Outer Layers” refers to: Earth's Magnetosphere, Van Allen Belts, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, and Stratosphere as illustrated in Fig.2:

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

One day while reading an old scientific magazine I saw a small article on the research of Dr. John Trump of MIT (the basis for an electrostatic generator patented later by Onezime P. Breaux in U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,804). The article talked about a series of experiments which Dr. Trump had performed with a 2-plate, capacitor in a vacuum dielectric. Briefly, he discovered that by varying the distance between the two plates one could produce current flows in one direction or the other between either of the plates and ground.

The Solar Wind strikes “Earth's Outer Layers” constantly as do many other cosmic particles. At any given instant of time, the vector product of these impacts produces either a net pressure increase or decrease in the Troposphere. This creates random waves of pressure in the “Earth's Outer Layers” as one charged “plate” moves in relation to the oppositely-charged Earth's surface as the other “plate”. This variation of pressure in the “Earth's Outer Layers” is equivalent to moving an outer “plate” back and forth toward the Troposphere and the Earth's surface as the inner “plate” - thus giving rise to variations in voltage on both “plates”. In this case the Troposphere (see Fig.2) acts as the dielectric medium instead of the vacuum in the Trump experiments. Furthermore, the Troposphere, itself, is also compressed and decompressed by these random waves of pressure on the “Earth's Outer Layers”. Thus, I reasoned that if one could create a charged envelope or field of sufficient voltage within the Troposphere, one could convert these random pressure waves in the dielectric Troposphere into current flow on the Earth's surface.

As “Earth's Outer Layers” surround the planet, any impact waves propagate throughout all of them when they are present - even to the night-time side of the planet. Thus, I also reasoned that one could extract power from these impacts anywhere on Earth's surface or in it’s atmosphere whether it be day or night. The pressure waves on the dark side of Earth would be less energetic than those occurring on the day-time side, because the night-time layers of the Ionosphere are compressed so much that the D-Layer of the Ionosphere disappears at night and the F1 and F2-Layers of the Ionosphere combine into one F-Layer. I calculated that the available energy from these impact waves would be significantly less by 30-45% depending upon one's location on the night side of the planet in respect to the terminator.

Many years ago, around 1900, Dr Nikola Tesla built and tested a device to extract energy from the Sun using an apparatus which forms part of my own invention (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 685,957 an 685,958 dated 5 Nov. 1901).

Subsequently, Dr. Thomas Henry Moray, another inventor and student of these Tesla patents made a device which apparently accessed the same source of energy but with a method different than my own. As Dr. Moray was never granted a patent for his device I cannot be certain that his work is considered prior art but I list it here as part of my due diligence. Apparently, he had trouble explaining to the patent reviewer, the source of energy which his device was converting, and thus, was not granted a patent for his impressive work. Dr. Moray's public disclosure of certain aspects of his invention are public knowledge through his published lectures and his book, “The Sea of Energy in Which the Earth Floats' - published in 1931.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, mankind has been looking for new sources of electric power to feed the ever-increasing energy demands of the human population. In the last half of the 19th century, coal, whale oil, human and animal labour, moving water, wind and wood were the main sources of energy. However, in the first quarter of the 20th century, mankind began to use more electricity produced by hydroelectric generators and generators producing electricity by combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. With increasing use of petrol engines and the increasing use of electrical appliances the demand for electricity accelerated the addition of heat and greenhouse gasses into the Earth's ecosystem.

In the last half of the 20th century, many forward-thinking individuals began looking for alternative energy sources to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses. All of the alternative energy systems investigated and/or developed in the last 56 years have had significant drawbacks to their usage as the main energy supply for the needs of humanity.

Some of those alternative energy systems were nowhere near as efficient as the existing systems. Some of the alternative energy systems still introduced extra heat into the environment like the existing fossil fuel and nuclear energy systems. And others produced even more greenhouse gasses than the existing energy systems. Some of the new systems used food resources to produce combustible fuels which, consequently, reduced the food resources of the planet. Among the leaders in the new energy sources was, and is, nuclear energy which produces extra heat, toxic wastes and materials which can be used in nuclear weapons. Hydroelectric energy sources do not add heat to the ecosystem but they are not an inexhaustible resource as they depend upon rainfall which is diminishing as global warming increases. Wind energy resources do not add heat to the ecosystem but they are not constant and require expensive conversion and storage equipment.

The ideal energy source for mankind will not add heat to the planet's ecosystem, will not produce by-product green house gasses; will not deplete our food and water resources; will not produce toxic wastes; however, it will be portable, self-replenishing and constantly available in real time anywhere on Earth and in useful quantities.

Our major source of natural energy on Earth is the Sun. Energy from the Sun enters the Earth's ecosphere by particle bombardment, radiated electromagnetic energy, gravitational variations and magnetic processes. Mankind has developed various methods of capturing energy from the Sun already. Silicon-based solar cells convert light in a narrow bandwidth into electron flows. These cells are, at most, only 50% efficient and only work when the Sun is shining on them at an optimum angle. Wind turbines only work when there is wind to power them and are, for the most part, not portable. Devices to convert wave action in the oceans only work when there are waves created by the wind and tidal effects caused by gravitational variations; and they are not portable enough to be used in common transportation devices.

I concluded therefore, that if mankind could find an inexpensive method of obtaining electricity from the Sun in some form which worked both day and night and which was already flowing into the Earth's ecosystem, we might be able to develop a clean and self-replenishing energy source which would add no extra heat to our ecosystem, would not alter our planetary albedo and might well be made in a portable form.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The Harmonic Energy Exchange Device (or “HEED”) offers an interim solution to Earth's fossil fuel resources. It utilises a previously untapped energy resource which exists throughout the known Universe. By the very nature of the invention, it only interrupts the flow of energy from the Sun and all the other cosmic sources of high-energy particles on their normal journey to the Earth by way of The Outer Layers.

The invention does not add energy to the normal thermodynamic equilibrium of the planet and its associated outer layers. The invention does not produce wastes - toxic or otherwise. It does not produce harmful gasses; and in some embodiments it could even assist in the rebuilding of our thinning ozone shield. Use of this invention will eventually remove mankind's dependence on fossil fuels and create new occupations. It will be cheap enough that homeowners will be able to install their own HEED and sell back energy to the grid until such time as every home has their own HEED and civilization has completely weaned itself from the use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy in its current form.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Fig.1: Is the preferred embodiment of the circuit diagram of my invention incorporating references to external stimuli which are used to activate the circuit. It represents a parallel tuned circuit to store the energy.

Fig.2: Is an illustration of the Earth and it immediate environment as a global capacitor where The Outer Layers form one plate and the Earth's surface form the other plate and both are separated by the Troposphere as a dielectric medium.

Fig.3: Is an alternative embodiment of the circuit diagram of my invention incorporating references to external stimuli which are used to activate the circuit. It represents the use of a series tuned circuit to store the energy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

Be it known that I, Harold Stanley Deyo, Jr, a citizen of both The United States of America and The Commonwealth of Australia, residing in the community of Pueblo West in Pueblo County, Colorado have invented a Harmonic Energy Exchange Device which converts dynamic pressures in the ambient media around Earth into controlled electric currents.

This invention as represented in Fig.1 is unique in that it is designed to extract electricity from random pressure waves propagated in the Troposphere 14 by impacts of the solar wind and other cosmic particles with the Earth's “The Outer Layers” 22 of Fig. 2.

In Fig.1, the Troposphere 14 in its rest state is represented by the line of “+” marks 14. The convergent or compression state 12 of the random waves in the Troposphere 14 is represented by the lower line of dots while the divergent or decompression state 13 of the random waves in the Troposphere 14 is represented by the upper line of dots. The preferred embodiment of my invention Fig.1 is a method of coupling a parallel, resonant, electrical circuit to these random pressure waves to extract electricity from them.

As Dr John Trump's research and Onezime P. Breaux's U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,804 show, when one plate of a charged capacitor is moved closer to or farther from the other plate of that capacitor a voltage change appears on both plates of that capacitor. Furthermore, the electric field gradient between those plates changes as the plates are moved in this manner. Thus they have described a method of converting mechanical energy into electrical current by simply varying the plate spacing over time which can be expressed as ds/dt where “ds” is the change in spacing and “dt” is the change in time.

As illustrated in Fig.2, The Outer Layers can be viewed as one plate of a capacitor comprised of the Earth's surface itself as one plate 21 and Earth's outer layers as the other plate 22 where the Earth's Troposphere 23 serves as the dielectric medium separating the two plates. There is a charge between these plates which varies extremely rapidly but not with a constant period. At any given instant, the vector product of all the impacts by the cosmic particles with The Outer Layers 22 will create a pressure wave in The Outer Layers 22 which will manifest in the Troposphere 23. Whatever that vector product is, it will alter the field gradient in the dielectric Troposphere 23. That alteration will either increase or decrease the effective spacing between “plates” 22 and 23.

In order to capture and convert the resulting voltage variations produced at or near the Earth's surface 21 of Fig.2, this invention creates its own, localised stress field 3 of Fig.1 established in the Troposphere 23 of Fig.2 with a charged, conductive surface 1 of Fig.1 which is encased in high-voltage insulation 2 of Fig.1 and extending into the Troposphere 23 of Fig.2.

In Fig.1, a series of high-voltage, starting pulses is applied across points 4 and 6 on opposite sides of a capacitor 5 to create the localised stress field 3. As these high-voltage starting pulses are applied, the parallel resonant circuit formed by inductor coil 7 and variable capacitor 11 both referenced to ground 8 is stimulated into resonance within the bandwidth determined by the values of these circuit components. Tuning of this circuit is effected through variable capacitor 11. The high voltage charge on conductive surface 1 of Fig.1 is maintained by the parallel tuned circuit formed by inductor coil 7 and variable capacitor 11.

Then as the random, pressure waves propagate throughout the Troposphere 23 of Fig.2, the localised stress field 3 of Fig.1 is oscillated by the compression wave front 12 and the decompression wave front 13 (both in Fig.1) which creates voltage changes on capacitor 5.

In Fig.1, the resulting voltages changes on capacitor 5 will add energy to the parallel resonant circuit formed by inductor coil 7 and variable capacitor 11 which acts as a tank circuit to store the energy which has been passed to it. As energy builds in the parallel circuit the voltage of the circuit rises until a spark discharge occurs across the gap 9 also referenced to ground 8. The current will only discharge in one direction as determined by diode 10. The circuit will work without diode 10 but a diode is used here as one method to keep from draining all the energy from the tank circuit when a discharge occurs.

This resonant circuit can be tuned to various bandwidths to maximise the efficiency of the conversion process depending upon the location of the device, the time of day, temperature variations, relative humidity and other variables in the ambient Troposphere 23 of Fig.2 around the conductive surface 1 of Fig.1. A resistive load to extract power from the resonant circuit can be used instead of the spark gap 9 of Fig.1.

This preferred embodiment uses a parallel, tuned circuit to access a wide range of frequencies usually to be found in the range of 4.5 to 7 MHz. This range encompasses the major, naturally-occurring, resonant frequencies found in the ionosphere.

A second embodiment of this invention as shown in Fig.3 replaces the parallel tuned circuit formed by inductor coil 7 and variable capacitor 11 in Fig.1 placed in parallel to each other and referenced to ground 8. This second embodiment forms a series-tuned circuit formed by inductor coil 7 and variable capacitor 11 in Fig.3 placed in series to each other and referenced to ground 8. It differs from the preferred embodiment only in the placement of variable capacitor 11 so that it is in series with coil 7.

This embodiment limits the frequency range and, hence, the energy which the system will store when compared to the preferred embodiment. It produces higher voltages across the spark gap 9 than those produced in the preferred embodiment across the spark gap 9 of Fig.1.

*****

What is said in this patent application adds some interesting factors to the TREC design of Lawrence Rayburn which pre-dates the Deyo patent by some years. His comment about replacing the spark gap with a resistive load suggests some alternative arrangements which might be tried out with the TREC system.

Also, somewhat along the same lines:

Translated from a Spanish-language original:

Many people think that it is not possible get power from the Earth magnetic field because that field intensity is too low and so the energy levels aren't high enough for any form of useful application. this is not the case. I have built many coils and I get many kilowatts for useful purposes from Earth's magnetic field and here I present the basic concept and some formulas fundamental to all of this.

The influence of the Earth's magnetic field should not be ignored. In times of strong sun activity, the Earth's magnetic field oscillates and in any long power transmission line there are voltage surges and over-voltages which can cause technical troubles, breakdowns and stoppages of the electrical sources. The Faraday law for that induction is given for the following:

V = 2 x pi x f x B x A

Where:

B is the Earth's magnetic field,

f the frequency of the fluctuations, and

A the surface area across which the field flows.

For calculation purposes we can approximate the Earth's magnetic field as being 1 Gauss (or 10-4 Teslas)

If we consider an ordinary, long transmission line of about 10 Km in length with the power lines spaced 1 metre apart, then we have:

V = 6.28 x 10-4 x 104 x f which equals 6.28 x f

If the fluctuations are f = 10 Hz, that produces an over-voltage of 63 V. If the fluctuations are 100 Hz then the over-voltage is 630 V, etc.....

So if the Earth's magnetic field is lower in intensity, the effect is considerable in a great surface and volume range.

For energy and power considerations, we can see that the Earth's magnetic field is lower than common permanent magnets, but the volume of space which it covers is very large. The energy in a magnetic field is not just the field intensity alone, but it depends also on the volume across which that field acts.

The energy stored in a magnetic field B across a space volume V is:

U = 1 / (2muo) x B2 x V .............. (1)

Where muo is the magnetic permittivity of the vacuum.

Common permanent magnets channel energy. If we can use them to get unlimited power like the Bearden's MEG, then the Earth's magnetic field across an air core coil can achieve the same result.

Now we can do a comparison between a permanent magnet and a coil oriented to the Earth's magnetic field to get the same energy levels.

Let's consider a powerful permanent magnet, as used in a MEG, of 5,000 gauss and dimensions of 50 mm x 20 mm x 10 mm. According to the equation (1) above, the energy stored in the permanent magnet will be:

U = 1 / (8 x pi x 10-7) x (0.5)2 x (5 x 10-2) x (2 x 10-2) x (10-2), so

U = 0.995 Joules - that is to say, roughly 1 Joule of energy.

Devices like the MEG with permanent magnets don't get too many kilowatts, the reason is because that magnetic energy is constant. If we close that magnetic field in a core or magnetic circuit and we pulse that field we get 1 joule of energy at any desired time rate because the permanent magnet stores that energy unlimited and so if we want a power output of 1 KW as the power P we calculate:

P = dU/dt

For P = 1 KW , we need pulse 1 joule of energy for only 1 millisecond.

In the same way, if we can get power of the same levels from Earth's magnetic field, we must calculate the volume of the air core coil. By using the same equation, we see that

(0.5)2 x (5 x 10-2) x (2 x 10-2) x (10-2) = (10-4)2 x V

V is the volume of the coil we need for get the same magnetic energy levels, and in this case, V = 250 m3

That is to say, a coil of 6.3 m diameter and 6.3 m length, placed parallel to the Earth's magnetic field, can store the same energy as that little 5,000 gauss permanent magnet which we considered for a MEG device.

But it is not necessary build a huge coil, we can use a smaller coil. The enclosed magnetic energy will be lower, but as P = dU/dt we must raise the frequency of the pulses to obtain the same power level coming from a bigger coil. For example, an air core coil of 1 meter diameter and 1 meter length according to equation (1), stores an energy of:

U = 1 / (8 x pi x 10-7) x ( 10-4)2 x pi x 1 / 4 x 1 = 0.003 Joules

If we pulse that energy level at 330 kHz, then we will get 1 kW, and at 660 kHz, 2 kW, etc., thus a higher frequency yields more power.

Then the question becomes, how can we pulse the constant magnetic field inside the coil? The answer is simple: by using an external source, we can cancel the Earth's magnetic field inside the coil. There must be power and energy amplification with respect to the external input source. To realise that power amplification, we must do the following:

Let the magnetic field variation inside the air coil be given by:

B(t) = Bo + Bf x Sin( w x t )

Where

Bo is the constant of Earth's magnetic field,

Bf is the magnetic field in the coil created by the external power source, and

w is the angular frequency of the external source.

Replacing B(t) from equation (1) we get the energy variation with time, U(t), and then we can calculate the power as P = dU/dt resulting in:

P(t) = Bf x w x V x (Bo + Bf x Sin(w x t) x Cos( w x t ) ) / muo ........ (2)

Remember that V is the volume inside the coil.

We see here that the output power depends on Bo, the Earth's magnetic field, just as in the case of Bearden's MEG it depends on the magnetic field intensity of the permanent magnet in the circuit.

So we can now calculate a COP value with Bo and without Bo, or Bo = 0

Calculating the RMS power for both cases (not reproduced here because it corresponds to a case of basic differential calculus) and using the ratio, the result for the COP is:

COP = ( 1 + ( 2 x Bo / Bf )2 )0.5

We see then power amplification, and of course if Bo=0 and not a permanent magnetic field, the maximum COP is 1, input and output powers are equal. In the case of Bearden's MEG, the condition is Bo = Bf for not degaussing the permanent magnet and in that case we have a COP = square root of (5), which is a value between 2 and 3 which corresponds to the practical results for this classic calculation.

But for the Earth's magnetic field, we can get higher values because we can never cause a demagnetisation of the Earth's magnetic field.

How many turns on the coil, pulsing frequency, coil diameter, coil length, etc., do we need?

The input power to cancel the Earth's magnetic field inside the coil, or the condition Bf = Bo , we calculate using the RMS component of equation (2) above, setting Bo = 0, so we have:

P = 0.05 x f x A x L , (where P is in watts).

A is the section of the coil in m2,

f the frequency in Hertz,

L the coil former length in metres

To cancel the Earth's magnetic field inside the coil, the condition based on Ampere's law is:

N x i / L = 100

Where N is the number of turns on the coil and

i is the current in amperes.

Finally, the induced voltage in the coil will be:

V = 2 x pi x f x N x Bo x A

So, with the following values, we have for example:

N = 1000 turns,

f = 100 kHz,

Coil diameter = 1 m,

Coil length L = 1 m,

i = 100 mA or 0.1 A,

Bo = Earth's magnetic field

This gives V = approximately 4,000 Volts.

The input power for this example is about 4 kW, the output power for the COP factor will be a maximum of 12 kW. In closed-loop operation we provide the input 4 kW from the generated output and we get a self-powered generator producing 8 kW of output power. My practical results match these calculations.

How is a practical device built?

Using a large plastic pipe, we wind the primary input coil for use with the external source. For extracting the output power, we use another pipe placed inside the first pipe, and of approximately the same diameter and length with an adequate number of turns and wire size to step down the voltage, to, for example, 110 VAC. For the high voltage oscillator of the input source I use a resonant LC circuit taken from a ferrite power transformer.

It is very interesting to see this device work, and on days of geomagnetic storms, power levels go too high and I must use protective devices to prevent damage to the system and the loads connected to it.

Any questions to the following email: enertec2200@yahoo.es (which may not still be operational as this information is quite old).

Electrostatic Generators

Electrostatic generators are not at all unlike aerial systems in that a conversion to ordinary current is needed. The Swiss device designed by Paul Baumann (chapter 13) which has kilowatts of conventional electricity output power and which is self-powered demonstrates that very useful systems can utilise electrostatic charge. Paul’s design is built around a Wimshurst machine which is self-revolving due to the sloping charge-collection strips which form an electrostatic motor as well as collecting the charge which is passed on to the remainder of the circuit.

Quite a number of electrostatic generators have been designed and used. They generally use a small, low-power motor to repeatedly alter the capacitance between a series of metal plates and so, create alternating current flow. Some of these designs are really clever in the way in which they operate. For example, the following patent from Charles Goldie has an input voltage source which is generated by the device itself and the voltage used can be adjusted by the user, while the device provides two separate DC outputs in series, which can be used as a single higher voltage if desired.

The Le May patent shown below has useful techniques which raise the output power to more than five times what it would have been without the use of those techniques. The general impression of electrostatic generators is that they are cumbersome and generally ineffective. That may be the case for some of them, but it is certainly not the case for all of them. For example, the electrostatic generator design of William Hyde, shown in chapter 11, has a COP=10 performance where the electrical output is ten times greater than the mechanical power needed to make it operate, and I’m told that the generator output can be 10 kilowatts which is a more than respectable output.

A particularly clever design comes from Onezime Breaux (US 4,127,804) where a high-voltage charge is generated briefly, and then that same charge is shuttled backwards and forwards through the output load, without that charge ever being ‘used up’ (to put it in layman’s terms). As no system is ever 100% perfect, every ten minutes or so, the high-voltage charge is very briefly reinforced. A system of that type has to be capable of being a self-sustained generator. In a minimal prototype which was not perfectly constructed by any means, the power needed to spin the rotor was 0.8 watts, while the electrical output was 20 watts. This shows clearly, that electrostatic generators can be seriously useful, especially if built in the larger sizes.

The Charles Goldie Electrostatic Generator

US Patent 3,013,201 12th December 1961 Inventor: Charles H. Goldie

SELF-EXCITED VARIABLE CAPACITANCE ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR

This invention relates to electrostatic generators wherein the charge transfer mechanism makes use of capacitive effects between charged bodies and electrodes upon which charge is to be induced, and in particular, to the self- excitation of such generators.

The invention may best be understood from the following detailed description, having reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig.1 is a diagram illustrating one form of a variable-capacitance electrostatic generator;

Fig.2 is another diagram further illustrating the arrangement of Fig.1;

Fig.3 is a diagram illustrating a modification of the apparatus of Fig.1 and embodying the invention; and

Fig.4 is a diagram illustrating a portion of the apparatus of Fig.3.

Looking at the drawings in more detail, Fig.1 shows a rotor 1 and a stator 2. The rotor 1 has a positive charge on it. A power supply 3 maintains the charge on rotor 1.

In Fig.2 it can be seen that the stator 2 is connected to ground by a resistive path 4 which is connected in parallel with at least one rectifier 5 so that current can only flow in one direction between the stator 2 and ground.

In the device shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4, the rotor serves as a capacitive link between a stationary charging electrode and a stator. A rotor 11 periodically passes close to a stator 12. However, instead of carrying it’s own charge as in the device shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2, the necessary inducing charge on rotor 11 is itself induced on rotor 11 by the charging electrode 13. So, when one end of rotor 11 is near the stator element 12, and the opposite end of rotor 11 is close to the charging electrode 13, a negative charge is induced on that portion of rotor 11 which is near the charging electrode 13 with the result that positive charge appears at the opposite end of rotor 11 since rotor 11 must itself be electrically neutral.

The invention will now be described with reference to the apparatus shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4, but it will be clear from the comments above, that the invention could equally well be used with a device of the type shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2. The principle advantage of the device shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4 is the fact that it eliminates the necessity of a brush on the rotor to supply it with charge, as the charge on the rotor is induced capacitively.

Referring back briefly to Fig.1 and Fig.2, it will be recalled that the invention is concerned with the construction of a self-excited generator with no external energy other than shaft power supplied. That is to say, the objective is a completely self-charging generator. Referring to Fig.1 and Fig.2, it will be seen that direct feedback of the output to the induction plate is ruled out by the polarity switch inherent in this type of machine. The difficulty is avoided by the two-section unit shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4. Here, a fraction of the output voltage of each section is fed to the induction plate of the other.

The action of the circuit is best understood by looking first at the lower section only. Rotor 11 is an electrically isolated, flat fan-like rotor mounted on an insulating shaft 14 which is driven by a suitable motor 15. As rotor 11 rotates, it periodically covers stator 2 and the charging electrode 13, both of which are insulated and sector-shaped. Charging electrode 13 is maintained at a positive DC voltage with respect to ground. As rotor 11 rotates into a position where it covers both the charging electrode 13 and the stator 12, the capacitance between the charging electrode 13 and stator 12 increases and negative charge is induced from the ground through diode 16 and on to stator 12. As rotor 11 rotates away from stator 12 and charging electrode 13, the capacitive coupling decreases and the voltage on stator 12 rises, negative with respect to ground. Diode 16 blocks any flow of negative charge from stator 12 and as the negative potential of stator 12 rises, current flows through a second diode 17 to the load 18. A fraction “V2” of this negative load voltage is applied to the charging electrode or induction plate 13’ of the second or upper section by means of the variable resistor 19. The charging action of this second section is identical to that in the first section except for reversed polarities, and the output of the second section is correspondingly fed back to induction plate 13 of the first section via a second variable resistor 20. Variable resistors 19 and 20, control the output voltage and power by adjusting the feedback ratios.

The circuit is regenerative and so it is only necessary to supply a small reference voltage to start in the right direction. The use of stator and rotor materials with suitable contact potentials is one solution. Another solution is using a small battery 21 in one induction line. Suitable voltage-limiting devices 22 would be added either across induction plate 13, or across the load 18 to prevent excessive voltage build-up.

A number of features in this circuit are of interest. The usual slip rings and brushes are eliminated by the use of stator 12 and charging electrode 13 and an isolated rotor 11 rather than a single stator 2 and a rotor 1 maintained at constant induction potential as shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2.

In spite of the fact that the second section was added for the purpose of self-excitation, both output voltages are added together across the load 18, 18’. The arrangement shown in Fig.3 is merely for explanation of the self-excitation principle. The ground shown, for example, is not required and for higher voltages, the units may be cascaded with a common insulating drive shaft 14. For a given total voltage output, the number of rotor/stator sets is the same for this self-charge generator as for a generator requiring auxiliary charging supplies.

Two poles are shown for simplicity. In an actual machine a greater number would be more practical. The system applies equally well to other geometrical arrangements, such as the concentric or segmented drum design mentioned in US Patent application 829,823.

The Le May Electrostatic Generator

US Patent 3,094,653 18 June 1963 Inventors: D. B. Le May et al.

ELECTROSTATIC GENERATOR

The present invention relates to an energy conversion machine of the type in which a variable capacitor is cyclically driven while being charged and discharged in synchronism with the cyclic variations in capacitance.

There are several different types of electrostatic machines which, for example, function to generate electrical energy from kinetic energy or kinetic energy from electrical energy. One broad classification for these machines is based on whether conductive or non-conductive apparatus is used to transport electrical charge within the system. The present invention relates to the class of machines in which electrical charge is transported through conductive apparatus. More specifically, the present invention relates to electrostatic systems in which a form of variable capacitor is mechanically driven to provide a cyclically-varying capacitance which is charged during intervals of high capacitance and discharged at intervals of low capacitance, to provide electrical energy.

In general, previously-proposed variable-capacitor electrostatic generators (sometimes called electrostatic induction generators) have been capable of very high efficiencies and could be embodied in relatively light apparatus. These considerations result primarily from the fact that electrostatic fields may be sustained in air, vacuum, or other very light medium, while electromagnetic fields necessitate the use of heavy ferrous material. Further, the electrostatic fields are caused by charges carried on surfaces, rather than by currents in conductors, so that the relatively heavy copper requirements of electromagnetic machines may be avoided. It has been found that electrostatic machines operating in a vacuum, do not have the iron loss, copper loss or windage loss of electromagnetic machines, thereby achieving their extremely high efficiency.

However, other considerations have prevented these machines from coming into widespread use. Specifically, prior electrostatic machines of this class have normally been of large size relative to their power capacity. Furthermore, practical use of prior machines has normally required extremely high voltage operation. Both of these drawbacks result from the nature of the electrostatic field, it’s requirement of high potential gradients for field strengths comparable to electromagnetic fields, and the limitations on potential gradients imposed by the breakdown of the dielectric medium. Therefore, considerable insulation and safety equipment has been required in prior electrostatic systems, and operation at moderate voltages has not been practical. Still further, certain forms of electrostatic induction generators have necessitated rather complex switching systems to charge and discharge the capacitors; these systems have not been commercially feasible.

In general, the present invention comprises an efficient electrostatic induction system capable of economical operation which may be embodied in a unit that is small in size relative to power capability. The system includes two sets of rod-like members, one set of which is revolved relative to the other, so that certain of the relatively-moveable rods provide a variable capacitance. The other rods in the structure are then used to shape the electrostatic field in a manner which produces a greater difference between the minimum and maximum capacitance of the apparatus, resulting in increased power conversion capability for the size of the unit. The variable capacitance structure is connected to an electrical system which charges and discharges the capacitance in a cyclically-varying manner. Reactive elements are then coupled to the system to cause voltage phase shifts in the system relative to the variable capacitance, to increase the charge applied to, and taken from, the capacitance structure during the operating cycle, thereby further increasing the power-conversion capabilities of the system.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved electrostatic induction system.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic induction generator or motor which has a higher power conversion capability relative to it’s physical size.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic energy conversion system which may be embodied economically in a relatively small size apparatus.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic induction motor or generator in which energy is more effectively converted to another form by improving the shape of the electrostatic fields in the system.

Still a further object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic induction generator or motor in which energy is effectively transformed to another form by the provision of reactive elements to tune the capacitive elements that are inherent in the system.

One further object of the present invention is to provide an improved system for efficiently converting energy from one form to another, wherein an electrostatic field is used to inter-couple the different forms of energy.

These, and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from a consideration of the following, taken in conjunction with the drawings, wherein:

Fig.1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the basic operation of a preliminary system to which the present invention may be applied;

Fig.2 is a perspective and diagrammatic representation of one form of variable capacitor which may be incorporated in an apparatus of the present invention;

Fig.3 is a perspective view of another form of variable capacitor which may be incorporated in an apparatus of the present invention;

Fig.4a, 4b and 4c are diagrammatic representations illustrating an aspect of the operation of a system incorporating the present invention;

Fig.5 is a circuit diagram incorporating one form of the present invention;

Fig.6 is a set of graphs illustrating the operation of the system shown in Fig.5;

Fig.7 is a circuit diagram of another system incorporating the present invention;

Fig.8 is a series of curves illustrating the effectiveness of systems constructed in accordance with the present invention;

Fig.9 is a vertical sectional view and diagrammatic representation of an apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention;

Fig.10 is a vertical sectional view along line 10 --- 10 of Fig.9;

Fig.11 is a vertical sectional view along line 11 --- 11 of Fig.9;

Fig.12 is a horizontal sectional view along line 12 --- 12 of Fig.9.

Referring initially to Fig.1, there is shown a preliminary form of an electrostatic induction generator. A variable capacitor 20 is connected in a serial loop with a battery (or other source of voltage) 22 and a diode 24. A series circuit including a diode 26 and a resistor 28 is then connected across the diode 24. The diodes 24 and 26 are connected in a way which allows current flow in opposite directions through the battery 22. Variable capacitor 20 is driven by a motor to provide a cyclically-variable capacitance, with the result that the mechanical energy used to drive capacitor 20 is converted to electrical energy supplied to the load resistor 28.

Considering the operation of the system of Fig.1 in detail, capacitor 20 is driven to vary between maximum and minimum levels of capacitance. At a maximum level of capacitance, capacitor 20 is charged to a charge level “Q” by the battery 22 through diode 24. The voltage across capacitor 20 then equals Q/C where C is the capacitance of capacitor 20. Of course, this voltage coincides substantially with the voltage of battery 22 minus the voltage drop across diode 24.

As the capacitance C of capacitor 20 decreases towards it’s minimum value, the charge Q remains constant; therefore the voltage across the capacitor increases to accommodate the decrease in capacitance as V = Q / C. The increased voltage across capacitor 20 produces a current through battery 22, load resistor 28 and diode 26. This current tends to recharge battery 22 as well as providing energy to the load resistor 28.

In this manner, the mechanical energy used to drive capacitor 20 cyclically, is manifest in the form of electrical energy passed to the load resistor 28. Therefore, in general, this basic operation of the electrostatic generator is similar to an electromagnetic generator, except that the field which couples the mechanical input energy to the electrical output energy is electrostatic rather than electromagnetic.

A wide variety of structures may be used as the variable capacitor in an electrostatic generator. However, in the selected structure, it is normally desirable to reduce the ratio of the peak field voltage gradients to the average gradients by using rounded capacitor elements, e.g. tubes or bars, rather than capacitor plates with sharp corners. Two variable capacitor structures using these conductive bars are shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3 and will now be considered in detail.

The structure of Fig.2 is a radial-bar variable capacitor configuration where rows of radially-extending bars are mounted to be relatively moveable and so provide a variable capacitance between the rows. Specifically, a first row of bars 30 is mounted in a hub 32 which is carried on a fixed shaft 34. Similarly, another row of radially-extending bars 36 is supported in a hub 38 which is mounted on fixed shaft 40, which telescopically receives a concentric shaft 42 which is coupled to motor 44 and which carries hub 46 supporting the row of bars 48 which is positioned between rows 30 and 36. The bars in each of the rows 30, 36 and 48 may be interconnected electrically by a conductor supported in the respective hubs. However, as the individual hubs 32, 38 and 46 are formed of insulating material, the separate rows are not interconnected electrically. Therefore, a variable capacitance exists between the individual rows 30, 36 and 48. This capacitance is somewhat similar to a common rotating plate capacitive structure, however, in order to reduce the peak field voltage gradients between the rows, the bars or capacitive elements are rounded to avoid sharp corners.

At a time when the row of bars 48 is in angular alignment with the bars in rows 30 and 36, the bars are closest and there is maximum capacitance. As the row 48 revolves it reaches a position of least alignment of the bars in rows 30 and 36 (as shown in the drawing) and there, the capacitance between the rows is at a minimum. Therefore as motor 44 rotates the bars in row 48, a cyclically varying capacitance is provided between these bars and the bars in rows 30 and 36. In the application of this structure to the present invention, certain of the bars may be used to shape the electrostatic field as described below, while the remaining bars provide the desired variable capacitance. Of course, the number of rows provided in a configuration of this type may be varied to increase the capacitance, as may the size of the bars. Of course, these considerations are determined by the particular application of the system.

Fig.3 shows another form of variable-capacitance structure which may be used in a system of the present invention. The structure shown in Fig.3 includes two concentric cylindrical structures 50 and 52, which are mounted so that they rotate relative to each other. These two structures are similar except for their size. The smaller structure 50 is telescopically fitted concentrically into the larger structure 52. The smaller structure 50 includes a pair of insulating rings 54 and 56 which are held spaced apart by conductive bars 58 and are angularly offset in a circular configuration. A pair of insulating rings 60 and 62 of the structure 52 are concentrically mounted outside the rings 54 and 56 respectively and are held spaced apart by angularly offset conducting bars 64. The structure 52, comprising the rings 60 and 62 and the bars 64 is held fixed, while the structure 50, comprising the rings 54 and 56 and the bars 58, is revolved making bars 58 and 64 pass each other in parallel relationship. As a result of this movement, a variable capacitance exists between the bars of the two structures. As in the structure shown in Fig.2, the individual bars in the separate structures may be interconnected electrically to provide a composite capacitance, or alternatively certain of the bars may be used for field shaping as described below. Thus the structure shown in Fig.3, as well as the structure shown in Fig.2, may be used as the cyclically-varying capacitance in the system shown in Fig.1 to provide electrical energy from kinetic energy. In such a system, the energy would be provided by motors 44 or 66, however, the source of the kinetic energy is not important for the present invention.

In the operation of an electrostatic generator as shown above, the ratio of power conversion per unit size (and weight) of machine may be increased by increasing the maximum capacitance, or by decreasing the minimum capacitance of the variable capacitor. Of course, it is apparent that as the energy conversion is accomplished in systems of the present invention by a varying capacitor, the effectiveness of the conversion depends on the range over which the capacitor varies. In general, the efficiency of these systems is quite high even when operating with a small capacitive range, however, in such systems the energy conversion capability or power rating of the system is low relative to it’s physical size. One major aspect of the present invention resides in a structure for increasing the range of capacitive change, and will now be considered in detail. For purposes of illustration, a moveable plate variable capacitor will be considered with reference to Figures 4a, 4b and 4c. The flat plate capacitor provides a good example of the universal principle to be described because of the simple electrostatic field present in such a structure.

Fig.4a shows a pair of spaced-apart conductive plates 70 and 72 in face-opposing relationship and individually connected to the terminals of a battery 74 or other voltage source. The electrostatic field between plates 70 and 72 is indicated by lines of equal potential, and orthogonal flux lines which indicate the capacitance between the plates. Fig.4b shows plates 70 and 72 in an offset position, displaced out of face-opposing relationship to result in reduced capacitance between the plates. Again, the electrostatic field between plates 70 and 72 is indicated by lines of equal potential and the orthogonal flux lines which indicate the capacitance between the plates.

As previously mentioned, any arrangement which can result in greater capacitance for the plates in the configuration shown in Fig.4a, or reduced capacitance between the plates in the position shown in Fig.4b, results in more effective energy conversion in an electrostatic generator. The system of the present invention includes a structure for shaping the electrostatic field between plates 70 and 72, to reduce the capacitance between them when these plates are in their position of minimum capacitance. This field-shaping is accomplished by adding extra conductors to influence the field between the plates.

Referring to Fig.4c, plates 70 and 72 are again shown in their position of minimum capacitance, however, another plate 76 is shown in face-opposing relationship to plate 70. Plate 76 is connected to ground or other independent potential. As a result of this, and electrostatic field is provided between plates 70 and 76, altering the field shape and the potential gradients, as shown in Fig.4c. The electric field and the capacitance between plates 70 and 72 is reduced substantially, while the maximum capacitance between these plates (when aligned in face-opposing relationship as shown in Fig.4a) remains substantially unchanged.

These same considerations apply in a similar fashion to bar conductors or other configurations of variable capacitors. Of course, the grounded or field-shaping plates as the plate 76 may be provided in both the stator and the rotor of a variable capacitor, or may be carried by only one of these structures.

Referring now to Fig.5, there is shown a system incorporating field-shaping electrodes and utilising capacitive structures comprising bars which may take the form generally illustrated in Fig.2 and Fig.3.

In Fig.5, the stator bars are diagrammatically represented aligned in one row 78 and the rotor bars are similarly shown to be aligned in an adjacent row 82. Of course, either of the rows 78 and 82 may comprise a stator while the other comprises the rotor since relative motion is all that is necessary. However, in the prior art it has become somewhat common to term the rotor conductors as charge inductors while describing the rotor elements as charge conveyors.

In the system shown in Fig.5, grounded field-shaping electrodes or conductors are provided in both the row 78 and the row 82, and are designated bars 78a and 82a shown shaded. The electrodes 82a are connected directly to ground, however the electrodes 78a are connected to ground through an inductor 86. the function of this coil will be discussed later.

The conductive bars serving as capacitance elements in the two rows are designated 78b and 82b respectively. The bars 78b (in the row 78) and the bars 82b (in the row 82) are connected in a circuit configuration somewhat as shown in Fig.1. Specifically, the bars 78b are connected in a serial loop with a diode 88 and a battery 90. The junction point 91 between diode 88 and battery 90 is grounded, and a diode 92 serially connected with a load resistor 94 is connected across diode 88. A capacitor 96 is connected across the load resistor 94, and serves as a filer for the load current.

In the operation of the system, relative movement is provided between row 78 and row 82 producing a cyclically variable capacitance to cause the system to function as the system shown in Fig.1. That is, during the interval of high capacitance between the rows 78 and 82 (as shown in Fig.5), the capacitive structure is charged by battery 90 through diode 88. Then, as the bars are separated to reduce the capacitance, the voltage across them increases, causing a current to flow in the opposite direction through battery 90, the load resistor 94 and diode 92. As alternate bars in each of the rows 78 and 82 are grounded, the electrostatic field is shaped to reduce the minimum capacitance between the bars 78b and 82b as disclosed in Fig.4. As a result, the capacitance variation is greater and more charge is transferred through the load during each electrical cycle.

In the operation of the system shown in Fig.5 to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, a generally capacitive electrical system is provided. Therefore the phase relationships within the system are generally those of a capacitive apparatus. In view of this, the present invention includes the provision of inductors to produce phase shifts and resonant voltage amplifications which increase the effective power-conversion capabilities of the system. In Fig.5, such an inductance 86 is connected between the bars 78a and ground. The operation of the system of Fig.5, including the inductor 86 is graphically illustrated in Fig.6 which includes plots of capacitance, voltage and electrical current versus the position of the capacitive structure.

The upper family of curves are capacitance plots, in which, curve C1 is a plot of varying capacitance between the conductive bars 78b and 82b. The curve C2 is a plot of the capacitance between bars 78a and 82a, while the curve C3 is a plot of the capacitance between bars 78a and bars 82b. These curves are plotted against a uniform variation in relative positions between row 78 and row 82, the curves beginning at a point of minimum capacitance for the structure. Fig.5 illustrates the relative position marked as 3 in Fig.6.

The voltage curves in Fig.6 are plotted on the same base as the capacitance curves, and include a curve V1 which represents the voltage across coil 86, and a curve V2 which represents the voltage on the bars 78b relative to ground potential. The curve I, illustrates electrical current flow through inductor 86, and it is also plotted with respect to capacitative displacement.

Considering the operation of the inductance 86; in view of the capacitance between the grounded bars 78a and the capacitively-charged bars 82b (connected to battery 90) a charge is deposited on the bars 78a. Of course, in the absence of the inductance 86, this charge would be immediately passed to ground. However, by providing the inductance 86, the voltage of curve V1 is developed across this element. This voltage serves to produce further field shaping between the bars and results in more efficient power conversion. That is, the voltage of curve V1 appears on the bars 78a in phase with the capacitance C1 so that the field influence of bars 78a serves to increase the charge induced at or near the maximum of capacitance C1 and also serves, by reducing the field strength to reduce the minimum charge held on bars 78b and 82b at, or near the instant of minimum capacitance. Thus the variation in the electrostatic field causes the system to absorb more torque, resulting in increased power-conversion capability for the system.

In addition to the provision of inductor 86 as shown in Fig.5, other circuit configurations using inductors are to further affect resonant current surges which increase and decrease the field voltages in proper phase relationship with the capacitance variation, and so increase the amplitude of the capacitor alternating current. One such other variation is shown in Fig.7 which uses bars similar to those of Fig.5 and in which, like elements are similarly identified.

In the system shown in Fig.7, an inductor 98 is connected between diode 88 and the junction point 99 between diode 92 and the bars 78b. Furthermore, a capacitor 100 is connected across diode 88. In general, the added resonant circuit provides further current surges in the desired phase relationship with the variation of capacitance. Also, the resonance between inductor 98 and capacitor 100, tends to produce higher voltages in the electric field of the variable capacitor relative to the voltages across the excitation source 90 and the load 94. The capability of the machine to achieve high power from a small size of variable capacitor is thereby greatly improved.

A graphic indication of the improvement to a system resulting from the application of certain principles of the present invention may be seen in Fig.8 which includes several curves descriptive of various apparatus, and wherein speed is plotted along the horizontal axis versus specific power which is plotted along the vertical axis. Specific power is herein defined as the power output per unit of excitation voltage squared (P/Eo2) for a given size and configuration of machine.

The curve E1 is indicative of the operating characteristic of the simple system shown in Fig.1. The curve E2 (indicating a substantial improvement in performance) is indicative of the system shown in Fig.5. The curve E3 indicates the improvement of the system of Fig.7 (without the aspect described with respect to Fig.5), while the curve E4 indicates the operation of the system shown in Fig.7 as illustrated there.

It is apparent that the power conversion capabilities of the system of Fig.7 (indicated by the curve E4) are greatly improved over the simple system which does not include these aspects of the present invention, particularly if the generator is operated at a fixed speed, or if means are provided to adjust the inductance or capacitance values of components 86, 98 and 100 to give the tuned peak power at whatever speed the machine is being operated.

Although various aspects of the present invention may be differently applied to electrostatic machines, to accomplish the desired results, one specific illustration of an operating machine is shown in Figures 9,10, 11 and 12, and will now be considered in detail.

The system is mounted in a housing 110 which is sealed and maintained evacuated by a vacuum pump 112. By operating the cyclically-variable capacitor apparatus in a relatively high vacuum, insulation problems are reduced and windage losses are minimised. The housing 110 has a flat cylindrical form and consists of a circular plate bolted to a cup-shaped member 116 with an annular seal 118 provided at the junction between these members.

A mechanical shaft 120 passes concentrically through housing 110 and is journal led into bearings 124 and 126, which incorporate vacuum seals 124a and 126a. The shaft 120 has a rotor 128 coaxially fixed on it and is connected to a mechanical apparatus 130 by which the shaft is driven. Shaft 120 (made from insulating material) has a conductive section 132 formed in it, which electrically connects rotor 128 through a brush 134 and a lug 136 to one terminal of a battery 138, the other terminal of which is grounded.

In general, the basic electrical system is similar to that of Fig.7 with the stator elements being connected by lugs 146 and 148 to a junction point 150 which is connected through an inductor 152 and a capacitor 154 to ground. A diode 156 is connected in parallel with capacitor 154. The junction point 150 is also connected through diode 158 to a filter 160 which is in turn connected to a load 162. The field-shaping electrodes in the stator elements 140 and 142, are connected from lugs 164 and 166 through an inductor 168 to ground.

Considering the cyclically-varying capacitance apparatus in greater detail, the rotor comprises a pair of plates 170 and 172 (Fig.12), which are formed with angularly-offset radiating grooves 174 which are interconnected by spot welds 176 so that the grooves 174 essentially form radiating bars 175. In this structure, the rotor is entirely conductive material, e.g. metal, formed to comprise radiating tubes 175 (Fig.11) which are connected through the shaft conductor 132 and the brush 134 to the battery 138.

The stator components 140 and 142 are similar and comprise a plurality of tubes 180 (Fig.10) radiating in a plane from an axial location in the stator element and supported in a circular stator mounting 181 by being imbedded therein. Tubes 180 are formed of metal and the mounting 181 supporting the tubes is formed of insulating material as a casting of epoxy material. Alternate of the tubes 180 are designated 180a and are connected electrically to a terminal 184 which is contacted by one of the lugs 146 or 148 at a point 186.

The lugs 164 and 166 are connected to ground through inductor 168, with the bars 180a used as field-forming bars while bars 180b are the actual variable-capacitance elements. In this structure, only the stator is provided with field-shaping electrodes; however, it is to be understood, that in various other embodiments, field-shaping electrodes may be provided in both the stator and the rotor, or in only one structure, as taught with respect to Fig.5 and Fig.7. Also, in the system shown in Fig.9, only a single rotor plate is provided; however it is to be clearly understood that a large number of intermeshed rotor and stator plates may be provided in systems of the present invention, depending on the rated power conversion capability of the system.

In the operation of the system shown in Fig.9, rotor 128 is revolved relative to the stator elements 140 and 142 by the mechanical apparatus 130. Therefore, the tubular rotor bars are driven in and out of alignment with the radiating stator bars 180b. Therefore the connections to these elements (lugs 146 and 148, and brush 134) experience a cyclically-varying capacitance. The stator bars 180a extend the range of this capacitance in the manner described with respect to Fig.4.

During intervals of high capacitance, the cyclic capacitive structure is charged by battery 138 through inductor 152 and diode 156. As the capacitance of the structure decreases, the voltage therein increases, providing a current through diode 158, and filter 160 to the load 162. Thus, mechanical energy from the mechanical apparatus 130 is efficiently converted into electrical energy and supplied in that form to the load 162.

While the previous discussions have pertained primarily to electrostatic generators, it is to be understood that the important features of the present invention apply equally to electrostatic motors.

An important feature of the present invention resides in the structure disclosed in Fig.9, which may be economically manufactured and used in practical electrical systems.

Another important feature of the invention resides in the use of field-forming electrodes in the stator or rotor, or both the stator and the rotor to accomplish more effective energy transitions.

One other important feature of the invention resides in the provision of inductance elements to further increase the effectiveness of the system.

The Onezime Breaux Electrostatic Generator

US Patent 4,127,804 28 Nov. 1978 Inventors: Onezime Breaux

ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

This is an important design, but as the physical details in the patent seem rather limited, instead of reproducing the patent here, I will attempt to provide a description which should be more understandable for the average person.

The Principle

For there to be a greater energy output than the energy input required to make any generator operate, that extra energy must come from somewhere. There is no magic about any of these systems as we ourselves are immersed in a massive energy field. We do not notice this any more than we notice the radio waves which pass by, and through us, all the time. This energy field is very powerful as Thomas Henry Moray demonstrated many times by gaining fifty kilowatts of electrical power from just a simple aerial and a ground connection. We don’t know how he did that, but we would very much like to know how. Nevertheless, Moray demonstrated that there is massive power all around us – power which is free for the taking if we know how to do it. Unfortunately, most of the large number of people who do know how to extract this energy, refuse to share that information, leaving us to work out from basic principles, how to gain this free-energy. It should be noted in passing, that we already use this free energy when we use “mains electricity” as none of the energy supplied by the local Power Company actually comes out of your mains wall socket since all of the current supplied by the Power Company flows directly back to that company. All the Power Company does is to set up the conditions which cause some of the free-energy in your location to flow through the electrical equipment which you plug into that wall socket. What free-energy devices do, is to set up those same conditions to draw in electricity from our massive surrounding energy field, without the need for any help from the local Power Company.

The Design

When you try to start a car engine, you connect the car battery to an electrical Starter Motor which turns the engine over and causes sparks to be generated inside each of the cylinders of the engine. The current draw from the battery passes through the Starter Motor and is lost for ever. If the car engine starts, then some of the energy stored in the fuel burnt by the engine is used to replace the electrical current taken from the battery. If the car engine does not start, then after a fairly short time, all of the electrical energy stored in the car battery will be fed to the Starter Motor and the battery will no longer be able to supply any more current to turn the engine over.

The generator described here is a very clever design as any output power which it provides, it keeps and does not lose any of it. It is somewhat like that car Starter Motor returning the current to the battery, allowing any number of attempts to start the engine. The way that it operates is to pass current backwards and forwards between two capacitors. That current is made to pass through the primary winding of an output transformer, exactly mimicking the signal which the Power Company charges you for. However, with our generator, that current is never lost and can be used over and over and over again. A battery is used to create that initial current, and when the generator starts operating, it recharges the battery and if desired, the battery can be removed completely and the generator is then self-sustaining. The battery is only used to start the generator running and is not used at any other time.

The outline design is very straightforward and can be visualised as shown here:

Here, the motor marked M in the diagram, spins a metal shaft 23. The shaft is mounted on ceramic roller bearings (as used on skateboards) and nothing on the shaft touches any other part, which means that the shaft spins very freely and very little power is needed to spin it.

Shaft 23 has metal ‘vanes’ or plates 21 attached to it and these pass though somewhat similar metal vanes 25 which are fixed in place and do not move. These four sets of metal vanes form two separate variable capacitors.

The vanes 21 are arranged so that when one set reaches it’s maximum capacitance (being fully inserted into the non-moving vanes 25 as shown on the right of the diagram) then the other set of vanes is at it’s minimum capacitance being as far away as possible from it’s matching set of vanes 25.

Initially, at start-up, both of the sets of vanes marked 25 are fully charged to a high positive voltage by an electrical system (not shown here) and the output transformer is connected between these two sets of vanes, producing this arrangement:

The sets of vanes 21 are connected to a strongly Negative charge, passed to them through the metal shaft 23. When the negative plates 21 are inserted between the Positively charged plates 25, all of the positive charge on the unmeshed plates 25 gets sucked towards the negative charge on the meshed plates 21, but that charge is forced to flow through the output transformer on it’s journey. This arrangement causes the positive charge on the fixed plates to shuttle backwards and forwards through the output transformer, never getting ‘used up’ in the process. This means that the generator has an electrical output of 220 volts at 50 cycles per second and the only input power needed is the tiny amount required to spin the rotor shaft. The force needed to spin the rotor shaft is not affected in any way by the intensity of current drawn from the output transformer, which means that the generator is wholly independent of the load. While this is a very clever design, a number of practical construction details can be altered to improve the performance.

The Breaux patent shows a vane shape which doubles the frequency at which the drive motor spins and which is balanced on the shaft, producing no shaft vibration when spun rapidly. The vane shape is shown here:

You will notice that the rotor vanes (shown in grey), are positioned ninety degrees apart, providing even better shaft balance. All of the rotor vanes have the same shape and all of the stator vanes have the same shape, which is helpful for mass production. While just two rotor vanes and two stator vanes are shown in this introductory diagram, there can be as many pairs of rotor/stator plates as desired. Each additional pair of plates increases the output power of the generator.

This design calls for the vanes to be in a vacuum, which strongly suggests that this device was never prototyped as operating in a vacuum, unless all conducting surfaces have exceptional insulation, would be a major disaster as the coronal discharge would be massive – after all, that is how thermionic valves or ‘vacuum tubes’ are made and they carry large electrical currents through a vacuum. For this design to function properly, it needs to be operated in dry air.

The power output of a device of this nature increases with increasing vane area, and with decreased inter-vane gap and with increased voltage. Consequently, a working voltage considerably higher than 220 volts will be used when charging the vanes. This means that the output voltage will be much higher than is convenient. Generators of this type generally show a resistive load and only a resistive load. A practical implementation would require a step-down transformer on the output in order to reach a working AC voltage of 220V. It is generally thought that the inductive nature of the primary winding of any such transformer would create a major choking effect on the oscillating flow of charge between the vanes, due to the back-EMF of that winding. That is not the case if a Thane Heins style of transformer is used (as shown in chapter 3) as a transformer of that type does not have any significant back-EMF, making this a very interesting design, especially since the output current draw does not affect the input power which is solely used to spin the rotor shaft.

In theory, the static charge initially placed on the capacitor vanes is never depleted. However, in this world, perfect conditions never seem to be encountered. In this instance, there is a very slight loss of charge over time, and that charge is boosted very briefly after a substantial time has elapsed. A brief high-voltage pulse once every ten minutes is likely to be sufficient. There is no corona energy loss as corona streamers only form at high frequency and this generator does not exceed an absolute maximum of 60 Hz which is a very low frequency indeed, so there is never any corona discharge at all.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy.110mb.com

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 8: Fuel-less Engines

We have been raised with the idea that it is necessary to burn a fuel to produce power which we can use. We are sold coal, coke, timber, paraffin/kerosene, petrol/gasoline, diesel, propane, etc. for us to burn in order to “get” energy. While it is perfectly true that burning these things will indeed result in energy in a form which we find convenient to use in heating, cooling, powering engines, etc. what is carefully avoided is the fact that it is not at all necessary to burn a fuel in order to run the things which we want to power. This ‘inconvenient’ fact has been concealed and denied for more than fifty years now (very surprisingly, by the people who want to sell us these fuels to burn – do you perhaps think that they may have some motive for this, other than our best interests about which they are no doubt, very concerned?).

This chapter is about ‘fuel-less’ motors. Strictly speaking, they are not self-powered but as they don’t burn a fuel of any kind, in everyday language they can be described as ‘self-powered’. In the same way that a solar panel in sunlight uses no fuel and yet puts out electrical power, these motors draw energy from the environment and provide us with mechanical power. In actual fact, power is never “used up” but just converted from one form into another. In the case of our trusty solar panel, some 17% of the radiation from the sun (mainly ultraviolet) is converted into electrical power and 83% goes in heating and other losses, but as we don’t have to supply the sunlight, and the solar panel pours out the electricity which we want without us having to do anything to make it happen, we really don’t care very much about its extremely low efficiency. As far as we are concerned, the electricity flowing from the panel is “free-energy”.

It is really amazing that we have been persuaded that we must burn a fuel in order to get power. Take the case of a heavy-displacement sailing yacht. The skipper can voyage using his inboard diesel engine:

This matches perfectly with the thinking that you need to burn a fuel in order to get power as the yacht is moving along, pushed by the engine which is powered by burning diesel fuel. But, what if the skipper decides to switch the engine off and set the sails?:

Now, the same boat, weighing exactly the same with the same crew, is now continuing the voyage at the same speed, but no fuel is being burnt. The really interesting thing is that while we know this perfectly well, and we are aware that people have sailed right around the world in boats which do not have engines, it does not seem to occur to us that this shows conclusively that it is not necessary to burn a fuel to power some item of equipment or form of transport.

In the case of our yacht, the energy comes from the sun which heats the atmosphere unevenly, causing winds to blow and the yachtsman uses the sails to make those winds power his boat through the water. So, a sailing boat is actually powered by the sun although we don’t usually think about it that way.

There are many hydro-electric “power stations” where electricity is ‘generated’ by machines driven by water pressure. In actual fact, no power is ‘generated’ at all, but instead, the potential energy of the body of water is converted into electricity by having the water fall and spin the shaft of a machine. So, how did the water get up there in the first place? Well, it came from rain. And how did the rain get up there? It rose up there due to evaporation caused by the heat of the sun. So, the bottom line again is that hydro-electric ‘power’ stations are powered by the sun.

Windmills are also powered by the sun. But, and here is the really interesting thing, if I state that it is perfectly possible for a compressed-air engine to produce mechanical power with burning any fuel, then there is an immediate and strong reaction where people will say “Impossible – that is perpetual motion !!” They imply that perpetual motion is impossible but never supply any rational evidence to support that implication. The Earth has been spinning on its axis for millions of years, so when exactly do they expect it to stop? All the planets in the Solar System have been orbiting for millions of years, how long do they have to orbit before they can be considered to be in perpetual motion? Why then are people so opposed to the idea of perpetual motion? Presumably, because perpetual motion shows clearly that a fuel does not have to be burned to ‘produce’ power and that would not be good for people who sell fuels, and so, we are all told from an early age that perpetual motion is “impossible”.

Well, that does not matter here as we are going to look at compressed-air engines which run off the heat of the sun. That is, they are heat-pumps which are a well accepted engineering fact and they work on wholly accepted standard scientific principles. An ordinary refrigerator outputs three or four times as much heat power as the electrical power driving it, and it could be twice that efficient if it were used properly. This is a Coefficient Of Performance (COP) of 3 or 4, which is supposed to be “impossible” but unfortunately, all refrigerators work like this and you can’t exactly say that refrigerators don’t exist, just because their performance does not appear to fit in with some theories.

Actually, there is no magic involved here as the extra energy is being drawn from the heat content of the air in the immediate locality. The refrigerator is not operating in isolation and there is a heat exchange with the air surrounding it. This outside energy causes the COP>1 performance. In passing, all COP>1 devices operate by drawing energy in from an external source (usually the zero-point energy field) and none of them actually break the ‘rules’ of science. But, enough of that.

The people who don’t want self-powered engines used in the world today, pin their hopes on a continued ignorance of Engineering facts relating to heat pumps. A self-sustaining compressed-air engine is actually running off power from the sun just as sailboats, windmills and hydro-electric power stations do. Sorry folks, no magic here, just bog-standard Engineering. Admittedly, very few people know or realise the implications of this standard Engineering:

1. All work done in compressing air into a storage tank is converted into heat and then lost to the atmosphere, so the energy in the compressed air inside the tank is the same as that produced by atmospheric heating of that air, but as more of it is now in the tank, there is additional potential for work to be done. This extra energy was fed into the air by atmospheric heating before the air was compressed.

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that where heat is converted into mechanical energy, or mechanical energy is converted into heat, the quantity of heat is exactly equivalent to the amount of mechanical energy. We then have the intriguing situation where all of the mechanical energy put into compressing air into a storage tank is lost as heat, and yet, the tank contents now has a higher potential for doing work. This information comes from Engineering textbooks.

2. If the expanded cold air leaving the engine is used to cool the intake air of the compressor, then there will be an added gain when it warms up inside the cylinder, pulling heat in from the local environment.

3. If the heat of compression is transferred to the air container feeding the engine and not given time to dissipate, then there is a further power gain for the engine.

4. If compressed air is allowed to expand rapidly, there is a marked drop in temperature. The Leroy Rogers engine design, shown later in this chapter, uses this fact to create air-conditioning for a car driven by a compressed-air engine.

OK then, in broad outline, the energy available from a tank of compressed air comes directly from the heat contained in the atmosphere, in spite of the fact that we always imagine that the energy in the tank was put there by our energetic pumping.

Let’s check this out by taking a look at some of the engines which use these principle to provide fuel-less operation, starting with the design of Bob Neal. The full patent for Bob’s design is included in the Appendix.

Bob Neal’s Compressed Air Engine.

Bob Neal’s design is a compressed-air operated engine and compressor where the operation of the engine keeps re-supplying the compressed air tank:

This is a perspective view of the engine and this:

is a vertical transverse cross-section view through the compressor part of the engine. In his patent, Bob has avoided any direct mention of the fact that his engine design is fuel-less. That sort of statement is not popular with Patent Examiners even if it is perfectly true.

Scott Robertson’s Compressor System.

Bob Neal’s system could do with some further explanation, so here is an idea from Scott Robertson whose web site is http://www.aircaraccess.com/index.htm, for a possible working compressor system using a leaf-blower:

While this looks rather complicated, in reality it really isn’t. Let’s take the different sections in order:

First, you have an ordinary air engine, supplied with compressed air from a pressure tank. This engine exhausts its (cold, expanded) air to the atmosphere. The engine powers two compressors which between them keep the tank full of compressed air.

The first compressor is a simple ‘leaf-blower’ type which produces a large volume of low-pressure air. The big question is “how do you get this large volume of low-pressure air into a tank which has high-pressure compressed air inside it?”. Well this seemingly impossible task is performed by the second compressor aided by a cunning, ultra-simple design:

Here, low-pressure air is fed into the low-pressure area marked in pink. Separating it from the high-pressure area is a metal plug marked in green. Set into this plug is a ring of five one-way air valves marked in red. These one-way valves let the low-pressure air into the high-pressure area because of a high-speed jet of air produced by the ‘jet-drive compressor’. At first glance, this seems impossible, but it is actually just an application of a standard Engineering technique. The high-speed air jet is directed through a specially shaped nozzle, creating a local low-pressure zone around the jet:

The low-pressure air at point “A” flows through the ring of five one-way valves into the disc-shaped low pressure area “B” and is blasted into the high-pressure area “C” by the high-power air jet ripping through the doughnut-shaped ring marked in yellow. The high-speed air jet causes the low pressure ring “B” by its rapid movement which creates a vortex due to the shape and positioning of the doughnut-shaped ring marked in yellow. This clever arrangement allows large volumes of low-pressure air to be drawn into a tank which contains high-pressure air.

You will also note that the two-stage compressor which generates this high-speed jet of air, has its working area actually inside the tank. This means that the heat of compression is used to heat the air inside the tank and raise its pressure, enhancing the operation further. It should be borne in mind that the new air entering the system has been heated by the sun and contains the energy which powers the system.

The Retro-fit Compressed Air Vehicle System of Leroy Rogers.

The Rogers motor shown here makes no claims to spectacular operation, but in spite of that, Leroy did admit in an interview that this motor does indeed have a greater output than the applied input, provided that the motor is not left just ticking over. This motor is like the US patent 3,744,252 “Closed Motive Power System Utilising Compressed Fluids” by Eber Van Valkinburg shown below. However, the Rogers patent shown here has the distinct advantage that it uses off-the-shelf motors and readily available hardware and there is nothing really exotic or difficult about the Rogers engine that a person couldn’t get from a valve supplier or get a metal fabrication company to construct.

However, while Leroy did state that his design was self-sustaining when going over 30 miles per hour, a key design feature is his very high performance compressor unit which he later patented as shown below. Present day vehicle engines are under-geared and run at fairly low revs. These same engines operate much more efficiently at higher revs, if they are given different gearing. With the Rogers motor, the air contained in the high-pressure tank is sufficient to drive the pistons up and down. Air can be pumped back into the high-pressure tank by a compressor which has a much higher gearing and much lower capacity per piston stroke. The expanded air exiting from the engine is at much lower temperature than the surrounding air and if it captured in a buffer tank and used as the input of the compressor, then recharging the air tank is more efficient, provided that the tank absorbs heat from the surrounding environment, raising it’s temperature inside the tank and so giving an extra boost to the tank pressure, over and above the compression provided by the compressor.

One really nice feature of Leroy’s design is that he envisages it as being an adaption of an ordinary vehicle engine and he provides a considerable amount of practical detail as to how the adaption can be carried out.

Using a RotoVerter (as described in Chapter 2) to drive a compressor would lower the power requirements of the compressor drive to the extent that a motor adaption of this kind should be self-sustaining. The RotoVerter provides a major energy gain in its own right and is particularly suited to driving mechanical loads such as the compressor and it particularly ‘likes’ constant-load applications such as a compressor.

The adapted engine shown in the patent is like this:

This patent shows how the practical details of running an engine on compressed air can be dealt with. What it does not show is background details of the actual energy flows and the effects of compressing air and then letting it expand. These things are not normally encountered in our daily lives and so we do not have an immediate intuitive feel for how systems like these will operate. Take the effects of expansion. While it is quite well known that letting a compressed gas expand causes cooling, the practical effect is seldom realised.

Leroy’s compressor patent is shown here:

United States Patent 4,693,669 Supercharger for automobile engines

Inventor: Rogers Sr., Leroy K. (Rte. 13, P.O. Box 815-DD, Briarcliff Rd., Fort Myers, FL, 33908)

Publication Date: 15th September 1987

Abstract:

A supercharger for delivering supercharged air to an engine, comprising a shrouded axial compressor, a radial compressor which is located downstream of the axial compressor and a housing. The housing is comprised of four sections, including a section which is a highly converging, ‘frustoconical’ transition duct which favourably directs the discharge of the axial compressor to the inlet of the radial compressor and a hollow, highly convergent, exhaust cone section immediately downstream of the radial compressor which converges into the exhaust port of the supercharger. An annular flow deflector is provided for directing the discharge of the radial compressor into the exhaust cone.

Description:

Superchargers impart additional pressure to the air or the air/fuel mixture of an engine so that the cylinders receive a greater weight per unit volume of air or air/fuel mixture than would otherwise be supplied. As a result, the volumetric efficiency and power output of the engine are improved.

According to prior practices, superchargers generally comprise a single air-blower which forces air or an air/fuel mixture into the cylinders of an engine. Typically, the air-blower is driven by a gear train which is connected to the crankshaft of the engine with a gear ratio of about 6 to 1. These prior types of superchargers have been used extensively in racing engines and radial aircraft engines. However, by reason of their high operating speeds and their gear trains, these superchargers have been considered too complicated, too heavy and too costly for use with mass production engines such as are found in cars and trucks.

Recently, some car manufacturers have been offering turbocharged engines which expand to exhaust gases of the engine through a turbine to drive a centrifugal compressor. Although turbochargers are advantageous in that the turbine can deliver large amounts of power to the compressor, their extreme operating speeds require special bearings, lubrication and maintenance. In addition, turbochargers require special ducting, such as by-pass arrangements, which only add to their cost and maintenance requirements. Consequently, turbochargers are only offered as expensive options in cars.

Further, there is current interest in a new type of car engine which operates from tanks of compressed gas to effect reciprocation of its pistons. An example of such an engine can be found in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,804 issued to the same inventor of the present invention. In the referenced patent, at least a portion of the partially expanded exhaust gas from the cylinders is directed to a compressor where it is recompressed and then returned to the storage tanks from whence it originally came. It would be desirable that at least some, if not all of the aforementioned recompression of the exhaust gas could be achieved with a belt-driven, rotary supercharger that is easily manufactured and maintained, yet is capable of providing ample recompression.

Objects of the Invention:

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a supercharger suitable for improving the performance of engines of cars, helicopters or the like, which supercharger is inexpensive to produce and easy to maintain.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a supercharger which provides sufficient boost without resort to extreme operating speeds and accordingly avoids the costly complications associated with high speed operation.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a relatively compact and lightweight supercharger which is inexpensive to manufacture and maintain.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a belt-driven supercharger having a design which provides supercharging compression at relatively low operating speeds.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a supercharger which can be quite readily disassembled and reassembled for purposes of low cost maintenance and repair.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a supercharger which can be constructed from mass producible parts to thereby reduce the cost of its manufacture.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a belt-driven supercharger which provides supercharging compression without resort to a larger number of compressor stages.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a rotary supercharger for a gas operated engine, which supercharger is easily manufactured and maintained, yet capable of providing ample recompression of the recirculating drive fluid.

Summary of the Invention:

These and other objects are achieved by the present invention which provides a supercharger comprising a housing having an inlet and an outlet, a shrouded axial compressor and a radial compressor rotatably mounted within the housing, a highly convergent shallow, frustoconical transition duct for favourably directing the discharge of the axial compressor to the inlet of the radial compressor.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, the above-described supercharger further comprises an exhaust cone at a location downstream of the radial compressor and a flow deflector for directing the discharge of the radial compressor to the exhaust cone.

In the preferred embodiment, the housing itself comprises four sections: a cylindrical front housing section which defines an axially directed inlet; a second, cylindrical ducting section enclosing the axial compressor; a rear housing section defining the transition duct as well as the inlet and casing for the radial compressor; and the exhaust cone section which defines at its terminus the outlet of the housing. For driving the compressor shaft, a double-tracked pulley wheel is secured to the forward end of the common shaft, which pulley wheel is adapted to receive one or more drive belts from the crank-shaft wheel of the engine. A lateral opening in the front housing section accommodates the connection with the drive belts.

With the disclosed arrangement, compression can be achieved for supercharging purposes without resort to a large number of compressor stages or high operating speeds. Additionally, the design of the disclosed supercharger avoids the need for guide vanes between the axial compressor and the radial compressor. The exhaust cone section also favourably avoids the build-up of back pressure against the radial compressor. The design is also very simple and therefore inexpensive to manufacture and maintain.

Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.

Brief description of the Drawings:

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawing wherein like elements bear like reference numerals, and where:

Fig.1 is a cross-sectional side view of a supercharger constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

Fig.2 is a side view of the supercharger of Fig.1;

Fig.3 is a frontal view of the impeller of the supercharger of Fig.1;

Fig.4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4--4 of Fig.1;

Fig.5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5--5 in Fig.1;

Fig.6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 6--6 in Fig.1;

Fig.7 is a perspective view of a segment of the impeller of the supercharger of Fig.1; and

Fig.8 is a partial side view of the supercharger of Fig.1 with an adaptor .

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment:

Referring to Fig.1 and Fig.2, a supercharger 10 is provided for supplying supercharged air to a car engine or the like, so that the engine receives a greater weight per unit volume of air or a fuel/air mixture than would be otherwise supplied. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the supercharger 10 comprises a housing 12 having an axially directed inlet 14 for receiving ambient air and an axially directed outlet 16 for delivering supercharged air to the intake of the car engine. Rotatably mounted within the housing 12 is a shaft 18 on which are secured an axial compressor 24 and a radial compressor 26, which is positioned downstream of the axial compressor. A pulley wheel 28 is secured to a forward end 30 of the shaft for receiving drive belts 31, which drive belts connect the shaft 18 to a pulley wheel on the crankshaft of the engine (not shown). The drive belts 31 deliver torque to the shaft 18 as required for driving the compressors 24 and 26 of the supercharger 10.

Housing 12 is constructed from four sections which are preferably bolted together at flanged connections in an end-to-end relationship. These sections include a front housing section 32, an axial compressor duct section 34, a rear housing section 36 and an exhaust cone section 38. The shaft 18 extends along the longitudinal axis of the housing 12.

The front housing section 32 is a hollow cylinder which extends forward of a front bearing support 40. The front housing section 32 encloses the forward end 30 of the shaft 18 and the associated pulley wheel 28. At its forward end, the front housing section 32 defines the inlet 14 for receiving air from an external source (not shown).

Referring particularly to Fig.2, the front housing section 32 includes a lateral opening 44 on one side in order to accommodate the connection of the drive belts 31 to the pulley wheel 28. The front housing section 32 also includes a forward flange 46 for accommodating the connection of air filters, carburettors, air scoops or the like upstream of the supercharger 10 according to the particular engine layout.

It is to be understood that in the usual engine layout, the supercharger 10 receives air or a fuel/air mixture from an external source through its inlet 14, compresses the air or fuel/air mixture and then delivers it to the intake of the engine.

Referring again to Fig.1, the pulley wheel 28 is interference-fitted upon the forward end 30 of shaft 18 and a key 134 is used to lock the pulley wheel 28 in place. The pulley wheel 28 is preferably a double-track design which is suitable for the attachment of twin drive belts, although a single-belt type pulley wheel would be adequate. The pulley wheel 28 is preferably sized so that the ratio of it’s diameter with respect to the diameter of the drive wheel of the engine's crankshaft provides an effective gearing ratio in the range of approximately two and one-half to four and one-half. Thus at idle, when the car engine is running at approximately 700 rpm, the supercharger 10 is running at approximately 2,400 rpm, and at cruise, when the engine is running around 2,500 rpm, the supercharger 10 is preferably turning over in the range of 6,000 to 8,000 rpm. It is to be noted that although the diameter of the pulley wheel 28 may be substantially reduced in order to achieve a desired gearing ratio, the double-track wheel 28 presents a sufficient sum total of surface area to avoid slippage of the belts 31.

The next adjacent section of housing 12 is the axial compressor duct 34 which is a short cylinder coaxially disposed about the axial compressor 24. Preferably, the axial compressor duct 34 is constructed from cast aluminium, with the interior surfaces 48 machined to assure uniform clearance between the duct 34 and shroud 50 of the axial compressor 24. As with other sections of the housing 12, the axial compressor duct 34 is provided with flanges 52 and 54 for effecting connection to the adjacent housing sections. The axial compressor duct 34 guides air delivered from the front housing section 32 towards the axial compressor 24.

Referring now to Fig.1 and Fig.4, a front bearing support 40 is placed between the front housing section 32 and the axial compressor duct 34. The front bearing support 40 includes an outer annulus 56 and three radial arms 58. Between these arms are defined passages 60 for allowing air to pass through the bearing support 40. The outer annulus 54 is secured by bolts connecting a rear flange 64 of the front housing section 32 and the flange 52 of the axial compressor duct 34. By this arrangement, the front bearing support 40 is rigidly secured to the housing 12 so that loads and shocks to the shaft 18 can be transferred through the front bearing support 40 to the housing 12.

In the preferred embodiment, the outer annulus 56 of the bearing support 40 extends into the region of the inlet 14 of the front housing section 32 in such a way that it’s inner rim 68 coincides with the inner rim 70 of the shroud 50 of the axial compressor 24. In this way, the outer annulus 56 contributes to the guiding of the flow of air toward the axial compressor 24.

An outer raceway 74 of the front roller bearing assembly 76 is secured between the front bearing support 40 and a bearing retainer plate 78, which is secured by the removable bolts 80. In this preferred embodiment, the front bearing assembly 76 is of the sealed, high speed type. A suitable commercially available bearing assembly is marketed under the reference: model Fafnir 405KDD. Preferably, a lower raceway 82 of the front bearing assembly 76 is secured to the shaft 18 with an interference fit. A spacer 84 is provided on one side of the lower raceway 82, which spacer 84 also abuts a hub 86 of the axial compressor 24 in order to position the axial compressor 24 at a predetermined distance downstream of the bearing support 40. Similarly, a spacer 88 is provided on the other side of the lower raceway 84, and it abuts the pulley wheel 28 so as to space apart the pulley wheel 28 from the front bearing support 40 to ensure that there is sufficient clearance between them.

It should be appreciated that the bearing retainer plate 78 allows ready access to the front bearing assembly 76 for purposes of maintenance or repair. To service the front bearing assembly 76, a nut 90 and lock-washer 92 on the forward end 30 of the shaft 18 are loosened and removed together with the pulley wheel 28 and the spacer 88. Then bolts 42 and the bearing retainer plate 76 are removed, leaving the whole bearing assembly 76 exposed for servicing and/or removal.

The rear housing section 36 is connected by bolts to the downstream end of the axial compressor duct 34. Preferably, the rear housing section 36 is constructed from a single section of cast aluminium and includes external longitudinal ribs 94 for enhancing the structural rigidity of the rear housing section 34. The walls of the rear housing section 36 define three elements of the supercharger 10: a highly conical transition duct 96 which favourably directs the output of the axial compressor to an inlet 98 of the radial compressor 26; the inlet 98 of the radial compressor 26, itself; and a casing 100 for the radial compressor 26.

The transition duct 96 is a hollow, frustoconical portion having a half-apex angle (from the generatrix to the axis of symmetry) of approximately 35°. The angle is selected such that the inlet to the radial compressor 26 is as close as possible to the outlet of the axial compressor, without causing undue back-pressure. In the preferred embodiment, the transition duct 96 begins a short distance downstream of the axial compressor 24 and ends at the beginning of the inlet 98 of the radial compressor 26. The highly conical shape of the transition duct 96 is believed to roll-in the higher volume of air being discharged from the more radially outward portions of the axial compressor 24. This rolling-in action is believed to promote a favourable flow regime at the inlet 98 of the radial compressor 26 so that there is no need for inlet guide vanes for the radial compressor 26. It is also believed that the highly conical shape of the transition duct 96 affects upstream flow conditions at the axial compressor 24 in such a way that it’s performance is improved. It has also been found that there is no need for a stator (or exit guide vane) for the axial compressor 24.

In essence, it is believed that the transition duct 96 performs the functions of the exit vanes of axial compressors and inlet guide vanes of radial compressors, but without the pressure losses commonly associated with them. Avoiding these pressure losses and the expected improvement in the performance of the axial compressor, allows the supercharger 10 to impart a higher overall pressure ratio than would otherwise be achieved without the transition duct 96. As a result, adequate compression is achieved at moderate operating speeds without resort to a bank of several axial compressors. It should be understood however, that when connecting the supercharger 10 to a relatively slowly reciprocating diesel or a very large engine, it may be desirable to include two or more axial compressors in order to boost the supercharger's overall pressure ratio. In such cases, the present invention would then include the placement of a transition duct downstream of at least the last axial compressor.

At the inlet 98 of the radial compressor 26, the walls of the rear housing 36 are cylindrical and coaxially positioned around shaft 18. It should be noted that in the preferred embodiment, the surface transition 102 from the transition duct 96 to the inlet 98 is rounded-off.

The casing portion 100 of the rear housing section 36 closely follows the contour defined by blade edges 104 of the radial compressor 26 in a close, substantially sealing manner as is well known in the art of radial compressors. The casing portion 100 of the rear housing section 78 channels air between the rotating blades of the radial compressor 26 so that the blades can impart work to the passing air. The casing portion 100 also defines a discharge outlet 106 for the radial compressor 26.

Just beyond the discharge outlet 106 of the radial compressor 26, the interior surfaces of the rear housing section 36 begin to curve immediately inwardly to provide a transition into the next adjacent section of the housing 12, the exhaust cone 38. In this fashion, the interior surfaces at the rear-most portion of rear housing section 36 and those of the forward portion of the exhaust cone 92 define internally a flow deflector 108. In the preferred embodiment, the flow deflector 108 is closely and concentrically positioned around outlet 106 of the radial compressor 26 so that the air being discharged from the radial compressor 26 does not have the opportunity to diffuse significantly prior to its arrival at the annular flow deflector 108. The annular flow deflector 108 directs the output of the radial compressor 26 into the exhaust cone 38 by providing a smooth surface transition from the interior of rear housing section 36 to the interior of the exhaust cone 38.

The exhaust cone 38 is a highly convergent, hollow, conical section placed immediately downstream of the radial compressor 26 for receiving the output of the radial compressor 26 from the annular flow deflector 108. In the preferred embodiment, the exhaust cone 38 is a single section of cast aluminium which is joined to the downstream end of the rear housing section 36 at a flanged joint 110. Preferably, the exhaust cone 92 converges according to a half-apex angle of approximately 35° and defines the exhaust port 16 at its terminus. A threaded section 112 at the exhaust port 16 allows the attachment of the appropriate external ducting (not shown) leading to the intake of the engine.

During operation of the supercharger 10, the space enclosed by the exhaust cone 92 prevents the build up of an elevated back pressure which might otherwise arise and detract from the operation and efficiency of the radial compressor 26. The enclosed space of the exhaust cone 92 is also of sufficient volume to absorb pulses and to average out unsteady flow conditions so to promote a smooth and continuous output from the supercharger 10.

Referring now to Fig.1 and Fig.6, the exhaust cone 38 includes a rear bearing support 114 which comprises members 116 which extend radially inwardly from the outer walls of the exhaust cone 38. At a radial inward location close to the shaft 18, the members 116 converge to form a cupped annulus which serves as a housing 118 for the rear bearing assembly 120. The housing 118 is open towards the rear face of the radial compressor 24 to facilitate disassembly of the supercharger 10. The rear bearing assembly 120 is the same type and size as the front bearing assembly 76. The inner race 122 of the bearing assembly 120 is set in place on the shaft 18 by spacers 124 and 126 in conjunction with a nut 128 and washer 130 on the rearward end 132 of the shaft 18. In this preferred embodiment, the members 116 are formed to be integral with the walls of the exhaust cone 38.

Referring to Fig.1 and Fig.5, upon rotation, the axial compressor 24 draws air through the inlet 14 and imparts an initial amount compression to the air as it forces the air into the transition duct 96 of the rear housing section 36. In the preferred embodiment, the axial compressor 24 comprises a hub 86, the shroud 50 and a series of ten (10) equally spaced, radial blades 136. Ideally, each blade 136 increases in cord from a root 138 to a tip 140 and includes a trailing edge 142 and a leading edge 144, where these edges are both slightly curved. The blades gradually increase in pitch from approximately 12° at the root 138 to approximately 36° at the tips 140. However, the particular values of pitch and other geometrical aspects of the blades 136 might be varied in accordance with different operating speeds or other parameters as would be apparent to one skilled in the pertinent art and familiar with this disclosure.

The axial compressor 24 is preferably constructed from a single, cast aluminium section with the faces 143 and 145 of the hub 86 being machined for purposes of achieving accurate, axial positioning of the axial compressor 24 on the shaft 18 relative to the housing 12. The faces 146 and 148 of the shroud 72 are also machined flat. Additionally, the outer periphery 150 of the shroud is machined to assure uniform clearance between the shroud and the adjacent interior surfaces 48 of the axial compressor duct 34. Preferably, the axial compressor 24 is secured to the shaft 18 by an interference-fit on to a stepped portion 152 of the shaft 18. The spacers 84 and 154 axially position the axial compressor 24 relative to the front bearing support 40 and the radial compressor 26, respectively.

Dynamic balance test machines of the conventional type may be used to test the balance of the axial compressor 24 prior to its installation. If an imbalance is detected, material can be removed at the outer periphery 150 of the shroud 50 so as to achieve proper balance.

Referring now to Fig.1, Fig.3, and Fig.7, the radial compressor 26 is constructed from a single section of cast aluminium and includes a hub 156 and curved blades 158. Interposed between each pair of blades 158 are a second set of blades 160 which terminate short of the intake 162 of the radial compressor 26 so that the intake 162 is not crowded by both sets of blades. Accordingly, the radial compressor 26 features both a large total number of blades and an intake of relatively small diameter, ad these features enhance the performance of the compressor 26. In the region of the intake 162, the blades 158 present leading edges 164 and undergo a twist into the direction of rotation so as to prevent a favourable angle of attack at the intake 162.

Preferably, the radial compressor 26 is positioned upon the stepped section 128 of the shaft 18 with an interference-fit and locked against rotational slippage by a key 166. The spacer 124 assures clearance between the rear face of the radial compressor 26 and the rear bearing assembly 120.

The shaft 18 is constructed from a hardened steel and is threaded at both ends 30 and 132 to receive nuts 90 and 128, respectively. In addition to the central stepped portion 152, which receives the compressors 24 and 26, the shaft 18 also features stepped portions 170 and 172 for receiving the front and rear bearing assemblies 76 and 120, respectively. The stepped arrangement of the shaft 18 facilitates assembly and disassembly in that the stepped portion 152 of the greatest diameter is centrally located on the shaft 18 and all the stepped portions are greater than the diameter of the threading at ends 30 and 132.

Please note that the bearing supports 40 and 114 are in a fixed position relative to the housing 12 and that the compressors 24 and 26 are held in position between the bearing supports 22 and 40 by spacers 84, 124 and 154, which have predetermined lengths. Consequently, the placement of the compressors 24 and 26 relative to the longitudinal axis of the housing 12 is fixed by the spacers and not by the axial location of the shaft 18 relative to the housing 12. Please also note that the stepped portions 152, 170 and 172 of the shaft 18 are each provided with extra lengths so that the respective components (the bearing assemblies and compressors) can each be situated over a relatively wide range of locations in the respective stepped portions. Thus, the shaft 18 need not be positioned accurately along the longitudinal axis of the housing 12 in order to achieve proper assembly of the supercharger 10. For instance, if nuts 90 and 128 had been tightened differently than they appear in Fig.1, then shaft 18 might have been displaced slightly in the axial direction from where it is shown in Fig.1. However, the relative positioning of the various components on the shaft 18, i.e., the pulley wheel 28, the compressors 24 and 26 and the bearing assemblies 76 and 120, would have remained the same relative to themselves and the housing 12. This feature eases the process of manufacture and accordingly, reduces costs. It also reduces the amount of labour required for reassembly after repair.

In operation, the supercharger 10 is suitably connected at it’s outlet 16 to an intake of a car engine, with the drive belts 31 from the crankshaft of the engine being attached to the pulley wheel 28 of the supercharger 10. Then, as the engine is operated, torque is transferred by the drive belts 31 to the pulley wheel 28 for driving the compressors 24 and 26. Upon rotation, the axial compressor 24 draws air through the inlet 14, imparts an initial amount of compression to the air and discharges it into the transition duct 96 with a swirl. By reason of it’s design, the axial compressor 24 is believed to move a greater volume of air in the region of its blade tips 140 than at it’s more radially inward locations. Accordingly, there is a greater of mass of air situated at the outer annular region behind the axial compressor 24 than at the inner annular region. As the discharge from the axial compressor 24 is caused to leave the axial compressor duct 34, the highly convergent, transition duct 96 is believed to cause the outer annulus of air which is discharged from the axial compressor 24 to roll-in. This action is believed to have two favourable results. First, the roll-in action causes a flow regime to be established at the inlet 98 of the radial compressor 26 such that the need for a guide vane is wholly avoided. Secondly, and of equal importance, the rolling-in action, in conjunction with the large volume of space enclosed by the transition duct 96, is believed to affect the performance of the axial compressor 24 favourably, so that a higher pressure ratio is obtained from it.

Since the overall pressure ratio of the supercharger 10 is the product of the pressure ratios of the two compressors, it can be seen that the increase in performance of the axial compressor 24 results in a corresponding improvement in overall performance of the supercharger. It should also be noted that the deletion of inlet guide vanes for the radial compressor 26 and of exit vanes for the axial compressor 24 greatly simplifies the design of the rear housing section 36 and therefore provides savings in costs of manufacture. It also avoids the pressure losses associated with such guide vanes, which are often quite significant.

Upon leaving the transition duct 96, the pre-swirled flow of air enters the inlet 98 of the radial compressor 26 and then into the compressor 26 itself. In passing through the radial compressor 26, the air is turned and whirled such that the airflow is centrifugally discharged with a substantial radial velocity component, whereupon the resultant flow is abruptly turned by the annular flow deflector 108 and caused to enter the exhaust cone 38. As previously explained, the large volume of space enclosed by the exhaust cone 38 induces flow conditions behind the radial compressor 26 such that elevated back pressures are avoided, pressures which might otherwise impair the performance of the radial compressor 26. Pulses in the output of the radial compressor 26 are also moderated. The air is then delivered in a compressed state to the exhaust port 16 of the exhaust cone 38. The supercharged air then flows down the appropriate intake system of the engine until it reaches the cylinder or cylinders of the engine.

With respect to the application of the supercharger 10 to air-tank powered engines, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,804, the supercharger 10 functions in the same manner as described above, but is connected to the engine differently. In the air tank powered engine, at least one of the exhaust manifolds of the engines delivers partially expanded air to a line connected to the inlet 14 of the supercharger 10. Referring to Fig.8, in most of such applications, this line will be of a smaller diameter than the housing 12 at the inlet 14 of the supercharger, such that an adaptor 173 is needed. The adaptor 173 comprises an annular plate 174 having a threaded aperture 176 sized to receive a mating, threaded end 178 of the line 180. The plate 174 is secured to the flange 36 of the front housing section 32 by a plurality of bolts. Because the air coming from the line 180 is usually less than the full capacity of the supercharger, additional air is introduced through the lateral opening 44 along the side of the front housing section 32. In this application, the opening 44 thus serves as an air intake port as well as a means for accommodating the drive belts 31 and must therefore be sized upon the additional criteria that it not be so large as to upset the flow of the incoming air in the line 180. Upon the passage of the air through the supercharger, the air is directed through the exhaust port 16 and into a suitable line connected to it, which line may lead directly to the engine or to the storage tanks of the engine. If directed to the tanks, this recompressed air is used to supplement the required recharging of the storage tanks.

It is to be appreciated that savings in the cost of manufacturing the supercharger 10 are achieved by reason that the housing 12, the bearing supports 40 and 114, the axial compressor 24 and the radial compressor 26 are all constructed from cast aluminium parts and require only a minimum amount of machining. Moreover, the roller bearing assemblies 76 and 120 are commercially available components, and the supercharger 10 is easily assembled. These aspects further reduce the cost of manufacture and render the disclosed supercharger inexpensive to maintain and overhaul. More importantly, the supercharger 10, despite its simple design, provides supercharging at relatively low operating speeds. With it’s lower operating speeds, the service life of the supercharger 10 is extended and the risk of it suffering mechanical failure is reduced. The need for special bearing designs and lubrication is also avoided. Accordingly, the supercharger 10 is highly suitable for mass production and for use in cars, trucks, helicopters or the like.

The Vortex Tube.

The web site http://www.airtxinternational.com/stainless-steel-vortex-tubes.html show “vortex tubes” which are completely passive devices with no moving parts:

This device does things which you would not expect. Compressed air at a temperature of, say, seventy degrees Centigrade is fed into the circular chamber where the shape of the chamber causes it to spiral rapidly as it exits the tube:

There is an energy gain in a vortex, as can be seen in a hurricane or tornado, but the really interesting thing here is the dramatic change in temperature caused by the change in pressure as the air expands. The ratio of heat gain to heat loss is controlled by the ratio of the sizes of the openings, which is why there is an adjustable nozzle on the small opening.

The air exiting through the large opening is much higher volume than the air exiting through the small opening and it expands very rapidly, producing a massive drop in temperature. The density of this cold air is now much higher than the air entering the vortex chamber. So there has been both a drop in temperature and an increase in density. These features of the expansion are made use of in the Leroy Rogers engine design, where some of the expanded air exhaust of the engine is compressed and passed back to the main air storage tank. While the compressor does raise the air temperature as it pumps the air back into the tank, it does not reach its original temperature instantly.

This results in the air temperature inside the tank dropping as the engine operates. But, the lowered tank temperature causes an inflow of heat from its immediate environment, raising the overall tank temperature again. This warming of the chilled air causes the tank pressure to increase further, giving an energy gain, courtesy of the local environment. It is important to understand that it takes less energy to compress air than the kinetic energy which can be generated by letting that compressed air expand again. This is a practical situation, courtesy of the local environment and is not a breach of the law of Conservation of Energy. It is also a feature which has not yet been exploited to any great degree and which is just waiting to be used by any adventurous inventor or experimenter.

Eber Van Valkinburg’s Engine.

Eber presents a custom engine based on these principles. His engine uses both compressed air and compressed oil to manipulate pressures within the system and provide an engine which is self-powered. In the Appendix is a slightly re-worded copy of the Eber Van Valkinburg patent, which remarks that “stored energy in a compressed elastic fluid is utilised in a controlled manner to pressurise an inelastic fluid and to maintain such pressurisation. The pressurised inelastic fluid is throttled to the impeller of a prime mover. Only a portion of the output energy from the prime mover is utilised to circulate the inelastic fluid so as to maintain a nearly constant volumetric balance in the system”.

Richard Clem’s Motor.

The Clem Engine is based on an entirely different principle, and one which is not spoken about very often. Hurricanes or “twisters” as they are sometimes called, are large rotating air masses of incredible power which develop in hot areas which are more than eight degrees North or South of the equator. The distance from the equator is essential as the rotation of the Earth is needed to give them their initial spin. They usually develop over water which is at a temperature of twenty-eight degrees Centigrade or higher as that allows the air to absorb enough heat energy to get started. That is why there is a distinct “hurricane season” in these areas, since at certain times of the year the ocean temperature is just not high enough to trigger a hurricane.

What is not generally realised is that a hurricane develops excess energy due to its swirling circular movement. The generation of this extra power was observed and documented by Viktor Schauberger of Austria, who also used his observations to great effect. I think that what Schauberger says makes some people uncomfortable as they seem to think that anything “unorthodox” has to be weird and too peculiar to be mentioned. This is rather strange as all that is involved here is a simple observation of how our environment actually works. A hurricane is wider at the top than at the bottom and this concentrates power at the base of the swirling mass of air. This tapered rotation is called a “vortex” which is just a simple name to describe the shape, but any mention of “vortex power” (the power at the base of this rotation) seems to make many people uncomfortable which is most peculiar.

Leaving that aside, the question is “can we use this energy gain from the environment for our own purposes?”. The answer may well be “Yes”. Perhaps this principle is utilised by Richard Clem. In 1992, Richard Clem of Texas, demonstrated a self-powered engine of an unusual type. This engine, which he had been developing for twenty years or more, weighs about 200 pounds (90 kilos) and generated a measured 350 horsepower continuously over the full period of a nine-day self-powered test. Although this engine which runs from 1,800 to 2,300 rpm is especially suited to powering an electrical generator, Richard did install one in a car, and estimated that it would run for 150,000 miles without any need for attention and without any kind of fuel. Richard said that his prototype car had reached a speed of 105 mph. Just after receiving funding to produce his engine, Richard died suddenly and unexpectedly at about 48 years of age, the death certificate having “heart attack” written on it as the cause of death. Remarkably convenient timing for the oil companies who would have lost major amounts of money through reduced fuel sales if Richard’s motor had gone into production.

The motor is unusual in that it is a rotary turbine style design which runs at a temperature of 300oF (140oC) and because of that high temperature, uses cooking oil as its operational fluid, rather than water as the oil has a much higher boiling point. To a quick glance, this looks like an impossible device as it appears to be a purely mechanical engine, which will definitely have an operating efficiency which is less than 100%.

In broad outline, the oil is pumped through a pipe and into the narrow end of the cone-shaped rotor. The engine is started by being rotated by an external starter motor until it reaches the speed at which it generates enough power to be sustain its own operation. The rapid spinning of the cone, causes the oil to run along spiral grooves cut in the inner face of the cone and exit through angled nozzles placed at the large end of the cone:

The operating pressure produced by the pump is 300 to 500 psi. Richard did not attempt to patent his engine as US Patent 3,697,190 “Truncated Conical Drag Pump” granted in 1972 as a liquid-asphalt pump is so close in detail that Richard felt that there was insufficient difference for him to be granted a patent:

There appears to be considerable scope for anyone who wishes to build or manufacture this engine and it is capable of acting as a heater as well as device for producing mechanical power. This suggests that water purification could be an additional “extra” option for this engine.

Prof. Alfred Evert of Germany has produced an analysis of the operation of the Clem Engine and turbines in this general category. His website http://evert.de/indefte.htm has a good deal of information on the subject.

Josef Papp’s Inert Gas Engine Conversion.

The Hungarian, Josef Papp, invented an unusual engine system which genuinely appears to be very nearly “fuel-less”. His design modifies an existing vehicle engine to operate on a fixed amount of gas. That is to say, the engine has no air intake and no exhaust and consequently, no inlet or exhaust valves. The engine cylinders contain a mixture of gases which have an Atomic Number below 19, specifically, 36% helium, 26% neon, 17% argon, 13% krypton, and 8% xenon by volume. The control system causes the contained gas to expand to drive the pistons down the cylinders and then contract to suck the pistons back up the cylinders. This effectively converts the engine into a one-stroke version where there are two power strokes per revolution from every cylinder.

A small amount of radioactive material is used in the engine, and I have seen it suggested that the engine should be screened to protect the user from radiation. I’m not sure that this is correct, but if it is, then it suggests that a matter to energy conversion is indeed taking place. It seems most unlikely that the minor amount of radioactive material in the engine itself could cause any significant radiation. The patent describes the material as “low-level” which suggests to me, material no more dangerous that the luminous paint that used to be used on the hands of clocks and watches.

Suitable engines must have an even number of cylinders as they operate in pairs. Josef’s first prototype was a four-cylinder, 90 horsepower Volvo engine. He removed the intake and exhaust components and replaced the engine head with his own design. During a thirty-five minute test in a closed room, the engine generated a constant 300 horsepower output at 4,000 rpm. The electrical power needed to run the engine was produced by the standard engine alternator, which was also able to charge the car battery at the same time. Interestingly, an engine of this type, quite apart from having zero pollution emissions (other than heat), is quite capable of operating under water.

Josef, a draftsman and ex-pilot, emigrated from Hungary to Canada in 1957 where he lived until his death in April 1989. There is solid evidence that Josef built an engine of over 100 horsepower (75 kilowatts) that was "fuelled" by a mixture of inert (or “noble”) gases. With no exhaust or cooling system, it had huge torque even at low rpm (776 foot-pounds at only 726 rpm in one certified test). Dozens of engineers, scientists, investors and a Federal judge with an engineering background saw the engine working in closed rooms for hours. This would not have been possible if the engine had been using fossil fuel. There was absolutely no exhaust and no visible provision for any exhaust. The engine ran cool at about 60°C (140°F) on its surface, as witnessed by several reliable observers. All these people became convinced of the engine's performance. They all failed to discover a hoax. Ongoing research in the United States (totally independent of Papp) has proved conclusively that inert gases, electrically triggered in various ways, can indeed explode with fantastic violence and energy release, melting metal parts and pushing pistons with large pressure pulses. Some of the people performing this work, or who have evaluated it, are experienced plasma physicists. Contemporary laboratory work has established that inert gases can be made to explode

In a demonstration on 27th October 1968 in the Californian desert, Cecil Baumgartner, representing the top management of the TRW aerospace corporation and others witnessed the detonation of one of the engine cylinders. In full public view, just a few cubic centimetres of the inert gas mixture was injected into the cylinder using a hypodermic needle. When the gas was electrically triggered, the thick steel walls of the cylinder were burst open in a dramatic way. William White, Edmund Karig, and James Green, observers from the Naval Underseas Warfare Laboratory had earlier sealed the chamber so that Papp or others could not insert explosives as part of a hoax. In 1983, an independent certification test was carried out on one of the Papp engines. Joseph Papp was issued three United States patents for his process and engines:

US 3,680,431 on 1st August 1972 "Method and Means for Generating Explosive Forces" in which he states the general nature of the inert gas mixture necessary to produce explosive release of energy. He also suggests several of the triggering sources that may be involved. It appears that Papp is not offering full disclosure here, but there is no doubt that others who have examined this patent and followed its outline have already been able to obtain explosive detonations in inert gases.

US 3,670,494 on 20th June 1972 "Method and Means of Converting Atomic Energy into Utilisable Kinetic Energy" and

US 4,428,193 on 31st January 1984 "Inert Gas Fuel, Fuel Preparation Apparatus and System for Extracting Useful Work from the Fuel". This patent shown here, is very detailed and provides information on building and operating engines of this type. It also gives considerable detail on apparatus for producing the optimum mixture of the necessary gasses.

At the time of writing, a web-based video of one of the Papp prototype engines running on a test bed, can be found at http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2850891179207690407 although it must be said that a good deal of the footage is of very poor quality, having been taken many years ago. The video is particularly interesting in that some of the demonstrations include instances where a transparent cylinder is used to show the energy explosion. Frame-by-frame operation on the original video shows energy being developed outside the cylinder as well as inside the cylinder, which does seem to suggest that the zero-point energy field is involved. I have recently been contacted by one man who attended some of the engine demonstrations run by Papp and he vouches for the fact that the engine performed exactly as described. Other videos of the Papp engine are located at http://www.pappengine.com/videos.htm .

Papp’s Patent US 4,428,193 is shown in full in the Appendix.

Josef never managed to get his engine design into commercial production before his death, primarily due to the opposition of vested interests. However, his design principles have been picked up and advanced by John Rohner and Haik Biglari.

The “Plasmic Transition Process” is the subject of various patents pending by PlasmERG Inc. of Iowa. John Rohner founded this company in 2008 to be the means to disseminate, develop and license this technology to other motor manufacturers for their own use. This process originally called the "Papp Engine" did run in 1982 and was then lost until John, and his partner Haik Biglari rediscovered it and applied modern science to the system to explain the process and filed their patents, presently pending. The original process was based on information originally patented by the late Joseph Papp, whose patents have now expired. John Rohner, a well known new-product design engineer, was originally contacted in 1979 by his brother Robert, with a schematic for the controller which Papp had designed. Unfortunately, John was busy with several other projects so he turned it over to his brother Tom.

PlasmERG has designed two motors for Own-Equipment-Manufacturers to use. One is an opposed, 2-cylinder, 120 cubic inch engine which produces some 300 horsepower. The second is a 6-cylinder 360 cubic inch engine which can produce around 1,500 horsepower. These motors are being co-developed with a sister company in Canada. John Rohner has personally provided the total investment for this development. As the company moves toward manufacturing, they are seeking investment partners by trading stock for investment. Their first commercial manufacturing plant will cost about 10 million dollars.

An alternative strategy is to create licenses for existing car and truck motor manufacturers until they can fund their own production. The current plan is to provide 500 to 1,000 test sites in underdeveloped nations for water pumping and power generation as "humanitarian" test sites. This should allow the time needed to get production understood and patents completed.

The expected run time of a motor from a single inert gas charge is over 3 months of continuous operation and gas re-charge should cost less than US $50. John stresses that the PlasmERG motor is not, (just as the original Papp engine was not), a "Pulsed Plasma motor". Plasma is not retained and "pulsed" as some people have supposed. What actually happens is that the plasma is recreated with each power stroke and then returns to a steady state gas on each return stroke, from which the name “Plasmic Transition” is derived.

The initial power and creation of plasma for expansion, is produced by a fusion event with a side-effect of a limited "chaotic" fission event causing a “plasmic transition” which is contained in a sealed 2-cycle rotating crankshaft motor.

There are two parallels to Plasmic Transition and power production of this motor. The first is natural lightning, which uses an almost identically similar Plasmic Transition process; and the second is steam which provides the same torque over rotational speed event characteristics. There is nothing in the ordinary internal combustion motor's operation that is comparable to either of these processes. The most crucial part of PlasmERG's motor operation is the Electronic Control System (ECS), comprising the following elements:

˜ Programmable micro computers;

˜ Radio frequency power generator;

˜ HV spark coil initiation driver;

˜ Various electromagnetic coil voltage switches providing base (resting) or variable (engine speed) voltages for all cylinder or reaction chamber electromagnetic coils;

˜ On-controller DC to 12 volt DC converter;

˜ Engine speed DC voltage (accelerator) to programmed variable voltage DC converter,

˜ Inter controller communications port;

˜ Instrument support for user panel and action port which receives commands from the user comprising by not limited to things like Run, Start, Throttle position, Hold speed, Brake application, Brake hard, various motor inputs and fuel container information.

The PlasmaERG’s website is at http://plasmerg.com/ but it needs Internet Explorer to display properly as it has major display problems when Firefox is used.

John Rohner’s Patent Application US 2011/0113772 A1 entitled “Plasmic Transition Process Motor” can be downloaded from www.freepatentsonline.com or from www.free-energy-info.com . It shows a 2-cylinder motor as an example of the operation:

Robert Britt’s Inert Gas Motor.

Robert Britt designed a very similar engine to that of Josef Papp, and he was also awarded a US patent for an engine operating on inert gasses. William Lyne remarks that this engine design may be replicated using a Chevy “Monza” 6-cylinder engine or a VolksWagen 4-cylinder engine. The heads are removed and the new heads cast using the “pot metal” used for “pseudo chrome” automotive trim. That alloy contains aluminium, tin, zinc and possibly antimony and is particularly suitable as the insides of the cavities can be polished to the high reflectivity specified in the patents.

A full copy of Robert Britt’s patent US 3,977,191 is in the Appendix.

Michael Eskeli’s Turbines.

In April 1989, Michael Eskeli was annoyed by a newspaper article published in the Dallas Times Herald which commented on the failure of science to come up with alternative power systems which do not rely on petroleum products to operate. Michael responded in a letter to the Editor, stating that he holds patents for fuel-less power generators, work-free heat pumps, and other related items, 56 patents issued in the mid-70s.

Michael does hold many patents, one of which is shown in Chapter 14, as a work-free fuel-less heater. However, as I am not aware of any working prototype being shown, I must recommend that you consider the following information as “an idea” rather than a proven fact. As far as I am aware, in the 1970s, the US Patent Office did not demand to see a working prototype before granting a patent, especially if the patent related to a device based on accepted Engineering principles.

However, as Michael’s claim is for self-powered devices, his claim seems too important to be ignored, prototype or no prototype, as competent people reading this may well understand the principles suggested and be in a position to build a self-powered device as a result. If that is the case, then I should really appreciate feedback information on any successful replications and the construction methods used.

As I understand it, Michael’s self-powered devices are Heat Pumps where the additional energy is flowing from the heat contained in the air, courtesy of the heating effects of sunshine. Standard engineering, but with a design which utilises this available energy to provide practical mechanical output power for vehicles and electrical generators.

The Eskeli patents which I have been able to locate are:

3,650,636 Rotary Gas Compressor

3,719,434 Rotary Ejector Compressor

3,748,054 Reaction Turbine

3,748,057 Rotary Compressor with Cooling

3,758,223 Reaction Rotor Turbine

3,761,195 Compressing Centrifuge

3,795,461 Compressor with Cooling

3,809,017 Heat and Steam Generator

3,834,179 Turbine with Heating and Cooling

3,854,841 Turbine

3,861,147 Sealed Single-rotor Turbine

3,874,190 Sealed Single-rotor Turbine

3,879,152 Turbine

3,889,471 Dual-rotor Dual-fluid Turbine

3,895,491 Turbine with Dual Rotors

3,919,845 Dual-fluid Single-rotor Turbine

3,926,010 Rotary Heat Exchanger

3,931,713 Turbine with Regeneration

3,933,007 Compressing Centrifuge

3,933,008 Multi-stage Heat Exchanger

3,937,034 Gas Compressor-Expander

3,938,336 Turbine with Heating and Cooling

3,939,661 Power Generator

3,949,557 Turbine

3,961,485 Turbine with Heat Intensifier

3,962,888 Heat Exchanger

3,972,194 Thermodynamic Machine of the Vane Type

3,972,203 Rotary Heat Exchanger

3,981,702 Heat Exchanger

3,986,361 Turbine with Regeneration

4,003,673 Fluid Pressuriser

4,005,587 Rotary Heat Exchanger with Cooling and Regeneration *

4,012,164 Rotor with Recirculation

4,012,912 Turbine

4,030,856 Rotor with Jet Nozzles

4,044,824 Heat Exchanger

4,047,392 Dual Rotor Heat Exchanger *

4,050,253 Thermodynamic Machine

4,057,965 Thermodynamic Machine with Step-type Heat Addition

4,060,989 Thermodynamic Machine with Step-type Heat Exchangers

4,068,975 Fluid Pressuriser

4,077,230 Rotary Heat Exchanger with Cooling

4,106,304 Thermodynamic Compressor

4,107,944 Heat Pump with Two Rotors *

4,107,945 Thermodynamic Compressor

4,124,993 Refrigeration Machine

4,167,371 Method of Fluid Pressurisation

4,178,766 Thermodynamic Compressor Method

4,574,592 Heat Pump with Liquid-Gas working Fluid

And there are presumably 7 others not listed here, to raise the total to the 56 mentioned by Michael. I do not have the expertise to tell which of these may be self-powered just by reading the patent information, which generally does not mention anything along those lines, (the Patent Office staff not believing that COP>1 exists). Practically any of these patents might fit Michael’s description, so I will pick the following patents to reproduce here:

4,107,944 Heat Pump with Two Rotors (continuing 4,005,587 and 4,047,392)

4,012,912 Turbine, and

3,931,713 Turbine with Regeneration

*********************

US Patent 4,107,944 22nd August 1978 Inventor: Michael Eskeli

HEAT PUMP WITH TWO ROTORS

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for generating heating and cooling by circulating a working fluid within passageways carried by rotors, compressing the working fluid in them and removing heat from the working fluid in a heat-removal heat exchanger and adding heat into the working fluid in a heat-addition heat exchanger, all carried within the rotors. The working fluid is sealed in, and may be a suitable gas, such as nitrogen. A working fluid heat exchanger is also provided to exchange heat within the rotor between two streams of working fluid. In one arrangement, the unit uses two rotors, both rotating; in an alternate arrangement, one of the rotors may be held stationary. Applications include air conditioning and heating applications.

US Patent References:

2,490,064 Thermodynamic Machine Dec 1949 Kollsman

2,490,065 Thermodynamic Machine Dec 1949 Kollsman

2,520,729 Machine for producing Heat Energy Aug 1950 Kollsman

2,597,249 Thermodynamic Engine May 1952 Kollsman

3,470,704 Thermodynamic Apparatus and Method Oct 1969 Kantor

3,834,179 Turbine with Heating and Cooling Sep 1974 Eskeli

3,861,147 Sealed Single-rotor Turbine Jan 1975 Eskeli

3,889,471 Dual-rotor Dual-fluid Turbine Jun 1975 Eskeli

3,895,491 Turbine with Dual Rotors Jul 1975 Eskeli

3,919,845 Dual-fluid Single-rotor Turbine Nov 1975 Eskeli

3,931,713 Turbine with Regeneration Jan 1976 Eskeli

4,005,587 Rotary Heat Exchanger with Cooling & Regeneration Feb 1977 Eskeli

4,044,824 Heat Exchanger Aug 1977 Eskeli

Cross References to Related Applications

This application is a continuation-in-part application of "Dual Rotor Heat Exchanger" filed Nov. 18, 1973, Ser. No. 407,665, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,047,392.

This application also is a continuation-in-part of "Heat Pump" filed June 30, 1975, Ser. No. 591,881, now abandoned.

And this application also is a continuation-in-part of "Rotary Heat Exchanger with Cooling and Regeneration" filed Oct. 1, 1975, Ser. No. 618,456, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,005,587.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to devices for heat transfer from a lower temperature to a higher temperature by using a working fluid enclosed within a centrifuge rotor as an intermediate fluid to transport the heat.

Heat pumps have been known in the past but are complex and costly, and usually use a working fluid that is evaporated and condensed, which results in poor efficiency, and thus high energy cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide apparatus that is low in initial cost and has high thermal efficiency thus reducing cost of the power required to run it. It is further the object of this invention to provide a device and process wherein the losses that normally occur in bearings and seals, due to friction, are applied to the working fluid for its circulation, thus in effect eliminating the power loss due to such friction losses. Also, it is an object of this invention to provide the rotor with a working fluid heat exchanger to reduce needed rotor speeds.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig.1 is a cross section of the device.

Fig.2 is an end view of the device.

Fig.3 is an axial cross section of another form of the device.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Fig.1 shows an axial cross section of the device, where 10 is the base, 11 is the first rotor, 12 is the second rotor, 13 is a seal and 14 is the bearing supporting shaft 15, 16 is fluid passage in the second rotor, 17 is the working fluid opening which may be a nozzle, 18 is the first heat exchanger for heat removal from working fluid, 19 is first heat transfer fluid conduit, 20 is working fluid heat exchanger, in this instance formed from sheet metal like bellows, 21 are vanes, 22 is second heat exchanger for heat addition to working fluid, 23 is bearing supporting shaft 24, 25 and 26 are entry and exit for second heat transfer fluid, 27 and 28 are entry and exit for first heat transfer fluid, and 29 is a vane in peripheral passage.

In Fig.2, an end view of the unit shown in Fig.1 is illustrated. Where 10 is base, 11 is first rotor, 17 are fluid openings, 12 is second rotor, 16 are second rotor fluid passages with vanes, 30 indicates direction of rotation, 24 is first rotor shaft, and 21 are vanes.

In Fig.3, the rotors are arranged differently, but perform the same functions, approximately, as in the unit of Fig.1. Where 40 is first rotor, 41 is first heat exchanger for heat removal from first fluid, 42 is first rotor shaft, 43 and 44 are entry and exit for first heat transfer fluid, 45 is conduit, 46 is working fluid heat exchanger, 47 are fluid openings which may be nozzles, 48 is second rotor, 49 is second heat exchanger for adding heat to the working fluid, 50 is bearing and seal, 51 is second rotor shaft, 52 and 53 are entry and exit for second heat transfer fluid.

In operation, the rotors are caused to rotate and the rotor cavities are filled with a suitable working fluid, which is usually a gas, such as nitrogen, air or other gaseous or vapour substance. Referring to Fig.1, the second rotor rotates usually faster than the first rotor, and the working fluid is compressed by centrifugal force in passages 16, and in the first rotor to some extent, after which heat is removed in heat exchanger 18, with such heat then being transported by the first heat transfer fluid out of the device. The working fluid then passes along the peripheral passage 29 and releases heat in heat exchanger 20, after which the fluid is expanded against centrifugal force in vanes 21 and in heat exchanger 22 where heat is added to the working fluid. After expansion, the working fluid passes along centre passage and receives heat from heat exchanger 20, thus completing its work cycle.

The operation of the unit in Fig.3 is similar, except that the second rotor usually rotates slower than the first rotor, and the second rotor may be kept stationary, if desired. Note that if the second rotor is held stationary, one may use dirty water as the second heat transfer fluid; normally, in rotating heat exchangers, the heat transfer fluid must be free of solids, which will collect in the heat exchanger due to centrifugal force, and block the heat exchanger, and by having a stationary heat exchanger, ordinary water may be used, such as water from a cooling tower.

In the unit of Fig.1, the power input is normally to the second rotor, and the first rotor is allowed to rotate freely. In such usage, the rotor diameters are selected to provide, together with the friction loss in bearings, for the needed speed differential between the two rotors. With the second rotor rotating faster, necessary push for the working fluid is provided to keep the working fluid circulating. Alternately, the speed differential may be maintained by using a power transmission between the two rotors, such as a gearbox. In the unit of Fig.3, the second rotor speed is slower than the speed of the first rotor, and where the rotor diameters are suitable, the second rotor may be held stationary, providing needed push for the working fluid for its circulation.

The working fluid heat exchanger 20 and 46, employ centrifugal force and varying gas density to obtain heat exchange between the two working fluid streams. Hot gas in the peripheral passage is lighter, and colder gas between the folds of the heat exchanger is colder, thus the cold gas is displaced by lighter gas by centrifugal force. Similarly, at the centre passage, cold gas at centre displaces hot gas between folds. Other types of heat exchangers may be used for the heat exchanger 20, including heat pipes, sheet metal discs, and finned tubing filled with a liquid.

The rotor may be encased within a vacuum tank, if desired, to reduce friction on rotor outer surfaces. The use of the working fluid heat exchanger 20 will reduce required rotor speeds to obtain required temperature differentials between the two heat transfer fluids, which then reduces friction losses on the rotor, which may eliminate the need for a vacuum tank.

Various modifications of this device may be made, and different types of heat exchangers used. Also, working fluid radial passages may be curved in various directions, one being the slope for vanes shown as item 21 in Fig.2. By using vane slopes and sloped passages, one can adjust the amount of work exchange between the working fluid and the rotor. Nozzles 47 are usually positioned so as to discharge backwards, in order to generate some torque on the first rotor, and similar nozzles may also be used in passages 21 of the unit shown in Fig.1. Further, the heat exchanger 22, of Fig.1, may be mounted on a stationary member, if desired, in manner shown in Fig.3, and heat exchanger 18 may be mounted within rotor 12, if desired. The various components of the units may be interchanged, as desired.

CLAIMS

1. In a heat pump wherein a compressible working fluid is circulated radially outwardly in a first fluid passage, said first passage contained in a first member, and radially inwardly towards centre of rotation in a second fluid passage, said second passage contained in at least one of said first and second members, said first and second members coaxially arranged, at least one of said members being supported by a shaft for rotation;

said first and said second radial working fluid passages communicatingly connected at their respective outward ends by an outer passage and at their respective inward ends by an inner passage, said radial and outer and inner passages forming a closed loop extending at least partially through both of said members, a working fluid adapted to be circulating through said loop, means for compressing said working fluid by centrifugal force within said loop with accompanying temperature increase, first heat exchange means for cooling said working fluid after compression, said first heat exchange means being carried by one of said members, a second heat exchange means, carried by one of said members, for regeneratively exchanging heat between said working fluid within said inner and outer passages, and a third heat exchange means carried by one of said members for heating said working fluid after said heat exchange between said working fluid within said inner and outer passages.

2. The heat pump of claim 1 wherein a first heat transfer fluid is circulated within said first heat exchange means to remove heat with said first heat exchange fluid entering and leaving via conduits near the centre of rotation of said members.

3. The heat pump of claim 1 wherein a second heat transfer fluid is circulated within said third heat exchange means entering and leaving via conduits near the centre of rotation of said members.

4. The heat pump of claim 1 wherein both of said members are rotors.

5. The heat pump of claim 4 wherein the two rotors rotate at different angular speeds.

6. The heat pump of claim 1 wherein at least one of said members is a rotor.

7. The heat pump of claim 6 wherein said second heat exchange means includes a plurality of folds.

8. The heat pump of claim 7 wherein said second heat exchange means is of bellows configuration.

*********************

US Patent 4,012,912 22nd March 1977 Inventor: Michael Eskeli

TURBINE

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for the generation of power wherein a working fluid is compressed within outward extending rotor passages, and then passed inward in other rotor passages with accompanying expansion and deceleration, with work being generated by the decelerating fluid. Heat may be added into the working fluid near the rotor periphery, and in closed rotors, heat is removed from the working fluid after expansion. A regenerator may also be used, mounted on the rotor, exchanging heat between two streams of the working fluid. During the deceleration, the working fluid passages are curved backwards, while the working fluid passages for acceleration are usually radial. The working fluid may be either a liquid or a gas, and the heating fluid and the cooling fluid may also be either a liquid or a gas.

US Patent References:

3,761,195 Compressing Centrifuge Sept 1973 Eskeli

3,834,179 Turbine with Heating and Cooling Sept 1974 Eskeli

3,926,010 Rotary Heat Exchanger Dec 1975 Eskeli

Cross References to Related Applications:

This application is a continuation-in-part application of "Turbine," Ser. No. 566,373, filed 4-9-75 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,949,557.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to power generators where a working fluid is circulated from a higher energy level to lower energy level, generating power.

In my earlier U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,874,190 and 3,854,841, I described a closed and open type turbines, and using centrifuge design. These turbines used forward facing nozzles within the rotor; in the apparatus disclosed here, such nozzles have been replaced by other methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide a single rotor centrifuge type turbine stage, where vanes or fins, with suitable contours, are used to extract power from the working fluid, using either an open type or a closed type rotor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig.1 is a cross section and

Fig.2 is an end view of a closed type rotor.

Fig.3 is a cross section and

Fig.4 is an end view of an open type rotor.

Fig.5 is a cross section of a unit using a closed type rotor and also using a regenerator.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to Fig.1, there is shown a cross section of one form of the unit. Where 10 is the rotor which is supported by bearings 16 and 22, shaft 17 and base 21. 12 is a heat supply heat exchanger and 15 is cooling heat exchanger, 14 and 11 are vanes or fins, 18 and 19 are coolant entry and exit, 20 is a dividing wall, 23 and 24 are heating fluid entry and exit, and 13 is a working fluid passage which may be used to regulate the flow of working fluid within the rotor.

Fig.2 is an end view of the unit shown in Fig.1. Where 10 is the rotor, 17 the shaft, 19 is a coolant passage, 21 is the base, 14 are vanes positioned so that they slope away from the direction of rotation as indicated by arrow 25, while simultaneously passing the working fluid inwards, 12 is the heating heat exchanger, and 15 is the cooling heat exchanger.

In Fig.3, a rotor for a unit using open cycle is used, where the working fluid enters and leaves the rotor. Here, 30 is the rotor, 31 is the vane situated in a passage which extends outwards, 32 is the fluid passage, 33 is a vane in the passage for inward bound working fluid, 34 is the working fluid exit, 35 is the rotor shaft, 36 is a rotor internal divider and 37 is the working fluid entry into the rotor.

Fig.4 shows an end view of the unit of Fig.3 where 30 is the rotor, 35 is the shaft, 31 are vanes in the passages for outward bound fluid, and are shown here to be curved backwards, when the rotor rotates in the direction shown by arrow 38. After passing openings 32, the working fluid passes inwards guided by vanes 33, and then leaving via exit 34. Vanes 33 are curved as indicated, with the curvature being away from the direction of rotation, so the working fluid provides thrust against the rotor components as it decelerates when passing inwards toward the centre of the rotor.

In Fig.5, a rotor with a regenerator is shown, and also the rotor shaft is arranged so that it can be kept stationary if desired. 50 is the rotor which is supported by bearings 56 and 63 and shaft 57. Vanes 51 may be radial or curved as desired, and vanes 54 are curved in a manner similar to vanes 33 in Fig.4. 52 is a regenerative heat exchanger, exchanging heat between the working fluid streams flowing in passages 53 and 61. Heat supply heat exchanger 55 and cooling heat exchanger 62 are attached to the shaft, so that the shaft may be kept stationary or rotated at a different speed than the rotor 50. 58 and 59 are the entry and exit points for the heating fluid while 64 and 65 are the entry and exit points for the cooling fluid, and 66 is an opening.

When operating, the rotor rotates, and a working fluid within the rotor passes outwards in passage 11, and is compressed by centrifugal force, and accelerated to a tangential speed that may be the same as that for the rotor periphery. In a closed rotor such as is shown in Fig.1, heat is added into the working fluid near the rotor periphery, and then the working fluid decelerated in the fluid passages 14 extending inwards toward rotor centre, with the passages being curved backwards away from the direction of rotation as shown in Fig.2. As the working fluid is decelerated in the inward extending passages, the work associated by such deceleration is transferred into the rotor and this provides the thrust and torque to rotate the rotor. After deceleration and expansion, the working fluid is cooled in heat exchanger 15 and then passed to the outward extending passages thus completing its working cycle.

The operation of the unit of Fig.3 is similar, except that the working fluid enters the rotor via opening 37 from external sources. For the unit shown in Fig.3, the heat addition heat exchanger is omitted; for this unit, there is a pressure drop between entry 37 and exit 34. A heat exchanger similar to that shown in Fig.1, item 12, may be used in the unit of Fig.3, and then the entry and exit pressure for the working fluid may be the same, if desired.

The operation of the unit shown in Fig.5, is similar to that described for the other units. The rotor rotates, and by centrifugal force, compresses the working fluid in passages 51, and then the working fluid gains heat in the regenerative heat exchanger, with the heat being supplied by another working fluid stream returning from the high temperature end of the unit. The working fluid is expanded and decelerated in passages 54 and heat is added in the heat exchanger 55. Then the working fluid passes through the regenerative heat exchanger and then is cooled in the cooling heat exchanger and then is passed into passages 51 thus completing its cycle.

The various components of the units shown can be exchanged to make additional forms of the apparatus. As noted, the unit of Fig.3 may be provided with a heat exchanger similar to that shown in Fig.1 for adding heat into the working fluid near the rotor periphery. Further, a regenerator may be provided with the units of Fig.1 and Fig.3, if desired, between the outward extending and the inward extending working fluid passages. Also, the cooling coil of Fig.5, item 62 may be eliminated, and the working fluid taken into the unit from outside the unit, if desired.

The openings 32, 13 and 66 may be made into nozzles, if desired, and the nozzle oriented in different directions as desired. In particular, these nozzles may be positioned so as to discharge the working fluid tangentially backwards, if desired.

The regenerator of Fig.5 is shown to be tapered. This taper may be as shown, or the taper may be made such that the regenerator portion diameter is smaller at the end which has the heat exchanger 55, than the end which has the heat exchanger 62. Also, the regenerator may be made without a taper.

Passages 53 and 61 are usually provided with vanes, as indicated in Fig.5, to prevent tangential movement of the working fluid.

Applications for this power generator are those normally encountered in power generation.

The working fluid is usually a gas for units such as those shown in Fig.1 and Fig.5, but the working fluid may also be a liquid for a unit such as shown in Fig.3. The heating and cooling fluids may be either gases or liquids, as desired.

The heat exchangers for heating and cooling are shown to be made of finned tubing. Other forms of heat exchangers for adding heat and for removing heat may be used. The regenerative heat exchanger is shown to be made of sheet metal; other forms of heat exchangers may be also used.

US Patent 3,931,713 13th January 1976 Inventor: Michael Eskeli

TURBINE WITH REGENERATION

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for generating power by passing a motivating fluid from a higher energy level to a lower energy level by compressing the fluid in a centrifuge-type first rotor and discharging the fluid via nozzles near the periphery of the first rotor, forwards in the direction of rotation to a second rotor which is an inward flow type reaction turbine, then passing the fluid through a regeneration type heat exchanger to transfer heat from the inward bound fluid into the outward bound fluid, after which the fluid is cooled in a heat exchanger to its original temperature and is passed outward again thus completing its cycle. Heat is added to the fluid near the periphery of the second rotor, or the heat may be added near the periphery of the first rotor, or both. Additionally, the fluid may be supplied to the unit from outside source, and returned to such outside source, and the cooling may thus be eliminated from the unit. Further, the fluid entering from an outside source may be at an elevated pressure. The fluids used may be gaseous, which is normal for a closed type unit, or they may be liquids at entry for the open type unit.

US Patent References:

2,490,064 Thermodynamic Machine Dec 1949 Kollsman

2,514,875 U-passage Gas Turbine July 1950 Kollsman

2,597,249 Thermodynamic Engine May 1952 Kollsman

3,236,052 Closed-cycle Gas Turbines Feb 1966 Guin

3,530,671 Regenerative Air Turbines Sep 1970 Kolodziej

This application is a continuation-in-part application of "Turbine with Dual Rotors," Ser. No. 405,628, filed 10/11/73, and uses material of a previous U.S. Pat. No. 3,834,179, "Turbine with Heating and Cooling".

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to devices for generating power in response to a fluid flowing from a higher energy level to a lower energy level passing through a turbine for generating the power.

There have been various types of turbines previously, in some of which a fluid is accelerated in a single or multiple stationary nozzles and then passed to vanes mounted on a rotating rotor wheel, where the kinetic energy contained by the moving fluid is converted to power by deceleration of the fluid.

These conventional turbines normally have a high energy loss due to fluid friction, especially between rotor vanes and the fluid where the velocity differential is usually large. Also, these turbines often require complex shaped turbine vanes making the unit costly.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide a turbine for power generation in which heat is converted to power, in an efficient and economical manner, and with high thermal efficiency. It is also an object of this invention to provide a means for transferring heat from the motivating or working fluid, which is the first fluid, during its passage from rotor periphery to rotor centre into the first fluid which is passing from the rotor centre towards the rotor periphery. This heat transfer improves the efficiency of the turbine, and reduces the necessary rotational speed of the rotor, allowing less costly rotor construction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig.1 is a cross section of one form of the device, and

Fig.2 is an end view of the unit shown in Fig.1.

Fig.3 is a cross section of another form of the device.

Fig.4 is a detail of rotor nozzles.

Fig.5 is a pressure-enthalpy diagram of the first fluid with working cycle illustrated for the first fluid.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Fig.1 shows a cross section of one form of the turbine. In this form, the first fluid is sealed within the rotor with a second fluid which supplies heat to the first fluid, and a third fluid which cools the first fluid, being circulated from external sources.

The first fluid is accelerated and compressed within the first rotor, and after discharge from the nozzles of the first rotor, into the second rotor, where it receives heat from the second fluid, and after deceleration and expansion the first fluid passes in heat exchange relationship with the first fluid flowing outward so that heat is transferred from the inward bound first fluid to the outward bound first fluid. Cooling is then provided for the first fluid to bring the first fluid temperature to an initial predetermined value.

In Fig.1, 10 is the casing, 11 is the first rotor, 12 is the third fluid heat exchanger, 13 is the vane which also serves as a heat exchange member, 14 is a heat-conductive wall, 15 is a vane, 16 is a nozzle, 17 is the second rotor, 18 is the second fluid heat-exchanger, 19 is a vane, 20 is the second-fluid conduit, 21 is a combined bearing and seal, 22 is a combined bearing and seal, 23 is a second rotor shaft for the delivery of power, and for support of the second rotor, 24 and 25 are supply and return for the third-fluid, 26 is a vent opening in the casing into which a vacuum source may be connected, 34 is a dividing wall, 27 are vanes serving also as heat-exchange members, 28 is a first-fluid passage, 30 is a combined bearing and seal, 31 and 32 are the second-fluid entry and exit points, and 33 is the first rotor shaft.

Fig.2 shows an end view of the unit of Fig.1 where 10 is the casing, 11 is the first rotor, 17 is the second rotor, 16 are the first-fluid nozzles, 18 is a heat exchanger, 19 are vanes, 20 is a conduit, 13, 14 and 27 form a heat exchanger for the first-fluid and 23 is the second rotor shaft.

Fig.3 shows another form of the turbine, where the first-fluid is supplied to the turbine from outside sources thus eliminating the third-fluid heat exchanger. 50 is the first rotor, 51, 52 and 53 form a heat exchanger for the first-fluid, 55 and 58 are heating heat exchangers for adding heat to the first-fluid and may use a second- fluid at the same temperature or at a different temperature as the heating fluid, 54 are vanes within first rotor, 56 are first-fluid nozzles oriented to discharge forwards, 57 is the second rotor, 59 are vanes, 60 is a conduit for the second-fluid, 61, 62 and 72 are bearings, 64, 65, 69 and 70 are entries and exits for the second-fluid, 63 is the second rotor shaft, 71 is first rotor shaft, 66 is the base, while 67 and 68 are the exit and entry points for the first-fluid.

Fig.4 shows a detail of the first-fluid nozzles where 34 is wall on which nozzles 16 are mounted, 35 is the approximate direction of leaving of the first-fluid, and 36 indicates direction of rotation of first rotor.

In Fig.5, a pressure-enthalpy diagram for the first fluid is shown, with the working cycle for the first-fluid where 80 is the pressure axis and 81 is enthalpy axis, 82 are constant entropy lines, 83 are constant pressure lines, and for the cycle, compression with heat removal, or without heat removal, occurs from 84 to 85, heat is added from returning first-fluid from 85 to 86, further compression is from 86 to 87, then expansion from 87 to 88 and 89, and heat removal to the first-fluid from 89 to 84, thus completing the cycle. Heat is normally added between 87 and 88, from the second-fluid. The heat addition between 85 and 86, and heat removal between 89 and 84 may be at constant or varying pressure as desired; pressure may be varied conveniently by increasing or decreasing the diameter of the first-fluid to first-fluid heat exchanger, making the heat exchanger tapered.

In operation, the rotors are filled to a desired pressure with a suitable first-fluid, and the first rotor is caused to rotate. The first-fluid is first compressed with heat removal, and then is passed in heat exchange relationship with the inward bound first-fluid with addition of heat, and after this the first-fluid is further compressed and accelerated and after this compression, the first-fluid is passed via nozzles mounted on the first rotor forwards in the direction of rotation, after which the first fluid enters the second rotor’s inward extending passages for deceleration, with heat being added to the first-fluid in the second rotor inward passages for reduction of density of the first-fluid. After passing inwards and decelerating, the first-fluid is passed in heat exchange relationship with the outward bound first-fluid, and after that, the first-fluid may be further decelerated, and then the first-fluid enters the outward extending passages of the first rotor thus completing the cycle.

The operation of the open turbine of Fig.3 is similar to that described, except that the first-fluid is supplied from external sources, and is then returned to said external source, with cooling then being deleted.

The work input to the first rotor is the work required to accelerate the first-fluid, and the work output by the second rotor is the work of deceleration received by the second rotor. The work output by the turbine is the work differential of these two rotors.

The rotational speed of the second rotor may be higher than the rotational speed of the first rotor. To provide for inward flow of the first fluid within the second rotor, the fluid density is reduced by adding heat to the first fluid either within the second rotor, or also within the first rotor.

The addition of heat from the inward bound first fluid to the outward bound first fluid increases the temperature of the first fluid during latter part of compression and during expansion, and thus has the effect of improving the thermal efficiency of the turbine. Also, another effect is the reduction in the needed rotational speed for the turbine rotors, thus reducing the required strength for the rotors, and making the rotors more economical to make and operate.

Working fluids for this turbine are usually gases for the first-fluid, and liquids for the second and third fluids. Gaseous second and third fluids may be also used, and the first-fluid may be a liquid in some instances. Also, the first fluid may undergo a phase change within the turbine, if so desired, when using a suitable fluid. Applications for this turbine include normal power generation service using various heat sources.

The first rotor shaft and the second rotor shaft are normally connected via a power transmission device so that a part of the power produced by the second rotor is used to rotate the first rotor. Starting of the unit is by a starting device.

The vanes of the rotors may be made curved if desired. In many instances, the first rotor vanes may be curved backward to increase compression of the first-fluid, and the vanes of the second rotor may be also curved, to improve performance, and to suit the design and fluid selected. In this connection, the fins for the heat exchangers are considered to be vanes.

The pressure-enthalpy diagram shown in Fig.5, is approximate only. This diagram may be varied, depending of the amount of heat added in the second rotor, or in the first rotor, and depending on the specific location of the second fluid and third fluid heat exchangers. In particular, heat may be added to the first-fluid during expansion to make the first-fluid actually increase in temperature; this will normally improve the overall thermal efficiency of the turbine. Also, heat removal by the third fluid may be conducted in places other than that shown in Fig.1, as desired.

It should be also noted that the heat addition to the first-fluid may be from sources other than the second fluid, and similarly, some other means may be used to cool the first-fluid other than the third fluid. Such heating sources may include electricity, or other rotors mounted in proximity to this turbine; these will not change the spirit of this invention.

The heat exchanger mechanism for transferring heat from the inward bound first-fluid to the outward bound first-fluid can also be located within the second rotor, and also the entry and exit for the first-fluid into the turbine may be within the second rotor. Such arrangements are not shown specifically in the drawings since they are considered to be within the capabilities of a skilled designer, in view of the descriptions given herein.

Much of this information on Michael Eskeli is taken, with the kind permission of Scott Robertson, from his web site http://www.aircaraccess.com .

James Hardy’s Self-Powered Water-jet Generator.

Repeated here from Chapter 2, a device which needs to be in this list of self-powered devices is the ultra simple water-jet generator. There is a video on Google which shows a self-powered electrical water-pump driven, electrical generator at the location: http://video.google.com.au/videoplay?docid=-3577926064917175403&ei=b1_BSO7UDILAigKA4oCuCQ&q=self-powered+generator&vt=lf

This is a very simple device where the jet of water from the pump is directed at a simple water-wheel which in turn, spins an electrical alternator, powering both the pump and an electric light bulb, demonstrating free-energy. What is of particular note is the utter simplicity of this device. It uses off-the-shelf parts almost exclusively and can be constructed by almost anyone.

It should be noted that the implementation shown in this video uses the most basic of turbine blades which must have a very low efficiency, and yet the output power generated is well above the level needed to sustain its own operation. Given well shaped conventional turbine blades of much higher efficiency would appear to raise the performance further, while one would think that using a Tesla Turbine with its simple discs should give a really spectacular performance. However, this may very well not be the case a the irregular, pulsed drive of the wheel will be leading-out additional energy as in the case of the Chas Campbell flywheel and the John Bedini flywheel. As it is, with its present form of construction, this device is already capable of producing additional power able to run other pieces of standard mains equipment.

This is clearly a development platform and it would benefit from having the areas which contain water, fully enclosed, and the electrical diversion from mains power to the output alternator operated by a switch.

Initially, the generator is got up to speed, driven by the mains electrical supply. Then, when it is running normally, the mains connection is removed and the motor/generator sustains itself and is also able to power at least one light bulb. The generator output is normal mains current from a standard off-the-shelf alternator. Power generation could hardly get any more simple than this.

The Heat Pump System of Arthur Cahill and John Scott.

Arthur Cahill and John Scott have patented a heat-pump system which draws heat energy from the surrounding environment and uses that energy to produce mechanical and/or electrical energy for powering a household. Why most people have a refrigerator they are generally not aware that it is a heat-pump and moves three times as much heat from inside the refrigerator compared to the necessary input power (COP=3 but could be up to COP=11 when used differently).

This heat-pump system appears to run without any form of energy input, but the energy comes indirectly from the sun heating the surrounding environment and there is no magic involved. Mind you, when the system runs and provides power, generally, without the need for any fuel, the user can be forgiven for thinking of it as a fuel-less or self-powered system even though strictly speaking, that is not the case. The inventors have made allowances for unusual conditions where environmental conditions can't provide the temperature difference needed to make the system operate as intended. A liquid or gaseous fuel is provided along with a burner to provide the heat difference if those conditions are encountered.

Here is an extract from their patent:

Patent US 4,309,619 5th January 1982 Inventors: Arthur Cahill & John Scott

SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM

ABSTRACT:

A dynamic, self-sustaining and self-perpetuating device for the production of motive force by combining cryogenic and thermodynamic principles into one system, keeping the systems separated, two open to atmosphere, the other closed, sealed, pressurised and using special compounded fluids, which when alternately exposed to the heat of atmospheric temperature, then, to the coldness of a liquid or air-cooled condenser, first evaporates, then condenses. Rapid expansion during evaporation produces a high pressure vapour which operates an engine and a generator, which are an integral part of the closed system. Rapid condensation drastically reduces back pressure on the aft side of the engine, and the engine operates on the difference between the two pressures, producing electricity, or, the engine can be used as a direct drive for vehicles or equipment. Built-in safeguards and alternatives are a part of the systems, assuring continued operation despite adverse conditions.

US Patent References:

2,969,637 Converting solar to mechanical energy Jan 1961 Rowekamp

3,495,402 Power system Feb 1970 Yates

3,995,429 Generating power using environmental temperature differentials Dec 1976 Peters

4,110,986 Using solar energy carried by a fluid Sep 1978 Tacchi

4,214,170 Power generation-refrigeration system Jul 1980 Leonard

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a closed-cycle, sealed, pressurised, energy producing system, utilising the sciences of thermodynamics and cryogenics to convert liquid into gas, then back to liquid.

2. Description of the Prior Art

There is no exact prior art, as cryogenics have been used primarily for air conditioning and refrigeration purposes, and thermodynamic efforts have been directed in the area of low efficiency ocean thermal energy conversion systems. A few attempts have been made to combine some form of cryogenics and thermodynamics, without notable success, mainly using sea water for evaporation and condensing. While using no fuel and requiring little in the area of labour, these ocean thermal energy conversion systems are of necessity, low pressure systems and require large sea going platforms to support the huge turbines and heat exchangers which are necessary to produce reasonable electrical power, resulting in excessive capital costs for minimal electrical output, since such stations only have the ability to service a small portion of the populace along the seaboards. None of these contrivances serve or benefit the populace as a whole, while the whole bears the burden of financing through taxes, or government grants.

Proposals to heat gases and cool gases in an endeavour to improve the efficiency of home heating and cooling systems, have been previously advanced, some operating on the heat pump principle. All such previous proposals and inventions have had one thing in common, they all plug into the Utility Company's electric line to obtain the electricity necessary to run the system.

In cryogenics the knowledge that certain liquids, when heated, change into a high pressure vapour, which is the heart of all air conditioning and refrigeration systems, has been known for many years. Thermodynamics were pioneered by the 19th century French physicist Nicholas Carnot. Attempts have been advanced during the years to harness one or the other and sometimes both, for the purpose of heating and cooling, resulting in the invention of the heat pump in a much earlier year, but none of the systems yet devised for use by the general public have been able to operate without the use of an outside source of electricity, or, fuel, such as oil, or gas fired boilers, resulting in a considerable consumption of fuel and a cataclysmic effect on the earth's environment.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, the device will operate in hot sunshine; on cloudy days without sunshine; during rainstorms; during snowstorms; during changes in temperature from day to night; during changes in seasons from winter, to spring, to summer, to fall; when it's cold, even below zero; for the power generated is that energy produced when a compounded fluid changes form, first to vapour, then back to liquid, by application of controlled temperatures within the sealed cycle. Thus, by combining cryogenics and thermodynamics into one system, keeping the two separated, one open to atmosphere and the other closed, sealed and pressurised, and by using fluids specifically compounded for the given area, or climate, these fluids, when exposed to atmospheric temperatures, in accordance with the kinetic theories of matter, gases and heat, provide the kinetic energy to operate an engine.

The condenser can be either liquid or air cooled, although for the embodiment depicted herein, the condenser is air cooled.

Generally speaking, there is up to an approximate 2.5 PSI increase associated with each degree of temperature rise in most cryogenic fluids and gases. However, using commercially available fluids, here are a few examples:

You will notice that R-13 at 80° F. produces 521 psi., or 35.4 times atmospheric pressure and at 125° F. would produce thousands of psi. At 95° F. R-22 produces 185 psi., or a thrust on a five inch diameter piston of 3,633.4 pounds. Even at 30° F., with R-22 a thrust of 583.2 pounds is obtained. R-13 at 30° F. produces 263 psi. or 5,112.7 pounds of thrust on a five inch diameter piston. The pressures are there by using the Casco Perpetuating Energy System, utilising proprietary formulated liquids for the area and temperatures to be encountered. It is not intended that any of these mentioned fluids will be used in the present invention; the comparisons being made herein with popular and well known liquids, for comparison purposes only.

THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a device to supply pollution free power to operate a generator for the producing of electrical power, or, to supply power as a direct drive to a shaft, transmission, clutch, differential or the such, the invention being independent of outside sources of power such as electricity supplied by a Public Utility Company. This is not to be considered perpetual motion, as will be explained later in the text.

Proprietary liquids, specifically compounded to produce the desired results in a given area, or climate, under pressure in the reservoir to keep them in a liquid state, will, when directed through tubes exposed to atmospheric temperature, change from a liquid state into a gaseous state (from here on referred to as steam), such conversion resulting in tremendous expansion, thus producing high pressure steam with which to drive the engine, or turbine.

It is a general object of this invention to provide a pollution free device for public utilisation, that will produce electrical power or, direct drive power. One object is to produce electrical power with which to heat, cool, cook, run electrical appliances and light a home. Another object of the invention is to provide industry with a pollution free means to not only heat, cool and light factories, but to supply electrical or direct drive power with which to operate factory equipment. A still further object of the invention is to provide a pollution free source of power to propel cars, trains, trucks, buses, equipment, steamships, aeroplanes, and other forms of transportation, without the use of fossil fuels as the primary power source. It is also an object of the present invention to provide the means whereby individuals can produce electrical power for their own use, and as a small power production, sell their surplus electrical power to the local electricity utility company. A further object of the invention is to provide a self-sustaining, small apparatus, that provides ample power from the engine to operate a car or other conveyance, or to supply sufficient electrical power to a home or factory, without having to plug the apparatus into a Public Utility electrical supply.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Fig.1 is a partially sectioned schematic view of the system:

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In the drawing, Fig.1, the invention is shown in a preferred embodiment for home use. The liquid pump 39, pumps the cryogenic fluid from the pressurised liquid reservoir 38, into liquid line 40, where the fluid gravity feeds into flash boiler 8. Pump 39 also prevents back pressure from flash boiler 8 from entering the pressurised liquid reservoir 38, and since the pressure within steam line 10 and liquid line 40 are equal, the cryogenic fluid gravity feeds down liquid line 40 into steam line 10. The fins on flash boiler 8 are heated to atmospheric temperature by air stream 4, which converts the fluid within steam line 10, inside flash boiler 8 into high pressure steam. To maintain the pressure during the passage of steam to the engine 15, steam line 10 from flash boiler 8 is housed inside the oven 9, which is exhausted when necessary by discharge 12 from centrifugal blower 11. Constant temperature within oven 9 and flash boiler 8 is maintained by the admission of fresh atmosphere via air stream 4 passing through the finned flash boiler 8 and up through oven 9. Centrifugal blower 11 is thermostatically controlled to exhaust air within oven 9 which has cooled below a predetermined temperature. Any excess pressure within steam line 10 is by-passed through check valve 13 and bleed line 14 into the exhaust collector box 18, thus, a pressurised, closed system is maintained, which, once charged, unless an accident damages or ruptures a line, should not have to be replenished. Pressure within the exhaust collection box 18 will be less than the inlet pressure from steam line 10 to engine 15, because the condenser 24 is at a lower pressure, as is steam return tube 19, than PSI input to engine 15 from steam line 10, thereby creating a suction on the back of the exhaust collector box 18.

Airstream 29, which has been cooled by evaporator cooler 27, flows over the finned surfaces of condenser 24, instantly lowering the temperature of the steam within condenser 24 below a predetermined condensation point, thus turning the steam back to a liquid, such conversion and instant reduction of volume within condenser 24 causing a pressure reduction at the back of engine 15. This condensed liquid drains down into liquid coil return 35, where it is immediately pumped into the pressurised liquid reservoir 38 by liquid pump 36.

While under pressure in pressurised liquid reservoir 38, the fluid is maintained in a liquid state regardless of exterior temperature, until it is re-circulated back into the system by liquid pump 39, through liquid line 40 to flash boiler 8, where it again converts into steam.

The capacity of evaporator cooler 27 and packing 28 is sufficient to cool intake air stream 29 to a predetermined temperature below atmospheric temperature at any given time, even with humidity rise at night, or during rainstorms, or just during high humidity weather. This temperature differential is maintained as the atmospheric temperature rises and falls, with an anti-freeze liquid being added to the water in the evaporator cooler when temperatures drop below 32° F., to keep it from freezing.

Additional warm air to augment air stream 4 is obtained by directing the warm air exhaust collected in hot exhaust air collector 26, by centrifugal blower 41, through T-assembly 42. Air flow through T-assembly 42 is directed and controlled by the warm air control mechanism 44, which regulates flow-damper 43 to either exhaust through exit 45 into the atmosphere, or alternatively, recirculate air flow 29 through restricted-T 42, thereby compressing and further heating air flow 29 before injecting it through flash boiler 8. Warm air control mechanism 44 also controls fan 1 and louvers 3, selecting the optimum heat from either T-assembly 42 or variable-Venturi 2, to perpetuate the system.

The evaporator cooler 27 has an inlet water pipe 34 which supplies cold water from the normal house water supply, or well, (neither shown). The bottom water reservoir 33 is kept at a constant level of water by float valve 32. The water is pumped by pump 31 up tube 30 into the top water reservoir 25, where it runs through the perforated bottom of reservoir 25 down on to the packing 28, keeping packing 28 constantly wet, which cools air flow 29 as it is drawn through packing 28 and over the fins of condenser 24 by the partial vacuum in the hot air exhaust collector 26, such partial vacuum being created by centrifugal blower 41 exhausting the air from the hot exhaust air collector 26 slightly faster than air flow 29 can replace it.

As long as there is warmer air on the flash boiler 8 side of the system than the cooler condenser 24 side of the system, this device will continue to operate and produce electricity and/or power. The heat recirculating system and the use of three separate, distinct sub-systems within the system, one sealed, permits the system to perpetuate itself. As mentioned above, this device is not to be considered perpetual motion, for somewhere in the ranges of temperature differentials and weather conditions, there may be a no-man's land where the system could shut down, then the variable venturi 2, in conjunction with motor and fan 1 and louvers 3, will come into use automatically upon a signal from warm air controller 44 and 12 voltage controller 23, and be used for a period of time. Motor and fan 1 forces an air stream 4 upward through the variable Venturi 2, with air stream 4 controlled by warm air controller 44 and 12 volt controller 23, adjusting louvers 3. As air stream 4 is forced through the restriction of variable Venturi 2, air stream 4 is compressed as it funnels up the narrowing walls of the variable Venturi 2, such compression causing the air to heat, thus overcoming possible deadlocked or identical temperatures between the condenser 24 and air flow 4. This slight temperature rise in air stream 4 will enable the system to perpetuate itself until the atmospheric temperature itself changes enough to permit a continued operation. Since fan and motor 1 is run by battery power from 12 volt supply 23, even though the batteries are constantly being charged during operation, the batteries may become exhausted because of an extended time the fan and motor 1 are run, then, or, if for any other reason the system starts to run down, a small burner 7, operating on liquid or gaseous fuel 6, through line 5 and valve 48, is ignited by spark mechanism 47 and supplies the heat necessary to support and perpetuate the system until atmospheric temperature and condensing temperature permits the system to operate normally. Fired clay heat retainers 46 are arranged on the grate within burner 7, to retain heat.

The cryogenic system is charged by filling with liquid under pressure through fill pipe 37. Re-charging, if necessary, is done the same way. Engine 15 turns drive shaft 16, which turns generator 17, producing electrical power (110V or 220V) via electric control system 20 which passes the electricity into three channels:

One: To 12-volt controller 23, to run the electrical parts of the system and keep the batteries charged.

Two: To the house 22, to supply the electricity with which to cook, run appliances, light, heat and cool the home.

Three: All remaining electricity is channelled through utility meter 21 into a local utility company's electrical line for sale and use elsewhere.

The “Hidro” Self-Powered Generator of James Kwok.

A quite different style of generator has been built, tested, patented and at this time is available commercially for a limited number of large-scale-use purchasers. This design demonstrates yet again, the practical nature of drawing large quantities of energy from the local environment. Commercial versions are offered in three standard sizes: 50 kilowatt, 250 kilowatt and 1 megawatt and licensing partners are being sought.

The generator which James has designed can be seen at the Panacea-bocaf.org web site at

http://panacea-bocaf.org/hidrofreeenergysystem.htm and on James’ own web site at

http://www.hidroonline.com/ both of which have video clips explaining how the design works. The method is based on different pressures at different depths of water, gravity, and on the buoyancy of air-filled containers. The design calls for a water-filled structure of some height, a source of compressed air and a pulley system.

The system does not rely on wind, weather, sunlight, fuel of any type, and it can operate all the time, day or night, without causing any kind of pollution or hazard. If I understand it correctly, the overall system looks something like this:

There is a tall, vertical container filled with water. It contains four high-pressure tanks; tanks 1 and 2 are fixed in position while tanks 3 and 4 are mounted on a guidance system which allows them to move up and down vertically, with their movement driving the output generator.

The system is started when an external source of compressed air feeds some into tank 2, where the raised pressure passes compressed air into tank 3, raising it’s buoyancy and so causing an upward force. The air supply is cut off and tanks 3 and 4 are released.

As tank 3 is highly buoyant, it rises rapidly to the surface, providing output power. Tank 4 has low air pressure in it and so it’s weight causes it to sink rapidly, also providing output power. When tanks 3 and 4 reach the end of their movements, a system of pipes, latches and valves connect tank 4 to pressure tank 2 and tank 3 to pressure tank 1.

Because tank 3 has now risen to a much lesser depth of water, the outside pressure on it has reduced very considerably. It’s internal pressure is now greater than the pressure inside tank 1, so when they are connected by a pipe, air flows out of tank 3 and into tank 1, solely due to the pressure difference between them. This leaves tank 3 no longer in a buoyant state and so when it is released again, it sinks downwards under gravity.

The two moving tanks swap their movements repeatedly, both being re-pressurised by the compressed air supply at the bottom of the structure. If, unlike James, you have not done the mathematics for the system, you would assume that the amount of power generated by a system like this would be less than the amount of power needed to make it operate. However, that is definitely very far from reality as considerable excess power is gained through the natural forces of the local environment which make the system operate.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-info.com

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 9: Passive Systems

The Devices of Hans Coler.

A German naval captain called Hans Coler invented a COP>1 generator in 1925. He called this device the ‘Stromerzeuger’ and for a few watts from a dry battery it provided 6 kW continuously. He was refused development support because it was “a perpetual motion machine”.

Hans also invented a passive device which he called the ‘Magnetstromapparat’. His unit required very careful and slow adjustment to get it operating but when it started it continued on test in a locked room for three months of continuous operation. Nobody, including Hans, seems any too sure how this device works but it is presented here in case you wish to research it further. It comprises six bar magnets wound as shown here. Some are wound in a clockwise direction when looking at the North pole and these are called “Right” those wound in an anticlockwise direction are called “Left”:

These six magnets are arranged in a hexagon and wired as shown here:

And the schematic diagram is:

One extremely interesting feature of this passive device is that it has been witnessed producing 450 mV for several hours; it was capable of developing up to 12 Volts. The witnesses were quite sure that it was not picking up radio or mains input. So, what was it picking up? With magnets as the key component, it seems clear that it is the zero-point energy field which is being accessed, but clearly, the access represents a vanishingly small percentage of the actual power available

To operate the device, the switch is left in the open position, the magnets are moved slightly apart and the sliding coil set into various positions with a wait of several minutes between adjustments. The magnets are then separated still further and the coils moved again. This process is repeated until at a critical separation of the magnets, a voltage is developed. The switch is now closed and the process continued more slowly. The voltage then builds up to a maximum which is then maintained indefinitely. The position of the apparatus in the room and the orientation of the device had no effect on the output.

The magnets were selected to be as nearly equal in strength as possible and the resistance of the magnet and coil were checked after winding to make sure they were as nearly equal as possible (about 0.33 ohms).

A very neat construction of the Coler ‘Magnetstromapparat’ by an unknown German experimenter is shown below - I’m afraid without permission as I have no idea who he is or how to contact him to ask his permission. The quality of workmanship is impressive and the result is a very professional looking device. Notice the sliding coil arrangement at the bottom left with one coil being positioned closely inside another and held in place where the experimenter chooses.

Recently, a construction video has come on offer at http://www.kohlermagnet.com/ and it shows step by step, one method of implementing this design. The website design screams ‘con artist’ and the final tuning is shown is such an apparently simple and quick way that it suggests that it could well be faked (by AAA batteries embedded in the underside of the very thick base board and wired in underneath), but the construction instructions make this a video which is worth watching. Scaling up the output from one tiny bulb to kilowatts of power is by no means the simple matter implied in the video, and I personally doubt that a passive device of this type could ever produce kilowatts of output power – at twelve volts you are looking at 165 amps of current requiring copper wire with a diameter of more than 7 mm to carry it.

Thomas Trawoeger’s Electricity-Producing Pyramid.

One thing which is quite certain, and that is the fact that at this point in time, our technical know-how has not yet encompassed the zero-point energy field properly. It is by no means obvious how the Hans Coler device operates, and if we understood the technology properly, we would be able to say with certainty, exactly how and why it operates, and ways to improve it would be obvious. As it is, all we can do is look at it and wonder, possibly try a few experiments, but the bottom line is that we do not yet understand it. This is the normal situation in the early days of any new field of technology.

It is also quite usual for pioneers in any new field to encounter a good deal of opposition, mistrust, and generally disheartening treatment from other people. That is certainly the case for Thomas Trawoeger from Austria, who has progressed well in the passive energy field. He has suffered repeated web-based attacks with his display material being destroyed and web sites being made inoperable.

So, what makes some people so afraid of Thomas? The answer is that he is experimenting with shapes. That doesn’t sound too terrible does it? Well, it certainly bothers some people, which suggests that he must be on the verge of uncovering a mechanism for drawing serious amounts of power from the zero-point energy field.

Thomas is by no means the first person to examine this area, but he is one of the first to consider drawing serious amounts of electrical energy from the local environment using shape and an appropriate detector. Obviously, this is the same area that Hans Coler was investigating, and it appears that Thomas has managed to tap a continuous 8 watts of electrical energy using a wholly passive device.

As we are not all that familiar with this type of technology, we tend to dismiss it as being a “crackpot” area, not worthy of investigation by serious scientists. It is actually, very far from being that in reality, and it just indicates our serious lack of technical understanding if we dismiss it out of hand. Two hundred years ago, the idea of a television set would definitely have been considered a “crackpot” pipe dream, far, far away from reality. Today, any schoolchild would be horrified at the thought of a TV set being considered “crackpot”. So, what has changed? Only our level of technology, nothing else. In another two hundred years time, when the zero-point energy field is fully understood, people will look back with a smile at the though of people like us who didn’t know how to draw any amount of energy, freely from the environment, and they will laugh at the thought of burning a fossil fuel to produce energy from a chemical reaction. That, of course, does not help us at all in this time of our ignorance, and we still have to deal with the sort of people who thought that the horse-drawn cart would never be superseded.

The scientific method has been established for a long time now. Essentially, observations are made, experiments are performed and a theory is produced which fits all of the known facts. If additional facts are discovered, then the theory needs to be modified or replaced by another which includes all of the new facts. Established scientists find it difficult to adhere to the scientific principle. They are afraid of losing their reputation, their job or their funding and so are reluctant to investigate any new facts which indicate that some of their best-loved theories need to be revised. Fortunately, not being in the business, we can take new facts on board without any problem. In the light of what certain shapes do, this is just as well.

Let us see if we can put this in perspective. Consider an intelligent, well-educated person living several hundred years ago. Looking skyward at night, he sees the stars. At that time, the theory was that the stars were fixed to a ‘celestial sphere’ which rotates around the Earth. That was a perfectly good theory which matched the known facts of the time. In fact, the concept matches the observed facts so well that some people who teach Astro Navigation to sailors still find it to be useful in teaching the subject today. If you told the average person of those days, that the stars were not very small but very large indeed, that the Earth is orbiting around the Sun and in fact, the Sun is one of those ‘tiny’ stars, then you would have been considered one of the ‘lunatic fringe’.

Next, if you were to tell that person that there were invisible forces passing through the walls of his house and even through him, he would most certainly rate you as a bona fide member of the ‘lunatic fringe’. However, if you then took several compasses into his house and demonstrated that they all pointed in the same direction, he might start to wonder.

Now, just to really establish your membership of the ‘lunatic fringe’ you tell him that one day there will be invisible rays passing through the walls of all buildings and that these rays will allow you to watch things happening on the other side of the world. Finally, to complete the job, you tell him that there is a substance called uranium, and if he were to carry a piece around in his pocket, it would kill him by destroying his body with invisible rays.

Today, school children are aware of, the Solar System, magnetic lines of force, television and X-rays. Further, as the scientific theory has caught up, these children are not considered part of the ‘lunatic fringe’ but this knowledge is expected of them as a matter of course. The only thing which has changed is our understanding of the observed universe.

At the present time, we are faced with a number of observations which do not fit in with the scientific theories of some of the current educational establishments. If we consider these things seriously, we run the risk of being considered part of the ‘lunatic fringe’ until such time as scientific theory catches up with us again. So be it, it is better to examine the facts than to pretend that they don’t exist.

Present theory has worked well enough up to now, but we need to take on board the fact that since it does not cover all of the facts, it needs to be extended or modified. So, what observed facts are causing a problem? Well:

1. In Quantum Mechanics it has been found that some pairs of particles are linked together no matter how far apart they are physically. If you observe the state of one of the pair, the state of the other changes instantly. This happens far, far faster than the speed of light and that does not fit neatly into present theory.

2. If a substance is cooled down to Absolute Zero temperature, it should be completely motionless, but that is not the case as movement can be observed. This movement is caused by external energy flowing into the frozen material. That energy, observed at Absolute Zero temperature is called ‘Zero-Point Energy’. So where does that fit into the theory?

3. There are several devices which are self-powered and which are capable of powering external loads. These things appear to act in defiance to the Law of Conservation of Energy.

4. The Aspden Effect (described below) indicates that current theory does not cover all of the facts.

5. It is now known and fully accepted by science that more than 80% of our universe is composed of matter and energy which we cannot see.

6. Even though our Sun is losing some five tons of mass per second, it radiates more energy than can be accounted for by the fusion of the amount of matter which would cause this loss of mass.

7. The inner core of the Earth is hotter than present theory would expect it to be.

These things indicate that there is something in our universe which is not properly covered by current theory. The present theory thinks of space as being a volume which contains no matter, other than perhaps, a tiny amount of inter-stellar dust. And while space can be traversed by radio waves and many other types of radiation, it is essentially empty.

This concept is definitely not correct. All of the odd observed facts suddenly fit in if we understand that there is an additional field which streams through all of space and passes unnoticed through all matter. This field is composed of particles so tiny that they make an electron appear enormous. These particles may in fact be the ‘strings’ of String Theory. What is sure, is that this stream of matter contains virtually unlimited energy.

It is the energy seen at Absolute Zero as it is continually streaming in from outside the cold area. It flows to us from every direction and the sun being a major source of it, augments the flow we receive during the daytime. This accounts for the variations seen by T. Henry Moray during the night when the energy he was picking up decreased somewhat.

This matter stream acts like a very dense gas except for the fact that effects in it have effectively zero propagation time. This accounts for the widely separated particles having what appears to be simultaneous reactions to a stimulus. Einstein’s idea of the speed of light being an absolute maximum is definitely wrong, as has been demonstrated in the laboratory.

In the early stages of investigating a new field, it can be quite difficult to work out how to approach it, especially if the field is entirely invisible and can’t be felt. The same situation was encountered in the early days of magnetism as lines of magnetic force are not visible and cannot be felt. However, when it was observed that iron was affected by magnetism, a mechanism was discovered for displaying where the invisible lines are located, by the use of iron filings. Interestingly, the presence of an iron filing alters the lines of magnetic force in the area as the lines “have a preference for” flowing through the iron. Also, the iron filings used in school demonstrations do not show the actual lines of magnetic force correctly as they themselves become tiny magnets which alter the lines of force which they are supposed to be showing.

We are still in the early stages of investigating the Zero-Point Energy field, so we have to consider anything which has an effect on this invisible field. One observed effect was found by Harold Aspden and has become known as the ‘Aspden Effect’. Harold was running tests not related to this subject. He started an electric motor which had a rotor mass of 800 grams and recorded the fact that it took an energy input of 300 joules to bring it up to its running speed of 3,250 revolutions per minute when it was driving no load.

The rotor having a mass of 800 grams and spinning at that speed, its kinetic energy together with that of the drive motor is no more than 15 joules, contrasting with the excessive energy of 300 joules needed to get it rotating at that speed. If the motor is left running for five minutes or more, and then switched off, it comes to rest after a few seconds. But, the motor can then be started again (in the same or opposite direction) and brought up to speed with only 30 joules provided that the time lapse between stopping and restarting is no more than a minute or so. If there is a delay of several minutes, then an energy input of 300 joules is needed to get the rotor spinning again.

This is not a transient heating phenomenon. At all times the bearing housings feel cool and any heating in the drive motor would imply an increase of resistance and a build-up of power to a higher steady state condition. The experimental evidence is that there is something unseen, which is put into motion by the machine rotor. That “something” has an effective mass density 20 times that of the rotor, but it is something that can move independently and its movement can take several minutes to decay, while in contrast, the motor comes to rest in a few seconds.

Two machines of different rotor size and composition reveal the phenomenon and tests indicate variations with time of day and compass orientation of the spin axis. One machine, the one incorporating weaker magnets, showed evidence of gaining magnetic strength during the tests which were repeated over a period of several days.

Nikola Tesla found that uni-directional electric pulses of very short duration (less than one millisecond) cause shockwaves in this medium. These Radiant Energy waves passed through all materials and if they strike any metal object, they generate electrical currents between the metal and ground. Tesla used these waves to light glass globes which had just one metal plate. These lights do not have to be near the source of the Radiant Energy waves. He discovered many other features of these ‘longitudinal’ waves but one which is of particular interest is that when using his famous Tesla Coil, the waves produced visible streamers which showed what they were doing. What they were doing was running up the outside of the long inner wire coil, not through the wire, mark you, but along the outside of the coil, and when they reached the end of the coil, they continued on out into the air. Interestingly, Tesla believed that this flow of energy “preferred to run along the corrugations of the outside of the coil”. That is to say, somewhat like magnetic lines showing a preference for running through iron, this energy field shows a preference for flowing along certain physical shapes.

Thomas Henry Moray developed equipment which could tap up to fifty kilowatts of power from this field. There are two very interesting facts about Moray’s demonstrations: Firstly, the valves which he used to interact with the field, had a corrugated cylindrical inner electrode - an interesting shape considering Tesla’s opinion on the corrugated outer surface of his coil. Secondly, Moray frequently demonstrated publicly that the power obtained by his equipment could flow uninterrupted through sheet glass while powering light bulbs. Quite apart from demonstrating that the power was definitely not conventional electricity, it is very interesting to note that this power can flow freely through materials. I venture to suggest that Moray’s power was not flowing through the wires of his apparatus but rather it was flowing along the outside of the wires, or perhaps more accurately, flowing along near the wires.

Edwin Gray snr. managed to draw large amounts of power from a special tube designed by Marvin Cole. The tube contained a spark gap (like that used by Tesla) and those sparks produced Radiant Energy waves in the Zero-Point Energy field. He managed to collect energy from these waves, very interestingly, by using perforated (or mesh) cylinders of copper surrounding the spark gap. His 80 horsepower electric motor (and/or other equipment such as light bulbs) was powered entirely from energy drawn from the copper cylinders while all of the electrical energy taken from the driving battery was used solely to generate the sparks.

It is very interesting to note that Tesla, Moray and Gray all indicate that corrugated or rough-surface cylinders seem to direct the flow of this energy. Dr Harold Aspden also indicates that once the field is set in motion in any locality, it tends to continue flowing for some time after the influence which is directing it is removed.

Please remember that we are starting to examine a new field of science, and while we know a very limited amount about it at this point in time, at a later date, every schoolchild will be completely familiar with it and find it hard to believe that we knew so little about it, at the start of the twenty-first century. So, at this time, we are trying to understand how energy can be extracted from this newly discovered field. The indications are that the physical shape of some objects can channel this energy.

If you think about it, you suddenly realise that we are already familiar with shape being important in focusing energy. Take the case of a magnifying glass. When the sun is high in the sky, if a magnifying glass is placed in just the right position and turned in just the right direction, then it can start a fire. If the principles behind what is being done are not understood, then the procedure sounds like witchcraft:

1. Make a specially shaped object with curved faces, out of a transparent material

2. Discover the ‘focal-length’ of the object

3. Wait until Noon

4. Place some kindling on the ground

5. Position the object so that it looks directly at the sun

6. The kindling will catch light without you even having to touch it.

Sounds like something out of a book on magic, doesn’t it? Well, you need to know all about that if you want to pass any basic physics examination, and it comes in under the title of “Optics”. Please notice that the shape of the lens is vital: it must have a convex face on both sides. Also, the positioning is vital, the lens must be exactly its focal length away from the kindling material: a little too near or a little too far away and it just does not work. Magic? Well it may seem like it, but no, it is just scientific understanding of the nature of radiation from the sun.

Take the case of a satellite dish. This familiar object needs to be an exact shape to work well. It also needs to be made of a material which reflects high-frequency radio waves. Make one out of wood and it will look just the same but it will not work as the TV transmission will pass straight through the wood and not be reflected on to the pick-up sensor connected to the television set.

However, obvious and all as this is, it still did not cut any ice with the patent office in Czechoslovakia on the 4th November 1949. A radio engineer called Karel Drbal turned up with a patent application for a cardboard pyramid shape which kept razor blades sharp and was promptly told to get lost. The patent authorities demanded that he have a theory to show how the device worked. Karel was not particularly put out, and spent years investigating before he determined a theoretical basis for the device. He returned to the patent office, much to the disbelief of the Chief Patent Officer. He was granted his patent, not because his theory was compelling, but because the Chief Patent Officer took a pyramid home and tested it with his own razor blades. When his practical tests confirmed that the pyramid did exactly what Karel claimed, he was granted Patent No. 91304, “Method of Maintaining Razor Blades and the Shape of Straight Razors” and here is a translation:

Republic of Czechoslovakia

Office For Patents And Inventions

Published August, 1959

Patent File Number 91304

The right to use this invention is the property of the State according to Section 3, Paragraph G, Number 34/1957

Karel Drbal, Prague

Method of Maintaining Razor Blades and the Shape of Straight Razors.

Submitted 4 November, 1949(P2399-49)

Patent valid from 1 April, 1952

The invention relates to the method of maintaining of razor blades and straight razors sharp without an auxiliary source of energy. To sharpen the blades therefore, no mechanical, thermal, chemical or electrical (from an artificial source) means are being used. There are various mechanical sharpening devices being used up to now, to sharpen used razor blades. The blade is sharpened by crude application of sharpening material, which always results in certain new wear of the blade during the sharpening process. Furthermore, it is known that the influence of an artificial magnetic field improves the sharpening of razor blades and straight razors, if their blades are laid in the direction of the magnetic lines.

According to this invention, the blade is placed in the earth's magnetic field under a hollow pyramid made of dielectric material such as hard paper, paraffin paper, hard cardboard, or some plastic. The pyramid has an opening in its base through which the blade is inserted. This opening can be square, circular, or oval. The most suitable pyramid is a four sided one with a square base, where one side is conveniently equal to the height of the pyramid, multiplied by π / 2. (which is pi or 3.14 / 2). For example, for the height of 10 cm, the side of 15.7 cm is chosen. The razor blade of a straight razor is placed on the support made also of dielectric material, same as the pyramid, or other such as cork, wood, or ceramics, paraffin, paper, etc. Its height is chosen between 1/5 and 1/3 of the height of the pyramid, this support rests also on a plane made of dielectric material. The size of this support should be chosen as to leave the sharp edges free. Its height could vary from the limits stated above. Although it is not absolute necessary, it is recommended that the blade be placed on the support with its sharp edges facing West or East respectively, leaving its side edges as well as its longitudinal axis oriented in the North / South direction. In other words to increase the effectiveness of the device it is recommended lie in essence in the direction of the magnetic lines of the horizontal component of the earth's magnetism. This position improves the performance of the device, it is not however essential for the application of the principle of this invention. After the blade is properly positioned, it is covered by the pyramid placed in such a way that it’s side walls face North, South, East, and West, while its edges point towards North-West, South-West, South-East, and North-East.

It is beneficial to leave a new blade in the pyramid one to two weeks before using it. It is essential to place it there immediately after the first shave, and not the old, dull one. But it is possible to use an old one, if it is properly resharpened. The blade placed using the method above is left unobstructed until the next shave. The west edge should always face West. It improves the sharpening effect.

Example: When this device was used, 1778 shaves were obtained using 16 razor blades, which is 111 shaves per blade on the average. The brand used was "Dukat Zlato" made in Czechoslovakia. The lowest count was 51, the highest was 200. It is considered very easy to achieve up to 50 shaves on the average. (for a medium hard hair).

The following shows how the invention could save both valuable material and money. One of the razor blades mentioned above, weighs 0.51 grams. We will consider 50 shaves on average when placed in the pyramid against 5 shaves when it is not. It is obvious that the number of shaves, degree of wear, and the ability to regenerate the dull edge depends on the quality of the material, quality of sharpening process, and hardness. ....given that the numbers are averages and could be in fact much better. In the course of the year one therefore uses 73 razor blades without the aid of the pyramid while only eight razor blades while using the pyramid. The resulting annual saving would be 65 razor blades or 33.15 grams of steel per person.

Only the pyramid shape has been used for this invention, but this invention is not limited to this shape, as it can cover other geometric shapes made of dielectric material that was used in accordance with the invention. And that this shape also causes regeneration of sharp edges of shaving blades by lowering of stresses and reducing the number of defects in the grids of crystal units, in other words recovering and renewing the mechanical and physical properties of the blade.

This is interesting, as it confirms by independent test that a pyramid shape produces an effect, even if it is not possible to say with absolute certainty what exactly the effect is and how exactly the pyramid shape manipulates that energy.

Thomas Trawoeger has produced a video of a pyramid which he constructed. The video commentary is in German and it shows a computer fan being operated when connected to his pyramid which looks like this:

Sceptics will immediately say that as there are wires connected to the device, that the power for the fan is being fed through those wires, even though they appear to be connected to monitoring equipment. This is possible, but in my opinion, it is not actually the case. The pick-up used is shown here:

It should be remembered that these pictures are quite old and all inventors keep working on their inventions in an effort to improve their operation and to investigate the effects caused by alterations. At the close of 2007 the design has progressed considerably and now features a number of most unusual things ranging from construction to orientation. The http://www.overunity.com/index.php/topic,695.300.html forum is working on replicating this design thanks to the generosity of Thomas Trawoeger who speaks German and the exceptional work of Stefan Hartmann who has produced an English translation and who hosts the web site.

The following is an attempt to present the basic information from that forum in a clear and concise manner, but I recommend that you visit and contribute to the forum if you decide to experiment with this design.

The frame of the pyramid is not the same shape as the well-known Egyptian pyramids and has a sloping face some 5% longer than those in Egypt. The materials used in constructing the pyramid are very important. The frame is made of 20 mm x 20 mm x 2 mm square-section steel tube. While the exact size of the pyramid is not critical, the exact proportions are critical. The base must be exactly square, with each side of the base being exactly the same length, 1 metre in this case. The sloping sides are exactly the same length as the base pieces being 1 metre long also. Eight one-metre lengths of steel section will therefore be needed for building the frame.

The sides of the pyramid need to be covered with a rigid sheet and here again, the material used is critical, with only gypsum/paper boards (plasterboard with no foil) being satisfactory - other materials just don’t work. If no sides are added, then the pyramid is very difficult to adjust to get proper operation. When the frame has been constructed, its is positioned in a most unusual way being forty-five degrees away from the conventional positioning of a pyramid. This sets this pyramid so that one pair of corners face North - South, and the frame should be connected to a good electrical ground as shown here:

The pick-up is constructed from 12 mm outside diameter copper pipe and fittings and is hard soldered together. It has an overall size of 120 mm x 100 mm hard soldered together as shown here:

This frame of copper piping is not assembled as shown straight off as there is a requirement for a long graphite rod, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, to be positioned vertically inside each vertical leg of this frame and that can’t be done after assembly. So the bottom section is assembled as one piece, and the top section is assembled separately with the graphite rods sticking down out of the T-sections, held in place by their wires and insulating plugs. The graphite rods can be bought from art materials supply shops.

The very fine filter-grade quartz sand filling for the tubes is inserted and the graphite rods carefully positioned so that they do not touch the side walls of the vertical copper tubes, and the two parts joined by hard soldering:

The left hand side hole in the copper pipe is used to inject a 5% salt / water solution, using a hypodermic syringe, until the water starts to come out of the hole at the right hand side. The right hand side hole is 5 mm lower down than the one on the left.

Next, the wires are bent around to produce a 9-turn coil with a 25 mm diameter, around the vertical copper pipes. The windings are in opposite directions on the opposite sides of the frame:

Next, a ten-plate capacitor is made from copper sheets 1 mm thick. As copper is very expensive, the copper plates can be produced from spare lengths of copper pipe, cut along the axis and flattened careful to produce a smooth, unmarked surface 70 mm x 35 mm in size. The plates are stacked and accurately aligned, and a hole is drilled 1 mm off-centre. Then each alternate plate is turned around to produce two sets of plates bolted together with a 6 mm diameter plastic bolt, 1 mm thick plastic washers and a plastic nut. A plastic threaded rod and a plastic nut can be used instead of a plastic bolt. Because the hole is not quite central, the plates stick out at each end, giving clearance for attaching the plates together with the copper wire coming out of the copper pipe framework:

The capacitor is positioned inside the copper pipe frame and held in place by the strength of the 2.5 mm thick copper wire coil around the vertical pipes in the frame:

The pick-up sensor is now attached to the pyramid frame. Using a non-conductive cord, it is suspended by the top lug and it’s orientation controlled using the lower two lugs. The positioning in the pyramid is unusual, being North-East to South-West, as is shown here:

Next, a second capacitor is constructed from 1 mm thick copper sheet. Again, sections of copper pipe can be used after being cut along their long axis and carefully opened out and flattened. This capacitor is just two plates 140 mm x 25 mm spaced 1 mm apart (one inch = 25.4 mm).

A voltmeter can be used to check the exact alignment of the pyramid. There is a video (with a commentary in German, at http://video.google.com.au/videoplay?docid=-4610658249377461379 showing an earlier version of this pyramid set-up driving an electrical fan taken from a computer). If this device interests you, then you should join the enthusiast research and development forum mentioned earlier.

In June 2011, Thomas issued instruction videos which show how to construct, use and troubleshoot his newer design of pyramid. These videos are in English and they are very detailed and instructive. One person has split those two very long videos and placed them on YouTube as a series of thirteen smaller videos. In them, he states that the salt water in the design above is actually counter-productive and should not be used.

I will not attempt to show the construction details described in those videos as the information is very extensive, but a few comments may be appropriate here. Thomas refers to a ‘wheel’ but unless I am mistaken, he means a solid plastic rod of circular cross-section. The coil wire which he uses is 1.5 mm diameter copper wire with plastic insulation. With an inner coil of 104 turns, that can produce 1.5 amps at 14 volts, which is 21 watts, and with no input power being provided by the user, that is a COP of infinity. However, if I understand what he is saying, he positions his pyramids North-South (unlike the design above) and more importantly, at a particularly good point on what he calls a ‘water-line’ which I take to be a ley line located by a dowser. That may be due to the fact that he lives in a village in Austria which is a long way from the Equator, which, according to Joseph Cater’s analysis of pyramids, reduces their effectiveness.

In this new design, Thomas uses 20 watts of power from a Citizen’s Band radio transmitter, boosted by an amplifier, and applied to his detector tube while he fills it very slowly with fine-grain, high-quality quartz sand. This signal orientates most of the quarts grains and probably replicates most of Thomas Henry Moray’s detector which allowed such high power extraction from a simple aerial. In this design of Thomas’ no earth wire is needed for operation. An earth wire is provided, but this is for the protection of the user and is not part of the energy gathering system. Thomas agrees with Joseph Cater, that the energy being tapped flows out of the top of the pyramid. The videos are located here:

1: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/16/vNJWiyX1yuQ

2: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/15/gMvXkR3_l3A

3: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/14/MHQRl7jF0s8

4: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/13/CaxEkgWPqrs

5: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/12/PWdjSpuq3gY

6: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/11/Yh7-6jCkkpE

7: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/10/zzIpK78In3Q

8: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/9/PCox5GhxN-c

9: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/8/08a-H6v57Hw

10: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/7/qeqKl54QkUY

11: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/6/DsOsV5NMREs

12: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/5/Z4iYBV7KhDE

13: http://www.youtube.com/user/Nanotec99#p/u/4/7-3eqeBWUWw

Thomas’ website which is in German is http://www.comshop.tv/

Thomas picks a fairly small size of pyramid for his demonstration tutorial. It is made using eight pieces of steel channel, each piece being exactly one meter long. He welds these together but remarks that bolting them together is perfectly all right provided that each piece makes good electrical contact with the pieces which it touches as the whole frame acts as a single component in his design.

Thomas also talks about ‘welding’ the inner copper pipe to one end cap, but what he means is ‘soldering’ the joint as he spreads resin on the join, heats it with a gas torch and then runs plumber’s solder around the join.

* * * * * * *

Antoine Bovis’ Discoveries.

Confirmation of the dehydrating effect of a pyramid was provided by the Frenchman Antoine Bovis who went on holiday to Egypt in the 1930s and visited the Great Pyramid which was constructed exactly in the North - South direction (almost certainly not by accident) and built to an accuracy of 0.01% or better. He discovered that a number of small animals had wandered into the pyramid, got lost and starved to death. The really interesting point was that all of these animals had been mummified through dehydration and none of the bodies had rotted away. When he returned home, he built a model pyramid with base edges three feet long. He found that his pyramid duplicated the dehydration effect. He, and others who followed him, investigated the effect of pyramids. They found:

1. The best shape is that which matches the dimensions of the Great Pyramid, whose faces slope at an angle of 51 degrees, 51 minutes and 10 seconds. Pyramids with other slopes will work, but not quite as well. If you would like to make one yourself and test the effects, then each of the four sides can be cut from stiff cardboard to these proportions:

So if the base length is to be 20 units, then the height at the mid point of the base will be 16.18 units.

If the base length is to be 25 units (mm, cm, inches, or whatever), then the height should be 20.22 units.

If the total base width is to be 30 units, then the height at it's mid point should be 24.27 units.

If the total base width is to be 35 units, then the height should be 28.32 units, and so on.

The right-angled triangles formed have a height of 1.618 (the "golden ratio") times the base width.

Just cut out four of the triangles and tape the edges together. It would be a good idea to add a square base piece (or triangular gussets) to ensure that the base is exactly square and not skewed.

Thomas Trawoeger states that the exact angle is not particularly important and his latest designs have angles of about sixty degrees.

2. There is no need for the pyramid faces to be solid, provided that there are four base sides and four sloping edges. Having solid sloping faces gives a slight improvement and Thomas considers that at least three of the sloping faces should have panels, the material type being important..

If building a framework pyramid, then the dimensions for the four base pieces and the four sloping edges would be:

Base: 20, length of the sloping edges: 19

Base: 25, length of the sloping edges: 23.76

Base: 30, length of the sloping edges: 28.52

Base: 35, length of the sloping edges: 33.27 and so on.

3. The best material from which to construct the pyramid is copper, but as it tends to be rather expensive, almost any other material can be used: plastic piping, timber laths, steel alloy pipes, wire, etc. Giving the pyramid a sheet-copper cap which runs down about 5% of the face length, giving a short solid face on the open framework also gives a slight improvement. Les Brown states that the best material is sheet iron plated with gold, though that sounds very expensive.

So, what can a pyramid do? Well, nothing, actually, except for directing and possibly concentrating and focusing the Zero-Point Energy field. Perhaps the question should be ‘what effects are caused by using a pyramid?’.

Well, as seen above, Flavio Thomas Trawoeger has managed to get a continuous electrical output via a pyramid for a period of at least thirty days. I understand that he uses a magnet just as an on-off switch, but having a magnet as part of the pick-up makes a lot of sense as the magnetic dipole of any magnet has a distinct effect on the zero-point energy field. The low-tech investigators have noted that an effect caused by a pyramid may be repeated for maybe nine times in a row, and then inexplicably, one day it will not work. They surmise that the effect may be caused by magnetic variations due to solar flares or the like. They may well be right in this as they are not using a magnet but just simple cardboard, or more frequently, simple frame pyramids. This area is wide open to investigation with very low-tech apparatus and passive electronic components.

What has been found repeatedly:

James Brock’s Experiments.

1. Living things placed under a pyramid shape are boosted in health and growth. You can test this easily for yourself by taking two identical plants or animals and keeping one under a pyramid and one outside the pyramid. An example of this is given on the website:

http://www.motherearthnews.com/Sustainable-Farming/1977-11-01/Raising-Rabbits.aspx where James Brock of Texas reports on tests he has run on a group of rabbits. It would be incredibly easy to fake this kind of information, so you need to make up your own mind on the validity, and ideally, run some simple tests of your own. James states that he built a pyramid-shaped hutch with 4-foot long sloping edges out of timber, and a rectangular hutch:

Each of the hutches had a transparent door. He then borrowed eight rabbits aged about 20 days old, taken from two different litters and placed them in matched groups of four in each hutch, and fed them equally, weighing them every four days.

By the end of the experiment, 57 days later, the rabbits which had been housed in the pyramid hutch weighed an average of 46.5 ounces, compared to an average of 34.5 ounces for those in the rectangular hutch. That is, the rabbits in the pyramid hutch were nearly 35% heavier and side by side they looked like this:

James presents the results like this:

James invites you to run this test for yourself to verify that this does indeed occur. It should be noted that as the test ran over a period of 57 days, any days lost through magnetic variation would not have been detected by him.

2. Pyramid users also state that they find the following effects on a consistent basis (provided that the pyramid is kept away from strong electromagnetic fields, so do not put a pyramid on top of a TV set or a refrigerator):

(a) Fruit is preserved. When a purchase of fresh fruit or vegetables is made, if they are placed under a pyramid for about an hour and then stored as they normally would, it is said that they stay fresh for at least twice as long as normal and the flavour is enhanced. It is believed that unhelpful micro-organisms are killed by the pyramid. If the fruit and vegetables are kept indefinitely under the pyramid they eventually dry up instead of rotting.

(b) Food quality is enhanced. If frozen meat, fish or fowl is thawed out under a pyramid, the quality of the meat is said to be noticeably improved.

(c) Coffee quality is improved. If a cup of coffee is left under a pyramid for about twenty minutes, it is said to gain a much more mellow flavour. Leaving ground coffee or a jar of instant coffee under a pyramid over night is also said to change it so the coffee made from it is of a much higher quality.

(d) A glass of wine placed under a pyramid for twenty minutes is said to undergo a distinct change with great improvement seen in both the taste and the aroma. Other alcoholic drinks are also said to be improved by this process.

(e) A twenty to thirty minute treatment of fruit juices is said to reduce the acidic “bite” of the drink, and in many cases, alter the colour of the juice.

(f) Any item pickled in vinegar, such as olives and pickles, gain a greatly enhanced natural flavour and are greatly mellowed by the process.

(g) The rapid growth of mould on Cheddar cheese can be overcome by the cheese being kept under a pyramid at normal room temperature. It is recommended that the cheese be wrapped in plastic to reduce the rate at which it dries out.

(h) Rice and wheat can be kept in open jars under a (twelve-inch open frame wire) pyramid for at least four months without any form of deterioration or infestation by insects or flies - which are repelled by the energy inside the pyramid. A test was run outdoors with a six-foot base pyramid with food placed in the centre to attract ants. It was found that ants heading for the food followed a curved path out of the pyramid without ever reaching the food.

(I) Water left under a pyramid is altered. Cut flowers placed in it tend to last 30% longer than normal while growing plants watered with it grow more strongly and are hardier. The water appears to hold the energy indefinitely, a glassful takes twenty minutes, a quart (two pints) takes one hour and larger amounts should be left over night. Animals given the choice of pyramid water or untreated water almost always choose the treated water.

3. In the 1940s, Verne Cameron of America discovered that the beneficial pyramid energy could be transmitted. He placed a pyramid at each end of a row of plants, connected a wire to the apex of each pyramid and ran the wire underneath the plants. He placed a clump of steel wool on the wire under each plant. The pyramids were, aligned North--South and he found that even better results were obtained if the row of plants was also aligned in a North--South direction.

4. There are reports of instances where dogs suffering from old age, lameness and hair loss have been cured and rejuvenated in about six weeks by the use of a pyramid.

I suggest that the Great Pyramid in Egypt was most definitely not built as a burial place but that the chamber inside it was used to treat people with large amounts of the energy picked up by the shape of the pyramid. It is also likely that the pyramid was used as a communications device, but that is outside the scope of this document.

The really important thing is that there is clearly an energy field (perhaps the ZPE field) which flows continuously, is very beneficial to life and which can be tapped to produce unlimited motive power without the need for any kind of input from us. Just like the early discovery days of radio waves, TV signals, X-rays, Gamma rays, etc. we are in the discovery days of the Zero-Point Energy field. You, personally, have as much chance of being successful in harnessing this energy as any large research laboratory with unlimited financial resources. Remember that Flavio Thomas can drive an electrical fan using equipment which costs next to nothing. A cone shape with the same face slope as a pyramid is also an effective shape, and no matter how you position it, it always has a face pointing North--South. May I also remark that it might be worth experimenting with the “pancake” coil (called a bi-filar series-connected coil) patented by Tesla because he found that it was particularly effective in picking up Zero-Point Energy:

The Patent of Peter Grandics.

Other people have also investigated pyramid and cone shapes and they confirm that there is indeed a considerable effect from these shapes. Peter Grandics has been awarded US patent 6,974,110 for the collection of electrical energy from a pyramid shape. He tested the system both with an applied high voltage and without any applied voltage, and discovered electrical pick-up in both cases. Here is a digest of part of his patent:

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention describes a simple technique to convert the energy of a DC electrostatic field into an alternating current by wrapping a coil around a pyramid. The resulting AC current can be rectified and used for practical purposes. A pyramid-shaped capacitor can also be used in an inverse mode of operation for the generation of propulsive force.

Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is a method for converting DC electrostatic energy into usable electrical energy, the method comprising the steps of:

(1) Providing a capacitor of pyramidal shape;

(2) Placing an insulated coil on the surface of the capacitor, the coil having leads;

(3) Attaching a rectifier to the leads of the coil, the rectifier having leads; and

(4) Attaching a capacitor or a battery to the leads of the rectifier so that DC electrostatic energy is converted into usable electrical energy.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

This invention describes a novel method is of converting DC electrostatic energy into an AC current which can be rectified and used for practical purposes. The shape of the capacitor and the body of such device is designed to convert the DC electrostatic energy into the AC current for maximum effect.

A pyramidal or conical shape is preferred for one of the capacitor electrodes. In Fig.1, a detector coil 102 is provided that which connected to an oscilloscope 104. The coil surrounds the metallic pyramid 100. In the experimental set-up shown, the field is established between a top plate 106 and the pyramid 100 by using a ground 108 connected to a source of DC electrical energy 110. When a high voltage DC field (30 kV) is established on such capacitor, a regularly repeating, clock-like signal is detected in the coil placed on the pyramid's surface (Fig.2). This is an unexpected observation as corona discharges are irregular by nature.

The alternating current from the coil can be rectified and used for practical purposes. If a suitable DC electrostatic field could be found in nature, this principle would be useful in tapping the energy of such field. To test for this possibility, I have measured the rectified signal from the coil without an external power source. The rectified coil output was collected in a capacitor and voltage measured at intervals of one hour. The voltage measured is significantly higher if the capacitor electrode is pyramid-shaped as opposed to a box-shaped electrode of the same height and volume. When the pyramid is placed inside a Faraday cage, the signal is excluded (see details in the Example). The data have demonstrated in principle that with this experimental set-up, electrical energy can be extracted from the Earth's electrostatic field. The Earth's surface and the ionosphere substitutes for the two charged electrodes, which exhibit negative and positive polarities, respectively.

EXAMPLE 1

Demonstration of the pyramid generator: For the experiments, I have selected a one-foot base length foam pyramid from a pyramid vendor (The Pyramid Project, Ft. Wayne, Ind.). The outside of the pyramid was covered with aluminium foil. The pyramid was placed on a 2 foot × 2 foot insulating polyethylene platform equipped with an adjustable height 2 foot × 2 foot size aluminium top plate, 1/16" thick. The height of the aluminium plate was adjusted as needed and a gap of 1.25" between the plate and the tip of the pyramid was used in the experiments. In some experiments, an aluminium pyramid was used with a wall thickness of 1/16".

A high voltage (HV) CRT power source producing 30 kV DC was taken from a colour monitor. I have assumed that an actual energy-producing pyramid should be relatively high in order to obtain a large voltage drop from its tip to the ground. Therefore, assuming a height of 100-150 m for a life-size pyramid and a voltage drop of 200-300 V/m near the surface of the Earth, the 30 kV is in the range of the voltage-drop expected for the height of a life-size pyramid.

The positive pole was attached to the top aluminium plate. This simulated the positive charge of the atmosphere. One corner of the pyramid was attached to the negative pole of the high voltage power source, while the opposite corner of the pyramid was grounded. This set-up served as a model for the electrostatic field distribution around a potential life-sized pyramid. As controls, either a 1 foot × 1 foot sheet of aluminium foil or an aluminium foil-covered box, having the main dimensions of the test pyramid (1’ × 1’ × 7.625"), was used as a negative pole. The detector coils were made by winding 20 turns of 24 gauge enamel-coated magnet wire, approximately 8 cm in diameter. A Tektronix high-frequency oscilloscope, Model no. 2236 was used for signal analysis.

The first sets of experiments were control measurements with a box of the same height and base length as the test pyramid. The detector coil was placed on the top of the box. Measurements were taken with or without the high voltage applied. One corner of the box was attached to the HV power source (negative pole) and the opposite corner to the ground. The same arrangement was used for the flat square (1’×1’) foil. The peak-to-peak signal amplitude for the box was 8 mV and the signal frequency was 2 MHz. For the flat foil sheet, the signal amplitude was 12 mV with a frequency of 1.43 MHz. The signal form was of a decaying sine wave.

When high voltage was applied to these shapes, signal amplitude of 14 mV was obtained for the flat sheet and of 16 mV for the box. The signal frequency was 1.54 MHz for the flat sheet and 2 MHz for the box. The waveforms were of decaying sine waves in all these experiments.

When the pyramid was tested without HV, the peak-to-peak signal amplitude was measured at 60 mV with a frequency of 2 MHz. When the high voltage was applied, the signal amplitude increased up to 180-200 mV, while the frequency remained at 2 MHz. The pyramid produced signal intensity significantly higher than the controls. The signal is regularly repeating, clock-like in nature (Fig.2). When a metal (aluminium) pyramid of the same size (wall thickness 1/16" inch) was tested in the same high voltage field using the same detection coil, a voltage of 1 to 1.5 V was detected at the frequency of 2 MHz.

To collect energy from the coil, a bridge rectifier (1000 V peak voltage at 6 A) was attached to the leads of the coil. The rectified current was fed into a capacitor (1500 microfarad, 250 V DC max.), and a direct current of 45 V was obtained. This has demonstrated a simple method to convert electrostatic energy into a continuous direct current. An 8-turn coil having an output of 200-300 V AC (peak-to-peak) was also used for energy conversion. The rectified current from the 8-turn coil powered a 0.186 W light bulb (Fig.3). Ideally, the bridge rectifier is made of fast-recovery diodes.

Even in the absence of an externally applied voltage, current is always present in the circuit. Charge builds up in the capacitor and 1 V was obtained overnight using the 20-turn coil set-up. Over 48 hours, a voltage of 5 V was measured. Faraday shielding practically prevented the phenomenon.

The preferred shape of the pyramid as a charge collector was again demonstrated in further experiments using the 8-turn coil-bridge rectifier-capacitor (1,500 microfarad) assembly placed on the 1 ft base length aluminium pyramid. A same-volume and height aluminium box was used as control. Charging times of 1-2 hours were used under fair-weather conditions. For the pyramid, 550 mV was measured on the capacitor while on the box 100 mV was obtained. This demonstrated the superiority of the pyramidal shape in capturing atmospheric electrostatic energy. It also demonstrated that we could tap into the electrostatic field of the atmosphere and draw electric energy. For the collection of energy, a battery could substitute for the capacitor.

You should also check out the pyramid aspects of the cutting-edge work of Paulo and Alexandra Correa as detailed in Chapter 11.

The Pyramids of Les Brown.

Les Brown experimented extensively with pyramids and related devices. It should be stressed at this point that while various facts have been observed, the action caused by a pyramid is not fully understood at this time and no "laws" have yet been deduced. We have to work here on the basis of "this is what was done, and these are the results". Because of this, the following extract from the work of the late Les Brown is reproduced here and you must decide for yourself if what he says is true and whether or not it might be worth your while trying out some of what he says:

In conducting pyramid experiments you should look daily for signs of change and note them meticulously, and above all be patient. Don't plant a seed one day and expect to have a plant six feet high the next. A plant takes just as long to develop inside a pyramid as it does outside, but in time you will see the tremendous difference in size. Also, don't keep moving plants around inside your pyramid during an experiment; leave pots stationary so you can see what the results are.

Here, you will see how to make your own pyramids for experimentation; they can be constructed entirely from inexpensive materials equally as well as from costly ones. Cardboard, wire, plywood or anything rigid enough to retain the pyramid shape will suffice. The pyramid does not necessarily have to be solid; in many experiments just the outline shape is sufficient, provided that it is jointed at all corners and at the apex.

An "energiser" array of small pyramids can be made from cardboard and positioned at the corners of a large pyramid to enhance its operation. An array might have 5 rows of four little pyramids or perhaps twelve rows of six pyramids. Individual small pyramids can be made from cardboard and then assembled on a base to form the array. The following template could be used for this, just ensure that the base is square:

A pyramid energizer has multiple uses. The one shown above consists of 72 small cardboard pyramids and a top plate of cardboard covered with foil. By placing the top plate on top of the pyramids and orienting the entire energizer to magnetic north, you can use the energy generated for such purposes as mummification, energizing water, or as a beneficial surface on which to place growing plants for outstanding growth.

Remember that with all types of pyramids, positioning is all-important. One of the sloping sides must at all times be facing towards magnetic North - not a corner but the flat face of the pyramid must face magnetic North. Use a compass to determine the direction of magnetic north which will be nearly in line with the Pole star, (but not quite). In this respect, a pyramid is like a radio. For maximum performance you must tune it in properly, pointing it right at the transmitter. Similarly, several pyramids with one face towards magnetic North and stacked on top of each other will produce increased energy, cell activity and growth.

Using pyramids, I sincerely believe that I can grow 36 times more and better plants in a given area than any farmer or market gardener can in the same area, using conventional methods.

All kinds of shapes contain energy, the very nature of the shape itself determines the degree of energy which it contains, that is, the shape determines how receptive it will be to energy flows. By shapes I refer mainly to cubes, spheres, triangles, pyramids and the like. Each shape has potential, but they all have different limits and we should seek the one which offers the most potential. Of all shapes, the pyramid gives us the best performance because it receives the greatest amount of energy. It must be four-sided, of specific measurements and correct angles, and it must have the correct compass orientation. There are dangers in using a pyramid blindly without knowledge of its functions and its great potential. When all four sides are put together you must have a pyramid which is leaning in at 51 degrees, 51 minutes, 14 seconds.

The energy inside the pyramid is said to come down through the peak and continues coming in until it reaches a certain intensity, or the limits of safety, at which point the pyramid releases all the energy and begins collecting it again. The pyramid is said to release 80% of its energy through the peak and the other 20% via the four base corners. Only a pyramid performs this way, and even then the maximum performance is obtained only by a perfect pyramid. So, when you start to build one, aim at perfection. The nearer you can get to a perfect pyramid, the more you will benefit.

You can grow bumper crops with the use of a pyramid. Anything growing beside an iron fence will be bigger and better than one nowhere near metal. The reason is that the iron fence picks up static or magnetic energy and feeds it to the plant. I remember my mother and grandmother placing large nails in the soil of their potted house plants because plants thus treated always grew bigger and better. They had no idea why. In fact, if you asked them, the standard answer was that, as the nail rusted, the plant fed on it. This reasoning is fallible, however, because for one thing, plants can only absorb minerals in liquid form and for another, the rust would kill some plants. Rather, the nails picked up the magnetic energy and boosted the house plants' growth. When a plant receives an extra dose of energy to that already floating free in the atmosphere, that dose acts as a stimulant and causes better growth. What really happens is that the living cells are increased in size, and naturally when each cell is larger, since there are still the same number of cells, the final plant is a lot larger than normal.

If you grow a plant in a pyramid, it absorbs energy at a much higher intensity than that produced by the nails in the plant pots, and so the end result is enormous growth. When this is applied to vegetables and fruits, the plants, as well as their products, are immensely oversized. My own experiments have convinced me that this energy creates a special reaction in living cells of plants, resulting in larger blooms, leaves and fruits on whatever plants are propagated within the pyramid.

The normal life cycle of lettuce, for instance, from seed to maturity, is six to eight weeks. Grown under a pyramid the life cycle is still the same, but the plant is considerably larger. If one allows the vine type of tomato to mature to six or seven trusses under a pyramid while simultaneously allowing an identical plant to do the same outside the pyramid, giving both plants precisely the same feeding and watering, a startling difference in yield occurs. I should mention that if you put your outside plant too near the pyramid, it will reach for, and receive, some of the pyramid's energy, so keep it well away to get a fair test. The outside tomatoes would weigh out at approximately 10 to 14 pounds per plant, whereas the plant grown in the pyramid would produce between 50 and 60 pounds of tomatoes. Not every type of plant grown under a pyramid will produce this increase; this is the average that I have come to expect from tomatoes.

A few more averages I have obtained repeatedly were: lettuce two to three times larger than average; beans 25 inches long by 1.25 inches wide; cabbage - when controls were three pounds each, the pyramid-grown plants were 12 to 13 pounds per head; radishes that normally would be the size of a quarter were four inches in diameter; controlled cucumbers that averaged 14 inches in length and weighed up to one pound normally, were 21 inches long and weighed up to four pounds when grown in the pyramid and the pyramid also warms your whole house and cleanses the air which you breathe.

Energised air in the pyramid also appears to repel small insects; though, there is no need for pesticides to be used within its glass walls. Pest-free plants grow to maturity inside, with none of the setbacks plants subject to normal attack from pests suffer in the garden outside. This also means that pyramid-grown vegetables need no washing upon harvesting. The mere appearance of such plants is more appetising than that of those grown normally. Greens are more vivid, and many leaves have a sheen which is noticeably absent from plants in kitchen gardens. Artificial fertilisers will never be used in my pyramid. Since many fertilisers apparently are becoming short in supply themselves, the ability to grow plants without their use is a double blessing for all mankind. I will use natural farmyard manures, the best way to regain the succulent taste and nutrition which are missing from plants grown with chemical fertilisers.

An egg broken out of its shell and left within the confines of the pyramid will gradually congeal and become like plastic, as the interior energy works on its cells - harmlessly. The cells do not die nor induce putrefaction. After a period of even weeks or months these congealed eggs can be reconstituted in water to the point where they can be eaten with complete safety, and they taste even more delicious than eggs produced in the usual way.

One peculiar phenomenon which I have observed under my large pyramid is the formation of dew on the plants inside it. This happens early in the morning. During all my years of experience with greenhouses, I never noticed dew forming on any plants in conventional greenhouses. This dew gently dissipates as the sun grows stronger, exactly as it would outside. Also, after a recent thunderstorm, my pyramid cucumbers grew two to two and a half inches in a matter of a few hours.

I built a pyramid purely for research purposes. For large-scale production, one which is much greater in size would be needed. When building the prototype, I encountered and overcame, virtually all the problems one can expect to meet in a construction of this type. Building a pyramid is nothing like building a house, and while a slight difference in measurements can be overcome when building a house, it is not possible to make a mistake in a pyramid and just carry on building. The particular piece containing the error must be pulled out and replaced correctly, as any mistake is transferred all the way around the pyramid.

My test pyramid is 30 feet high along a perpendicular line from ground to peak. The sides from base corner to peak measure 44 feet 4.5 inches, with a baseline of 46 feet 10.5 inches. It contains two additional floors above the ground level, and the sum of the areas of these two floors equals or is greater than that of the ground floor. Thus, the two additional floors virtually double the growing area. My first floor is 12 feet above the ground, and there is a reason for this. I calculated that when the sun was at its highest point the first floor would have to be positioned at 12-feet high so as to allow the sun to shine on to the back north edge of the ground floor. The 12-foot height was perfect, its achievement resulting from a mixture of good judgement and a bit of luck. However, I would not need to build a growing level at this height again because there are as many plants that grow well in shade as there are those that prefer growing in the sun. In future, my floors will all be eight feet apart, and I will put my sun-loving plants in the southern half and my shade-loving ones in the back northern half.

By placing the floors at eight-foot intervals there is much more growing area available than there is in placing the first floor at a 12-foot height. In addition, choosing this lower height allows the upper floors to decrease more slowly in size than they would if placed farther apart. Obviously, as the peak of the pyramid is approached, the floors decrease in area. One of the benefits obtained with these extra floors is that since heat rises, there are higher temperatures on each floor nearer the top of the pyramid. This allows a wide range of crops to be grown.

To illustrate the temperature difference, if the ground floor were 75O F, then the second floor would reach a temperature of 90O F, and the third floor would be around 105O F to 115O F, each floor having higher humidity. This means that anything from cool to tropical crops can be grown within one pyramid. The ground floor is perfect for such crops as radishes, lettuce, carrots, beets, tomatoes, etc., while the second floor is ideal for cucumbers, squash, peppers, and plants which like it hotter and more humid than the first floor. The top floor can be used for lemons, oranges, figs and especially, orchids.

The pyramid draws in its own water on the ground floor; I have never had to water that level being built directly on the ground. It never draws too much or too little water, always just the right amount for growth. Naturally, I have to pump water to the upper floors, but because the first floor provides its own water supply, at least half of my pyramid is watered for nothing automatically. I grow right in the ground the pyramid stands on, but upstairs I have placed wooden planting troughs all around the floors, leaving room to walk, and I grow plants in these. It is a major job getting the soil to the upper floors initially, but it is only a one-time task. The troughs are 16 inches deep and 14 inches wide, and contain a bottom. There is a run all around the edge of each of the upper floors and another inside, leaving enough room to work, with a gap on each side allowing passage from one run to the other.

Space in the pyramid is used to the utmost. At the perimeter of the low areas, I plant the kind of plants that need little headroom, and then plant bigger crops toward the middle. This is a matter of common sense, but using vine type tomatoes and stringing them up, one can work between the rows better, and if the lower leaves are removed, there is sufficient space to grow lettuce, cabbage or any low-lying crop in between the tomato plants. The trusses may be left on the tomatoes; they will not shade the low-lying plants. To ensure a steady supply of food, it is wise to plant only a few plants of each variety at intervals, which means that in the beginning it will take several weeks to reap a full harvest, but subsequently there will be a continuous yield.

By planting in such a manner, the grower will reap about six full crops each year. This method applies only to an enclosed pyramid, which would also require heating in the winter. The means of heating is up to the individual. Personally, I use a wood stove because I have my own wood supply. However, a wood and oil combination is best because it allows one to be away for a couple of days when necessary. If the wood fire gets low, then the oil burner takes over.

As for growing potentials of the floors of the pyramid, I have found that the second floor is the best place for germinating new seeds. I find that I can get germination in three days on that floor, whereas it usually takes five days otherwise. Thus far I have described the pyramid from the growing aspect only to the point of showing you how and where to grow crops, but let's take a look at a few statistics on production. Your garden, for instance, will only give one crop a year, but the pyramid through the means I suggest will give you six crops per year. Now let's compare two pieces of ground, both the same size, one with a pyramid on it. Say the garden is 50 feet square and the pyramid is 50 feet square. The upper floors inside the pyramid give you approximately 2,500 square feet of growing area upstairs to go along with your ground floor area of 2,500 square feet, and you are getting six crops per floor as opposed to one, or twice times six, the equivalent of 12 times your garden yield. Nor is that all of the advantage. Recall my discussion of the increase in size of the plant cells; this itself gives an average of three times the size of a normal crop. Multiplying the 12 times by the size of the crop, you are 36 times better off than with a single garden.

In addition to food growth, the pyramid also has application in food preservation. I have read statistics stating that 40 percent of all food grown in my home country of Canada is lost to putrefaction, whether at the place of storage, in transport, in wholesale and retail, or finally in the home. Regardless of how this spoilage occurs, this state of affairs can be remedied. The energy of the pyramid which grows plants so amazingly well, can also be used for the purpose of mummification of food, which can be dehydrated and kept in storage for an indefinite period without losing any of its taste or nutritional properties. There are absolutely no ill effects on any food stored in a pyramid. In fact, in many instances it is far better when reconstituted than it was in the first place. It has the water taken out of it; but it also repels bacteria and as a result, nothing will rot in a pyramid. For instance, I cannot make a compost heap inside my pyramid; I have to do it outside; otherwise the ingredients in the compost all remain in good shape and will not break down. For further proof, the grain grown in Manitoba today is a direct descendant of the grain found in the Great Pyramid, grain that had been there for centuries and had kept perfectly.

Earlier I mentioned mummifying eggs. I conducted an experiment in mummifying an egg, using a pyramid energizer instead of a single wire pyramid. The energizer consisted of a small batch of one-inch-high pyramids, 20 in all, positioned in a group. Using such a grid of pyramids provides quicker results than using just one pyramid. I broke an egg into a dish, placed the dish on top of the energizer and observed what happened in the ensuing days. In about six hours I noticed the lower perimeter of the yolk turning a pale yellow, and this continued through each day, the pale colour gradually moving up to the top of the yolk. In the meantime, the white was becoming less fluid, thickening, so to speak. In two weeks the whole egg was just like glass; the yolk was hard and the white was now in crystal form. At no time would flies or any insect approach it, even though it was open to them. Flies were as prevalent as usually, but they would not go near the egg. There was never any smell present from start to finish.

I left the egg in this state for about three months and showed it to many of my visitors, but then it was time to reconstitute it and try it for taste. I added some water (an egg loses about 30 grams of water in such a period) and left it 24 hours. I then boiled some water with the intention of poaching the egg. When the water was ready, I tipped the egg in, and immediately the albumen turned snowy white and the yolk a perfectly natural yellow colour. Had I dropped the egg before reconstituting it, it would have shattered, but now it was simmering away, looking just like a fresh egg. After cooking the egg I put it on a plate, salted and peppered it, then cut the yolk through with my knife, and it flooded across my plate. I admit I was not in too big a hurry to eat it, but if I was going to prove something, I had to taste it. I smelled the egg, and it was no different from normal, so I ate it. I can honestly say it was one of the nicest eggs I have ever tasted; it seemed to have more flavour than usual.

I do not know of any food that cannot be treated in such a manner. I have tried preserving every food I can think of, and it all keeps indefinitely, with no refrigeration necessary.

Since publicity was first given to my large, wooden pyramid some three years ago, I have been inundated with letters, phone calls and personal visits. People from all walks of life and many different places in North America and Europe and indeed a few from further afield - Australia, Africa and the East Indies - all have expressed an interest and have given me kind encouragement. Many of these letters, calls and visits have had as their objective the gathering of practical information on the building of pyramids and the problems likely to be encountered.

My pyramid is made from rough sawn timber, cut on and near my own property and milled by a neighbour. But it is not necessary for pyramids to be made of wood. They can be made of any rigid material which will support permanent glazing: cardboard, strong wire, sheet steel or metal, angle irons, logs - anything which will not curve and that can be precisely measured and fitted.

Nor do pyramids have to be solid for many uses; open-sided shapes will do, so long as all corners are joined and the angles are correct. My present pyramid is made of timber and covered with heavy-gauge plastic sheet. Future ones will be sheathed in fibreglass, acrylic or glass. They will be closed pyramids solely because I propose to grow food during the depths of Canada's frigid winters.

My pyramid frame is built mainly of wood measuring two inches by four inches and two inches by eight inches rough sawn (not planed all over). Pyramids can be built to any scale as long as the proportions are correct.

There is a video of Les Brown on the web at this time. It shows him describing some of his experiences with pyramids. It is at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7VN6B2GjVI and in it, Les describes an experiment which he carried out on his very large agricultural pyramid. First, he constructed a helical coil using co-axial cable which he sketches this way:

The coil was then placed on a 1/4" (6 mm) thick sheet of plywood and the end of the wire in the centre of the coil was inserted through the plywood and the central conductor pushed into the ground. The other end of the wire was bent up to act as an aerial, and the board itself was stapled through with two inch long wire staples driven into the ground and acting as further grounding for the coil, as he sketched here:

Len then climbed up a ladder and fastened another coil under the apex of the pyramid. This coil he wound out of multi-stranded copper wire. The wound it in the shape of an inverted cone with the wire going in a counter-clockwise direction and he spread the top strands out like an aerial array. He drew it this way:

He then decided to connect the two coils together using a strand of natural wool, so he tied it to the bottom of the coil at the apex. He climbed down the ladder and standing on the ground, he took hold of the piece of wool and was thrown several feet away by the energy flowing through the wool. This frightened him so much that he took the pieces apart and never investigated that type of arrangement ever again. He believes that it was because he was grounded when he grasped the wool, that there was such an energy flow through him. If you decide to try this with a smaller pyramid, then I suggest that you connect the wool to the lower coil first, making the earth connection that way, before tying it to the upper coil. However, let me stress again that we just don't know what is happening in and around the pyramid, so any experiments which you choose to carry out are entirely your responsibility and at your own risk. Although a good deal of practical information is given here, it must not be construed as being a recommendation that you make or use any of the devices described in this document as the presentation is for information purposes only.

Les Brown mentions other uses for the devices which he has developed. He says: My wife, who suffered from migraine headaches, had a severe attack for a week; and during that time she took an abundant supply of pills, which proved to be of no benefit. She placed a pyramid on her head in the early hours of the night, and in about 20 minutes had been relieved of all pain. She said nothing of this to me, but two weeks later suffered another headache. Instead of suffering for a lengthy period, she used the pyramid again, and without the use of pills the headache vanished again in about the same length of time. She told me about this second episode. About a week later she suffered an ordinary headache and repeated the performance, with the same result. She now has gone three years with no headaches at all. Around this time, I had been working all day in the hot sun, and the back of my neck became quite painful. I tried placing a small pyramid on the back of my neck while I sat still for a while. It produced the same relieving results for me. I believe it increases blood circulation to the affected part.

After about ten minutes I could feel the pain being drawn out upwards. At the same time my head felt cold on top, not cold to the touch, but simply felt cold to me. I mentioned this to my wife, and she said she had had the same sensations of coldness but was waiting for me to remark about them first. I am not suggesting that this treatment will do the same for everyone, but merely mentioning that it worked for us.

The elderly mother of a friend of mine, her hands badly crippled with arthritis, was persuaded to place her hand on an energiser. A wire pyramid was put over both hand and energiser for one hour. She continued this treatment for a few days, experiencing a diminution of pain and a loosening of her fingers each time. Before she returned to her home in England she actually sat and played the organ. She played haltingly and rustily, it is true, but she had been unable to play at all for several years prior to using the pyramid. Significantly, her hands returned to their crippled state shortly after she returned to England as her pyramid was stolen at London Airport.

We also find that when we are feeling low and depressed, my wife and I sit for an hour or so, each with a small pyramid on our head, facing North, our depression lifts and we feel quite rejuvenated. My wife and I regularly drink pyramid-treated water. If we are feeling low we have a snifter of pyramid water and in a short time we feel a marked lift. On the other hand, if we find ourselves in what used to be described as a choleric state and sit with the pyramid on our head - but facing south -our irritability rapidly leaves and is replaced by a state of calm.

A prominent acquaintance of mine who does not wish to be named, always drives with a pyramid under his car seat. He claims he feels less "bushed" after a long drive than he did before using a pyramid. Many investigators have found that by putting a pyramid or an energiser over, or under, their beds, they experience better and more refreshing sleep, some of them claiming they need far less sleep than they required before using a pyramid for this purpose.

The real keynote when trying these pyramid experiments is persistence. As with many other experiences, pyramids do not always "work" the first time you apply one to a situation, and a person must "stay with it" and make subtle corrections until the desired results are obtained. Putting energized water into a vase containing tulips caused them to last for about three and a half weeks. Not only did they last this phenomenal length of time, but they grew about nine inches during that period ! I have never before seen flowers grow after having been cut.

Many people claim that insect stings stop itching after the application of energised water; this has been our own experience. On one occasion I had a nasty cut on my hand. Immediately after washing it with pyramid water, the pain stopped and when it was fully healed, I had no scar. The cut also healed much more quickly than is "normal" for me.

Please be aware that the energy channelled by pyramids and the Joe Cell described below is very powerful and more than capable of running a vehicle without the use of any kind of visible fuel. Dealing with this power is not an established science and we are just blundering around the edges of a science which has not been properly investigated, so at this time it is a case of discovering what tests have been carried out and analysing the results to see if there is a solid pattern leading to repeatable tests which can be performed by anyone.

We are at about the same place as the Wright brothers were in 1903 just after their successful powered flight at Kitty Hawk. They took their "Flyer" back to Dayton, Ohio and discovered that it wouldn't fly. The problem was not immediately obvious to them. Being down at sea level and in an uncomfortably high wind, was essential for their device to be able to get off the ground, but understanding why and how to overcome the problem was not immediate as the theory of practical heavier-than-air flight was not established at that time. The same situation applies today to pyramid power.

Joseph Cater’s Pyramid Analysis.

There has been a good deal of disagreement between people in different locations, on how effective or otherwise, a pyramid is in day to day use. A very astute scientist by the name of Joseph H. Cater explains that this is due to the pyramid being powered primarily by energy flowing from the Sun, and so, people who live near the Equator will find a pyramid much more effective than people living in high latitudes.

Mr Cater explains exactly how a pyramid operates, but to understand his explanation fully, you will probably need to read the extract from one of his books, which is included in Chapter 15., to discover what “soft particles” are, where they come from and what effect they have on everything around us.

Mr Cater says that the energies concentrated inside a pyramid have been shown to be extremely beneficial to humans. Soft particle bombardments from outer space and especially from the Sun, concentrate inside the pyramid. Some, passing through the surface of the pyramid are slowed down to such an extent that the Earth’s gravitational field, repelling the negative charges, tends to keep them inside until collisions with other particles drives them out.

Most of the particles collected by the pyramid, concentrate along the edges as would be expected, since electricity on any charged body tends to do much the same thing, with concentrations at points and along edges. In fact, pyramid frames have been found to be nearly as effective as the closed pyramid, if, and only if, there is a continuity in the framework and no breaks in any of the joining parts.

The soft electrons collected on a pyramid frame or closed pyramid, soon reach saturation point and continued bombardment causes the excess to drop down inside the pyramid. This, coupled with the gravity-repelling forces, causes a high concentration inside the pyramid. The proportions of the pyramid are apparently a factor in it’s performance. If the sides are too steep, many of the soft electrons will move along the edges into the ground outside instead of being forced inside the pyramid. If the sides are not steep enough, not many particles will be collected as they strike the material at nearly a right angle which causes only a small reduction in velocity. If they strike at a sharper angle, there is a greater tendency for them to be retained by the material.

If two side of the base are aligned with magnetic North, it is allegedly more effective. Pyramids can be rendered more potent by lining the interiors of a non-metallic enclosed pyramid, with metal foil such as aluminium or copper. The foil allows a greater quantity of soft electrons to accumulate around the non-metallic outer portion because the soft particles do not pass through the metallic substance as easily, causing a back-up of soft particles. During the process, the foil absorbs large quantities of soft particles before many of them can enter the pyramid. pyramids also radiate soft electrons upwards from the peak.

Many of the soft particles which are stopped briefly on the outside of the pyramid, are repelled upwards by the Earth’s gravitational field, and as well, by soft electrons attached to the pyramid. This produces a funnelling effect which ejects soft electrons from the apex of the pyramid. The Earth’s gravity accelerates soft particles at a far greater rate than it does ordinary matter as soft particles are associated with ethers which are much closer to those of the gravity-inducing particles than is the case for ordinary matter. After the pyramid becomes saturated, a greater quantity of soft particles than ever, will concentrate inside. The foil will continue to radiate a high concentration of soft particles during the night when the number of particles bombarding the pyramid is considerably reduced.

It is found that pyramids work better during the summer than at any other time of the year. They are also more effective in the lower latitudes because most of the energy concentrated by the pyramid comes from the Sun. There are conflicting opinions as to the effectiveness of pyramids because of this as there is little understanding of the principles involved. For example, those who experiment with pyramids in Canada may claim that they don’t work while those in Southern California will contradict them. A pyramid does not increase the flow of soft particles through the area covered by the pyramid as the same concentration flows outside the area. What a pyramid does, is impede the general flow of soft particles and produce a back-up of particles inside and below the pyramid, and consequently, a higher concentration of soft electrons in these regions. The material used in a pyramid is of great importance. This was demonstrated when a wealthy man in the Midwest built a pyramid-shaped house five stories high, which was then covered with gold-plated iron. The phenomena produced were completely unprecedented. For example, ground water was forced to the surface and flooded the first floor. This was because the soft particle concentration inside and below the pyramid was so great that ground water was impregnated with such an abnormal concentration of negative charges that it was repelled upwards by the Earth’s gravity.

Gold atoms have extremely high positive electrostatic field effects, more so than any other atom. This is why gold is the most malleable of all substances. This means that soft electrons will have a greater affinity for gold than for any other metal. As a result, abnormally high concentrations of soft electrons will concentrate around gold. This effect is greatly enhanced when gold is in contact with iron. These dissimilar metals produce an EMF which is turn, causes a flow of electricity or eddy currents resulting in the iron being magnetised. The magnetic field produced, captures additional soft electrons. A higher concentration of soft electrons is created by this combination then could be produced by a similar thickness of gold foil alone. It follows that by far the most effective material that could be used for pyramids is gold-plated sheet iron (galvanised iron should not be used).

With everything else being the same, the greater the size of a pyramid, the better the performance. The reason for this is that the thicker the layer of concentrated soft electrons through which the incoming soft particles must pass, the more they are slowed down when passing. This results in a greater back-up of soft electrons and an increase in the concentration inside the pyramid. Another reason is that a large pyramid has a greater ratio of volume to surface area. Soft electrons are continuously leaking away from the surface of the pyramid, the larger the pyramid, the lower the percentage of soft electrons which is lost. Consequently, very small pyramids are ineffective.

The Devices of Pier Luigi Ighina.

Pier Luigi Ighina was a remarkable Italian scientist who died in 2004 at the age of 95. He was a colleague of Guglielmo Marconi who was well-known for his work in the early days of radio. Pier, in common with many famous scientists, had an enquiring mind, major intelligence and a very high level of patience and persistence. He too, discovered the energy flows which affect life on this planet and he had his theories and descriptions for what he observed. From his very wide range of inventions and fields of interest, just two will be mentioned here in this chapter as they relate directly to the energy flows channelled by pyramids and Joe Cells, and whether we call this energy flow ‘orgone’, ‘soft electrons’, ‘OD’, ‘ethers’, ‘ambient background’ or whatever, the effects are the same. Pier describes (very briefly) two important devices which have a direct effect on our health and well-being, and on our local environment generally. The first of these passive devices, he has named “ERIM”.

He describes this device as a small apparatus which concentrates and develops what he calls “the Magnetic Rhythm Solar Earth Energy, which regenerates cells and returns them to their normal functioning”. While I have not seen any specific constructional details for this device we do have a general description and several photographs which show three or four different constructions. On the surface, the device appears to be very simple and straightforward and the photographs give the impression that the construction does not have to be exact in order for it to function correctly. However, it needs to be remembered that these energy flows are directly influenced by the user and just because Pier has had spectacular results with his constructions, some of the performance may well be caused by Pier himself. Having said that, there appears to be very little to be lost by attempting a replication and quite possibly, a major amount to be gained if the replication is successful. The following four photographs show three different constructions of the device which looks like this:

Or like this:

Photographs 1 and 2 show two different views of one build. The nine spiral coils have seven turns and the narrow end is a flat turn. The gap between the yellow and blue spirals is quite large, appearing to be just under the depth of two turns of the spirals. The base is the same shape and the mounting bolt is not painted, the colour suggesting that it might be a brass bolt. The size of the mounting ring can be estimated from the man in photograph 2 and I would put it at 250 mm (10”) as Pier was Italian and so probably used metric units of measurement. I doubt that the dimensions are critical and the spirals appear to be about 100 mm (4”) tall with the widest turn being about 45 mm (1.75”). We are not told what metal was used for any of the construction, but as the second of Pier’s devices to be described here specifies aluminium, it can’t be ruled out here, although the metal does look like painted steel.

Both aluminium and copper are generally considered to be non-magnetic because a magnet does not normally attach itself to either of those metals. But, this is highly misleading as both have a major effect when placed in a magnetic field, and the energy flow being channelled by this device of Pier’s is itself affected by magnetic fields, so the use of aluminium is likely to be highly significant. However, that being said, we have no direct information on what is used in this “ERIM” device.

You will notice in photographs 1 and 2, that the lugs on the arms of the bars across the circular mounting are quite short, causing their bolts to be widely spaced, which in turn, causes the outer blue and yellow spirals to be widely separated. Those lugs are longer in the build shown in photograph 3, moving the bolts closer together and bringing the blue and yellow spirals closer together. In photograph 3 the long mounting bolt at the bottom of the ring appears to be thicker and it is painted blue. The spirals have the smallest turn flat across the length of the spiral.

Photograph 4 shows a third build of the device, with an even thicker supporting bolt painted blue, wider spacing between the blue and yellow spirals and this time, the smallest turn of the spiral turned up axially and filed to a point. It appears that the device is assembled and then painted afterwards although the spirals may be dipped beforehand. Photograph 4 shows how the spirals are secured under the head of a bolt which is screwed into a threaded hole in the circular frame. Photograph 3 seems to suggest that constructional accuracy is not critical with the side spirals not aligned correctly (unless the lower spirals are supposed to point slightly inwards which seems unlikely, especially since the top spiral of photograph 3 is not truly vertical and does not align with the other two yellow spirals.

Photograph 4 seems to suggest that the green spirals can be slightly more compact than the others although they have exactly the same number of turns. Every spiral is wound the same way so when viewed from above, the upper spirals move in an counter-clockwise direction as they rise and the lower spirals move in a clockwise direction as they get lower. It might be that the colouring of the components might just be for referencing them, but I do not think that this is so. In the following device, Pier stresses the different colours and considering that different colours radiate different frequencies of light, there may well be significance in the colours. Piers describes the operation in this way:

The properties of the device are determined by it’s shape. The three yellow spirals pointing upwards concentrate Solar Energy while the three blue spirals pointing downwards, concentrate Earth’s bio energy which is the negative reflection from the Earth of the Solar Energy. When these two meet, they produce a wave on the green spirals called the Sun-Earth Magnetic Rhythm (which is the rhythm of everything which exists on Earth - both animate and inanimate). This wave enhances that essential basic rhythm for everything within it’s operating radius, normalising and balancing cells and cleansing the energy of a room.

Ideally, the device should be placed in the bedroom so that it can act during the night, but it can also be effective almost anywhere. It should be positioned about 10-20 cm away from walls. At the beginning, to accelerate the process of cellular balancing, you can place your hands about 10-15 cm from each side of the device, with your palms turned towards the green spirals and at the same level as they are. The time required will depend upon individual sensitivity

If you have hot water central heating, you can place the device about 10 cm from the boiler with the green spirals parallel to it; the circulating water will carry information throughout the system and cleanse rooms within a few days. To energise water and return it to it’s original, natural state, place a bottle of water at each side of the device, about 10-15 cm from the green spirals. It can also energise foodstuffs such as fruits, vegetables and meats by placing them level with, and about 10-15 cm in front of the green spirals, using a non-metallic support, if necessary. Flowers placed close by, will keep fresher longer, or will blossom sooner than normal.

The second passive device designed by Pier is what he calls his “Elios” device. It is constructed from a long small-diameter coil of aluminium wire which is snaked backwards and forwards through a circular wooden frame supported on three short wooden legs. The wooden frame is painted as shown here:

The aluminium wire coil is fed through the frame using plastic tubular beads. It is not clear if the beads pass the whole way through the frame with the upper bead meeting the lower bead in the centre of the frame, or if the beads are completely external to the wood, or perhaps partially embedded in the wood.

Pier says that the Elios device concentrates the maximum energy output in the cavity. The device is able to destroy every type of toxic pollution, including nuclear radiation. Food exposed to it’s action changes completely because every chemical added to the food gets dissolved by balancing it's own Rhythm (vibration) by a multi-wave signal comprising a full octave of colours. Every type of matter receives a certain type of enhancement from it. For example, our body and all types of biological entities are healed, and growth is boosted by it.

This signal is a stationary type phenomenon of rotating particles which come from the Sun and other stars. These particles strike the Earth, store energy, and return to their sources in a reflected state which is the opposite phenomenon of discharge. Everything which was born or which is growing, changes when inside this column of light-like particles. This phenomenon is called “Solar-Terrestrial Rhythm” and it is the power supply of the Planet, continuously causing balancing and growth. Everything on the planet is continuously bathed in this stream of rotating particles.

Every type of matter has its own basic Rhythm plus the Solar-Terrestrial Rhythm. This rhythm is unique and it represents the state of tension of the specific matter. The matter grows and evolves because of this incoming energy. If you modify the energy with various types of pollution, radiation, or other types of destructive phenomena, you destroy the normal work of Nature. This device concentrates this phenomenon in it’s immediate local area and as a result, it improves the Health and Life Energy of that local environment.

The Elios device is only a passive resonator, tuned by it’s shape to resonate with a harmonic of the cosmic event signal. It consists of a ring of painted wood with seven holes positioned in a heptagon shape in it’s perimeter. This ring is supported on three legs evenly spaced around the circle. On every hole there is a piece of a coloured plastic tube, each one having a different colour and positioned in a particular order.

The sinusoidal conductor is made of aluminium wire, wound clockwise, and inserted through every hole in a serpentine movement, leaving one end facing upwards and the other end facing downwards, parallel to each other. The signal coming from the sky, moves in a clockwise direction. The two ends of the aluminium wire coil finish in adjacent holes. One end points towards the sky and the other end points towards the ground.

The device should be located on open ground and not on concrete which generates an out-of-phase component of the earth signal which destroys the good rhythm. The phenomenon occurs in the cavity especially, and around the perimeter of the ring. To increase the amplitude of the signal you can put glass bottles filled with water, one inside the cavity and six around the outside in a hexagon shape. Wait some days and observe the environment. Everything changes! There is an explosion of life! Everything which I have described happens, depending only on the length of elapsed time and the amplitude of the signal. The device needs sunlight for it’s best operation. Take it away from every artificial electrical and magnetic field because this is only a passive resonator and a strong EMF can distort its' signal.

Do not try nuclear cleansing with Elios until it is highly charged. The device is a passive resonator and it needs to build up a charge before bringing any isotopes near it. When dealing with isotopes, always use water containers but do not contact the substance with the apparatus as you can destroy the ambient rhythm by doing that, and cause very big trouble in the area. This device has a powerful resonant effect on the surrounding land, influencing the environment up to a kilometre in every direction.

The Joe Cell.

In my opinion, the device called the “Joe Cell” is one of the most difficult devices for any experimenter to get operating properly. It is a passive device for concentrating energy drawn from the local environment and it takes great perseverance and patience to use one to power a vehicle. However, a few people have had success with these devices, so here is some practical information on the Joe Cell.

In 1992 in Australia, Graham Coe, Peter Stevens and Joe Nobel developed previously patented units which are now known by the generic name of the “Joe Cell”. Peter introduced Joe to Graham and they rehashed the patented cells which Graham knew about, using materials from the Local Dairy Production Facility NORCO. A two hour long video showing the Joe Cell was produced by Peter and Joe and the unit shown operating in the video was attached to Peter’s Mitsubishi Van. Joe had his equipment stolen and his dog killed, so he decided to keep a low profile, moving out into the wilds and not generating much publicity, in spite of fronting the two hour video recording. A search on the Joe Cell will locate many videos on the subject. This document is an attempt to provide detailed information on a recent Cell built by Bill Williams in the USA and the subsequent constructional advice which has arisen from his experiences.

First, you need to understand that, at this point in time, building and using a Joe Cell of any variety, is more of an art than a science. It might best be explained by saying that creating building plans for it is rather like producing plans for painting a copy of the famous Mona Lisa painting. The instructions for the painting might be:

1. Buy a canvas, if one is not available, then here is how to make one.

2. Buy some oil-based paints, if none are available, then here is how you make them

3. Buy an artists brush, palette and charcoal, if none are available then this is how you make them.

4. Here is how you paint the picture.

Even given the most complete and detailed instructions, many people, including myself, are unlikely to produce a top-quality copy of the Mona Lisa. It is not that the instructions are lacking in any way, it is the skill and ability of the person attempting the task which are not up to the job. Please understand that not everybody who builds a Joe Cell will have instant success. Some people will get perfect results straight off, but others will have to go through a process of persevering and tinkering, and some will give up before they are successful.

This applies to any category of Joe Cell. A Joe Cell is capable of powering a vehicle engine without needing to use conventional fossil fuel. So, what does the engine run on? I suggest that it runs on a newly discovered energy field not yet understood by mainstream science. In another couple of hundred years time, it will be a routine subject which every child in school will be expected to understand, but today it looks like the ‘witchcraft’ of the magnifying glass starting a fire.

It is not unusual for newcomers to the subject to get confused by the Cell itself. The Cell consists of a metal container with tubes inside it. The container has what looks like ordinary water in it and it sometimes has a DC voltage applied across it. This causes many people to immediately jump to the false conclusion that it is an electrolyser. It isn’t. The Joe Cell does not convert water to hydrogen and oxygen gasses to be burnt in the engine. The water in a Joe Cell does not get used up no matter how far the vehicle travels. It is possible to run a car on the gasses produced by electrolysis of water, but the Joe Cell has absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with electrolysis. The Joe Cell acts as a concentrator for a new energy field, in the same way that a magnifying glass acts as a concentrator for sunlight, and both have to be done just right for them to work.

At the present time, there are at least fifteen people who have built Joe Cells and managed to power vehicles using them. Several of these people use their Joe Cell-powered vehicles on a daily basis. Most of these are in Australia. The first Cell-powered vehicle was driven some 2,000 kilometers across Australia.

Disclaimer: The remainder of this document contains considerable specific detail on the design and construction of a Joe Cell. This presentation is for information purposes only and must not be construed as a recommendation that you actual physically construct a device of this nature. The author stresses that he is in no way liable for any damage, loss or injury caused by your future actions. It should also be borne in mind that any alteration to an automotive vehicle, such as changing the fuel on which it runs to hydroxy gas, natural gas, Joe Cell energy, or anything else, might void the vehicle insurance unless the insurer is informed beforehand and agrees to continue insurance cover on the modified vehicle.

In broad outline, a Joe Cell is a 316L-grade stainless steel container, with a central cylindrical electrode, surrounded by a series of progressively larger stainless steel cylinders, and filled with specially treated water. This arrangement of steel shells and treated water acts as a focusing mechanism for the energy field used to power the vehicle.

The Cell itself is made up with the battery negative taken to the central electrode. The connection to this stainless steel electrode is made at the bottom with the electrical connection passing through the base of the cell container. This obviously needs careful construction to prevent any leakage of the conditioned water or the energy focused by the Cell.

Surrounding the central electrode are two or three cylinders made of either solid or mesh stainless steel. These cylinders are not connected electrically and are held in position by insulating material which needs to be selected carefully as the insulation is not just electrical insulation but is also energy-field insulation. The outside stainless steel cylinder forms the container for the cell:

The picture above shows the general construction of a cell of this type although, unlike the description below, this one does not have the lip which is used for attaching the lid. It is included here just as a general illustration of how the cylinders are positioned relative to each other.

The following information on constructing a Joe Cell, is broken down into the following sections:

1. The Materials needed for construction.

2. Constructing the Cell

3. Getting the Cell working

4. Installing the Cell in the vehicle

5. Getting the vehicle running

6. Suppliers

7. Workarounds

The Materials needed for Construction.

Various vehicles can be powered by a Joe Cell. If you have not built and used a Joe Cell before, then it is worth using the easiest type to convert. The most suitable is an older type vehicle with no computer control of the combustion, a carburettor and a water-cooled engine. If the engine block is aluminium rather than steel then that is also a slight additional advantage.

The Cell is built from stainless steel pipes. The lower the magnetism of the finished unit the better, so 316L grade stainless steel is preferred. However, there is no need to become obsessed with this as most varieties of stainless steel can be persuaded to operate. The length of the tubing is not critical, but about 8 inches (200 mm) is a reasonable choice for the overall length of the inner tubes. The outer pipe which forms the casing, needs to be about 10 inches in length so that there is clearance above and below the inner pipes.

The innermost pipe diameter is 2 inches (50 mm) and the others can be 3 inch, 4 inch, and 5 inches in diameter as that creates a gap of just under half an inch between the pipes, which is a suitable spacing. The wall thickness of the pipes is not critical but it needs to be a practical size with 1 mm being the minimum thickness with the most common thickness being 1/16 inch (1.6 mm or 0.0625 inch). It is important that the walls of the outermost cylinder are completely rigid, so using a greater thickness for that cylinder is an advantage.

Some stainless steel plate is needed for the ends of the outer cylinder. Ideally, the top and base should not overhang the sides but that is difficult to achieve if the cell is to be airtight, so the end pieces will need to be slightly larger than the outside tube and 1/8 inch (3 mm) thick sheet is suggested. The base size is 5 inch square, or possibly slightly larger to facilitate cutting a circular shape out of it. The lid and lip blanks will need to be 6 inch squares, or again, slightly larger to facilitate cutting circles out of them.

The plinth component at the base of the 2-inch inside tube needs to be cut from a piece of stainless steel. If the option of machining the whole plinth as a single piece is chosen, then the piece of 316L stainless steel needed to do this will be substantial, perhaps a section of solid bar 2.25 inches (57 mm) in diameter and some 3 inches (75 mm) long. If the easier and cheaper option of using a standard half-inch (12 mm) 316L stainless steel bolt (if one is available) is selected, then a piece of 316L stainless steel some 2.25 inches (57 mm), or slightly larger, 2 inch (50 mm) thick will be needed. The exact details of this will need to be discussed with the person who will undertake the machining as practical issues come into play, and the optimum size will depend to a certain extent on the lathe being used. If a screw thread is being machined on the spigot of the plinth, then the thread should match the locally available nuts, unless nuts are also being made up.

Some additional steel will be needed for constructing a mounting bracket inside the engine compartment, also, some double-laminated hessian sacking (“burlap”) and about 36 inches (1 m) of half-inch (12 mm) wooden dowel to use in the mounting bracket.

Some Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene material as found in kitchen chopping boards will be needed to insulate between the engine mounting and the cell and between the inside tube’s plinth and the base plate.

A length of aluminium tubing typically three quarters of an inch (20 mm) in diameter will be needed for connecting the Cell to the engine, and a short length of strong, clear plastic pipe for the actual final connection to the engine, needed to prevent an electrical short-circuit between the Cell and the engine. This plastic pipe needs to be a tight push-fit as clamping clips are not used. A stainless steel compression fitting to fit the pipe is needed to make the seal between it and the lid of the Cell. It is very important that this fitting is stainless steel as other materials such as brass will prevent the cell from operating. The wrong material for this fitting has been the reason for many Cells not operating. Neither brass nor any other material (other than stainless steel) should not be used anywhere in the construction, whether it be for nuts, bolts, fittings, metal connections, or anything else.

Ideally, natural rubber with no additives or colouring, failing that “Buna-n” (nitrile rubber) o-ring, or teflon, is needed for inter-cylinder bracing and some sheet to make the circular lid gasket. Also some white marine-grade Sikaflex 291 bedding compound. Natural rubber with no colouring or additives is the best insulator and should be used if at all possible. After extended use, Bill has found that teflon spacers work better than the rubber and so has switched to teflon.

Seven or eight stainless steel cones will be needed for the water-conditioning process. These are usually manufactured for machines which separate cream from milk and it is possible to buy them via eBay from time to time. If none are available, then it is perfectly possible to construct them yourself.

There will also be minor items like a few bolts, lengths of electrical wire and the like. To summarise this then:

Stainless steel pipes in 316L grade steel:

5-inch (125 mm) diameter 10 inches (250 mm) long, one off

4-inch (100 mm) diameter 8 inches (200 mm) long, one off

3-inch (75 mm) diameter 8 inches (200 mm) long, one off

2-inch (50 mm) diameter 8 inches (200 mm) long, one off

Stainless steel plate in 316L grade steel:

5.25 inch (133 mm) square 1/8 inch (3 mm) thick, one off

6.25 inch (157 mm) square 1/8 inch (3 mm) thick, two off

3 inch (75 mm) strip, 16 gauge thick, two feet (600 mm) long

One plinth blank as described above, size depending on the lathe and style of construction.

Stainless steel bolts:

1/4 inch (6 mm) diameter, 3/4 inch (18 mm) long, twelve off with matching nuts

One 1/2 inch (12 mm) diameter, 2.25 inch (57 mm) long with two nuts and three washers

Aluminium tubing 3/4 inch (20 mm) in diameter, 3 feet (1 m) long

Plastic tubing to form a tight fit on the aluminium tubing and some 4 inches (100 mm) long

One stainless steel compression fitting to seal the pipe-to-lid connection

Natural rubber with no additives, (or “Buna-n” insulation if natural rubber just cannot be got):

O-ring tubing, 3 feet (1 m) long

Sheet, 6 inch (150 mm) square, one off

Miscellaneous:

White Sikaflex 291 bedding compound (available from ships chandlers), one off

Double-laminated hessian sacking (“burlap”) 1 foot (300 mm) wide, 6 feet (2 m) long

Wood (ramin) dowel three quarter inch (18 mm) diameter, 36 inches (1 m) long

UHMWP plastic food-chopping board, one off

Sundry connecting wire and ordinary engine compartment mounting bolts, and the like

Stainless steel cones and canister as discussed below

Don’t polish the tubes and never, ever use sandpaper or wet-and-dry paper on any of these components as the result is scored surfaces and each score reduces the effectiveness of the Cell.

Constructing the Cell

The Joe Cell looks like a very simple steel construction which could easily be made by any amateur. While it can be constructed by an amateur, it is not a simple construction as it is important to keep any acquired magnetic properties to a minimum. Consequently, it is suggested that an angle grinder is not used for any of the metalwork, and hand tools used for cutting and shaping. Also, if the cutting tool has previously been used to cut anything other than stainless steel it should not be used, or at the very least, thoroughly cleaned before use as contamination of your Cell components through particles of another material is critical and can prevent the Cell from working. It should be stressed again that the materials used in the construction of a Cell are absolutely critical if success is to be assured. If you have an experienced friend who has made many Cells work, then you can experiment with different materials, but if this is your first Cell and you are working on your own, then use the exact materials shown here and don’t end up with a Cell which doesn’t work.

Bill Williams started building a 5 cylinder cell comprising 1", 2", 3", 4" and outer tube 5" but Peter Stevens later advised him to remove the 1" centre tube and go with only two neutrals being the 3” and 4" tubes as the 1-inch diameter is too small for optimum energy pick-up.

Please accept my apologies if the following suggestions for construction seem too basic and simple. The reason for this is that this document will be read by people whose first language is not English and who will find it much easier if plenty of detail is provided.

The first step is to construct the base plate, used to form the bottom of the container. Cut the largest diameter pipe to a 10-inch (250 mm) length. (If you have difficulty in marking the cutting line, try wrapping a piece of paper around it, keeping the paper flat against the tube and making sure that the straight edge of the paper aligns exactly along the overlap, then mark along the edge of the paper). Place the pipe on one of the end blanks and mark the blank around the bottom of the pipe. Cut the blank to form a circular plate which sits flush with the bottom of the tube:

The next step is to mount the innermost 2-inch (50 mm) diameter pipe rigidly to the base plate. Cut the pipe to an 8-inch (200 mm) length. The pipe mounting needs to be exactly in the centre of the plate and exactly at right angles to it. This is probably where the most accurate work needs to be done. To complicate matters, the mounting needs to be connected electrically outside the base, be fully insulated from the base plate, and make a completely watertight fit with the base plate. For that reason, the arrangement looks a little complicated. Start by drilling a three quarter inch (18 mm) hole in the centre of the base plate. Construct and fit two insulating washers so that a half-inch stainless steel bolt will fit through the base plate while being securely insulated from it. The washers are made from Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (plastic food-chopping boards are usually made from this material):

The washers which fit into the hole in the base plate need to be slightly less than half the thickness of the plate so that they do not actually touch when clamped tightly against the base plate, as shown in the lower part of the diagram. Cut another washer, using the full thickness of the plastic sheet. This will act as a spacer.

Next, the plinth for the central 2-inch diameter cylinder needs to be made. This is the only complicated component in the construction. It is possible to make this component yourself. The local university or technical college will often be willing to allow you to use their lathe and their staff will usually do the job for you or help you to do it yourself. Failing that, your local metal fabrication shop will certainly be able to do it for you. If all else fails and this equipment is just not available, then the ‘workarounds’ section below shows how to fabricate an alternative version which does not need a lathe.

A large piece of 316L stainless steel needs to be machined to produce the plinth shown below. The actual 2-inch diameter central cylinder needs to be a tight push-fit on the top of this component. To facilitate assembly, the central boss is given a slight chamfer which helps alignment when the tube is forced down on top of it. Peter Stevens recommends that tack welds (in stainless steel using a TIG welder) are used to connect the plinth to the outside of the cylinder. Three evenly-spaced vent holes are drilled in the plinth to allow the liquid inside the Cell circulate freely inside the central cylinder.

An alternative method of construction which does not call for such a large amount of machining is to machine the plinth to take a standard stainless steel bolt as shown here:

When assembled, the arrangement should look like this:

This arrangement looks more complicated than it really is. It is necessary to have a construction like this as we want to mount the innermost tube securely in a central vertical position, with the battery negative connected to the cylinder, by a connection which is fully insulated from the base plate and which forms a fully watertight seal with the base plate, and to raise the central cylinder about one inch (25 mm) above the base plate.

However, as the plastic washers would be affected by the heat when the base plate is joined to the outermost pipe, when all of the components shown have been prepared, they are taken apart so that the base plate can be fuse-welded to the outside tube. Unless you have the equipment for this, get your local steel fabrication workshop to do it for you. Be sure that you explain that it is not to be TIG welded, but fuse-welded and that the joint has to be fully watertight. At the same time, get them to fuse-weld a half-inch wide lip flush with the top edge of the tube. You cut this piece as a 6-inch (150 mm) circle with a 5-inch (125 mm) circular cut-out in the centre of it. When it is welded, it should look like this:

Cut a six-inch (150 mm) diameter lid out of 1/8 inch (3 mm) stainless steel. Cut a matching ring gasket of natural rubber (Buna-n material if natural rubber can’t be obtained), place it on top of the flange with the lid on top of it and clamp the lid firmly down on the flange. Drill a hole to take a 1/4 inch (6 mm) stainless steel bolt, through the lid and the middle of the flange. Insert a bolt and tighten its nut to further clamp the lid in place. An alternative to this for the more experienced metalworker, is to drill a hole slightly smaller than the bolt, and when all holes have been drilled, remove the lid, enlarge the lid holes to allow free passage of the bolts, and cut a thread inside the flange holes which matches the thread on the bolts to be used. This gives a very neat, nut-free result, but it calls for a greater skill level and more tools.

If using nuts and bolts, drill a similar hole 180 degrees away and fasten a bolt through it. Repeat the process for the 90 degree and 270 degree points. This gives a lid which is held in place at its quarter points. You can now complete the job with either four more evenly-spaced bolts or eight more evenly-spaced bolts. The complete bolting for the twelve-bolt choice will look something like this when the cell is installed:

The lid can be finished off by drilling its centre to take the fitting for the aluminium pipe which will feed the output from the cell to the engine. This fitting, in common with every other fitting must be made of stainless steel.

The next step is to assemble the neutral pipes. Cut them to 8-inch (200 mm) lengths. These pipes are held in place by the natural rubber insulators. This material comes in an o-ring strip which is like a hosepipe with a large wall-thickness. The gap between the pipes will be approximately half an inch (12 mm), so cut each piece of pipe to a length which makes it a very tight fit in that gap. Cut six spacers, locate the 3-inch diameter pipe exactly over the inner pipe and push three of them between the pipes, about a quarter of an inch from each end and evenly spaced 120 degrees apart around the circumference of the pipes. The hole through the centre of the insulating strip points towards the centre of the cell and the ends of the insulator pieces press against the cylinder walls. These pieces are not placed lengthwise:

Place similar insulators at the other end of the two-inch pipe, directly above the ones already in place. If you look down the length of the tubes, then only three of the six insulators should be seen if they are correctly aligned. The spacers will be more effective if the ends are given a thin layer of the Sikaflex 291 bedding compound before the ends get compressed against the cylinder walls.

Do the same for the four-inch pipe, pushing tightly squeezed natural rubber insulators strips between the three-inch and four-inch pipes. Place them directly outside the insulators between the two-inch and three-inch pipes so that when viewed from the end, it looks as if the rubber forms a single strip running through the middle pipe:

Spark off each of the cylinders in the inner assembly. This is done by connecting a 12V battery negative to the inside surface (only) at the bottom of the tube and with a wire from the battery positive, sparking the outside surface of the cylinder at the top of the tube. Give each four sparks in rapid succession.

If you are using a bolt rather than a machined spigot, insert the stainless steel bolt and washer through the bottom of the base to the central pipe. Wedge the bolt in place by inserting a piece of the dowel, or some similar material into the centre of the 2-inch pipe and tape it temporarily in place. Alternatively, force the innermost cylinder tightly over the machined plinth. Turn the inner pipe assembly upside down and place the full-depth UMWP plastic washer on the threaded shaft. Apply a thin layer of white Sikaflex 291 bonding compound to the face of one of the shaped UMWP washers and place it on the threaded shaft with the bonding compound facing upwards.

Carefully clean the surface of the base plate of the outer casing around the central hole, both inside and outside. Under no circumstances use sandpaper or wet-and-dry paper, here or anywhere else, as these abrade and score the surface of the steel and have a major negative effect on the operation of the Cell. Carefully lower the 5-inch outer casing on to the assembly so that the threaded shaft goes through the central hole and the shaped washer fits tightly into the hole in the base of the outer housing. Apply a thin layer of the bonding compound to the face of the second shaped washer, place it over the shaft of the bolt and press it firmly into place to completely seal the hole in the base plate. Add a stainless steel washer and bolt and tighten the bolt to lock the assembly together. If using a bolt, a long-reach box spanner may be needed inside the central pipe for tightening the locking bolt. If one is not available, use a longer bolt through the washers, screw a second nut up on to the shank of the bolt, file two flats on the end of the bolt, clamp them in a vice to hold the bolt securely and tighten the locking nut. When the spare nut is unscrewed, it pushes any damaged fragments of the bolt thread back into place.

Finish the assembly by adding three further rubber insulators between the top of the 4-inch tube and the outer 5-inch casing. Use a thin layer of Sikaflex 291 bonding compound on the cut faces of the insulators as this improves the insulation. Line the new insulators up with the insulators already in place and make them a tight fit. These extra insulators support the end of the tube assembly and reduce the stress on the plinth fitting at the base of the central tube when the unit is subjected to knocks and vibration when the vehicle is in motion.

The construction of the basic unit is now complete, with the exception of the lid fitting for the aluminium pipe which feeds the engine. The construction so far has been straightforward engineering with little complication, but the remaining steps in getting the Cell powering a vehicle are not conventional engineering. If you do not feel confident about this construction, then advice and help can be got from the experienced members at the Yahoo Group http://groups.yahoo.com/group/joecellfreeenergydevice/ or alternatively, the companion Group http://groups.yahoo.com/group/JoesCell2 both of which are very active.

Getting the Cell working

The Cell is not just the container and the inner tubes. A major active ingredient of the “Cell” is the liquid placed inside the container. To a casual glance, the liquid appears to be water and loosely speaking it is water. However, water is one of the least understood substances on the planet. It can have many different molecular configurations which give it widely different characteristics. For example, in one configuration, it will actually burn, but this “burning” is nothing like the burning experienced in an ordinary log fire. The water flame is not hot and it is quite possible to hold your hand just over the flame without feeling any heat from it.

We do not want to “burn” the liquid in the Cell. The “conditioned water”, for want of a better description, is not consumed when a Cell powers an engine. Instead, the engine is powered by external energy flowing into it. Here, the Cell acts like a lens, concentrating the external energy and focusing it to flow along the aluminium pipe to the engine. This action is not unlike the way in which a magnifying glass gathers and concentrates the sun’s energy into a small area to raise the temperature there. The “conditioned water” in the cell, along with the materials and shapes in the Cell, cause the gathering and concentration of this external energy and channel it into the engine.

At this point in time, nobody knows for sure, what the energy is. Earlier, I called it the Zero-Point Energy field, but I have no direct evidence for that, some people call this energy “orgone”. Nobody knows exactly how this energy makes the engine run. Engines powered by this energy sound pretty much the same as when they are running on fossil fuels but they run a lot colder and it is usually necessary to advance the timing of the spark. These engines can tick over at a much lower rate than normal and they have much greater power than when running on fossil fuels. Bill Williams in America found that when he fitted a Joe Cell to his Ford pickup, the performance suddenly became like a Formula One racing car and very gentle use of the throttle was needed. He says:

"Over the summer, I used the truck to haul firewood for this winter's wood supply. I added 5 gallons of fuel to bring the fuel level to the half tank mark. I ran the truck with the cell which I installed a month earlier. Basically, I tried to forget about the cell being installed in the truck. The Ignition timing was set at about 25 degrees before TDC with no vacuum connect to the distributor. The fuel line was still connected so "shandy" mode was being used. The surprising thing is that the truck did not use any fuel during the two and a half months of driving in the woods. In fact, when I parked the truck at the end of the wooding season, I physically sounded the fuel tank (it is a 'behind the seat' tank). It was still showing the half full mark. I pulled the cell for the winter and have it sitting on the bench waiting for spring to arrive for it to be installed again. I don't even pretend to understand this technology, but I keep hoping that someone will come up with a viable explanation of how the cell works".

Anyway, how do we get “conditioned water”? It can be generated inside the Cell, but as the conditioning process usually generates an unwanted residue on top of the water and on the bottom of the Cell, there is an advantage to do the conditioning in a separate container. If water conditioning is done in the Cell, then when the residue is removed, the Cell does not have the correct amount of water and needs to be topped up. That has to be done with non-conditioned water which promptly puts the Cell back to square one. So, use a separate conditioning vat which contains considerably more water than the Cell needs. In the documentary video produced by Peter and Joe, the conditioning procedure is described in some detail.

Joe explains that he conditions the water by suspending an electrode array in the water and applying 12 volts DC to it. Using the water found local to Joe, the current is initially about 10 amps and if left overnight the current drops to anywhere between 2 amps and 4 amps. This indicates that his local water contains a large amount of dissolved material since completely pure water will carry almost no current when 12 volts DC is placed across it. It is almost impossible to get pure water as so many things dissolve in it. Raindrops falling through the atmosphere pass through various gasses and some of these dissolve in the droplets. If the pollution in the atmosphere is particularly bad, then the rain can become acidic and this “acid rain” can rot the trees and vegetation on which it falls. Water on and in the ground, picks up chemical elements from nearly everything with which it comes in contact, so water, any water, needs treatment to reach its “conditioned” state.

Joe’s conditioning electrode array is made up from truncated stainless steel cones, positioned vertically above one another. Joe describes it as being made up from seven cones (not strictly true) with the central cone connected to the battery positive and the top and bottom cones connected to the battery negative. That leaves two unconnected cones positioned between the positive and each of the two outer negative cones. His array looks like this:

What Joe does not mention, but what can be seen in the video, is that there is an eighth cone cut-down and tack-welded in an inverted position underneath the bottom cone:

The inverted cone section appears to project underneath the rim of the bottom cone by an amount of about one inch (25 mm), or perhaps slightly less:

The electrical straps connecting to the cones are insulated to prevent contact with either the other cones or the inside of the metal drum which Joe uses to hold the water being ‘conditioned’. He says that if this array is suspended in a tank of water (his happens to be a vertical metal cylinder - a significant shape) and provided with 12 volt DC electrical power for a few minutes, then the water becomes ‘charged’ as he expresses it. Although the water is supposedly clean, Joe gets gas bubbles coming off the surface of the water. These will explode if lit, so it is very important that this process is carried out in the open air and there is no possibility of the gas ponding on a ceiling.

Joe states that the cleaner the water the better the result. Also, the longer the array is immersed and powered up, the better the result. It is likely that the shape of his powered array is causing the energy field to flow through his water in a concentrated fashion. The water absorbs this energy, and the effect increases with the length of time it is being conditioned, until a maximum level is reached. The objective is to achieve unusually pure water in one of its least usual molecular configurations. The overall procedure is as follows:

1. A vertical stainless steel cylinder, with an open top, is obtained and filled with water. Joe uses a steel beer keg but he selects the keg very carefully indeed from a very large choice of kegs, and then cuts the top off it. There is no need to have such a large container, or cones as large as the ones which Joe uses.

2. The array of cones is suspended vertically in the middle of the water and 12 volts applied to it. The Cell is most definitely not any form of electrolyser and should never be confused with one. An electrolyser operates by breaking water down into hydrogen and oxygen gasses which are then used for combustion inside an engine, and it requires rapid and continuous replacement of the water which gets used up as the engine runs. The Joe Cell never operates in that way, instead it channels outside energy through to the engine and the water inside a Joe Cell is never used up by the engine running. However, in this conditioning process, some hydrogen and oxygen are produced as a side effect of the purification process. Consequently, the conditioning should be carried on out of doors to prevent any hydrogen ponding on the ceiling and forming an explosive mixture there. The more impure the water, the higher the current which flows and the greater the unwanted electrolysis of some of the water.

3. The procedure for applying the 12V supply to the conditioner electrodes is unusual. First, connect the negative supply, and only the negative supply. After 2 to 20 minutes, make the positive connection for just 2 or 3 minutes. A residue of impurities will form from this process. Some, being lighter than water, rise to the surface and form a layer there. Some being heavier than water, sink to the bottom. The surface residue is removed and the process repeated until a surface layer no longer forms. This may take 24 hours. The clean water from the middle section of the container is used to fill the Cell.

Many people are of the opinion that a current of about one amp should flow through the conditioning vat in the early stages of the process. If the current is much less than this, then it may take a considerable length of time to get the processing completed - possibly one or two weeks if the water needs a good deal of work done on it. The process can be speeded up by using higher voltage, 24 volts or 36 volts by adding extra batteries or using an electronics bench power supply. The water can also be pre-processed by placing it in a glass jar in an orgone accumulator for a day or two, but that process is outside the scope of this description.

As the impurities get ejected from the water by this process, the electrolysis element gets stifled progressively and as a consequence, the current drops. As completely pure, molecularly-reconfigured water is the goal, no additives of any kind are normally added to the water used to fill the Cell. However, if citric acid is used to clean the cylinders before assembly, there is no harm in allowing them to be assembled in the Cell with traces of the acid on them.

The Cell is filled to just under the level of the top of the inside tube array. This is very important as we need to have separate cylinders of water divided by the steel cylinders. If the water level is over the top of the cylinders, then the whole charging arrangement is destroyed. Further water conditioning inside the Cell may be needed as the cylinders also need to be conditioned. This is done with an easily removable cover replacing the lid of the Cell. The Cell should be kept covered while it undergoes its further conditioning and the lid only lifted briefly to examine the bubbles (unless a glass lid is used). The positive connection to the cell is made to the outside of the 5-inch cylinder and at the top of the cylinder. A length of copper wire tightened around the top of the cylinder is a convenient way to make the connection to the outside (and only the outside) of the cell. Place the cell on a wooden workbench or failing that, on a sheet of high-density plastic such as a chopping board. Connect the negative wire and wait two minutes before connecting the positive wire.

The Cell is ready for use, when it continues to produce surface bubbles for hours after the 12 volt DC power supply is removed from the Cell. The bubbles produced are not part of the energy-focusing process and are themselves unimportant, but they act as an indicator of the outside energy flowing through the Cell. When the Cell is running correctly, the flow of outside energy is sufficient to keep the water in its conditioned state without the need for any external electrical supply. It also maintains its own energy flow through the Cell. There is no point in proceeding any further until the Cell has reached its self-sustaining condition. If it is not happening for you, check out the information in the “workarounds” section below and if that does not get your Cell operational, ask for advice and assistance through the Yahoo groups mentioned above.

Some people concern themselves with the pH of the water. The pH really is not important as the cell will take up the correct pH as conditioning proceeds. A cell of the type described in this document, will have water which is very slightly acid with a pH of about 6.5, but it is not important to know this or to measure it. Do not put litmus paper in the cell water as that will contaminate the cell. Just rely on the action of the bubbles to determine how the cell conditioning is progressing.

Installing the Cell in the Vehicle

When the Cell has reached its self-sustaining condition, it can be mounted in the vehicle. The first step is to insulate the Cell from the engine components. This insulation is not just electrical insulation which is easily accomplished, but it is a case of introducing sufficient separation between the Cell and the engine to stop the concentrated (invisible) energy leaking away instead of being fed to the engine through the aluminium tube. So, wrap the Cell walls in three layers of double-laminated hessian sacking (“burlap”), pulling it tightly around the 5-inch diameter outer tube. Tie (a minimum of) three wooden dowels along the length of the Cell and bend the mounting bracket around the dowels. The purpose of this is solely to ensure that there is at least a three quarter inch air gap between the walls of the Cell and everything else, including the mounting bracket:

The mounting details depend on the layout of the engine compartment. The really essential requirement is that the aluminium pipe running to the engine must be kept at least 4 inches (100 mm) away from the engine electrics, radiator, water hoses and air-conditioning components.

The last four inches or so, of the tube going to the engine cannot be aluminium as that would cause an electrical short-circuit between the (occasional) positive outer connection to the outside of the Cell and the engine itself which is connected to the battery negative. To avoid this, the final section of the pipe is made using a short length of clear plastic piping, forming a tight push-fit on the outside of the aluminium tube and on the connection to the intake of the engine’s carburettor. There should be a 3/4 inch (18 mm) gap between the end of the aluminium pipe and the nearest metal part of the carburettor. If it is just not possible to get an airtight fit on the intake to the carburettor and a hosepipe clamp has to be used, be sure that the fitting is non-magnetic stainless steel. If such a fitting cannot be found, then improvise one yourself, using only 316L grade stainless steel.

In the installation shown above, you will notice that the aluminium tube has been run well clear of the engine components. A vacuum gauge has been added but this is not necessary. For the early stages of installation, the aluminium pipe runs to the vacuum port of the carburettor but stops about 3/4 inch (20 mm) short of it, inside the plastic tubing. This method of connection is advisable for the initial setting up of the vehicle modification. At a later date, when the engine has been running with the Cell and is attuned to it, the Cell operates better if the pipe is connected to one of the bolt heads on the engine block, again using the plastic tube and a gap between the aluminium tube and the bolt head. Some people feel that a safety pressure -release valve with a safe venting arrangement should be used if the pipe feeding the engine, terminates on a bolt head. If it is still available, the http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DexBoYfDoNw video shows Bill Williams operating his Joe Cell.

Getting the Vehicle Running and Driving Techniques

The Joe Cell is not a ‘turnkey’ system. In other words, just building a Cell and installing it in the vehicle is not nearly enough to get the vehicle running without the use of a fossil fuel. Some adjustments need to be made to the timing and the engine has to become ‘acclimatised’ to the energy.

Mount the Cell in the engine compartment and connect the Cell to the battery negative. After two or three minutes, take a lead from the battery plus and touch it briefly to the lid of the Cell. This should produce a spark. Repeat this until four sparks have been produced. This ‘flashing’ process aligns the Cell electrically and directs the energy to flow in the direction of the metal which has been ‘flashed’.

The next procedure is dangerous and should only be carried out with the greatest of care. The engine crankshaft also needs to be ‘flashed’ four times. This is carried out with the engine running and so can be hazardous - take extreme care not to get caught up in the moving parts. Connect the lead from the battery positive to the shaft of a long-handled screwdriver and keep your hands well clear. The procedure is to get a helper to start the engine, then arc the current to the exposed pulley on the crankshaft (where timing adjustments are made). There should be a total of four sparks to the crankshaft in a period of about one second.

Next, for three or four seconds, flash along the length of the aluminium pipe. This encourages the energy to flow along the pipe, reinforcing the natural attraction between aluminium and this energy. Remove the wire coming from the battery positive as the Cell operates with only the negative side of the battery connected (remember that this is NOT electrolysis and the cell just directs the unseen energy into the engine).

Mark the present position of the distributor cap. Loosen the bolt holding it in place and rotate it to advance the timing by 10 degrees. Disconnect the fuel to the carburettor (do not use an electrically operated valve for this). The engine will continue to run on the fuel left in the carburettor and the engine will start to cough. Turn the distributor cap a further 20 degrees (that is now a total of 30 degrees from its original position) and have your helper use the starter motor to assist the engine to keep turning.

Rotate the distributor cap to further advance the spark until the engine starts to run smoothly. There will be a gasping sound and the engine will slow nearly to a stop, then it will pick up again and then slow down. The action is wave-like, something like breathing. Fine-tune the timing to get the smoothest running and then fasten the distributor cap in place. Do not touch the Cell, but leave it undisturbed. You are now ready to drive away in a vehicle which is not using any fossil fuel.

The procedure described here may not end successfully as just described. Some cars are more difficult to get operating on a Cell than others. Experience helps enormously when getting the vehicle started for the first time. Joe mentions in the video that it has taken him a couple of days of sustained effort to get a particular car going for the first time, which is quite something considering that he has years of experience and has got many vehicles and Cells operational.

When the vehicle has been run and is operating correctly on the Cell, it is time to make the final adjustment to the set-up. For this, the pipe connection to the vacuum inlet of the carburettor is moved from there to terminate on a bolt head on the engine block. The Cell works best when completely sealed off from the air in the engine compartment and as no gas is actually being moved from the Cell to the engine, there is no need for any kind of connection to the carburettor. If the engine is a V-type, then the bolt head chosen should be one in the valley of the V, otherwise, any convenient bolt head on the head of the engine block will be satisfactory. Don’t forget that the connecting pipe must still be kept well clear of the engine’s electrical leads and other fittings as described earlier. Also, the 3/4 inch (18 mm) gap between the end of the aluminium pipe and the top of the bolt head must be maintained inside the clear plastic tube, and the pipe fitting should remain airtight. A slight timing adjustment may be necessary with the new connection in order to get the very best running.

The energy which powers the engine has a tendency to run along magnetic fields. Driving under high voltage overhead power lines can position the vehicle in an area where the energy level is not sufficient to maintain the energy flow through the Cell. If the energy flow through the Cell is disrupted, then it is likely to stop functioning. If this were to happen, then the Cell would have to be set up again in the same way as for a newly built Cell which has never been used before. This can be avoided by attaching an AA (“penlight”) dry cell battery across the Cell with the battery plus going to the lid of the Cell. A battery of this type has such a high internal resistance and so little current capacity that no significant electrolysis will take place on the very pure conditioned water in the Cell. But the battery will have the effect of maintaining the integrity of the Cell if it is temporarily moved away from its source of power.

Suppliers

Sheets of nitrile rubber NB70 (“Buna-n”) : http://www.holbourne.co.uk

Nylon rod: http://www.holbourne.co.uk

Stainless steel tubing: http://www.stabarn.co.uk

A4 Bolts (316 S31 stainless): http://www.a2a4.co.uk

Workarounds

If it is not possible to get pipes of the desired diameters, then they can be made up by rolling stainless steel sheet and using a TIG welder with completely inert gas, to tack weld at each end and in the middle of each cylinder. Don’t weld along the full length of the join unless it is the 5-inch outer casing.

If it is found to be particularly difficult to make the four circular cuts in 1/8 inch (3 mm) steel using hand tools, then I would suggest using a plasma cutter. Make a template to guide the cutting head and clamp it securely in place. You can hire the cutter and compressor quite cheaply as you will only need them for a very short time. If they are not given to you as a pair and you have to select each from a range, take the smallest cutter and a twin-cylinder compressor rated at nearly double the input quoted for the cutter. This is because the cutter is rated by the volume of compressed air, and the compressors are rated by the volume of their uncompressed air intake as that sounds more impressive.

If no lathe is available for machining the base plinth for the central cylinder, then take a piece of 16-gauge stainless steel sheet and cut the plinth out of it as shown below. Bend the projecting tags upwards by holding each tag in the end of the jaws of a vise and tapping the body section square, with a flat-faced hammer and if you consider it necessary, tack-weld the top of the tags to the outside of the central cylinder to give rigidity to the mounting. Extreme heat such as is generated by welding or cutting tends to create permanent magnetism in any ferrous metal being heated, so avoid high temperature operations such as welding wherever possible. If a tight push-fit can be obtained with the base of the 2-inch cylinder, then I suggest that the optional spot welds are omitted.

If tack-welded cylinders have to be used, then it is usually best to line all of the seams up as the seam area does not work as well as the remainder of the tube, so if the seams are all aligned, then there is only one small line in the Cell which is not operating at its optimum value.

Cylinders are best aligned in the same direction. This sounds odd as they are physically symmetrical. However, these cylinders will be used to channel an energy field and each cylinder has a direction along which the energy flows best. To find this, stand all of the tubes upright in a tight group on a table. Leave them for a minute and then place your hand on top of the whole set. If any tube feels hotter than the others, then it is out of energy alignment with the rest and should be inverted. Repeat this test until no tube feels hotter than the rest.

An alternative way to do this test is to use a pair of L-rods. These can be made from two short lengths of rigid black polythene tubing often found in garden centres for use in garden irrigation. This tubing has 1/8 inch internal diameter and so takes 1/8” brass welding rod very nicely. The welding rods should be bent with a radius as shown here:

The curved bend in the brass welding rod helps to prevent the rod fouling the top of the plastic tube handle and it allows free rotation of the brass rod. It is essential that the rod can move completely freely in the handle. If two of these are made up, they can be used to check the cylinders before they are assembled for insertion into the Cell. Place a tube standing vertically on a table well away from all other objects (especially magnetic and electrical items). Hold an L-rod handle in each hand so that the rods are parallel in front of you. The rods must be exactly horizontal so as to avoid any tendency for them to turn under the influence of gravity. Approach the cylinder. The rods should either move towards each other or away from each other as the cylinder is approached.

Repeat this procedure at least three times for each cylinder so as to be sure that a reliable result is being obtained. Invert any cylinder if necessary, so that every cylinder causes the rods to move in the same direction. Then assemble the Cell, maintaining that alignment of the cylinders during the assembly.

If you are having difficulty in getting the Cell operational, then try striking and sparking the cylinders again. This is done as follows:

1. Take a 12V lead-acid battery and position it so that it’s negative terminal is pointing towards East and it’s positive terminal is pointing towards West (i.e. at right angles to the Earth’s magnetic field).

2. Attach a lead from the battery negative to the outside of the base of the tube.

3. Lay the tube on a table and strike it with a hammer along its length. If the tube has a seam, then strike the tube along the length of the seam.

4. Connect a lead to the positive terminal of the battery and spark the inside of the top of the tube. It is essential to spark each tube if they have been polished. It is better not to polish any of the tubes.

5. Repeat this procedure for each tube.

If you consider it necessary to clean the cylinders, then, considering the lengths you went to remove all of the things dissolved in the water, be sure to avoid using any kind of chemical or solvent. You can electro-clean them by using the following procedure:

Starting with the largest cylinder;

1. Put the battery positive on the inside of the top of the cylinder, and the negative on the outside at the bottom, and leave them in place for one minute.

2. Put the negative on the inside of the top of the cylinder, and the positive on the outside at the bottom, and leave them in place for one minute.

3. Repeat step 1: Put the battery positive on the inside of the top of the cylinder, and the negative on the outside at the bottom, and leave them in place for one minute.

Do this for all cylinders, working inwards.

It has been suggested that an improved method of conditioning water to fill the Cell can be achieved if pulsed DC is used instead of straight DC from a battery. This has not been proven but there is a reasonable amount of information to suggest that this is likely. The following, most unusual circuit, has been suggested, but it must be stressed that it is untried and anybody who is unfamiliar with working with electronics should not attempt to construct or use this circuit without the assistance of a person who is experienced in building and using mains equipment.

This is a most unusual circuit. A 12V step-down mains transformer provides 12V AC which is taken through a limiting resistor and a zener diode which would not normally be connected as shown. The really odd thing is that the circuit which contains the secondary of the transformer appears not to be connected. The expected output from this very odd circuit is pulsing DC of odd waveform, all of which is positive relative to the ground connection, which is a literal, physical connection to an earthing rod driven into the ground.

Notes:

Engines running while powered by a Joe Cell act in a somewhat different manner. They can idle at a very low number of revs per minute, the power available on acceleration is much greater than normal and they appear to be able to rev very much higher than ever before without any difficulty or harm.

The type of Cell described in this document was built by Bill Williams in the USA with the help and assistance of Peter Stevens of Australia. Bill describes his first driving experience with his 1975 F 250, 360 cu. in. (5.9 litre) Ford pickup:

Well, all I can say is "who needs an Indy car when you can drive an old FORD" – WOW!!!! The first five miles after leaving home were wild. I had to be extremely careful on how I pressed the accelerator. I gingerly crept up to 45 mph and that was with moving the pedal maybe half and inch. The throttle response was very crisp or touchy. With about a 1/8" of movement the next thing I new I was close to 80 mph. If I lifted off ever so slightly on the throttle, it felt like I was putting the brakes on and the speed would drop down to 30 mph or so. "Very erratic". If I barely even touched or bumped the pedal it felt like I had pushed a nitrous oxide booster button. WOW !!!

As stated earlier, the first 5 miles were wild and things started to change. The engine started to buck or surge with very large rpm changes and literally threw me against my seat belt. It got so bad I just took my foot completely off the pedal and rode the brakes to stop the truck. The truck left skid marks on the pavement every time the engine surged in rpm. Well anyway, I manage to get it stopped and shut it off with the ignition key - thank GOD !

I retarded the timing, turned the gasoline back on, crossed my fingers and hit the ignition key, and the engine took right off, revving to maybe 4,000 rpm and then gradually decreased to 700 rpm. I took a deep breath and put it into drive and the truck responded close to normal again. I made it into work a little late, but late is better than never the way I see it. After working during the day at the job and thinking what I could do to stop this erratic rpm oscillation, I decided to disable the cell and drive home on gas. WOW !!!

Peter Stevens states that the main reason for the erratic behaviour of the Cell was due to outside air leaking into the Cell, and he stresses that Cells need to be completely airtight. It is also clear that the timing was not set in the correct position. All properly built Cells give enhanced engine power.

Water Conditioning:

Please be aware that water quality and purity varies enormously from place to place. One experienced cell builder says: I use water taken from the start of rivers. Further down the river, the water will have encountered influences which are not helpful. My favourite water catchment area well is outside Melbourne, Australia, where there are no roads, power lines, dams, pipes or any man made intrusions, the water flows how and where it wants to in natural, twisty downhill paths it has created, the whole area is green all year round and you can feel the vitality and Nature at work.

This water has a pH of 6.5. That means it is slightly acidic, and perfect for Joe Cells. I bring this water home making sure that I protect it from excessive sloshing and the heat of the sunlight whilst in the car. At home, I store it in 20 litre Pyrex bottles. Do not store it in plastic containers even if the container is marked "suitable for water". Earthenware or wood containers would also be very suitable.

I make an electrolyte solution by dissolving 500 grams of food-grade phosphoric acid and 100 grams of sodium perborate, in three litres of de-ionised water or distilled water. Just a few drops of this solution will provide a current of 1 amp at 12 volts in the conditioning vat. An alternative is to use a 90% acetic acid solution which has no stabiliser in it.

When conditioning the water in the cell, you will need a lid, or some way of sealing of the cell from air. A lid loosely sitting on top of your test jar is sufficient. The seeding and breeding process is hampered by having too great an area of the top of the cell being exposed to air. All lids are not the same as regards to being a obstruction to orgone. If the lid does not seem to be working, place a layer of aluminium foil underneath the lid and use the foil and lid as one unit.

The aim is to modify the conductivity of the water by the addition of acid, so as to get a suitable current flow. If we used de-ionised water with a pH of 7.0, we would have a very low current flow for our electrolysis, and would have to add something to increase the conductivity of the water if we wanted observable results in a short period of time. As we lower the pH, the current flow and electrolysis process will increase together with a heat increase.

We are trying to achieve electrolysis action with the minimum heat generation. As the propagation of orgone is reasonably slow, there is not much to be achieved with excessive current. Slow and steady does it. For the patient experimenter or one that is using neat water, i.e. water without electrolyte, excellent results are achieved with currents as low as 50 milliamps.

The procedure is:

1. Place your cell on a wooden work bench or on a sheet of plastic type material or, as a last resort, on a newspaper. We are trying to insulate the cell from metal paths that may impede the seeding process. Keep the cell well away from electrical sources such as a television set, refrigerator, electric cooker, etc.

2. With a multimeter, measure the resistance between the innermost and the outermost cylinders of your cell. It should be in the high Megohm range. If not, the insulators are conductive or there is a short-circuit. Check for a short-circuit and if there is none, remove the insulators and reassemble the set, checking the resistance between the innermost and outermost cylinders as each cylinder is added. The resistance between every pair of cylinders should be very high.

3. When all is okay in the above step, fill the cell using a funnel containing a paper coffee filter. Fill it only to a level just under the top of the cylinders and no more. The effect that we want to create is a set of water cells separated by metal cylinders. These are your alternate organic and inorganic chambers. Of course, the submerged section of you chambers are flooded, but with this simple cell, the top will be doing all the work. This is why the cylinders should be completely horizontal and true at the top, otherwise the meniscus formed by the water would not work and the water would flow from compartment to compartment. This level is only critical during the seeding process, as we require maximum orgone capture to seed the cell. Naturally, with a charged cell, the water is sloshing all over the place whilst you are driving the car.

4. Turn on the power supply, and if it is adjustable, set it to 12 volts. Connect the negative end of your power source to one end of your meter that is set up to read a minimum of 2 amps and connect the other end of the meter to the bottom of the central cylinder. Wait for two minutes and then connect the positive end of your power source to the top of the outer cylinder. What you have done is set up the meter to read any current flow into your cell from the power source.

At this stage, if your water is close to a pH of 7, as previously discussed, the current flow will be zero, or in the low milliamp region. If the current flow is amps, then you are doing something wrong! It is impossible to pass a huge current through ordinary pure water when using 12 volts. Think about it. To draw even 1 amp at 12 volts, the resistance of the water would have to be 12 ohms! No way! You are doing something wrong. Correct the problem and then move on.

5. Presuming that the current is only milliamps, you now want to introduce electrolyte to increase the current flow through the water. The aim is to get a current flow of about one amp. To do this, drip a small amount of your chosen electrolyte into the cell water whilst stirring and watching the current measurement. Use a glass, Perspex or wooden dowel rod as the stirrer - do not use your handy paint-stirring screw driver! Throw away the stirrer when finished as it will have absorbed some of the cell contents. Do plenty of gentle stirring of the water as you add the electrolyte, otherwise you will add too much electrolyte. Stop adding electrolyte when the meter indicates 1 amp. Your water level may rise as a consequence of the addition of electrolyte. Remove some water from your cell. I use a pipette, so as not to disturb the cell. Remove enough water to again just expose the top of the cylinders. At this stage, disconnect your meter and power source and have a bit of a clean up as the next stages are guided by observation.

The charging process is separated into three distinct stages which are called Stages 1, 2 and 3. These stages have both some obvious differences and some subtle ones. For the rest of the charging process, you will be only connecting your power source to the cell for a maximum of 5 minutes at a time. As orgone lags electricity by about 30 seconds, you will know the state of the cell in less than a minute. Do not be tempted to leave the power connected to the cell for long periods! Yes, I know that you are in a hurry and more is better, but in this case you only generate heat, steam, waste power and overheat the cell. You can pick the failures by seeing their cells running non-stop for days with 20 or more amps turning the water to steam, etching the cylinders and ending up with a barrel full of scum. What else would you expect? After all, electrolysis is time and current related. If you have had the misfortune of having your cell left on for a long period with high current, you have probably destroyed your cylinders. You cannot retrieve the situation so throw the cell away and start again. I bet you don't do it next time!

Danger: Do not charge any cell that is totally sealed! The cell will explode, with all the resulting consequences. An airtight seal is not required ! At no stage do I prescribe any form of airtight container.

Stage 1: This stage is plain old electrolysis. Due to passing direct current through a liquid which contains ions, chemical changes will occur. In our case, you will see small bubbles and a cloud of activity that is greater nearest the outside of the innermost negative cylinder. The important observation points are that the activity is greatest nearest the central cylinder and gets progressively less as we move outward via the different chambers formed by the rest of the cylinders. Also, within a short period of turning the power off, all activity stops, the water becomes clear and the bubbles disappear.

Every fool and his dog can reach Stage 1. The secret for progressing further is to restrain your impatience and not increasing the electrolyte concentration to raise the current (and/or leaving the cell on for days on end). Be patient, leave the cell on for no longer than 5 minutes, turn the power source off, remove the leads to the cell, and put the top on the test cell, or partially block off the exit of the car cell. It does not have to be airtight! Go and do something else. It is like waiting for a tree to grow from the seed. Do this on a daily basis for days, or a week, or longer, until you get to Stage 2. You will find that the more "alive" the water is , the quicker is the seeding of the cell. I have found that the storage, age, and source of the water all affect the seeding speed. I have also found that by changing the structure of the water by various means e.g. vortexing, shaking, filtering, etc., you can greatly enhance the water quality to make it more "alive".

Stage 2: You will now notice on your initial powering up of the cell, that the bubbles are getting larger and the white cloud of tiny bubbles in the water are much smaller or more transparent. Also in Stage 1, you had the action occurring mainly near the central cylinder. Now the bubbles form in a regular fashion irrespective of their location in the cell. More importantly, on turning the power off from the cell, the bubbles do not go away immediately but stay there for minutes rather than seconds as in Stage 1. Also, the top of the water assumes a glazed look and the meniscus is higher due to a change in the surface tension of the water. At this stage you may have some brownish material amongst your bubbles. Don't panic - it is only the impurities being removed from the cell. I find that if I wipe the top surface of the water with a paper towel, the bubbles and the deposit will adhere to the paper and can be removed easily. Top up the cell with water from your charging vat, if required, after the cleaning, so that again, the top edges of the cylinders are just showing. No more electrolyte is added! In cleaning the top of the cell as described, it has been observed that some people react unfavourably with the cell. If so, keep that person away, or if it is you, try changing your hand i.e. use your right hand instead of your left or vice versa. If the presence of your hand seems to collapse the surface bubbles, I would suggest you get a friend to do the work for you.

Summary of Stage 2: The result is very similar to Stage 1, but now we have a more even bubble distribution and an increase of surface tension and a longer presence of the bubbles when the power is turned off. There will be no scum in the bottom of the cell and the water will be crystal clear. At this stage the orgone has seeded the cell, but as yet, is not “breeding”, that is, the orgone concentration is not yet great enough to attract additional orgone flow to itself. With the right cell, water and operator, it is possible to go straight to Stage 2 on the first turn on of a new cell.

Stage 3: Not many people get to this stage, or what is worse, get here incorrectly. If you get here following the above steps, your water is still crystal clear with no deposits in the sump. If you get here by brute force, you will have stripped appreciable amounts of material from the cylinders and this material will now be deposited on the insulators and suspended in the water as tiny particles which never settle out, and finally, the material will form a deposit at the bottom of the cell. The low resistance insulators and the metallic particles in the water will create a cell which leaks orgone and consequently it will cause endless mysterious car stoppages or refusals of the car to start.

Right, the miracle of Nature is now breeding in your cell. Upon turning your power on to the cell, within 30 seconds copious beautiful white bubbles will rise from all the surface area of the cell. Before these bubbles cover the water surface, you will notice a slowly rotating and pulsing front in all cylinders, that is synchronised and has a regular rhythm of about 2 pulses per second and a clockwise rotation speed of about 1 revolution every 2 seconds. These effects are very hard to observe for a first time viewer who does not know what to look for. I find it easier to watch these effects with the aid of a fluorescent light, as the 100 cycles per second pulsations of the light "strobe" the water surface and help the observation.

The bubbles may overflow the container and show great surface tension. One of the definite proofs that the cell is breeding is that, on turning the power source off and coming back the next day, most of the bubbles will still be on top of the water as opposed to Stage 1 or Stage 2 where they disappear in minutes. There is no way that you can mistake this stage. The bubbles are larger and pure white, the surface tension is greater, the bubbles are pulsating and most importantly the surface tension remains days after the power has been removed.

I do not recommend any additional tests or measurements. But for those who are incapable of leaving things be, they may measure the voltage across the cell after it has been left standing with the power off for at least 24 hours. A Stage 3 cell will have a residual voltage, or more correctly, a self-generated voltage of around 1 volt. A Stage 1 cell measured under similar conditions will read 0.1 to 0.2 volts. Remember, that unless you know what you are doing, these voltage measurements can be very misleading due to probe materials and battery effects that can easily mask your true measurement. As the cell reaches the maximum density of orgone that it can hold, the result of the breeding process is the conversion of this excess orgone into the formation of electricity. As such, electrical measurement with the correct instruments is a very valuable method in the verification of the efficiency of the cell. If you are conversant with the work of William Reich, you may care to make an orgone meter and thus remove all guesswork. This meter is fully described on some web sites.

I do not recommend any form of bubble exploding. As noted earlier, noise and vibration are orgone-negative. Therefore, these explosions applied during the delicate seeding period will kill your cell. Apart from a dead cell, the chance of fire igniting other gasses in the workshop and injuries to the ears etc. makes this exercise highly unnecessary. I must admit that I too fell for the "go on, ignite it!" feeling. I had a cell that had been at Stage 3 for seven months. It was my favourite test cell. My hands and matches fought my brain and they won. There was a huge "ear-pulling, implosion/explosion", and yes, I killed the cell. It went back to Stage 2 for four days. I will not do it again.

As all water we are using so far has been electrolysed, this water is not suitable for use in non-stainless steel or glass containers due to reaction with the container and the resultant corrosion, but if you have to, or want to, you can use juvenile water with no electrolyte added and still charge it to Stage 3. As the ion count is much lower, the water is not as conductive, i.e. you cannot get as much current flow with 12 Volts as you would if you electrolysed the water. However, if you obtain a power supply of approximately 60 to 100 Volts at about 1 Amp, you will be able to charge "plain old ordinary water". The down side is the additional waiting, in some cases, over 3 weeks, and the cost of the fairly expensive power supply. The advantage is that you will be able to pour it into the radiator of a car with no increase in corrosion as compared to water containing acids.

Do not at any stage short circuit, i.e. join any of the cell cylinders to each other electrically with your charging leads, wedding ring, etc. If you do, the cell will "die"! Your only option, if this occurs, is to connect the cell to your power source and see if you are still running at Stage 3. If the cell does not revert to running in Stage 3 mode within 1 minute, your only option is to completely dismantle the cell and re-clean and re-charge. Huh???, you are kidding us, right??? No, I am serious, that is your only option! So do not do it, do not short out your cell! You will have similar, but not as severe problems if you reverse your leads to the cell.

When the cell is running at Stage 3, you can tip the charged water out of the cell into a glass container and clean, adjust or maintain your now empty cell. Try to keep all cylinders in the same relation that they were in before you dismantled the cell, i.e. keep all cylinders the same way round and in the same radial alignment. This is mainly relevant when dismantling cells over 6 months old as the metal parts develop a working relationship that can be weakened or destroyed by careless re-assembly.

When finished, pour the charged water back and you are back in business. Of course you can pour this charged water into other cells, or use it as you see fit, but, remember, do not leave it out of the cell for periods longer than 1 hour at a time as the breeding has now stopped and you are slowly losing charge.

Troubleshooting.

It is usually quite difficult to get an engine running from a Joe Cell. Many people find it difficult to get their Cell breeding (“at Stage 3”). The following suggestions from various experienced people who have succeeded are as follows:

1. The metal construction of the Cell needs to be of stainless steel and nothing else. Using copper or brass, even for something as simple as the connector between the Cell and the aluminium tube running to the engine is sufficient to cause serious problems as the energy is not directed to the engine and just leaks away sideways.

2. The water is best charged in a separate vat which has a larger capacity than the Cell itself. That way, when the Cell is being conditioned and scum removed from the surface of the water, the cell can be topped up with charged water from the vat. If, instead, ordinary, uncharged water is used, then the whole process is liable to be put right back to square one.

3. Be very sure that the mounting in the engine compartment is electrically insulated from the engine and chassis and be sure that there is serious clearance between the Cell and everything else. Also, the aluminium pipe running to the engine must be kept at least four inches (100 mm) clear of the main engine components. Otherwise, the energy which should be running the engine, will leak away sideways and not reach the engine.

4. It can take up to a month to get a steel engine acclimatised to a Cell. Run the engine as a “shandy” where fossil fuel is still used but the Joe Cell is also attached. This usually gives greatly improved mpg, but more importantly, it is getting the engine metal and cooling water ‘charged’ up ready for use with the Joe Cell alone. Once per week, try advancing the timing and see how far it can be advanced before the engine starts to ping. When the timing gets to a 20 or 30 degree advance, then it is time to try running on the Joe Cell alone.

5. Finally, having conditioned the Cell, the water, the engine and the coolant, if there is still difficulty, then it is probably worth conditioning yourself. Both the idea and the procedure sound like they have come from Harry Potter’s classes in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. However, there is a serious scientific basis behind the method. Use of the Bedini battery-pulsing devices shows that lead/acid batteries act as a dipole for Radiant Energy. Also, the energy flow which powers the Cell appears to move from West to East. Bearing those two facts in mind, makes the following rather bizarre procedure seem slightly less peculiar:

(a) Get a car battery and position it so that it’s terminals line up East/West with the negative terminal towards the East and the positive terminal towards the West (along the main energy flow line)

(b) Stand on the North side of the battery, facing South.

(c) Wet the fingers of your right hand and place them on the battery’s negative terminal (which is on your left hand side).

(d) Keep your fingers on the terminal for two minutes.

(e) Wet the fingers of your left hand. Place your left arm under your right arm and place the fingers of your left hand on the positive terminal of the battery. Do not allow your arms to touch each other.

(f) Keep the fingers of your left hand on the positive terminal for three minutes.

(g) Remove your left fingers from the positive terminal, but keep the fingers of your right hand on the negative terminal for another 30 seconds.

This procedure is said to align your body with the energy flow and make it much easier for you to get a Cell to “Stage 3” or to get a vehicle engine running. In passing, some people who suffer continuing painful medical conditions state that they have got considerable pain relief from this procedure.

Recent Joe Cell Developments.

One of the greatest problems with using a Joe Cell has been to get it operational. The reason for this has probably been due to the lack of understanding of the background theory of operation. This lack is being addressed at this time and a more advanced understanding of the device is being developed.

While it is still rather early to draw hard and fast conclusions, a number of results indicate that there are three separate, unrelated dimensions which are of major importance in constructing a properly “tuned” Joe Cell. It needs to be stressed that these measurements are very precise and construction needs to be very accurate indeed, with one sixteenth of an inch making a major difference.

The dimensions are specified to this degree of accuracy as they represent the tuning of the Cell to the frequency of the energy which is being focussed by the Cell. The fact that there are three separate dimensions, suggests to me that there are probably three components of the energy field, or possibly, three separate energy fields.

These three dimensions have been assigned names and are as follows:

Golden dimension: 1.89745” (48.195 mm)

Blue dimension: 3.458” (87.833 mm)

Diamagnetic dimension: 0.515625" (13.097 mm)

It is suggested that a Joe Cell should be constructed with cylinder heights which are a multiple of either the ‘Golden’ or ‘Blue’ length. Also, the water height inside the container should be below the tops of the inner cylinders and be a multiple of the basic length chosen for construction. The inner cylinders should be positioned the ‘Diamagnetic’ dimension above the base of the Cell. They should also be constructed from stainless steel of thickness 0.06445" (1.637 mm, which is very close to 1/16") and there should be a horizontal “Diamagnetic” gap between all of the vertical surfaces.

The inner cylinders should be constructed from stainless steel sheet which is tack welded at the top and bottom of the seam, and all of the seams should be exactly aligned. The lid should be conical and sloped at an angle of 57O, with it’s inner surface matching the inner surface of the housing and the inner surface of the outlet pipe. The outer casing should not have any dome-headed fasteners used in its construction. The length of the outlet pipe should be made of aluminium and should be 15.1796" (385 mm) for ‘Golden’ height cylinders or 20.748" (527 mm) for ‘Blue’ height cylinders. That is 8H for Golden and 6H for Blue and should there be a need for a longer pipe, then those lengths should be doubled or tripled as the single dimensions no longer apply (this being a fractal effect). At this point in time, these are only suggestions as the science has not yet been firmly established. One possible arrangement is shown here

It is not necessary for there to be four inner cylinders so an alternative might be:

A suggested Joe Cell design is shown below. This diagram shows a cross-section through a Joe Cell with four inner concentric stainless steel tubes. These tubes are positioned 0.515625 inches (13.097 mm) above the bottom of the Cell and the gap between each of the tubes (including the outer casing) is exactly that same ‘Diamagnetic’ resonant distance.

It should be clearly understood that a Joe Cell has the effect of concentrating one or more energy fields of the local environment. At this point in time we know very little about the exact structure of the local environment, the fields involved and the effects of concentrating these fields. Please be aware that a Joe Cell which is properly constructed, has a definite mental / emotional effect on people near it. If the dimensions are not correct, then that effect can be negative and cause headaches, but if the dimensions are correct and the construction accurate, then the effect on nearby humans is beneficial

It should be pointed out that Joe Cells will be constructed with the materials which are readily to hand and not necessarily those with the optimum dimensions. If picking stainless steel sheet which is not the suggested optimum thickness, then a thinner, rather than a thicker sheet should be chosen. In case the method of calculating the diameters and circumferences of the inner cylinders is not already clear, this is how it is done:

For the purposes of this example, and not because these figures have any particular significance, let’s say that the steel sheet is 0.06” thick and the outer cylinder happens to be 4.95” in diameter and it is 0.085” thick.

People wanting to work in metric units can adjust the numbers accordingly where 1” = 25.4 mm.

Then, the inner diameter of the outside cylinder will be its outer diameter of 4.95”, less the wall thickness of that cylinder (0.08”) on each side which works out to be 4.79”.

As we want there to be a gap of 0.516” (in practical terms as we will not be able to work to an accuracy greater than that), then the outside diameter of the largest of the inner cylinders will be twice that amount smaller, which is 3.758” :

And, since the material of the inner cylinder is 0.06” thick, then the inner diameter of that cylinder will be 0.12” less as that thickness occurs at both sides of the cylinder, which works out to be 3.838” :

The length of stainless steel needed to form that cylinder will be the circumference of the outer diameter of 3.758” which will be 3.758” x 3.1415926535 = 11.806 inches.

The dimensions of the other inner cylinders are worked out in exactly the same way, bearing in mind that every steel thickness is 0.06”. The results for three inner cylinders would then be:

Comments from an expert in July 2012:

That information is really ancient history and it was Dave’s best guess at optimising a cell at that time. Later testing left us disappointed with the ‘Blue’ lengths, however the ‘Golden’ lengths make a very nice cell, but not one which is particularly good with an internal combustion engine but one which is better as a learning tool, or for use in healing.

We are into an entirely different approach now, one which entails introducing specific vibrations into the cell. An optimum implementation involves cutting each tube to a specific length so as to make it self-exciting, but that’s not necessary because the frequencies can be introduced just using a caliper, or a precise length of metal touched against the tubes in a sequence. Since this approach was totally different from traditional Joe Cell work, we set up a discussion group specifically for it: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/vibrational_combustion_technology/

The nice thing about this approach is that it’s ultra stable. Once the vibration is set up the only way to stop it is to take the cell apart. This construction method totally eliminates the human influence factor problem! In fact, a cell can affect the engine even without there being water in the cell. Another nice thing about it is the mathematical design process is implemented in a couple of spreadsheets. My thinking at this time, is that we now need to incorporate specific engine parameters into the design to tune the cell to a particular engine.

We have been a bit sidetracked lately and have been working a lot on the healing aspects of Torsion fields: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/awaken_to_vibration/ but I hope to get back into engine testing soon.

Advances in 2011. In an effort to develop a device to emulate the function of a Joe cell without it’s inherent stability issues, Dave Lowrance came up with the idea of a set of 3 concentrically-wound torsion field coils. In early testing it has become apparent that a field is being generated, as demonstrated by their effect on two test engines, even with no power being applied to the coils.

This is the very early stage of the investigation so this initial design is being released with the hope that others will wind and test similar coils and report their results to the appropriate groups, so that we can learn more about them through further experimenting on a variety of different engines.

The initial set of coils were wound on 7/8” (22 mm) diameter stainless steel tubing which happened to be to hand. The use of stainless steel is not significant and two successful replications have used half-inch (12 mm) PVC plastic pipe, as using a non-ferrous material is the main requirement.

The wire diameter has an effect and while 20 gauge (0.812 mm diameter) enamelled copper wire was used for the coils shown here, coils wound with 12 gauge (2.05 mm diameter) copper wire work much better and it is now thought that the weight of copper in the winding is important.

For the first layer, a length of 311 cm is used and wound on the former in a clockwise direction. The ends of the wire are secured with tape, leaving three or four centimetres of wire exposed at each end of the coil, for connection purposes. This is the first layer wound and secured:

The wire for the second layer is cut to a length of 396 centimetres. This second coil layer will be longer than the first layer, so before winding it, it’s necessary to build up the area at both ends of the first layer with tape:

This is so that the second layer of wire will have the same diameter along it’s entire length. It is probably a good idea to completely cover the first layer of wire with tape to ensure good electrical insulation.

The second wire layer is also wound in a clockwise direction:

The wire for the third layer is cut to a length of 313 centimetres. Since it will be covering less length along the former, there is no need to build up the ends of the earlier layers. So, simply cover the second winding with tape, and then wind on the third layer, but this time, the coil is wound in a counter-clockwise direction and then the entire coil is covered in tape to protect it.

To be sure that the second and third layers are centred over the earlier layers, it is a good idea to locate the centre of the wire and start winding from the middle outwards in both directions:

It has been found that one end of the centre winding is similar to the centre tube of the Joe cell, and the opposite end of the outer winding functions like the canister of a Joe cell. In theory, this can be tested by connecting a small capacitor between these two points, and checking for a low DC voltage using a digital voltmeter. Like a Joe cell, polarity is really the important issue to test for, since we do want the positive polarity end to transfer the energy, and the negative polarity end to be connected to engine ground. If the polarity is wrong, simply use the opposite ends of both coils.

In the testing the negative end was connected to chassis ground, and the positive end to a Hull-effect type oil probe already installed in each test vehicle. The oil probe is Robert Hull's contribution to this technology. He found that if you apply a torsion field to the oil, it will charge up an engine in a way similar to a Joe cell, but more consistently than a Joe cell would. There are two basic types of Hull-effect probe - the simplest is just a wire inserted down the dipstick tube. However, the preferred method is to remove the oil-pressure sensor and insert a T-fitting, then slide an insulated stainless steel rod into the high-pressure oil at that point. By using an oil probe, one can eliminate the aluminium transfer tube in favour of a length of wire.

The experimenter who wound the 20-gauge coils then wound a larger diameter set using 12-gauge wire on a 1.5-inch (38 mm) diameter former. He fitted these over the original set and connected just two wires, one end of the innermost of the six coils and the opposite end of the outermost coil. This gave about a 25% reduction in the fuel used by an old Honda Accord car with an Electronic Fuel Injection system.

Fuel-less operation has not yet been achieved, but that could just be a matter of getting the engine set up properly. Some of the issues we need to deal with are things like antifreeze, which destroys the dielectric properties of water, and inhibits it from charging up. This has never been discussed, but it is one of the key things which limited the ability of people to succeed with their cells. Oil is a similar issue. Some oils, particularly the ones with all the additives and detergents, simply won't charge up.

There still needs to be a lot of testing done. For instance, with this setup it might be better to connect one end of each coil to ground. Or possibly the coils would do better if the windings were all connected in series. This is all uncharted territory! Dave’s original concept was to use a set of these coils to replace each tube of a Joe cell.

The engine from an old Pinto car is also being used as a test bed. Attempts were made to run it completely fuel-less. It would kick repeatedly, but just wasn't quite there. It would only kick at a very specific timing setting - somewhere between 50-60 degrees before Top Dead Centre. The Pinto has antifreeze and with just water it's more likely to run fuel-less. But that should be a last-resort option, since most people do need antifreeze.

Devices such as the Joe cell tend to work really well on engines which have a carburettor because the spark timing can be adjusted quite easily. They work well on older EFI engines (probably those prior to OBD2) but they can be a real problem on the newer EFI models as they are liable to cause a fuel injection error state to be reached almost immediately. The newer ECUs control everything so tightly that they are almost impossible to work with (which was probably a design objective of the ECU design).

The Pinto engine had not been started for over six months. No T-field devices were connected to the engine during this period, so we can assume that there was little or no residual charge on the engine. The cooling system had only water in it. The crankcase was filled with NAPA brand 30-weight oil. We fiddled with the engine to get it started. At that time the car had a little motorcycle carburettor on it, rather than the stock carburettor and the timing was set quite a bit advanced.

After just a few minutes of idling we realised that the engine was getting extremely hot with the exhaust manifold glowing red. So we shut it down. Being the optimist that I am, we went ahead and connected the coils at this time.

The next morning I took a little compass and found that it didn’t point to North anywhere within about 2 feet of the car body - a very good sign! So we went ahead and started it up, and carefully monitored the head temperature with an infra-red thermometer. The temperature rose slowly to about 170 degrees F which is a little below normal. After verifying that the temperature held steady at that value, I tested with the compass again, and now it was messed up out to about 10 feet from the body. So the field strength had jumped up about 500% after starting the engine.

We then played with the carburettor and timing to get the smoothest operation at the lowest RPM at which it would idle smoothly. The RPM appeared to be well below a normal idle RPM., and when I went back and checked the timing, it was very close to 60 degrees before Top Dead Centre. At this point everything was looking so good that we tried a few attempts at fuel-less operation, but the engine died each time.

Due to pressure of other work, the car was ignored for a couple of months. When I finally got back to doing a little further testing, I found it surprisingly easy to get it started again. I didn't have to reset the timing to get it running. It actually started up with little effort, which was amazing, since the timing was still way advanced. It should be nearly impossible to start an engine with the timing set like that. The spark is just occurring at the wrong time in the cycle so it should try to push the pistons in the wrong direction.

Anyhow, it was starting to get cold here, so I decided to install some antifreeze, and that just set everything way back. It reduced the field strength by over 80%.

Since then Dave has come up with a coil-set designed to charge up antifreeze, but I was disappointed when I tried it. It did better with the antifreeze than the original set did, but we came to the conclusion that the antifreeze destroys water’s diamagnetic properties to the point that the mixture is just hard to charge up. Working on this problem is the reason why I didn't release the coil info sooner. I kept hoping that we might solve this problem as well, but we didn't. However, this just might not be as big a problem as I thought, because I've heard that well-charged water just might have a significantly lower freezing point. This has not been tested yet to verify it.

An interesting side issue is the fact that the water which I drained out when adding antifreeze, showed no sign of rust. It was perfectly clear. Under normal circumstances, with no additives in the cooling system, this water should have been a horrible orange mess. It wasn't, and that has to be because of the field on the engine.

The Pinto is not roadworthy, so I have no way of knowing what kind of fuel consumption is possible with this setup or what power it might be capable of producing. At this time, I just use it to test different devices, and to try for fuel-less operation. However, if I was to achieve a consistent, repeatable fuel-less operation, it could become roadworthy very quickly, so I could do some actual road testing.

Electrets Constructed from Co-axial Cable.

There is a device which is not widely known. It is called an "electret" and I have to confess that my knowledge of them is almost zero. Essentially, an electret is a passive device which pours out electrical energy. I do not know where that electrical energy comes from. The Wikipedia encyclopaedia has some highly technical information on the subject remarking that "tunnel ionisation" is a process in which the electrons in an atom can pass through the atom's potential (voltage) barrier and escape from the atom. In an intense electric field, the potential barrier of an atom is distorted drastically and so the length of the barrier through which electrons have to pass, decreases and electrons can escape quite easily. The atoms spoken of here, might be those of a dielectric which could form an electret.

One method which has been used in the past to make an electret, has been to alter the structure of certain types of wax. A more convenient method is to use a reel of standard co-axial cable which is the sort of cable used to connect television aerials to television receivers:

An electret of that type can produce 10,000 volts at 10 milliamps. The current flow of 10 milliamps sounds trivial and of no consequence, but that is not actually the case as the power of 10 milliamps at 10,000 volts is 100 watts, so imagine a 100 watt light bulb brightly lit and not needing any power input at all to make it shine. That is actually, quite impressive.

PLEASE NOTE THAT 10,000 VOLTS WILL KILL YOU AND INVESTIGATING A DEVICE OF THIS TYPE IS NOT FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT ALREADY FAMILIAR WITH WORKING SAFELY WITH VERY HIGH VOLTAGES. MEASUREMENTS MUST ONLY BE MADE WITH HIGH-VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT. LET ME STRESS AGAIN THAT I AM NOT ENCOURAGING YOU TO MAKE OR EXPERIMENT WITH ANY FORM OF HIGH VOLTAGE DEVICE AND THAT THIS INFORMATION IS FOR YOUR INTEREST ONLY.

The arrangement with a single reel of cable is:

Unfortunately, life being what it is, it has been found that when you try stepping that voltage output down to a more convenient level, there are liable to be losses which can lower the output power to just 50 watts. That sounds disappointing until you put it in perspective. This is a device which has the same output as a 50 watt solar panel in full sunlight, mounted at the optimum angle and positioned near the equator, but a home installation of such a panel gives far lower output, especially so when your home is a long way from the equator. But, note that the electret costs far less, produces that full output at any latitude and at night, while the solar panel is restricted by cloud cover, distance from the equator, needs an expensive mounting system, ideally should rotate to track the position of the sun, and only works when there is a high light level. So, the electret's fifty watts of continuous power is not an insignificant thing when you compare it to the other options available. These electrets can be stacked in parallel and an output in the kilowatts range is possible.

Let me stress that I personally have not yet made or used a co-axial cable electret, and so the information here comes from an experimenter who has done this. Also, while the information here is intended to help anyone who wishes to experiment along these lines, the fact that it is here must not be interpreted as my encouraging you personally to try to make or use an electret of this or any other type. If you choose to do that, then you do so entirely at your own risk and nobody other than yourself is liable should any mishap occur.

The following procedure has been used to convert a full reel of 1/4", type RG6/U 75-ohms, 18-AWG co-axial cable into an electret: 1. Make sure that neither end of the cable has the screen touching the central core. 2. Make an electrical connections to both the screen and the core at both ends of the cable. 3. Place the whole of the spool of cable inside an oven.

4. Heat the oven (a genuine oven and not a microwave) slowly to 350oF (180oC). 5. Maintain the heat until the inner plastic insulation is so soft that it can be permanently indented. This plastic must not get too soft and reach the flowing stage, nor must it get burnt or develop holes which allow arcing - if that happens, then the reel of cable is a throwaway. The objective here is to get the plastic to lose it's polarisation memory.

6. When the inner plastic sleeve has reached this level of softness, apply a steady DC voltage of about 10,000 volts to the connections already made to one end of the cable (to the screen and to the core). Although any voltage from 12V to 20,000V can be used, a 10 mA current draw can be expected when using 10,000V. Maintain this applied voltage at the high temperature for about ten minutes.

7. Turn off the heat and let the oven cool down gradually at its own rate to the 25OC to 30OC region, keeping the high voltage attached to one end of the cable. 8. Disconnect the DC voltage. 9. Connect the cable screen to the central core at both ends of the cable.

10. Leave the cable at room temperature for five to seven days. During this time, the polarisation of the plastic is reorganising. After this time, the electret is ready for use as a power source.

The Energy Boxes of Joseph H. Cater.

Joseph H. Cater has produced a most impressive body of information in his books “The Awesome Life Force” and “The Ultimate Reality”. These books are expensive and as they are copyright 1984 publications, I am not allowed to provide you with a copy. Google books have a partial copy of the “Awesome Life Force” at:

http://books.google.com/books?id=g7y6WBZWDsoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=awesome+life+force&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false

and “the Ultimate Reality” at:

http://books.google.com/books?id=ySsNiCPUPecC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+ultimate+reality+cater&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false

I have not constructed and tested the following device, nor do I know anyone who has. As the following information is not widely known, that is understandable. If you do build this device and find it to perform as described, would you please let me know as feedback of that kind is most useful.

Mr Cater describes this invention as: “a simple device which can be easily and cheaply constructed by any back yard handyman without the need for any special tools. This device can put free-energy within the grasp of everyone”. Mr Cater says that this device will let any internal combustion engine run without fuel, and no changes to the engine are needed. The engine can be installed in a vehicle or used for driving an electrical generator. Mr Cater describes two different versions of this device. With either version, the larger the number of layers, the more effective the device becomes and forty layers are suggested as being a practical number. A box of sufficient size is covered with forty alternate layers of aluminium foil and paper. Two thicknesses of newspaper for each layer of aluminium foil should work well, the outermost layer being non-metallic and held in place with a generous amount of masking tape.

Version 1: The box has an air inlet and an air outlet, with non-metallic baffles between them to make the air circulate through the whole of the inside of the box. The box should have a volume of about 1.5 cubic feet (42.5 litres) and a one-inch (25 mm) flexible pipe can be used to connect the box to the air intake of the vehicle. As a box of this size will not fit in the engine compartment it can be located anywhere in the vehicle and the flexible pipe run through to the engine. Copper foil can be used instead of aluminium foil. The actual construction suggested is for a box size 12” x 12” x 18” (300 x 300 x 450 mm) constructed from acrylic and containing forty baffles.

For either version, the box needs to be robust as it has to withstand the stresses caused by the partial vacuum created by the engine’s intake strokes. With metric construction using 10 mm thick acrylic, this would require two pieces 450 x 300 mm to form the top and bottom, and two pieces 450 x 280 mm for the sides, and two end pieces 280 x 280 mm. Mr Cater suggests the use of epoxy resin to join the pieces together, but the supplier of the acrylic can supply a specialist bonding liquid which makes two pieces of acrylic merge together so that there is no actual joint as such, just a continuous piece of acrylic with a right-angle bend in it. The construction is like this:

and the outlet pipe is connected directly to the carburettor if there is one, or to the air intake if there is not, so that all of the incoming air has to pass through the box. Mr Cater specifies 40 baffles inside the box and his diagram shows them running along the length of the box instead of across the width as shown above. Given the dimensions stated and lengthwise baffles, that would leave just 7 mm for an air passage plus a baffle, with 3 mm baffles that leaves only 4 mm for the air passage and while that represents an air-flow area of 1,120 sq. mm. as opposed to 500 sq. mm. for the outlet pipe, the air-flow passage length is 18 metres long and has forty hairpin bends in it and that is going to cause some constriction to the air flow. Whether or not some constriction is desirable is not at all clear.

Placing the baffles across the width, and still using 3 mm thick baffles, gives an air-passage width of 7.5 mm and a passageway area of 2,100 sq. mm. which is a substantial increase over the original 1,120 sq. mm. It reduces the flow path to 11 metres and that may not be desirable. If you decide to construct one of these devices, then the choice of baffle direction is yours. When securing the layers of aluminium foil and newspaper around the whole surface of the box (except for the air intake hole and the air outlet pipe) Mr Cater suggests using spots of ordinary glue and then wrapping the outside in masking tape.

In order to show how the box pieces fit together, the diagram above does not show the layers of aluminium and newspaper surrounding the box on each of the six sides. The joint between the flexible pipe and the air filter can be sealed with duct tape.

Version 2: Is supposed to be easier to construct and more effective in operation. In this arrangement the box is made in the same way and to the same dimensions, but the baffles are replaced by well-packed fibreglass wool sandwiched between two boards, each of which have been drilled with 300 holes 1/16” (1.5 mm) evenly spaced over the area of the board:

The perforated boards are kept clear of the top and bottom of the box by 6 mm spacers run around the edge of the box and completely sealed along all of their edges. In the diagram above, the 40 layers of aluminium foil and newspaper are not shown. The fibreglass wool is packed tightly around the edges of the box so that the air is forced to flow through it and can’t bypass the fibreglass by flowing around the edges of the packing. The main body of the fibreglass wool is arranged to be loose enough for the air to flow through it.

What is shown as a “choke” on the air intake is there to allow the incoming air to be shut off completely in order to deal with a situation where the engine doesn’t stop even when the ignition is switched off.

Mr Cater says: “In the above construction, it must be emphasised that the proper packing of the fibreglass wool is of major importance. It must be packed to the extent that the passage of air begins to be seriously restricted. Up to this point, the tighter it is packed the better. The more fibreglass wool, the greater the exposure of the air as it flows through and the greater the dispersion of the air which is a vital factor. If this is not followed, failure will more than likely result. The box should be constructed so that the top can be removed easily.” Mr Cater does not say why the top of the box needs to be removable, but presumably it is to allow for the packing density to be altered until the devices is working well.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

http://www.free-energy-info.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 10: Automotive Systems

There are two or three main objectives for people who create automotive devices – increasing the mpg performance and reducing the harmful emissions are the top two priorities, while running the vehicle on water alone is the aim of a few people.

The first two objectives are readily achievable, but running a vehicle on water alone is not going to happen for almost everybody. This idea is peddled by con artists who sell worthless “plans”, claiming that these will run a vehicle on water for anybody who wants to construct these simple devices. This is just not true. You are welcome to download the "HydroStar" and "HydroGen" plans free from http://www.free-energy-info.com/P61.pdf and http://www.free-energy-info.com/P62.pdf . However, most experienced people looking at these plans are convinced that they could not possibly produce enough hydrogen/oxygen gas mix to run an engine. While I have never heard of anyone, anywhere, ever getting an engine to run on these plans, the present day science of water is so inadequate, that I am not in a position to be certain that they could not work, and so I am just highly doubtful as to them being viable devices.

Just before getting on to explain the construction details of practical systems, let me put the running of an engine on water alone in its proper context. The internal combustion engine which you own has an efficiency less than 50%. This means that at least half of the energy available from the fuel which you use is wasted and does not produce any useful mechanical output power. In many cases, that percentage can be as high as 90%, but let’s be generous and assume that your particular engine is especially good and manages 50% efficiency.

The main way of running an engine with water as the only fuel, involves splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen and then burning those gases to power the engine. To be self-sustaining, the splitting of the water has to be done by the electrics of the vehicle and that means that the efficiency of the water splitting has to be more than 200% efficient. That just doesn’t happen with simple systems, so please forget the notion of building some device in your garage with a couple of hours work and waving goodbye to filling stations forever – it ain’t going to happen.

Just to set the record straight, it is possible to appear to run a car on water alone, but the difficulty level is about the same as building a rocket capable of going into orbit, something well beyond the capabilities of most people, including me. This document does tell you how it can be done, but please understand that it calls for exceptional skills, very considerable expenditure and a great deal of patience, so for the time being, please forget about it.

What can be done quite readily and at low cost, is to construct a device which will raise the efficiency of your engine. This is done by feeding a hydrogen/oxygen gas mix (called “hydroxy” gas) into your engine along with the air which is drawn in to make the engine run. A device of this type is called a “booster” as it boosts the fuel burn, extracting a greater percentage of the fuel’s available energy. An important side effect of this improvement in the burn quality of the fuel is the fact that unburnt fuel no longer gets pushed out of the exhaust as harmful emissions.

Another effect is that the engine has greater pulling power and runs smoother. Inside your engine, carbon deposits will have built up from previous un-boosted running and these deposits get burnt away when you use a booster and that internal cleaning extends the engine life.

Some people worry about the fact that burning hydroxy gas produces water and they imagine this water causing rusting inside the engine. What they don’t realise is that the ordinary fuel used in the engine is a “hydrocarbon” which is a compound of hydrogen and carbon and that fuel actually splits up to form hydrogen which the engine burns. Actually, it is the carbon part of the hydrocarbon fuel which is the problem, producing Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, and physical carbon deposits inside the engine. A normal fuel burn produces water anyway, but you don’t get rusting inside the engine as the temperature there is so high that any water is in the form of steam or vapour which dry out completely when the engine is switched off. Adding a small amount of hydroxy gas has no adverse effects at all.

This document describes different types of booster. Let me stress that each engine is different and it depends on how inefficient the engine is to begin with, what sort of mpg improvement is likely to be produced by a booster. Just to make sure that you understand what is involved, a booster is a simple container which holds a set of plates submerged in water which probably has an additive to make the water conduct electrical current better. A pipe from the top of the container feeds the gas into the air filter of the vehicle, via one or two simple safety devices. Adding this gas causes a major improvement in the quality of the fuel burn inside the engine and cuts harmful emission to near zero.

As a consequence of this, it is possible to reduce the amount of fossil fuel being sent to the engine, which is not something which should be done if hydroxy gas is not being added, as the engine is liable to overheat and some valve damage could occur. It is a completely different matter if hydroxy gas is being added. However, all recent engine designs have an Electronic Control Unit (“ECU”) which controls the amount of fuel being sent to the engine. The ECU accepts input signals from an “oxygen sensor” placed in the exhaust stream, and often a second sensor after the catalytic converter to make sure that the catalytic converter has not failed.

Unfortunately, the much improved exhaust caused by the better fuel burn caused by the hydroxy gas, causes the ECU to think that the engine fuel-air mix must be too low, and so it pumps in more fuel in an effort to compensate. Ideally, this can be dealt with by adding a circuit board which adjusts the signal coming from the oxygen sensor so that it is correct for the improved fuel burn. Details of how to do this are in a companion document.

So, to recap, the only practical device which you can build yourself and use to improve automotive performance is a ‘booster’. Using a booster improves the efficiency of the fuel burn inside your engine and that results in more power, better torque, smoother running and vastly improved exhaust emissions. If the ECU is not adjusted or its input signal not controlled, the mpg figures may actually get slightly lower due to unwanted excess fuel being pumped into the engine. If a control circuit is used to correct this ECU error, then mpg gains will be produced.

So, what mpg gains can be expected? The worst I have ever heard of was 8% which is very rare. The lowest likely gain is 20%. Typical gains are in the 25% to 35% bracket. Not particularly unusual is 35% to 60%, while gains up to 100% and over have been achieved but they are rare. A realistic expectation would be a 33% gain.

This chapter is divided up into the following sections:

1. Simple DC boosters, using a 12-volt electrical input.

2. Advanced DC boosters using much higher DC voltages.

3. Water-splitters which use pulsed electrical signals to change water into "hydroxy" gas.

4. Running engines without fossil fuels.

5. Other useful devices.

One thing which needs to be understood:

Caution: A booster is not a toy. If you make and use one of these, you do so entirely at your own risk. Neither the designer of the booster, the author of this document or the provider of the internet display are in any way liable should you suffer any loss or damage through your own actions. While it is believed to be entirely safe to make and use a properly built booster, provided that the safety instructions shown in this document are followed, it is stressed that the responsibility for doing this is yours and yours alone.

Simple DC Boosters.

It is important that you understand the basic principles of electrolysis if you are to be successful in building and operating a booster, or alternatively, buying and operating a booster. A "DC booster" operates on "Direct Current" which is the sort of electrical power delivered by a car battery.

The method is very simple in basic outline. Two metal plates are placed in water and an electric current is passed between the plates. This causes the water to break down into a mixture of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas (The two components used in the Space Shuttle). The greater the flow of current, the larger the volume of gas which will be produced. The arrangement is like this:

Remembering that the result of doing this is to produce fuel for the Space Shuttle, you should avoid doing this indoors and letting the gas produced by the process collect on the ceiling. There are many videos on the web where people act in a dangerous manner and perform electrolysis indoors using a container which is open at the top as shown above. Please, please don't do that as it is highly dangerous - it is not a party popper which pushes the Space Shuttle into space! If you were to collect a cupful of hydroxy gas and light it, the resulting explosion would probably damage your hearing permanently, so don't do it under any circumstances. Just like the fact that a very useful chain saw is a dangerous device which needs to be treated with respect, so too, please understand that the very useful hydroxy gas mix contains a lot of energy and so needs to be treated with respect.

This style of electrolysis of water was investigated by the very talented and meticulous experimenter Michael Faraday. He presented his results in a very technical and scientific format which are not understood by most ordinary people. But in simple terms, he tells us that the amount of hydroxy gas produced is proportional to the current flowing through the water, so to increase the rate of gas production, you need to increase the current flow. Also, he found that the optimum voltage between the two "electrode" plates is 1.24 volts.

This sounds a bit technical, but it is a highly useful piece of information. In the arrangement shown above, twelve volts is being connected across two plates in water. Faraday tells us that only 1.24 volts of that twelve volts will go to make hydroxy gas and the remaining 10.76 volts will act as an electric kettle and just heat the water, eventually producing steam. As we want to make hydroxy gas and not steam, this is bad news for us. What it does tell us is that if you choose to do it that way, then only 10% of the power taken by the booster actually makes hydroxy gas and a massive 90% is wasted as heat.

We really don't want a low electrical efficiency like that. One way around the problem is to use two cells like this:

This arrangement uses our 1.24 volts twice while the twelve volts stays unchanged and so the electrical efficiency goes up to 20% and the heat loss drops to 80%. That is quite an improvement but even more important is the fact that twice as much hydroxy gas is now produced, so we have doubled the electrical efficiency and doubled the gas output, giving a result which is four times better than before.

We could go one step further and use three cells like this:

This time we are using three of our 1.24 volt sections and this gives us an electrical efficiency of 30% and three times the amount of gas, making the system nine times more effective.

This is definitely going in the right direction, so how far can we take it when using a twelve volt battery? When we use the construction materials which years of testing has shown to be particularly effective, there is a small voltage drop across the metal plates, which means that the very best voltage for each cell is about 2 volts and so with a twelve volt battery, six cells is about the best combination, and that gives us an electrical efficiency of 62% and six times as much gas, which is 37 times better than using a single cell, and the wasted electrical power drops down from 90% to 38%, which is about as good as we can get.

Of course, it would not be practical to have six boxes each as large as a car battery as we would never manage to fit them into most vehicles. Perhaps we could just put all the plates inside a single box. Unfortunately, if we do that, a good deal of the electric current would flow around the plates and not make much gas at all. A top view of this arrangement is shown here:

This is a disaster for us as now we will not get your six times the gas production or our massively reduced heating. Thankfully, there is a very simple fix for this problem, and that is to divide the box up into six watertight compartments using thin partitions like this:

This gives us back our high efficiency by blocking the current flow past the plates and forcing the current to flow through the plates, producing gas between every pair of plates.

In passing, if this booster were to be powered by the electrics of a vehicle, then the voltage although called "twelve volts" will actually be almost fourteen volts when the engine is running so that the "twelve volt" battery will get charged. This would allow us to use seven cells inside our electrolyser, rather than the six cells shown above and that would give us seven times the gas volume that a single pair of plates would give. Some people prefer six cells, and others, seven cells - the choice is up to the person constructing the unit.

We have been discussing the methods of increasing the gas production and reducing the wasted energy, but please don't assume that the objective is to make large volumes of hydroxy gas. It has been found that with many vehicle engines, very good performance gains can be had with a hydroxy gas production rate of less than 1 litre per minute ("lpm"). Flow rates of as little as 0.5 to 0.7 lpm are frequently very effective. Remember, the hydroxy gas from a booster is being used as an igniter for the regular fuel used by the engine and not as an additional fuel.

The big advantage of an efficient booster design is that you can produce the wanted volume of gas using a much lower current, and so, a lesser extra load on the engine. Admittedly, there is not much additional engine load needed by a booster, but we should reduce the extra amount by intelligent design.

In the discussion above, the battery has been shown connected directly across the booster or "electrolyser". This should never be done as there is no protection against a short-circuit caused by a loose wire or whatever. There should be a fuse or a circuit-breaker as the first thing connected to the battery. Circuit breakers are available from any electrician's supply outlet as they are used in the "fuse box" in homes, to provide protection for each lighting circuit and each power socket circuit. They are not expensive as they are manufactured in very large volumes. They are also available on eBay. The circuit breaker is wired like this:

a common design (rated at 32 amps) looks like this:

Some would-be constructors feel that some aspects of the construction are too difficult for them. Here are some suggestions which might make construction more straightforward.

Constructing a seven-cell housing is not difficult. Pieces are cut out for two sides, one base, one lid and six absolutely identical partitions. These partitions must be exactly the same so that there is no tendency for leaks to develop. If you decide to use the bent-plate system of electrodes shown on the next few pages, then drill the bolt holes in the partitions before assembling them:

The bottom piece is the same length as the sides, and it is the width of the partitions plus twice the thickness of the material being used to build the housing. If acrylic plastic is being used for the construction, then the supplier can also provide an “adhesive” which effectively “welds” the pieces together making the different pieces appear to have been made from a single piece. The case would be assembled like this:

Here, the partitions are fixed in place one at a time, and finally, the second side is attached and will mate exactly as the partitions and ends are all exactly the same width. A simple construction for the lid is to glue and screw a strip all the way around the top of the unit and have the lid overlap the sides as shown here:

A gasket, perhaps of flexible PVC, placed between the sides and the lid would assist in making a good seal when the lid is bolted down. The gas outlet pipe is located in the centre of the lid which is a position which is not affected if the unit is tilted when the vehicle is on a steep hill.

Years of testing have shown that a really good choice of material for the electrode plates is 316-L grade stainless steel. However, it is very difficult to connect those plates electrically inside the cells as you need to use stainless steel wire to make the connections and bolted connections are really not suitable. That leaves welding the wires to the plates and welding stainless steel is not something which a beginner can do properly as it is much more difficult than welding mild steel. There is a good alternative, and that is to arrange the plate material so that no wire connections are needed:

While this six-cell design may look a little complicated to a quick glance, it is really a very simple construction. Each of the plates used in the central cells is just this shape:

The plate shapes shown above are arranged so that there is access to the bolts from above and they can be reached by a spanner and held steady while the other nut is being tightened.

Unless you are skilled in bending plates, I suggest that you use stainless steel mesh for the plates. It works very well, can be readily cut using tin snips or any similar tool and it can be bent into shape by the home constructor using simple tools - a vice, a piece of angle iron, a small piece of mild steel sheet, a hammer, etc.

You will find a skip outside any metal fabrication shop where scrap pieces are tossed for recycling. There will be off-cuts of various sizes of angle iron and all sorts of other small sections of sheet and strip. They are in the skip mainly to get rid of them as the fabrication business gets paid almost nothing for them. You can use some of these pieces to shape your booster plates, and if you feel bad about costing the business about a penny, then by all means put them back in the skip afterwards.

If you clamp your plate between two angle irons in a vice, then careful, repeated gently tapping with a hammer close to the bend location, will produce a very clean and neat bend in the plate:

The bent sheet can then be clamped between two steel strips and a sharp U-shaped bend produced by tapping with a hammer, again, along the line of the required bend:

The thickness of the steel bar on the inside of the bend has to be the exact width of the required gap between the finished plate faces. This is not particularly difficult to arrange as 3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm are common thicknesses used in steel fabrication, and they can be combined to give almost any required gap.

There are many varieties of stainless steel mesh. The style and thickness are not at all critical but you need to choose a type which is reasonably stiff and which will hold its shape well after it is bent. This style might be a good choice:

Your local steel supplier probably has some types on hand and can let you see how flexible a particular variety is. The shape shown above is for a "three plate per cell" design where there are two active plate faces. Ideally, you want two to four square inches of plate area per amp of current flowing through the cell, because that gives very long electrode life and minimum heating due to the plates.

This style of construction is reasonably easy to assemble as the two bolts which pass through the partitions and which hold the plates rigidly in place, can be accessed from above, two spanners being used to lock them tight. Lock nuts are optional. If you feel that your particular mesh might be a little too flexible or if you think that the bolts might eventually loosen, then you can attach two, or more, separator insulating pieces - plastic washers, plastic bolts, cable ties or whatever to one of the plate faces.

These will hold the plates apart even if they were to become loose. They also help to maintain the gap between the plates. This gap has to be a compromise because the closer the plates are together, the better the gas production but the more difficult it is for the bubbles to break away from the plates and float to the surface and if they don't do that, then they block off some of the plate area and prevent further gas production from that part of the plate as the electrolyte no longer touches the plate there. A popular choice of gap is 1/8 inch which is 3 mm as that is a good compromise spacing. Circular spacers would look like this:

If the current is low enough, an even more simple shape which has just a single pair of active plate surfaces per cell, can be used as shown here:

Any of these designs can be 6-cell or 7-cell and the plates can be constructed without outside help. You will notice that the electrical connections at each end of the booster are submerged to make sure that a loose connection can't cause a spark and ignite the hydroxy gas in the top of the housing. There should be a gasket washer on the inside to prevent any leakage of the electrolyte past the clamping bolt.

If you want to use three active plate pairs in each cell, then the plate shape could be like this:

The electrolyte is a mix of water and an additive to allows more current to flow through the liquid. Most of the substances which people think of to use to make an electrolyte are most unsuitable, producing dangerous gasses, damaging the surfaces of the plates and giving uneven electrolysis and currents which are difficult to control. These include salt, battery acid and baking soda and I strongly recommend that you do not use any of these.

What is needed is a substance which does not get used up during electrolysis and which does not damage the plates even after years of use. There are two very suitable substances for this: sodium hydroxide, also called "lye" or "caustic soda". In the USA, this is available in Lowes stores, being sold as "Roebic ‘Heavy Duty’ Crystal Drain Opener". The chemical formula for it is NaOH.

One other substance which is even better is potassium hydroxide or "caustic potash" (chemical formula KOH) which can be got from soap-making supply shops found on the web. Both NaOH and KOH are very caustic materials and they need to be handled with considerable care.

Bob Boyce of the USA is one of the most experienced people in the construction and use of boosters of different designs. He has kindly shared the following information on how to stay safe when mixing and using these chemicals. He says:

These materials are highly caustic and so they need to be handled carefully and kept away from contact with skin, and even more importantly, eyes. If any splashes come in contact with you, it is very important indeed that the affected area be rinsed off immediately with large amounts of running water and if necessary, the use of vinegar which is acidic and so will neutralise the caustic liquid.

When making up a solution, you add small amounts of the hydroxide to distilled water held in a container. The container must not be glass as most glass is not high enough quality to be a suitable material in which to mix the electrolyte. The hydroxide itself should always be stored in a sturdy, air-tight container which is clearly labelled "DANGER! - Potassium (or Sodium) Hydroxide". Keep the container in a safe place, where it can’t be reached by children, pets or people who won't take any notice of the label. If your supply of hydroxide is delivered in a strong plastic bag, then once you open the bag, you should transfer all of its contents to sturdy, air-tight, plastic storage containers, which you can open and close without any risk of spilling the contents. Hardware stores sell large plastic buckets with air tight lids that can be used for this purpose.

When working with dry hydroxide flakes or granules, wear safety goggles, rubber gloves, a long sleeved shirt, socks and long trousers. Also, don’t wear your favourite clothes when handling hydroxide solution as it is not the best thing to get on clothes. It is also no harm to wear a face mask which covers your mouth and nose. If you are mixing solid hydroxide with water, always add the hydroxide to the water, and not the other way round, and use a plastic container for the mixing, preferably one which has twice the capacity of the finished mixture. The mixing should be done in a well-ventilated area which is not draughty as air currents can blow the dry hydroxide around.

When mixing the electrolyte, never use warm water. The water should be cool because the chemical reaction between the water and the hydroxide generates a good deal of heat. If possible, place the mixing container in a larger container filled with cold water, as that will help to keep the temperature down, and if your mixture should “boil over” it will contain the spillage. Add only a small amount of hydroxide at a time, stirring continuously, and if you stop stirring for any reason, put the lids back on all containers.

If, in spite of all precautions, you get some hydroxide solution on your skin, wash it off with plenty of cold running water and apply some vinegar to the skin. Vinegar is acidic, and will help balance out the alkalinity of the hydroxide. You can use lemon juice if you don't have vinegar to hand - but it is always a good idea to have a bottle of vinegar handy.

The concentration of the electrolyte is a very important factor. Generally speaking, the more concentrated the electrolyte, the greater the current and the larger the volume of hydroxy gas produced. However, there are three major factors to consider:

1. The resistance to current flow through the metal electrode plates.

2. The resistance to current flow between the metal plates and the electrolyte.

3. The resistance to current flow through the electrolyte itself.

1. In a good electrolyser design like those shown above, the design itself is about as good as a DC booster can get, but understanding each of these areas of power loss is important for the best possible performance. We were taught in school that metals conduct electricity, but what was probably not mentioned was the fact that some metals such as stainless steel are quite poor conductors of electricity and that is why electrical cables are made with copper wires and not steel wires. This is how the current flow occurs with our electrolyser plates:

The fact that we have folds and bends in our plates has no significant effect on the current flow. Resistance to current flow through the metal electrode plates is something which can’t be overcome easily and economically, and so has to be accepted as an overhead. Generally speaking, the heating from this source is low and not a matter of major concern, but we provide a large amount of plate area to reduce this component of power loss as much as is practical.

2. Resistance to flow between the electrode and the electrolyte is an entirely different matter, and major improvements can be made in this area. After extensive testing, Bob Boyce discovered that a very considerable improvement can be made if a catalytic layer is developed on the active plate surface. Details of how this can be done are given later in the companion "D9.pdf" document as part of the description of Bob’s electrolyser.

3. Resistance to flow through the electrolyte itself can be minimised by using the best catalyst at its optimum concentration. When using sodium hydroxide, the optimum concentration is 20% by weight. As 1 cc of water weighs one gram, one litre of water weighs one kilogram. But, if 20% (200 grams) of this kilogram is to be made up of sodium hydroxide, then the remaining water can only weigh 800 grams and so will be only 800 cc in volume. So, to make up a 20% "by weight" mix of sodium hydroxide and distilled water, the 200 grams of sodium hydroxide are added (very slowly and carefully, as explained above by Bob) to just 800 cc of cool distilled water and the volume of electrolyte produced will be about 800 cc.

When potassium hydroxide is being used, the optimum concentration is 28% by weight and so, 280 grams of potassium hydroxide are added (very slowly and carefully, as explained above by Bob) to just 720 cc of cold distilled water. Both of these electrolytes have a freezing point well below that of water and this can be a very useful feature for people who live in places which have very cold winters.

Another factor which affects current flow through the electrolyte is the distance which the current has to flow through the electrolyte - the greater the distance, the greater the resistance. Reducing the gap between the plates to a minimum improves the efficiency. However, practical factors come into play here as bubbles need sufficient space to escape between the plates, and a good working compromise is a spacing of 3 mm. which is one eighth of an inch.

However, there is a problem with using the optimum concentration of electrolyte and that is the current flow caused by the greatly improved electrolyte is likely to be far more than we want. To deal with this we can use an electronic circuit called a "Pulse-Width Modulator" (or “PWM”) circuit. These are often sold as "DC Motor Speed Controllers" and if you buy one, then pick one which can handle 30 amps of current.

A PWM circuit operates in a very simple way. It switches the current to the electrolyser On and Off many times every second. The current is controlled by how long (in any one second) the current is On, compared to how long it is Off. For example, if the On time is twice as long as the Off time (66%), then the average current flow will be much greater than if the On time were only half as long as the Off time(33%).

When using a PWM controller, it is normal to place its control knob on or near the dashboard and to mount a simple low-cost ammeter beside it so that the driver can raise or lower the current flow as is considered necessary. The arrangement is like this:

There is a more sophisticated circuit controller called a "Constant-current Circuit" and that allows you to select the current you want and the circuit then holds the current at your set value at all times. However, this type of circuit is not readily available for sale although some outlets are preparing to offer them.

Some of the most simple boosters don't use a PWM circuit because they control the current flow through the booster by making the concentration of the electrolyte very low so that the resistance to current flow through the electrolyte chokes off the current and holds it down to the desired level. This, of course, is far less efficient and the resistance in the electrolyte causes heating, which in turn, is an operational problem which needs careful handling by the user. The advantage is that the system appears to be more simple.

Feeding HHO Gas to an Engine.

When using a booster of any design you need to realise that hydroxy gas is highly explosive. If it wasn’t, it would not be able to do it’s job of improving the explosions inside your engine. Hydroxy gas needs to be treated with respect and caution. It is important to make sure that it goes into the engine and nowhere else. It is also important that it gets ignited inside the engine and nowhere else.

To make these things happen, a number of common-sense steps need to be taken. Firstly, the booster must not make hydroxy gas when the engine is not running. The best way to arrange this is to switch off the current going to the booster when the engine is not running. It is not sufficient to just have a manually-operated On/Off switch as it is almost certain that switching off will be forgotten one day. Instead, the electrical supply to the booster is routed through the ignition switch of the vehicle. That way, when the engine is turned off and the ignition key removed, it is certain that the booster is turned off as well.

So as not to put too much current load on the ignition switch, and to allow for the possibility of the ignition switch being on when the engine is not running, instead of wiring the booster directly to the switch, it is better to wire a standard automotive relay across the oil pressure unit and let the relay carry the booster current. The oil pressure drops when the engine stops running, and so this will also power down the booster.

An extra safety feature is to allow for the (very unlikely) possibility of an electrical short-circuit occurring in the booster or its wiring. This is done by putting a fuse or contact-breaker between the battery and the new circuitry as shown in this diagram:

If you choose to use a contact-breaker, then a light-emitting diode (“LED”) with a current limiting resistor of say, 680 ohms in series with it, can be wired directly across the contacts of the circuit breaker. The LED can be mounted on the dashboard. As the contacts are normally closed, they short-circuit the LED and so no light shows. If the circuit-breaker is tripped, then the LED will light up to show that the circuit-breaker has operated. The current through the LED is so low that the electrolyser is effectively switched off when the contact breaker opens. This is not a necessary feature, merely an optional extra:

A good source for general components needed in building boosters is The Hydrogen Garage in the USA, website: http://stores.homestead.com/hydrogengarage/StoreFront.bok A very important safety item for any booster is the “bubbler” which is just a simple container with some water in it. The bubbler has the gas coming in at the bottom and bubbling up through the water. The gas collects above the water surface and is then drawn into the engine through an outlet pipe above the water surface. To prevent water being drawn into the booster when the booster is off for any length of time and the pressure inside it reduces, a one-way valve is placed in the pipe between the booster and the bubbler.

If the engine happens to backfire, then the bubbler blocks the flame from passing back through the pipe and igniting the gas being produced in the booster. A bubbler is a very simple, very cheap and very sensible thing to install. It also removes any traces of electrolyte fumes from the gas before it is drawn into the engine. In practice, it is a very good idea to have two bubblers, one close to the booster and one close to the engine. The second bubbler makes sure that every last trace of electrolyte fumes are washed out of the hydroxy gas before it enters the engine.

There are various ways to make a good bubbler. In general, you are aimed at having a five-inch (125 mm) depth of water through which the hydroxy gas must pass before it leaves the bubbler. It is recommended that a bubbler is built inside a strong container such as this one:

These strong containers are generally sold as water filters. They can be adapted to become bubblers without any major work being done on them. At this point, we need to consider the mechanism for moving the hydroxy gas out of the booster and into the engine.

It is generally a good idea to position the gas take-off pipe in the centre of the lid so that if the booster gets tilted due to the vehicle operating on a sloped surface, then the surface level of the liquid remains unchanged underneath the gas pipe. A common mistake is to use a gas pipe which has a small diameter. If you take a length of plastic pipe of a quarter inch diameter (6 mm) and try blowing through it, you will be surprised at how difficult it is to blow through. There is no need to give your booster that problem, so I suggest that you select a gas pipe of half an inch (12 mm) or so. If in doubt as to how suitable a pipe is, then try blowing through a sample length of it. If you can blow through it without the slightest difficulty, then it is good enough for your booster.

One other thing is how to deal with splashes and the spray from bubbles bursting at the surface of the electrolyte. You want some device which will prevent any spray or splashes caused by the vehicle going over a very rough road, from entering the gas pipe and being drawn out of the booster along with the hydroxy gas.

Various methods have been used and it is very much a matter of personal choice as to how you decide to deal with the issue. One method is to use a piece of suitable material across the end of the pipe. This is generally called anti-slosh material because of the job which it does. The material needs to let the gas pass freely through it but prevent any liquid getting through it. Plastic pot-scrubbers as a possible material as they have an interlocking mesh of small flat strands. The gas can flow around and through the many strands, but splashes which go in a straight line will hit the strands and drip back into the booster again. Another possible device is one or more baffles which will catch the liquid but let the gas pass freely by:

OR

OR

The hydroxy gas produced by a DC booster of this type contains about 30% monatomic hydrogen, which means that 30% of the hydrogen is in the form of single atoms of hydrogen and not combined hydrogen pairs of atoms. The monatomic form is about four times more energetic than the combined form and so it takes up a greater volume inside the booster housing.

If the booster is left turned off for a long period of time, then these single hydrogen atoms will eventually bump into each other and combine to form the less energetic diatomic form of the gas. As this takes up less space inside the booster, the pressure inside the booster drops and this has been known to suck water out of the bubbler back into the booster. We don't want this to happen as it dilutes our carefully measured electrolyte concentration and it can make the bubbler ineffective due to lack of water.

To deal with this, a one-way valve is put between the booster and the bubbler, positioned so that it does not allow flow back into the booster. In very cold climates, a 28% by weight potassium hydroxide electrolyte will not freeze until -40O C, it is more difficult to stop the bubblers freezing. While it is possible to have equipment which unplugs and can be taken indoors overnight, an alternative is to use alcohol or paraffin (kerosene) instead of water and they generally do not freeze and their fumes are not harmful to an engine.

The bubbler design is not difficult. Ideally, you want a very large number of small bubbles to be formed and float upwards through the water. This is because it gives the best connection between the gas and the water and so can do a really good job of washing any traces of hydroxide vapour out of the hydroxy gas before it gets fed to the engine. Small bubbles are also better separated from each other and so there is no real chance of a flame passing through the water where large bubbles might merge together and form a column of gas as they rise to the surface.

In this good bubbler design, the pipe which feeds the hydroxy gas into the bubbler is bent into an L-shape. The end of the pipe is blocked off, and many small holes are drilled in the horizontal section of the pipe. Only a few holes are seen in this diagram, but there will be a large number in the actual construction. Like the booster itself, the gas outlet pipe needs to be protected from splashes of water caused by the vehicle going over a bump. It is very important to make sure that water is not drawn into the engine along with the gas, so anti-slosh material or one or more baffles are used to prevent this happening. So the overall protection for the gas flow is:

Where the first bubbler is close to the booster and the second one is placed close to the engine. Once in a while, the water from the first bubbler can be used to top up the water inside the booster so that any traces of hydroxide which may have reached the bubbler are returned to the booster, keeping its electrolyte concentration exactly right and making sure that the water in the bubbler is always fresh.

There is one final item which is an optional extra. Some people like to add a gas-pressure switch. If, for any reason, the pressure starts to rise - say that the outlet pipe became blocked - then the pressure switch would disconnect the electrical supply and stop the pressure rising any further:

One decision which has to be made is the rate of hydroxy gas production which is the best for you. Most people seem to think that the larger the volume of hydroxy gas the better. That is not necessarily true because a very effective use of the gas is to make it act as an igniter for the engine's normal fuel and very satisfactory results have been achieved with hydroxy gas flow rates in the range of 0.4 to 0.7 litres per minute. You control the rate of gas production by controlling the current, either by the concentration of the electrolyte or by adjusting the current flow using an electronic circuit.

Each litre of water produces about 1,750 litres of hydroxy gas, so you can estimate the length of time the booster can operate on one litre of water. If, for example, your booster is producing 0.7 litres of gas per minute. Then, it will produce 1,750 litres in 1,750 / 0.7 minutes and that is 2,500 minutes or 41 hours 40 minutes. As the booster only operates when you are driving, you are looking at 41 hours of driving time and if you drive about two hours per day, it would take three weeks to use one litre of water. The internal dimensions of your booster allow you to calculate how far the electrolyte level will drop if one litre of water is taken out of it.

Generally speaking, it is normally considered that topping up the booster with water by hand every so often, is a perfectly good method of operation. The booster design described above has a good electrolyte capacity in each cell and so topping up with water should not be a major task. As tap water and well water have a good deal of dissolved solids in them, when the water is taken away by electrolysis, these solids drop out of solution and fall to the bottom of the housing, and/or coat the plates with an layer of unwanted material. For this reason, life is so much easier if distilled water is used for making electrolyte and for topping up the booster after use.

It is possible to have an automatic water supply for your booster even though that is probably over-kill for such a simple device. If you decide to do that, then you need a water supply nozzle for each of your six or seven cells. It is not necessary for the electrolyte level to be exactly the same in each cell, but you would normally have them at roughly the same height. Your automated water supply could be like this:

A point which might not be immediately obvious is that because the gas pressure inside the booster is probably about 5 pounds per square inch ("psi"), once the water pump stops pumping, it is possible for the gas pressure to push out the remaining water in the inlet pipes and escape through the body of the pump. To prevent this, an ordinary one-way valve is put in the water supply pipe to prevent flow back towards the pump.

Up to now, the hydroxy gas feed to the engine has just been indicated in a vague way in spite of the connection point being important. With most engines, the hydroxy gas should be fed into the air filter where it mixes well and is fully dispersed inside the air being drawn into the engine. You sometimes see diagrams which show the connection point being close to the engine intake manifold. This is not a good idea because the lowered pressure there causes reduced pressure inside the booster which in turn produces more unwanted hot water vapour, so stick with feeding the gas into the air filter. If there is a supercharger on the engine, then feed the hydroxy gas into the low-pressure side of the supercharger.

The “Smack’s” Booster.

The style of booster described above has the advantages of high electrical efficiency, easy construction, very few specialist parts and a large electrolyte volume per cell. There are many other very successful booster designs which have very different forms of construction. One of these is the "Smack's Booster" where electrical cover plates are clamped together and placed inside a length of plastic pipe:

The advantages of this design are the very simple construction, compact size, reasonable performance and the fact that you can buy one ready-made if you want to. You can download a copy of the construction details free from http://www.free-energy-info.com/Smack.pdf The electrical efficiency of this design is lowered a bit because only a single body of electrolyte is used and so current can bypass the plates. The overall performance is a respectable 1.3 lpm for 20 amps, though you may wish to lower the current and settle for about half that rate of hydroxy gas production.

The “Hotsabi” Booster.

Another design which is very easy to build is the "HotSabi" booster, which is a single threaded rod inside a length of plastic pipe with a stainless steel inner lining. It has the lowest possible electrical efficiency, being just a single cell with the full vehicle voltage connected directly across it, but in spite of that, it's performance in actual on the road use has been remarkable, with a reported 50% improvement on a 5 litre capacity engine. This excellent performance is probably due to the design having a steam trap which removes the hot water vapour produced by the excessive heating caused by having only a single cell with so much voltage across it (remember, 90% of the power supplied to this booster design goes in heating the electrolyte).

As the designer of this booster has freely shared his design, the free construction plans can be downloaded from http://www.free-energy-devices.com/Hotsabi.pdf

The “Zach West” Electrolyser.

Zach West of the USA has produced a motorcycle electrolyser. Zach’s 250 cc motorcycle can run on the output of his electrolyser and Zach estimates the output as being 17 litres per minute of HHO gas, which seems to me to be far too high for the current flow. This is not a COP>1 system as the output from the electrical system of the motorcycle is very limited, and so the battery will slowly run down as time goes by. However, Zach’s design of electrolyser is interesting, both for it’s simplicity and it’s high rate of gas output. The increased gas volume which would be produced if this design were adapted for, and driven by, a 12-volt input could be very useful, especially if combined with David Quirey’s system which allows the resulting modified gas to operate in unmodified engines, as shown later on in this chapter.

The method which Zach uses is somewhat unusual as he manages to bleed off and discard most of the oxygen produced. This means that the remaining gas is mainly hydrogen which is far less explosive than HHO which is already in the perfect proportions for combination back into water and so is highly reactive. Instead, the resulting gas can be compressed reasonably well, and Zach compresses it to 30 psi (pounds per square inch) in a storage container. This helps with acceleration from stationary at traffic lights.

Zach uses a simple, modular style of construction where a series of coiled electrode pairs are each placed inside an individual length of plastic pipe. This is a design which is neither difficult nor particularly expensive to build. In overall broad outline, Zach’s electrolyser is fed water from a water tank to keep it topped up. The electrolyser box contains several pairs of electrodes which split the water into hydrogen and oxygen when fed with pulsed electrical current generated by the electronics, which is powered by the electrical system of the motorcycle. The gas produced by the electrolyser is fed to a dual-purpose bubbler, which prevents any accidental igniting of the gases from travelling back to the electrolyser and in addition, removes most of the oxygen from the gas by acting as a gas “separator”. The arrangement is like this:

The hydrogen gas output from the electrolyser is not fed directly to the engine but instead it goes to a pressure tank which is allowed to build up to thirty pounds per square inch before the engine is started. The majority of the oxygen produced by the electrolysis is vented away through a 30 psi one-way valve which is included to keep the pressure inside the bubbler (and the electrolyser) at the 30 psi level. That pressure is excessive for a high-performance electrolyser which produces HHO which is highly charged electrically and so will explode spontaneously when compressed, due to it’s own electrical charge. In this simple DC electrolyser, the HHO gas is mixed with quite an amount of water vapour which dilutes it and allows some compression.

The water supply system operates by having an air-tight supply tank positioned at a higher level than the electrolyser. A small diameter (1/4” or 6 mm) plastic tube coming from the supply tank feeds through the top of the electrolyser and straight down, terminating at exactly the electrolyte surface level wanted in each of the electrolyser tubes. When the electrolysis lowers the electrolyte level below the bottom of the pipe, bubbles of gas pass up the tube allowing some water to flow from the tank to raise the electrolyte surface level back to it’s design position. This is a very neat passive system needing no moving parts, electrical supply or electronics but yet one which accurately controls the electrolyte level. One essential point to understand is that the water tank needs to be rigid so that it will not flex and the filler cap needs to be air-tight to prevent the entire water supply discharging into the electrolyser. Another point to remember when topping up the water tank is that the tank contains a mix of air and HHO gas above the water surface and not just plain air, and that gas mix is at 30 psi pressure.

Now, to cover the design in more detail. This 6-volt electrolyser contains eight pairs of electrodes. These electrode pairs are coiled around in “Swiss-roll” style and inserted into a length of 2 inch (50 mm) diameter plastic pipe, ten inches (250 mm) tall. The electrodes are each made from a 10 inch (250 mm) by 5 inch (125 mm) of 316L-grade stainless steel shimstock which is easy to cut and work. Shimstock is available from a local steel supplier or metal fabrication company and is just a sheet of very thin metal.

Each electrode is cleaned carefully, and wearing rubber gloves, cross-scored using coarse sandpaper in order to produce a very large number of microscopic mountain peaks on the surface of the metal. This increases the surface area and provides a surface which makes it easier for gas bubbles to break away and rise to the surface. The electrodes are rinsed off with clean water and then coiled round, using spacers to maintain the necessary inter-plate gap, to form the required shape which is then inserted into a length of plastic pipe as shown here:

As the springy metal pushes outwards in an attempt to straighten up again, spacers are used to keep the electrodes evenly separated along their whole length by inserting 1/8” thick vertical spacer strips. The connections to the plates are made by drilling a hole in the corner of the plate and inserting the wire several times through the hole, twisting it back around itself and making a wire-to-wire solder joint on both sides of the steel. The joint is then insulated with silicone or any other suitable material. It is, of course, essential that the joint does not short-circuit to the other electrode even though that electrode is very close by.

It is always difficult to make a good electrical connection to stainless steel plates if space is restricted as it is here. In this instance, the electrical wire is wrapped tightly through a drilled hole and then soldered and insulated. The soldering is only on the wire as solder will not attach to stainless steel.

An unusual feature of this design is that each of the electrode pairs is effectively a separate electrolyser in its own right as it is capped top and bottom, and effectively physically isolated from the other electrodes. The water feed comes through the top cap which has a hole drilled in it to allow the gas to escape. The electrical wires (#12 AWG or swg 14) are fed through the base and sealed against leakage of electrolyte. Each of these units has some electrolyte stored above it, so there is no chance of any part of the electrode surface not being able to generate gas. There is also a large amount of freeboard to contain splashes and sloshing without any being able to escape from the container. The end caps are standard PVC caps available from the supplier of the PVC piping, as is the PVC glue used to seal them to the pipe.

Eight of these electrodes are placed in a simple electrolyser case and connected together in pairs as shown here:

Pairs of pipe-enclosed electrode spirals are then connected in a chain inside the electrolyser as shown here:

Many years of experimentation and testing have shown that 316L-grade stainless steel is the most suitable material for electrodes, but surprisingly, stainless steel is not highly electrically conductive as you would expect. Each electrode causes a voltage drop of nearly half a volt, and so careful surface preparation, cleansing and conditioning are needed to get top performance from the electrodes. This process is described in detail by the very experienced Bob Boyce who says:

The preparation of the plates is one of the most important steps in producing an electrolyser which works well. This is a long task, but it is vital that it is not skimped or hurried in any way. Surprisingly, brand new shiny stainless steel is not particularly suitable for use in an electrolyser and it needs to receive careful treatment and preparation before it will produce the expected level of gas output.

The first step is to treat both surfaces of every plate to encourage gas bubbles to break away from the surface of the plate. This could be done by grit blasting, but if that method is chosen, great care must be taken that the grit used does not contaminate the plates. Stainless steel is not cheap and if you get grit blasting wrong, then the plates will be useless as far as electrolysis is concerned. A safe method is to score the plate surface with coarse sandpaper. This is done in two different directions to produce a cross-hatch pattern. This produces microscopic sharp peaks and valleys on the surface of the plate and those sharp points and ridges are ideal for helping bubbles to form and break free of the plate.

When doing hand sanding the sandpaper is drawn across the plates in one direction only and not backwards and forwards, as the backwards stroke always destroys the perfectly good ridges created on the forward stroke. Also, you only need two strokes in one direction before turning the plate through ninety degrees and completing the sanding of that face of the plate with just two more strokes (again, with no backstroke).

Always wear rubber gloves when handling the plates to avoid getting finger marks on the plates. Wearing these gloves is very important as the plates must be kept as clean and as grease-free as possible, ready for the next stages of their preparation. Any particles created by the sanding process should now be washed off the plates. This can be done with clean tap water (not city water though, due to all the chlorine and other chemicals added), but only use distilled water for the final rinse.

While Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are the very best electrolytes, they need to be treated with care. The handling for each is the same:

Always store it in a sturdy air-tight container which is clearly labelled "DANGER! - Potassium Hydroxide". Keep the container in a safe place, where it can’t be reached by children, pets or people who won't take any notice of the label. If your supply of KOH is delivered in a strong plastic bag, then once you open the bag, you should transfer all its contents to sturdy, air-tight, plastic storage containers, which you can open and close without risking spilling the contents. Hardware stores sell large plastic buckets with air tight lids that can be used for this purpose.

When working with dry KOH flakes or granules, wear safety goggles, rubber gloves, a long sleeved shirt, socks and long trousers. Also, don’t wear your favourite clothes when handling KOH solution as it is not the best thing to get on clothes. It is also no harm to wear a face mask which covers your mouth and nose. If you are mixing solid KOH with water, always add the KOH to the water, and not the other way round, and use a plastic container for the mixing, preferably one which has double the capacity of the finished mixture. The mixing should be done in a well-ventilated area which is not draughty as air currents can blow the dry KOH around.

When mixing the electrolyte, never use warm water. The water should be cool because the chemical reaction between the water and the KOH generates a good deal of heat. If possible, place the mixing container in a larger container filled with cold water, as that will help to keep the temperature down, and if your mixture should “boil over” it will contain the spillage. Add only a small amount of KOH at a time, stirring continuously, and if you stop stirring for any reason, put the lids back on all containers.

If, in spite of all precautions, you get some KOH solution on your skin, wash it off with plenty of running cold water and apply some vinegar to the skin. Vinegar is acidic, and will help balance out the alkalinity of the KOH. You can use lemon juice if you don't have vinegar to hand - but it is always recommended to keep a bottle of vinegar handy.

Plate cleansing is always done with NaOH. Prepare a 5% to 10% (by weight) NaOH solution and let it cool down. A 5% solution ‘by weight’ is 50 grams of NaOH in 950 cc of water. A 10% solution ‘by weight’ is 100 grams of NaOH in 900 cc of water. As mentioned before, never handle the plates with your bare hands, but always use clean rubber gloves.

A voltage is now applied across the whole set of plates by attaching the leads to the outermost two plates. This voltage should be at least 2 volts per cell, but it should not exceed 2.5 volts per cell. Maintain this voltage across the set of plates for several hours at a time. The current is likely to be 4 amps or more. As this process continues, the boiling action will loosen particles from the pores and surfaces of the metal. This process produces HHO gas, so it is very important that the gas is not allowed to collect anywhere indoors (such as on ceilings).

After several hours, disconnect the electrical supply and pour the electrolyte solution into a container. Rinse out the cells thoroughly with distilled water. Filter the dilute NaOH solution through paper towels or coffee filters to remove the particles. Pour the dilute solution back into the cells and repeat this cleaning process. You may have to repeat the electrolysis and rinsing process many times before the plates stop putting out particles into the solution. If you wish, you can use a new NaOH solution each time you cleanse, but please understand that you can go through a lot of solution just in this cleaning stage if you choose to do it that way. When cleansing is finished (typically 3 days of cleansing), do a final rinse with clean distilled water. It is very important that during cleansing, during conditioning and during use, that the polarity of the electrical power is always the same. In other words, don’t swap the battery connections over as that destroys all the preparation work and requires the cleansing and conditioning processes to be carried out all over again.

Using the same concentration of solution as in cleansing, fill the cells with dilute solution. Apply about 2 volts per cell and allow the unit to run. Remember that very good ventilation is essential during this process. As water is consumed, the levels will drop. Once the cells stabilise, monitor the current draw. If the current draw is fairly stable, continue with this conditioning phase continuously for two to three days, adding just enough distilled water to replace what is consumed. If the solution changes colour or develops a layer of crud on the surface of the electrolyte, then the electrodes need more cleansing stages. After two to three days of run time, pour out the dilute KOH solution and rinse out the cells thoroughly with distilled water.

The construction which Zach has used is very sensible, utilising readily available, low-cost PVC piping. The spiral electrodes are inside 2” diameter pipe and Zach says that the bubbler is also 2” diameter PVC pipe. I seriously doubt that a two-inch diameter bubbler could handle a flow as high as 17 lpm which is a substantial amount. Also. You want the bubbles in the bubbler to be small in order that the gas comes into good contact with the water. Consequently, using more than one bubbler where the diagram shows just one, would be sensible.

At this time, Zach only uses one bubbler, but a second one is highly desirable, located between the storage tank and the engine and positioned as close to the engine as possible. This extra bubbler does two things, most importantly, it prevents the gas in the storage tank being ignited by a backfire caused by a valve sticking slightly open and secondly, it removes every last trace of potassium hydroxide fumes from the gas, protecting the life of the engine. This is a big gain for such a simple addition.

The gas storage tank is also made from PVC pipe, this time, 4 inch (100 mm) diameter, 14 inches (350 mm) long with standard end caps fixed in place with PVC glue as shown below. This is a compact and effective arrangement well suited for use on a motorcycle. The majority of this extra equipment can be mounted in bike panniers, which is a neat arrangement.

The electric drive to the electrolyser is from a Pulse Width Modulator (“DC Motor speed controller”) which was bought from the Hydrogen Garage as Zach is in America. That particular PWM board is no longer available, so especially for those people in Europe the choice might be rmcybernetics.com, although there are many suppliers and the module should not be expensive.

As this unit was rated at just 15 Amps maximum, Zach added another 15 Amp rated FET transistor in parallel to the output stage to raise the current capacity to 30 Amps. A fuse protects against accidental short circuits and a relay is used to control when the electrolyser is to be producing gas. The connecting wire is #12 AWG (swg 14) which has a maximum continuous current capacity of just under ten amps, so although the current peaks may be twenty amps, the average current is much lower than that.

Two electromagnets outside the bubbler, positioned 2.5 inches (65 mm) above the base, are connected as part of the electrical supply to the electrolyser, and these cause most of the oxygen and hydrogen bubbles to separate and exit the bubbler through different pipes. There is a divider across the bubbler to assist in keeping the gases from mixing again above the water surface. The bubbler also washes most of the potassium hydroxide fumes out of the gas as the bubbles rise to the surface, protecting the engine as these fumes have a very destructive effect on engines.

The objective with any hydroxy system is to have the minimum amount of gas between the bubbler and the engine in order to block the ignition of the gas in the unlikely event of a backfire. In this system, the gas storage tank contains a very large amount of gas, though admittedly it is not full HHO gas thanks to the electromagnet separation system, but nevertheless, it would be most advisable to have a second bubbler between the gas storage tank and the engine, positioned as close to the engine as possible. HHO gas produces a very high-speed shock-wave when it is ignited so the bubbler needs to be of strong construction to withstand this. No pop-off bubbler cap or blow-out device acts fast enough to contain a HHO shock-wave, so make the bubbler housing strong enough to withstand the pressure wave.

Zach’s electrolyser arrangement is like this:

It must be realised that the water tank, electrolyser, bubbler/separator and hydrogen holding tank, all operate at thirty pounds per square inch. This means that each of these containers must be robust enough to withstand that pressure quite easily. It also means that the 30 psi one-way check valve on the oxygen venting pipe is an essential part of the design as well as being a safety feature. As a bubble of gas from the electrolyser escapes into the water tank every time a drop of water feeds to the electrolyser, the contents of the water tank above the water surface becomes a stronger and stronger mix of air and HHO. Consequently, it soon becomes an explosive mixture. It is common for static electricity to build up on a tank of this nature, so it will be very important to earth both the tank and it’s cap before removing the cap to top up the tank with more water.

The electrolyser has a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution in it. The electrolysis process produces a mixture of hydrogen, oxygen, dissolved gases (air) and potassium hydroxide fumes. When the system is being used, the water in the bubbler washes out most of the potassium hydroxide fumes, and in doing so, it gradually becomes a dilute electrolyte itself. Potassium hydroxide is a true catalyst and while it promotes the electrolysis process, it does not get used up during electrolysis. The only loss is to the bubbler. Standard practice is to pour the contents of the bubbler into the electrolyser from time to time, filling the bubbler again with fresh water. Potassium hydroxide has been found to be the most effective catalyst for electrolysis but it has a very bad effect on the engine if it is allowed to enter it. The first bubbler is very effective in removing the potassium hydroxide fumes, but many people prefer to take the scrubbing process a step further by placing a second bubbler in the line, in this instance, between the hydrogen pressure tank and the engine. With two bubblers, absolutely no potassium hydroxide fumes reach the engine.

When running with HHO gas as the only fuel, it is essential to adjust the timing of the spark so that it occurs after Top Dead Centre. The timing on this bike is now set at 8 degrees after TDC. However, if David Quirey’s style of bubbling the HHO through a liquid such as acetone, then no timing alterations would be needed.

This electrolyser is designed to run off the nominal six volts of a motorcycle electrics (about 7.3 volts with the engine running), but increasing the number of tubes, each containing electrode coils, would convert the design to a 12V system and then the electrolyser housing would probably be like this:

It is possible that seven sets of three or four spirals wired in parallel would be used for larger engines with their 13.8 volt electric systems. Zach uses the very simple method of allowing excess gas to be vented via the oxygen valve if gas production exceeds the requirements of the engine. When operating on a twelve volt system it might be more convenient to use a standard pressure switch which opens an electrical connection when the gas pressure rises above the value for that switch:

The pressure switch just mounts on one of the end caps of the pressure tank and the switch electrical connection is placed between the relay and the electrolyser. If the gas pressure reaches it’s maximum value of 30 psi. then the switch opens, stopping electrolysis until the pressure drops again:

Caution: This electrolyser is not a toy. If you make and use one of these, you do so entirely at your own risk. Neither the designer of the electrolyser, the author of this document or the provider of the internet display are in any way liable should you suffer any loss or damage through your own actions. While it is believed to be entirely safe to make and use an electrolyser of this design, provided that the safety instructions shown below are followed, it is stressed that the responsibility is yours and yours alone.

An electrolyser should not be considered as an isolated device. You need to remember that both electrical and gas safety devices are an essential part of any such installation. The electrical safety devices are a circuit-breaker (as used by any electrician when wiring a house) to protect against accidental short-circuits, and a relay to make sure that the booster does not operate when the engine is not running:

The “DuPlex” Booster designed by Bill Williams.

A fully-submerged design from Bill Williams in the USA is another different style of booster:

The construction details for this booster design, can be downloaded free from the web using the link: http://www.free-energy-devices.com/DuPlex.pdf

There are many other designs, including those with concentric pipes, each having its own advantages and disadvantages, some being commercially available as ready-made devices, and there are links to these boosters on the web sites mentioned above and a general booster forum at http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/watercar/ and another at http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/HHO/ where people will answer any queries.

One problem with the use of boosters is that if the hydroxy gas volume is higher than it needs to be, the vehicle's Electronic Control Unit ("ECU") is liable to detect the improved fuel burn and start pumping in excess fuel to offset the improved conditions. How to deal with this situation is covered in the free document which can be downloaded from http://www.free-energy-devices.com/D17.pdf

The “Hogg” Electrolyser from Selwyn Hughes.

An interesting design is the Hogg electrolyser as disclosed by Selwyn Harris of Australia. The Hogg cell has two stainless steel mesh electrodes coiled around each other. This gives a large electrode surface area in a very compact container. In this version of the design there are six identical cells which feed into a large bubbler:

The water is circulated through the set of cells using a small pump and there are two water collectors built on to the bottom of the bubbler. Also, as the ‘electrolyte’ used is rainwater, the upper portion of each cell also acts as a bubbler in it’s own right. Three filters are used to trap any particles coming from the cells as experience has shown that the water can contain a considerable amount of material. The filters are standard irrigation in-line filters made from transparent plastic filled for three quarters of their length with fine plastic sponge material.

A key feature of the cell design is the use of two powerful neodymium magnets per cell. These act directly on the water and that causes a major increase in the gas production rate. The magnets have their North poles facing towards each other.

The two mesh electrodes are made from stainless steel wire of 0.65 mm diameter and woven to give 2 mm holes between the wires. These dimensions are important as other mesh sizes and styles do not give so good a performance. The electrodes are wider at one end to form a connection tab which allows easy electrical connection to each electrode and they are then wired in parallel so that each cell gets 12 volts across it as shown here:

The two mesh electrodes are cut like this:

The mesh material looks like this:

The six electrolyser cells and the single large bubbler are constructed using standard plastic plumbing materials:

The connecting pipes are a clear plastic, heat-tolerant type of 12 mm (0.5”) diameter. The bubbler is also constructed from plastic pipe fittings:

As some people have difficulty in visualising the way in which the electrodes are combined, this simplified concept sketch may be helpful:

The two electrodes are kept separated by the use of small diameter fibre washers held in place between them at strategic places using super glue. The mesh itself is then treated by being immersed in citric acid in order to make it work well with rainwater.

The six cells of the electrolyser have been shown side by side to make it easier to understand how they are connected together. When actually being assembled, the cells are placed around the bubbler in pairs like this:

There are three of these pairs of electrolyser cells, each pair being connected to the upper collector reservoir. The water being pumped out of each cell is passed through one of the three filters before entering the collector reservoir which feeds the small pump which keeps the water circulating which in turn keeps removing any particles which have got into the rainwater. As it can be a little difficult to visualise this arrangement of cells, bubbler and pump, here is a view when seen from above:

When used with rainwater from a barrel, this electrolyser is said to draw just 1.4 amps per cell, giving a total input of about 115 watts when run on a 12-volt electrical supply. While rainwater is supposedly pure, the reality is that it seldom is and it’s ability to carry a current varies dramatically from place to place and even more widely from country to country. If you decide to build this electrolyser and find that you do not get anything like 1.4 amps flowing through any one cell, then you may well have to add a small amount of electrolyte to the water in order to get the current flowing. That is, assuming that you want a current flow of 1.4 amps per cell on 12 volts. The output of this electrolyser is said to be capable of running a small electrical generator but that has not been confirmed at this time.

Advanced DC Boosters.

All of the practical construction details on electrical safety, gas safety, engine connections, type of water, safe mixing of electrolyte, etc. already discussed, apply to all kinds of electrolysers and boosters of every design. So, please understand that these are universal features which need to be understood when using any design of booster.

It is possible to produce large volumes of hydroxy gas from a DC booster, enough gas to run a small motor directly on it. For this, we need to pay attention to the efficiency factors already covered in this document. The person who is outstanding in this field is Bob Boyce of the USA who has kindly shared his experience and expertise freely with people who want to use serious electrolysers.

Bob's attention to detail when constructing high-performance electrolysers has resulted in efficiencies which are more than double those of the very famous Michael Faraday whom most scientists consider to be the final word on electrolysis.

Bob Boyce’s High-Efficiency Electrolyser.

We are now moving from the "casual" style of booster to the "serious" style of electrolyser. In this category, you will find that the units built are not cheap, weight a considerable amount, require considerable skill to make and usually are quite large physically. I will mention two designs here. First, the very well-known design from Bob Boyce. For this electrolyser, Bob makes solid stainless steel electrode plates act as cell partitions as well as being electrodes. This is a clever technique but it takes a very high level of construction accuracy to make a box with slots in the side and base, so that the stainless steel plates can be slid into the box and when there, form a watertight seal between the cells, preventing electrical current bypassing the places by flowing around them.

The number of cells in the electrolyser depends on the electrical DC voltage supply which is produced from the electrics of the vehicle. This higher voltage is created by using a standard off-the-shelf "inverter" which produces high-voltage alternating current ("AC") meant to be the equivalent of the local electricity mains supply. In the USA, the voltage produced is in the 110 to 120 volt region, elsewhere, it is in the 220 to 230 volt region.

If you are not familiar with electrical jargon, then check out chapter 12 which explains it step by step. The AC output from whatever inverter you buy, is changed back into DC by using a component called a "diode bridge" and a reservoir device called a capacitor. When this is done, the resulting DC voltage is 41% greater than the quoted AC voltage, so a 110-volt inverter will produce about 155 volts and a 220-volt inverter about 310 volts. As you want about 2 volts per cell, the number of cells would be about 80 or 150 depending on which inverter is used. This large number of stainless steel plates each sized at six-inches (100 mm) square, creates a substantial weight which then is increased by the weight of the case, and the electrolyte. The overall arrangement (without the capacitor) is like this:

A very high-precision box for this style of electrolyser can be had from Ed Holdgate of Florida who has also shared the construction methods if you fancy yourself as a skilled fabricator:

Ed's website is at http://www.holdgateenterprises.com/Electrolyzer/index.html and each case is hand-made.

The gas production rate is so high that the gas outlet pipe has to have holes drilled along the top in order to try to exclude spray and moisture from the massive rate of bubbles bursting at the surface of the electrolyte. The high efficiency of Bob's electrolysers is due to his meticulous preparation and construction methods. You will notice that Bob recommends the use of a particle filter with a 1-micron mesh, between the engine and the hydroxy system. Apart from ensuring that everything entering the engine is very clean, the particle filter with a mesh of that small size, also acts as a flashback-preventer as flame can't pass through it.

Firstly, the stainless steel plates are cross-scored with sandpaper to create a specially shaped plate surface which helps high-speed bubble release. Secondly, the plates are put through a rigorous "cleansing" process where they are subjected to repeated periods of electrolysis followed by rinsing particles off the plates and filtering the electrolyte solution. When no further particles break free from the plates, they are then put through a "conditioning" process which develops a catalytic layer on the plate surfaces.

This processing and the various construction details are provided in the following free download document, thanks to Bob's generosity in sharing his experience with us: http://www.free-energy-info.com/D9.pdf and there is a forum for Bob's design: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/WorkingWatercar/ where questions are answered.

Pulsed Water-Splitters.

There is a much more efficient way of converting water into a hydroxy gas mix. Unlike the electrolysis devices already described, this method does not need an electrolyte. Pioneered by Stanley Meyer, pulse trains are used to stress water molecules until they break apart, forming the required gas mix. Henry Puharich also developed a very successful system with a somewhat different design. Neither of these gentlemen shared sufficient practical information for us to replicate their designs as a routine process, so we are in a position today where we are searching for the exact details of the methods which they used.

Dave Lawton’s Replication of Stan Meyer’s “Water Fuel Cell”.

The first significant replication of which I am aware, came from Dave Lawton of Wales. By using very considerable tenacity, he discovered the practical details of how to replicate one of Stan Meyer's early designs which is called by the rather confusing name of the "Water Fuel Cell". Dave's work was copied and experimented with by Ravi Raju of India who had considerable success and who posted videos of his results on the web. More recently, Dr Scott Cramton of the USA has adapted the design construction slightly and achieved very satisfactory rates of electrical efficiency, producing some 6 lpm of hydroxy gas for just 3 amps of current at 12 volts.

Dave Lawton

The video of Dave Lawton’s replication of Stanley Meyer’s demonstration electrolyser (not Stan's production system) seen at http://www.free-energy-info.com/WFCrep.wmv has caused several people to ask for more details. The electrolysis shown in that video was driven by an alternator, solely because Dave wanted to try each thing that Stan Meyer had done. Dave’s alternator and the motor used to drive it are shown here:

The technique of DC pulsing requires the use of electronics, so the following descriptions contain a considerable amount of circuitry. If you are not already familiar with such circuits, then you would be well advised to read through Chapter 12 which explains this type of circuitry from scratch.

The field coil of Dave's alternator is switched on and off by a Field-Effect Transistor (a “FET”) which is pulsed by a dual 555 timer circuit. This produces a composite waveform which produces an impressive rate of electrolysis. The tubes in this replication are made of 316L grade stainless steel, five inches long although Stan’s tubes were about sixteen inches long. The outer tubes are 1 inch in diameter and the inner tubes 3/4 inch in diameter. As the wall thickness is 1/16 inch, the gap between them is between 1 mm and 2 mm. The inner pipes are held in place at each end by four rubber strips about one quarter of an inch long.

The container is made from two standard 4 inch diameter plastic drain down-pipe coupler fittings connected to each end of a piece of acrylic tube with PVC solvent cement. The acrylic tube was supplied already cut to size by Wake Plastics, 59 Twickenham Road, Isleworth, Middlesex TW7 6AR Telephone 0208-560-0928. The seamless stainless steel tubing was supplied by: http://www.metalsontheweb.co.uk/asp/home.asp

It is not necessary to use an alternator - Dave just did this as he was copying each thing that Stan Meyer did. The circuit without the alternator produces gas at about the same rate and obviously draws less current as there is no drive motor to be powered. A video of the non-alternator operation can be downloaded using this link:

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk/WFCrep2.wmv.

Dave's electrolyser has an acrylic tube section to allow the electrolysis to be watched, as shown here:

The electrolysis takes place between each of the inner and outer tubes. The picture above shows the bubbles just starting to leave the tubes after the power is switched on. The picture below shows the situation a few seconds later when the whole of the area above the tubes is so full of bubbles that it becomes completely opaque:

The mounting rings for the tubes can be made from any suitable plastic, such as that used for ordinary food-chopping boards, and are shaped like this:

And the 316L grade stainless steel, seamless tubes are held like this:

Here is the assembly ready to receive the inner tubes (wedged into place by small pieces of rubber):

The electrical connections to the pipes are via stainless steel wire running between stainless steel bolts tapped into the pipes and stainless steel bolts running through the base of the unit:

The bolts tapped into the inner tubes should be on the inside. The bolts going through the base of the unit should be tapped in to give a tight fit and they should be sealed with Sikaflex 291 or marine GOOP bedding agent which should be allowed to cure completely before the unit is filled for use. An improvement in performance is produced if the non-active surfaces of the pipes are insulated with any suitable material. That is, the outsides of the outer tubes and the insides of the inner tubes, and if possible, the cut ends of the pipes.

Stan Meyer’s Style of Construction.

While Dave’s style of construction is simple and straightforward, recently, a copy of one of Stan Meyer’s actual construction drawings has surfaced. The image quality of this copy is so low that much of the text can’t be read, so the replication presented here may not be exact or might be missing some useful item of information. Stan’s construction is unusual. First, a piece of plastic is shaped as shown here:

The size of this disc is matched exactly to the piece of clear acrylic used for the body of the housing. The drawing does not make it clear how this disc is attached to the acrylic tube, whether it is a tight push fit, glued in place or held in position with bolts which are not shown. The implication is that a ring of six bolts are driven through the top and tapped into the acrylic tube, as these are shown on one of the plan views, though not on the cross-section. It would also be reasonable to assume that a similar ring of six bolts is also used to hold the base securely in position. There is a groove cut in the plastic base to take an O-ring seal which will be compressed tightly when the disc is in place. There are either two or three threaded stud recesses plus two through holes to carry the electric current connections. The pipe support arrangement is unusual:

A ring of nine evenly-spaced inner pipes are positioned around the edge of a steel disc which is slightly smaller than the inside dimension of the acrylic tube. The pipes appear to be a tight push-fit in holes drilled very accurately through the disc. These holes need to be exactly at right-angles to the face of the disc in order for the pipes to be exactly aligned with the acrylic tube – definitely a drill-press job. The disc is mounted on a central threaded rod which projects through the plastic base disc, and a plastic spacer is used to hold the disc clear of the studs positioned at ninety degrees apart around the outer edge of the base disc.

The mounting for the outer tubes is also most unusual. A piece of steel plate is cut with nine projecting arms at evenly-spaced positions around a circular washer shape as shown here:

This piece has four holes drilled in it to match the stud positions of the plastic base piece. The number of studs is not specified and while I have shown four, the plate resonance might be helped if there were just three. The size is arranged so that when the arms are bent upwards at right-angles, they fit exactly against the inner face of the acrylic tube.

These arms get two bends in them in order to kink them inwards to form mounts for the outer tubes. The degree of accuracy needed her is considerable as it appears that there are no spacers used between the inner and outer tubes. This means that the very small gap of 1.5 mm or so has to be maintained by the accuracy of these mounts for the outer tubes.

It should be noted that the inner tubes are much longer than the outer tubes and that the outer tubes have a tuning slot cut in them. All of the inner tubes are mechanically connected together through their steel mounting disc and all of the outer tubes are connected together through the ring-shaped steel disc and its kinked arm mounts. It is intended that both of these assemblies should resonate at the same frequency, and they are tuned to do just that. Because the inner tubes have a smaller diameter, they will resonate at a higher frequency than a larger diameter pipe of the same length. For that reason, they are made longer to lower their natural resonant frequency. In addition to that, the slots cut in the outer tubes are a tuning method which raises their resonant pitch. These slots will be adjusted until every pipe resonates at the same frequency.

Looking initially at the mechanical design, suggests that the assembly is impossible to assemble, and while that is almost true, as it will have to be constructed as it is assembled and it appears that the inner and outer pipe assembly can’t be taken apart after assembly. This is the way they are put together:

The ring support for the outer pipes is not bolted securely to the plastic base but instead it is spaced slightly above it and mounted on just the stud points. This ring is underneath the slightly smaller diameter disc which holds the inner pipes. This makes it impossible for the two components to be slid together or apart, due to the length of the pipes. This suggests that either the inner pipes are pushed into place after assembly (which is highly unlikely as they will have been assembled before for tuning) or that the outer pipes are welded to their supports during the assembly process (which is much more likely).

One of the “studs” is carried right through the plastic base in order that it can become the positive connection of the electrical supply, fed to the outer pipes. The central threaded rod is also carried all the way through the plastic base and is used to support the steel plate holding the inner pipes as well as providing the negative electrical connection, often referred to as the electrical “ground”.

Another plastic disc is machined to form a conical lid for the acrylic tube, having a groove to hold an O-ring seal and the water inlet for refilling and the gas output tube. The drawing mentions the fact that if tap water is used, then the impurities in it will collect in the bottom of the electrolyser when the water is removed by being converted to hydroxy gas. This means that the cell would have to be rinsed out from time to time. It also draws attention to the fact that the gasses dissolved in the tap water will also come out during use and will be mixed with the hydroxy gas output.

When these various components are put together, the overall cell construction is shown like this:

This cross-sectional view may be slightly misleading as it suggests that each of the nine outer pipes has its own separate bracket and this is probably not the case as they are connected together electrically through the steel ring-shaped disc and should vibrate as a single unit. It is tempting to use separate brackets as that would allow the assembly to be taken apart quite easily, but the electrical contacts of such a system would be much inferior and so it is not to be recommended.

Because of the way that all of the inner pipes are connected together and all of the outer pipes are connected together electrically, this form of construction is not suited to the three-phase alternator drive shown below, where the nine pipes would have to be connected in separate sets of three. Instead, the solid-state circuit is used, which is very effective and which does not have the size, weight, noise and increased current of the alternator arrangement.

If accuracy of construction is a problem, then it might be possible to give the outer pipes a deliberate slope so that they press against the inner pipes at the top, and then use one short spacer to force them apart and give the desired spacing. It seems clear that Stan worked to such a degree of constructional accuracy that his pipes were perfectly aligned all along their lengths.

Dave Lawton points out that the connection point of the brackets for the outer pipes is highly critical as they need to be at a resonating node of the pipes. The connection point is therefore at 22.4% of the length of the pipe from the bottom of the pipe. Presumably, if a slot is cut in the top of the pipe, then the resonant pipe length will be measured to the bottom of the slot and the connection point set at 22.4% of that length.

Dave Lawton’s 3-Phase Circuit.

Dave Lawton’s pipe arrangement can be driven either via an alternator or by an electronic circuit. A suitable circuit for the alternator arrangement is:

In this rather unusual circuit, the rotor winding of an alternator is pulsed via an oscillator circuit which has variable frequency and variable Mark/Space ratio and which can be gated on and off to produce the output waveform shown below the alternator in the circuit diagram. The oscillator circuit has a degree of supply de-coupling by the 100 ohm resistor feeding the 100 microfarad capacitor. This is to reduce voltage ripple coming along the +12 volt supply line, caused by the current pulses through the rotor winding. The output arrangement feeding the pipe electrodes of the electrolyser is copied directly from Stan Meyer’s circuit diagram.

It is not recommended that you use an alternator should you decide to build a copy of your own. But if you decide to use one and the alternator does not have the windings taken to the outside of the casing, it is necessary to open the alternator, remove the internal regulator and diodes and pull out three leads from the ends of the stator windings. If you have an alternator which has the windings already accessible from the outside, then the stator winding connections are likely to be as shown here:

The motor driving Dave’s alternator draws about two amps of current which roughly doubles the power input to the circuit. There is no need for the size, weight, noise, mechanical wear and current draw of using a motor and alternator as pretty much the same performance can be produced by the solid-state circuit with no moving parts.

Both circuits have been assessed as operating at anything from 300% to 900% of Faraday’s “maximum electrical efficiency”, it should be stressed that the inductors used in this circuit, form a very important role in altering and amplifying the voltage waveform applied to the cell. Dave uses two “bi-filar wound” inductors, each wound with 100 turns of 22 SWG (21 AWG) enamelled copper wire on a 9 mm (3/8”) diameter ferrite rod. The length of the ferrite rod is not at all critical, and a ferrite toroid could be used as an alternative, though that is more difficult to wind. These bi-filar coils are wound at the same time using two lengths of wire side by side. The solid-state circuit is shown here:

Dave Lawton’s Single-Phase Circuit:

Circuit operation:

The main part of the circuit is made up of two standard 555 chip timers. These are wired to give an output waveform which switches very rapidly between a high voltage and a low voltage. The ideal waveform shape coming from this circuit is described as a “square wave” output. In this particular version of the circuit, the rate at which the circuit flips between high and low voltage (called the “frequency”) can be adjusted by the user turning a knob. Also, the length of the ON time to the OFF time (called the “Mark/Space Ratio”) is also adjustable.

This is the section of the circuit which does this:

The 100 ohm resistor and the 100 microfarad capacitor are there to iron out any ripples in the voltage supply to the circuit, caused by fierce pulses in the power drive to the electrolysis cell. The capacitor acts as a reservoir of electricity and the resistor prevents that reservoir being suddenly drained if the power supply line is suddenly, and very briefly, pulled down to a low voltage. Between them, they keep the voltage at point “A” at a steady level, allowing the 555 chip to operate smoothly.

The very small capacitor “B” is wired up physically very close to the chip. It is there to short-circuit any stray, very short, very sharp voltage pulses picked up by the wiring to the chip. It is there to help the chip to operate exactly as it is designed to do, and is not really a functional part of the circuit. So, for understanding how the circuit works, we can ignore them and see the circuit like this:

This circuit generates output pulses of the type shown in green with the voltage going high, (the “Mark”) and low (the “Space”). The 47K variable resistor (which some people insist on calling a “pot”) allows the length of the Mark and the Space to be adjusted from the 50 - 50 shown, to say, 90 - 10 or any ratio through to 10 - 90. It should be mentioned that the “47K” is not at all critical and these are quite likely to be sold as “50K” devices. Most low cost components have a plus or minus 10% rating which means that a 50K resistor will be anything from 45K to 55K in actual value.

The two “1N4148” diodes are there to make sure that when the Mark/Space 47K variable resistor is adjusted, that it does not alter the frequency of the output waveform in any way. The remaining two components: the 10K variable resistor and the 47 microfarad capacitor, both marked in blue, control the number of pulses produced per second. The larger the capacitor, the fewer the pulses per second. The lower the value of the variable resistor, the larger the number of pulses per second.

The circuit can have additional frequency tuning ranges, if the capacitor value is altered by switching in a different capacitor. So the circuit can be made more versatile by the addition of one switch and, say, two alternative capacitors, as shown here:

The capacitors shown here are unusually large because this particular circuit is intended to run relatively slowly. In the almost identical section of the circuit which follows this one, the capacitors are very much smaller which causes the switching rate to be very much higher. Experience has shown that a few people have had overheating in this circuit when it is switched out of action, so the On/Off switch has been expanded to be a two-pole changeover switch and the second pole used to switch out the timing elements of the 555 chip. The complete version of this section of the circuit is then:

which just has one additional switch to allow the output to be stopped and the 12-volt supply line to be fed instead. The reason for this is that this part of the circuit is used to switch On and Off an identical circuit. This is called “gating” and is explained in Chapter 12 which is an electronics tutorial.

The second part of the circuit is intended to run at much higher speeds, so it uses much smaller capacitors:

So, putting them together, and allowing the first circuit to switch the second one On and Off, we get:

The final section of the circuit is the power drive for the electrolyser cell. This is a very simple circuit. Firstly, the output of the second 555 chip is lowered by a basic voltage-divider pair of resistors, and fed to the Gate of the output transistor which while it can run on the 12 volts which the pulse-generation circuit needs, Dave does prefer to run on 24 volts as that generates a greater gas flow:

Here, the 555 chip output voltage is lowered by 220 / 820 or about 27%. When the voltage rises, it causes the BUZ350 transistor to switch on, short-circuiting between its Drain and Source connections and applying the whole of the 12-volt supply voltage across the load, which in our application, is the electrolyser cell:

The transistor drives the electrolysis electrodes as shown above, applying very sharp, very short pulses to them. What is very important are the wire coils which are placed on each side of the electrode set. These coils are linked magnetically because they are wound together on a high-frequency ferrite rod core and although a coil is such a simple thing, these coils have a profound effect on how the circuit operates. Firstly, they convert the 555 chip pulse into a very sharp, very short, high-voltage pulse which can be as high as 1,200 volts. This pulse affects the local environment, causing extra energy to flow into the circuit. The coils now perform a second role by blocking that additional energy from short-circuiting through the battery, and causing it to flow through the electrolysis cell, splitting the water into a mix of hydrogen and oxygen, both gases being high-energy, highly charged atomic versions of those gases. This gives the mix some 400% the power of hydrogen being burned in air.

When the transistor switches off, the coils try to pull the transistor Drain connection down to a voltage well below the 0-volt battery line. To prevent this, a 1N4007 diode is connected across the cell and its coils. The diode is connected so that no current flows through it until the transistor Drain gets dragged down below the 0-volt line, but then that happens, the diode effectively gets turned over and as soon as 0.7 volts is placed across it, it starts to conduct heavily and collapses the negative voltage swing, protecting the transistor, and importantly, keeping the pulsed waveform restricted to positive DC pulses, which is essential for tapping this extra environmental energy which is what actually performs the electrolysis. You can easily tell that it is the environmental “cold” electricity which is doing the electrolysis as the cell stays cold even though it is putting out large volumes of gas. If the electrolysis were being done by conventional electricity, the cell temperature would rise during the electrolysis. A John Bedini pulser circuit can be used very effectively with a cell of this type and it adjusts automatically to the resonant frequency as the cell is part of the frequency-determining circuit.

The BUZ350 MOSFET has a current rating of 22 amps so it will run cool in this application. However, it is worth mounting it on an aluminium plate which will act as both the mounting and a heat sink but it should be realised that this circuit is a bench-testing circuit with a maximum current output of about 2 amps and it is not a Pulse-Width Modulation circuit for a high-current DC electrolyser. The current draw in this arrangement is particularly interesting. With just one tube in place, the current draw is about one amp. When a second tube is added, the current increases by less than half an amp. When the third is added, the total current is under two amps. The fourth and fifth tubes add about 100 milliamps each and the sixth tube causes almost no increase in current at all. This suggests that the efficiency could be raised further by adding a large number of additional tubes, but this is actually not the case as the cell arrangement is important. Stan Meyer ran his VolksWagen car for four years on the output from four of these cells with 16-inch (400 mm) electrodes, and Stan would have made a single larger cell had that been feasible.

Although the current is not particularly high, a five or six amp circuit-breaker, or fuse, should be placed between the power supply and the circuit, to protect against accidental short-circuits. If a unit like this is to be mounted in a vehicle, then it is essential that the power supply is arranged so that the electrolyser is disconnected if the engine is switched off. Passing the electrical power through a relay which is powered via the ignition switch is a good solution for this. It is also vital that at least one bubbler is placed between the electrolyser and the engine, to give some protection if the gas should get ignited by an engine malfunction.

Although printed circuit boards have now been produced for this circuit and ready-made units are available commercially, you can build your own using stripboard if you want to. A possible one-off prototype style component layout for is shown here:

The underside of the strip-board (when turned over horizontally) is shown here:

Although using a ferrite ring is probably the best possible option, the bi-filar coil can be wound on any straight ferrite rod of any diameter and length. You just tape the ends of two strands of wire to one end of the rod and then rotate the rod in your hands, guiding the strands into a neat side-by-side cylindrical winding as shown here:

Component

Quantity

Description

Comment

100 ohm resistors 0.25 watt

2

Bands: Brown, Black, Brown

220 ohm resistor 0.25 watt

1

Bands: Red, Red, Brown

820 ohm resistor 0.25 watt

1

Bands: Gray, Red, Brown

100 μF 16V capacitor

2

Electrolytic

47μF 16V capacitor

1

Electrolytic

10 μF 16V capacitor

1

Electrolytic

1 μF 16 V capacitor

1

Electrolytic

220 nF capacitor (0.22 mF)

1

Ceramic or polyester

100 nF capacitor (0.1 mF)

1

Ceramic or polyester

10 nF capacitor (0.01 mF)

3

Ceramic or polyester

1N4148 diodes

4

1N4007 diode

1

FET protection

NE555 timer chip

2

BUZ350 MOSFET

1

Or any 200V 20A n-channel MOSFET

47K variable resistors

2

Standard carbon track

Could be screw track

10K variable resistors

2

Standard carbon track

Could be screw track

4-pole, 3-way switches

2

Wafer type

Frequency range

1-pole changeover switch

1

Toggle type, possibly sub-miniature

Any style will do

1-pole 1-throw switch

1

Toggle type rated at 10 amps

Overall ON / OFF switch

Fuse holder

1

Enclosed type or a 6A circuit breaker

Short-circuit protection

Veroboard

1

20 strips, 40 holes, 0.1 inch matrix

Parallel copper strips

8-pin DIL IC sockets

2

Black plastic, high or low profile

Protects the 555 ICs

Wire terminals

4

Ideally two red and two black

Power lead connectors

Plastic box

1

Injection moulded with screw-down lid

Mounting nuts, bolts and pillars

8

Hardware for 8 insulated pillar mounts

For board and heatsink

Aluminium sheet

1

About 4 inch x 2 inch

MOSFET heatsink

Rubber or plastic feet

4

Any small adhesive feet

Underside of case

Knobs for variable resistors etc.

6

1/4 inch shaft, large diameter

Marked skirt variety

Ammeter

1

Optional item, 0 to 5A or similar

Ferrite rod 1-inch long or longer

1

For construction of the inductors

bi-filar wound

22 SWG (21 AWG) wire

1 reel

Enamelled copper wire, 2 oz. reel

Sundry connecting wire

4 m

Various sizes

Dave, who built this replication, suggests various improvements. Firstly, Stan Meyer used a larger number of tubes of greater length. Both of those two factors should increase the gas production considerably. Secondly, careful examination of video of Stan’s demonstrations shows that the outer tubes which he used had a rectangular slot cut in the top of each tube:

Some organ pipes are fine-tuned by cutting slots like this in the top of the pipe, to raise it’s pitch, which is it’s frequency of vibration. As they have a smaller diameter, the inner pipes in the Meyer cell will resonate at a higher frequency than the outer pipes. It therefore seems probable that the slots cut by Stan are to raise the resonant frequency of the larger pipes, to match the resonant frequency of the inner pipes. If you want to do that, hanging the inner tube up on a piece of thread and tapping it, will produce a sound at the resonant pitch of the pipe. Cutting a slot in one outer pipe, suspending it on a piece of thread and tapping it, will allow the pitch of the two pipes to be compared. When one outer pipe has been matched to your satisfaction, then a slot of exactly the same dimensions will bring the other outer pipes to the same resonant pitch. It has not been proved, but it has been suggested that only the part of the outer pipe which is below the slot, actually contributes to the resonant frequency of the pipe. That is the part marked as “H” in the diagram above. It is also suggested that the pipes will resonate at the same frequency if the area of the inside face of the outer pipe (“H” x the inner circumference) exactly matches the area of the outer surface of the inner pipe. It should be remembered that as all of the pipe pairs will be resonated with a single signal, that each pipe pair needs to resonate at the same frequency as all the other pipe pairs.

It is said that Stan ran his VolksWagen car for four years, using just the gas from four of these units which had pipe pairs 16-inches long. A very important part of the cell build is the conditioning of the electrode tubes, using tap water. Ravi in India suggests that this is done as follows:

1. Do not use any resistance on the negative side of the power supply when conditioning the pipes.

2. Start at 0.5 Amps on the signal generator and after 25 minutes, switch off for 30 minutes

3. Then apply 1.0 Amps for 20 minutes and then stop for 30 minutes.

4. Then apply 1.5 Amps for 15 minutes and then stop for 20 minutes.

5. Then apply 2.0 Amps for 10 minutes and afterwards stop for 20 minutes.

6. Go to 2.5 Amps for 5 minutes and stop for 15 minutes.

7. Go to 3.0 Amps for 120 to 150 seconds. You need to check if the cell is getting hot...if it is you need to reduce the time.

After the seven steps above, let the cell stand for at least an hour before you start all over again.

You will see hardly any gas generation in the early stages of this conditioning process, but a lot of brown muck will be generated. Initially, change the water after every cycle, but do not touch the tubes with bare hands. If the ends of the tubes need to have muck cleaned off them, then use a brush but do not touch the electrodes!! If the brown muck is left in the water during the next cycle, it causes the water to heat up and you need to avoid this.

Over a period of time, there is a reduction in the amount of the brown stuff produced and at some point, the pipes won’t make any brown stuff at all. You will be getting very good gas generation by now. A whitish powdery coat of chromium oxide dielectric will have developed on the surfaces of the electrodes. Never touch the pipes with bare hands once this helpful coating has developed.

Important: Do the conditioning in a well-ventilated area, or alternatively, close the top of the cell and vent the gas out into the open. During this process, the cell is left on for quite some time, so even a very low rate of gas production can accumulate a serious amount of gas which would be a hazard if left to collect indoors.

Further Developments

When producing hydroxy gas from water, it is not possible to exceed the Faraday maximum unless additional energy is being drawn in from the surrounding environment. As this cell runs cold and has substantial gas output, there is every indication that when it is running, it is drawing in this extra energy.

This idea is supported by the fact that one of the key methods of tapping this extra energy is by producing a train of very sharply rising and sharply falling electrical pulses. This is exactly the objective of Dave’s circuit, so it would not be too surprising if that effect were happening.

The additional energy being accessed is sometimes referred to as “cold” electricity, which has very different characteristics to normal conventional electricity. Where normal electrical losses cause local heating as a by-product, “cold” electricity has exactly the opposite effect, and where a normal electrical loss would take place, an extra inflow of useful “cold” energy enters the circuit from outside. This flow causes the temperature of the circuitry to drop, instead of increase, which is why it is called “cold” electricity.

This remarkable occurrence has the most unusual effect of actually reducing the amount of conventional power needed to drive the circuit, if the output load is increased. So, increasing the load powered by the circuit causes additional energy to flow in from the environment, powering the extra load and as well, helping to drive the original circuit. This seems very strange, but then, “cold” electricity operates in an entirely different way to our familiar conventional electricity, and it has its own set of unfamiliar rules, which are generally the reverse of what we are used to.

To test his cell system further, Dave connected an extra load across the electrodes of his cell. As the inductors connected each side of the cell generate very high-value, sharp voltage spikes, Dave connected two large value capacitors (83,000 microfarad, 50-volt) across the cell as well. The load was a 10-watt light bulb which shines brightly, and interestingly, the current draw of the circuit goes down rather than up, in spite of the extra output power. The gas production rate appears undiminished.

This is the alteration to that part of the circuit which was used:

It has also been suggested that if a BUZ350 can’t be obtained, then it would be advisable to protect the output FET against damage caused by accidental short-circuiting of wires, etc., by connecting what is effectively a 150-volt, 10 watt zener diode across it as shown in the above diagram. While this is not necessary for the correct operation of the circuit, it is helpful in cases where accidents occur during repeated testing and modification of the cell components.

Dr Scott Cramton’s Cell Construction.

Dr. Cramton and his team of Laesa Research and Development scientists have been investigating and advancing this technology and they have reached an output of six litres per minute for an electrical input of 12 watts (1 amp at 12 volts). In addition, Dr. Cramton’s cell has stable frequency operation and is being run on local well water. The objective is to reduce the amount of diesel fuel needed to run a large capacity standard electrical generator.

The style of design is similar to Stan Meyer’s original physical construction although the dimensions are slightly different. The cell body is transparent acrylic tube with end caps top and bottom. Inside the tube are nine pairs of pipes, electrically connected as three sets of three interspersed pipe pairs. These are driven by a three-phase pulsed supply based on a replication of Stan Meyer’s original cell. It consists of a Delco Remy alternator driven by a 1.5 horsepower 220 volt AC motor. This arrangement is, as was Stan Meyer’s, for demonstration purposes. In a working application, the alternator is driven by the engine being supplied with the hydroxy gas. The 120 degree phase separation is the critical component for maintaining the resonant frequency. It should be noted that the alternator must maintain a rate of 3,600 rpm while under load.

It needs to be stressed that Dr. Cramton’s cell is very close in construction principles to Dave Lawton’s cell and the quality of construction is very important indeed. The first and foremost point which can be easily missed is the absolutely essential tuning of all of the pipes to a single, common frequency. This is the equivalent of tuning a musical instrument and without that tuning, the essential resonant operation of the cell will not be achieved and the cell performance will not be anything like the results which Dr. Cramton and his team are getting.

Dr. Cramton is using 316L-grade stainless steel pipes 18 inches (450 mm) long. The outer pipes are 0.75 inches in diameter and the inner pipes 0.5 inches in diameter. This gives an inter-pipe gap of 1.2 mm. The first step is to get the pipes resonating together. First, the frequency of an inner pipe is measured. For this, a free internet frequency-analyzer program was downloaded and used with the audio card of a PC to give a measured display of the resonant frequency of each pipe. The download location is

http://www.softpedia.com/get/Multimedia/Audio/Other-AUDIO-Tools/Spectrum-Analyzer-pro-Live.shtml

The method for doing this is very important and considerable care is needed for this. The quarter-inch stainless steel bolt is pressed into the inner pipe where it forms a tight push-fit. It is very important that the head of each nut is pressed in for exactly the same distance as this alters the resonant frequency of the inner pipe. The steel connecting strip is then bent into its Z shape and securely clamped to the bolt with a stainless steel nut. The assembly of pipe, steel strip, nut and bolt is then hung up on a thread and tapped gently with a piece of wood and its resonant frequency measured with the frequency analyzer program. The frequency is fed into the program using a microphone. All of the inner pipes are tuned to exactly the same frequency by a very slight alteration of the insertion length of the bolt head for any pipe with a resonant frequency which is slightly off the frequency of the other pipes in the set of nine inner pipes.

Next, the outer tubes are slotted to raise their resonant frequency to match that of the inner pipes. Their frequency is also measured by hanging them up and tapping them gently with a piece of wood. If the frequency needs additional raising, then the tube length is reduced by a quarter of an inch (6 mm) and the testing continued as before. Adjusting the width and length of the slot is the best method for adjusting the resonant frequency of the tube. A small file can be used to increase the slot dimensions. This procedure is time consuming and tedious but it is well worth the effort. The average finished length of the outer pipes is 17.5 inches (445 mm) and the slot dimensions 0.75 inch long and 0.5 inch wide (19 mm x 13 mm).

When setting the resonant frequency of the outer pipes, it is important to have the clips in place. These "hosepipe", "jubilee" or "Terry" clips are used to make electrical connections to the outer pipes as shown in the diagrams and they do have an effect on the resonance of the pipes, so fit them before any tuning is done. The pipe arrangement is shown here:

The outer pipes are drilled and tapped to take either a 6/32” nylon bolt available from Ace hardware stores in the USA, or alternatively, drilled and tapped to take a 4 mm nylon bolt. Three of these bolt holes are evenly spaced around the circumference of each end of all of the outer pipes.

These nylon bolts are used to adjust and hold the inner pipe gently in the exact centre of the outer pipe. It is very important that these bolts are not over tightened as that would hinder the vibrations of the inner pipe. The bolts are adjusted so that a feeler gauge shows that there is exactly the same 1.2 mm gap all round, both top and bottom. The weight of the inner pipe is carried by a 3/4 inch (18 mm) wide strip of stainless steel bent into a Z-shape, and none of the weight is carried by the nylon bolts. Dr Cramton describes this Z-shaped steel strip as a “spring” and stresses its importance in constructing a set of resonating pipe pairs. The arrangement is shown here:

The supporting springy strip of steel is shown in blue in the above diagram as it also forms the electrical connection for the inner tubes. The outer tubes are held securely in position by two plastic discs which form a tight push-fit inside the 6” (150 mm) diameter acrylic tube which forms the body of the cell. The cell is sealed off with plastic caps (ideally, the upper one being screw threaded for easy maintenance) and the electrical connections are carried through the lower cap using 1/4” (6 mm) x 20 stainless steel bolts. The bolts are sealed using washers and rubber O-rings on both sides of the cap.

For clarity, the diagram above shows only the electrical connections for the inner pipes. The electrical connections for the outer pipes are shown in the following diagram. The connections are made at both the top and the bottom of each outer pipe by attaching a stainless steel hose clamp with a stainless steel bolt attached to each clamp. The wiring is then carried across inside the cell so that all six connection points (three at the top plus three at the bottom) for each set of three pipes are carried out through the base of the cell with just one bolt, again, sealed with washers and rubber O-rings. The nine pipe pairs are electrically connected in three sets of three, and each set is fed with a separate phase of a 3-phase waveform. This sets up an interaction through the water and produces a complex pulsing waveform with each set of pipes interacting with the other two sets. The sets are arranged so that the individual pipes of each set are interspersed with the pipes of the other two sets, making the sets overlap each other as shown in the next diagram. For clarity, the diagram does not show the electrical connections for the inner pipes and it omits the pipes of the other two groups of three, the water-level sensor, the gas take off pipe and the gas-pressure sensor.

At this time, Dr. Cramton is driving the pipe arrays with the circuit shown below. It uses an AC sinewave generated by a pulsed alternator. The current fed to the motor driving the alternator accounts for about 24 watts of power while the current drive to the alternator winding is just 12 watts. It should be realised that the alternator can easily drive many cells, probably without any increase in power required. Dr. Cramton is investigating methods of producing the same waveform without the need for an alternator and while that would be useful, it should be realised that a gas output of six litres per minute for a power input of only 36 watts is a very significant result. Others have shown that it is possible to power a 5.5 kilowatt electrical generator on hydroxy gas alone with a flow rate of this sort of magnitude, and obviously, the 36 watts can very easily be provided from that 5.5 kilowatt output.

It is absolutely essential that the pipe pairs are “conditioned” as there will be very little gas production until the white conditioning layer is built up on the active surfaces of the pipes. As has already been described, one method is by powering the cell up for a few minutes, and then letting it rest unused for a time before repeating the process. Dr. Cramton emphasises that at least a hundred hours of conditioning will be needed before the gas output volume starts to rise, and it will be three months before the white conditioning layer reaches its full thickness and the gas production rate increases dramatically.

Dr Cramton stresses that it is the mechanical construction which will make the difference in the gas production rate. The inner and outer pipes must be tuned to a common frequency. It is vital that the pipe pairs must be conditioned, which can be done through repeated use over a period of time. A very important alternative to this long conditioning process is coating the whole of the pipe surfaces with the insulating material "Super Corona Dope" ( http://www.mgchemicals.com/products/4226.html ) as this gives immediate conditioning of the pipes. When a complete set of tuned tubes has been achieved, then the electronics must be built and tuned to the resonant frequency of the tube sets. Voltage builds up on the pipes from the repeated pulsing of the low voltage circuit and the action of the bi-filar wound coils each side of each pipe set and allowed by the insulation of the pipes. With Super Corona Dope this voltage has been measured at 1,480 volts but with the insulating layer from a local water supply, that voltage is around 1,340 volts.

It should be understood that the bi-filar wound coil (that is, wound with two strands of wire side by side) generates very sharply rising, very short voltage spikes, typically in excess of 1,000 volts in spite of the electrical supply being less than fourteen volts. The coils used by Dr Cramton are wound on ferrite rods, 300 mm (11.8”) long and 10 mm (3/8”) in diameter. As only 100 mm long rods were available, these were constructed by placing three inside a plastic tube. The coil winding is of enamelled copper wire and to allow sufficient current carrying capacity, that wire needs to be 22 swg (21 AWG) or a larger diameter, that is, with a lower gauge number such as 20 swg. These coils are wound to give an inductance of 6.3 mH on each of the two windings.

The circuit below is the one being used at this time. You will notice that an additional pole has been added to the Gating On/Off switch so that the timing components are switched out when the gating signal is turned off. This gives added protection for the Gating 555 chip in the circuit, preventing overheating when it is running but not being used. The frequency used with Dr. Cramton’s cell is 4.73 kHz although this is not the optimum frequency for the cell. The alternator imposes a certain limitation on the highest possible frequency, but the frequency used has been shown to be the most effective and it is a harmonic of the optimum frequency. This is a bit like pushing a child on a swing and only pushing every third or fourth swing, which works quite well.

Dr. Cramton says: “I would like people to know that the scientific community is working on these projects and this technology is now a fact of science and not conjecture”.

Dr Cramton has performed repeated performance tests on a 40 kilowatt diesel generator and the results were highly consistent, coming in within 1% each time on ten successive tests. Here is his graph of the results of this preliminary work:

The gains at full 40 kW load are about 35%, representing a reduction of 1.4 gallons of diesel per hour. As the generator is part of the equipment of a major power supplier, it is likely that the number of generators will be manipulated in relation to the demand and so the continuous overall gain is likely to be about 33% even with such a low hydroxy input as 6 lpm. The investigation and development is continuing.

Bob Boyce’s High-Gain Toroidal System.

Bob Boyce has recently released a different method for water-splitting using his flat-plate electrolyser-style construction and pulsed with just twelve volts as in the above water-splitter designs. Bob's circuit is:

Here, the electronics board produces three separate, tuneable, very sharp square waveforms as described in the D9.pdf document mentioned earlier. These three waveforms are integrated into a single complex waveform when each is fed into a separate high-precision, high-specification winding on an iron-dust toroidal transformer core. This signal is stepped up to a higher voltage in the secondary coil of the transformer and then applied to the electrode plates via a choke coil on each side of the unit in exactly the same way as in the previous designs.

Resonance.

Water-splitters only operate properly if are held on their resonant frequency. Stan Meyer has a patent on his electronics system which would locate, lock on to and maintain the electronic pulsing at the resonant frequency of his cell. Unfortunately, Stan's patent just gives broad outlines for the methods used.

The John Bedini battery-charging pulse circuits have been very successfully applied to water-splitter cells. Here, the cell itself is part of the frequency control of the oscillator circuit and the arrangement might look like this:

This idea is advocated on a YouTube video put up by a user whose ID is "TheGuru2You" where this arrangement is suggested:

TheGuru2You states that he has built this circuit using a capacitor instead of the water-splitter and he says that he can confirm that it is self-powering, something which conventional science says is impossible (unless perhaps, if the circuit is picking up radiated power through the wiring of the circuit). Once a twelve volt supply is connected briefly to input terminals, the transistor switches on powering the transformer which feeds repeating pulses to the base of the transistor, sustaining the oscillations even when the twelve volt supply is removed. The rate of oscillation is governed by the resonant frequency of the water-splitter unit. Consequently, as the resonant frequency of the cell alters because bubbles form, the pressure changes, the temperature changes, or whatever, the circuit automatically tracks and maintains that optimum frequency.

Dave Lawton’s Auto-Tune Circuit.

Dave Lawton uses a different method as he has designed and built a Phase-Lock Loop ("PLL") circuit which does the same thing that Stan Meyer's automatic circuit did. This is Dave's circuit:

This circuit has been used very successfully by a number of people. One experimenter had the circuit built by a friend as he is not very confident with building electronic circuits. The construction looks like this:

The two air-core coils are wound separately rather than bi-filar wound, and some experimentation with different types will be undertaken to see the effect on overall gas production. This circuit is shown in the following video, driving a 2.6 inch long pair of electrodes with a 2 mm gap between them, sitting in a test cell. The electrodes have seams and are made of an unknown quality of stainless steel and can be seen at the top of the photograph above. The video: http://www.free-energy-info.com/PLL.avi shows considerable gas production with almost no current draw and the cell staying completely cool.

Running Electrical Generators on Water Alone.

In the UK, three men managed to run a generator on water alone, using just simple things which are within the scope of the average handyman in his workshop. They bought a standard petrol-driven electrical generator off eBay and managed to run it without using any petrol. They used a hydroxy gas flow which they measured at just 3 lpm and they test loaded the 5.5 kilowatt generator with 4 kilowatts of equipment. Afterwards they abandoned the generator and moved on to a much bigger engine as their plans are to sell electricity to the local power company. They said: the equipment was put together by my associate, who supplied the water/electrolyte (not a standard electrolyte, 0.4% by volume). It was a 5 kW petrol generator (about 300cc). We attached a Chevrolet alternator which constantly charges a 12-volt 55 Amp-Hour battery, which in turn powers six HHO tubes, each of which draws 6 watts, for a total of 30 watts. The outputs of these electrolysers are connected in series and they feed the gas into a low-pressure butane gas “camping” tank which has an 18 psi pressure release valve. This tank feeds the air intake of the generator which is adjustable with a choke. We loaded the 30-amp socket of the generator with various drills, heaters etc. working, for more than four hours. The maximum load which we tried was 4 kilowatts, being a bar heater, a kettle and two drills. The tubes are heavy-duty plastic (for 80 psi pressure). Inside are 4 tubes of stainless steel (3 positive and 1 negative). Each tube created 1 litre of gas every two minutes which is a total of 3 litres per minute. They eventually become warm to the touch, but they do not get hot.

They have no plans to ever sell adapted generators and so they have no objection to the sharing of the following information. Here is how they made their eBay generator operate without petrol:

Running an Electrical Generator without Fossil Fuel

In Broad Outline

In order to achieve this objective, very much like Stan Meyer, we need to feed the engine three things:

1. Air - this is fed in as normal through the existing air filter.

2. Hydroxy gas - how to make this has already been explained in considerable detail.

3. A mist of very small water droplets, sometimes called "cold water fog".

Also, we need to make two adjustments to the engine:

1. The spark timing needs to be retarded by about eleven degrees.

2. If there is a "waste" spark, then that needs to be eliminated.

To summarise then, a good deal of work needs to be done to achieve this effect:

1. An electrolyser needs to be built or bought, although the required gas production rate is not particularly high.

2. A generator of cold water fog needs to be made or bought.

3. Pipes need to be installed to carry these two items into the engine.

4. The engine timing needs to be retarded.

5. Any waste spark needs to be suppressed.

6. Water tanks are needed for the cold water fog and to keep the electrolyser topped up.

7. Ideally, some form of automatic water refill for these water tanks should be provided so that the generator can run for long periods unattended.

If we omit the electrical safety equipment which has already been explained in detail, and omit the hydroxy gas safety equipment which has already been explained in detail, and skip the automated water supply details and the starting battery, then, a generalised sketch of the overall arrangement looks like this:

Here, they have opted to feed the hydroxy gas into the air system after the air filter (a thing which we normally avoid as it is not helpful for the hydroxy gas production efficiency, but the first step is to reproduce their successful method exactly before seeing if it can be improved further). Also fed into this same area is the cold water fog which is comprised of a very large number of very tiny droplets. The air enters this area as normal, through the existing air filter. This gives us the three necessary components for running the generator engine without using any fossil fuel.

Creating the cold water fog

There are three different ways to generate the spray of very fine water droplets which are a key feature of the success of this way of running the engine. One way is to use a Venturi tube, which, while it sounds like an impressive device, is actually very simple in construction:

It is just a pipe which tapers to a point and which has a very small nozzle. As the engine draws in the air/hydroxy mix on it's intake stroke, the mixture rushes past the nozzle of the Venturi tube. This creates an area of lower pressure outside the nozzle and causes water to exit through the nozzle in a spray of very fine droplets. Some perfume spray bottles use this method as it is both cheap and effective.

An alternative method of making the cold water fog is to use one or more "pond foggers". These are small ultrasonic devices which are maintained at the optimum operating depth in the water by a float. They produce large amounts of cold water fog which can be fed into the engine like this:

A third method is to use a small carburettor of the type used with model aircraft. This does the same job as a regular engine carburettor, feeding a spray of tiny water droplets into the engine air intake. The physical arrangement of this option depends on the construction of the air filter of the generator being modified. You will notice that the people in the UK who did this, used a small gas tank with an eighteen pounds per square inch pressure release valve. This is not possible with the highest quality of HHO gas as it cannot be compressed that much. However, with a lower grade of HHO which has some water vapour mixed in with it, it is possible to have a gas reservoir with that sort of pressure in it. In this case, except possibly for starting, their gas production rate is probably not high enough to allow much raised pressure inside the tank. Obviously, the gas-pressure switch on the electrolyser and the one on the gas storage tank will have similar operational pressures.

Some Safety Features

Up to this point, the electrolyser has been shown in bare outline. In practice, it is essential that some safety features are incorporated as shown here:

These safety devices should be familiar to you by now as they have already been explained earlier in this document.

The Reason for Changing the Timing

The fuels used with most internal combustion engines are either petrol (gasoline) or diesel. If you are not interested in chemistry, then you are probably not aware of the structure of these fuels. These fuels are called "hydrocarbons" because they are composed of hydrogen and carbon. Carbon has four bonds and so a carbon atom can link to four other atoms to form a molecule. Petrol is a long chain molecule with anything from seven to nine carbon atoms in a chain:

Diesel has the same structure but with eleven to eighteen carbon atoms in a chain. In a petrol engine, a fine spray of petrol is fed into each cylinder during the intake stroke. Ideally, the fuel should be in vapour form but this is not popular with the oil companies because doing that can give vehicle performances in the 100 to 300 mpg range and that would cut the profits from oil sales.

The petrol in the cylinder is compressed during the compression stroke and that reduces its volume and raises its temperature substantially. The air/fuel mix is then hit with a powerful spark and that provides enough energy to start a chemical reaction between the fuel and the air. Because the hydrocarbon chain is such a large molecule, it takes a moment for that chain to break up before the individual atoms combine with the oxygen in the air. The main engine power is produced by the hydrogen atoms combining with oxygen, as that reaction produces a large amount of heat. The carbon atoms are not particularly helpful, forming carbon deposits inside the engine, not to mention some carbon monoxide (CO) and some carbon dioxide (CO₂) as well.

The key factor here is the slight delay between the spark and the combustion of the fuel. The combustion needs to happen a few degrees after Top Dead Centre when the piston is about to start its downward movement in the power stroke. Because of the delay caused by the hydrocarbon chain breaking down, the spark occurs a few degrees before Top Dead Centre:

If you were to replace the petrol vapour with hydroxy gas, then there would be a major problem. This is because hydroxy gas has very small molecule sizes which do not need any kind of breaking down and which burn instantly with explosive force. The result would be an explosion which occurs far too soon and which opposes the movement of the rising piston as shown here:

The forces imposed on the piston's connecting rod would be so high that it would be quite liable to break and cause additional engine damage.

In the case of our electrical generator, we will not be feeding it a mix of air and hydroxy gas, but instead, a mix of air, hydroxy gas and cold water fog. This delays the combustion of the hydroxy gas by a small amount, but it is still important to have the spark occur after Top Dead Centre, so the ignition of the generator needs to be retarded by eleven degrees.

Engine design varies considerably in ways which are not obvious to a quick glance at the engine. The timing of the valves is a big factor here. In the smallest and cheapest engines, the engine design is simplified by not having the spark timing taken off the cam-shaft. Instead, production costs are cut by taking the spark timing off the output shaft. This produces a spark on every revolution of the engine. But, if it is a four-stroke engine, the spark should only occur on the power stroke which is every second revolution of the output shaft. If the fuel is petrol, then this does not matter as the extra spark will occur near the end of the exhaust stroke when only burnt gasses are present in the cylinder.

Some people are concerned when they think of hydroxy gas burning and producing water inside the engine. They think of hydrogen embrittlement and rusting. However, because of the nature of the hydrocarbon fuel already being used, the engine runs primarily on hydrogen anyway and it always has produced water. The water is in the form of very hot vapour or steam and the engine heat dries it out when the engine is stopped. Hydrogen embrittlement does not occur as a result of using a hydroxy gas booster.

Anyway, if we were to delay the spark until after Top Dead Centre as we must, then the situation is quite different as the waste spark will also be delayed by the same amount. With most engines, at this point in time the exhaust valve will have closed and the intake valve opened. Our very flammable gas mix will be being fed into the engine on it's intake stroke. This means that our gas supply system is openly connected to the cylinder through the open intake valve, and so, the waste spark would ignite our gas supply system (as far as the bubbler which would smother the flashback). The situation is shown here:

we definitely do not want that to happen, so it is very important that we suppress that additional "waste" spark. So, this leaves us with two engine adjustments: timing delay and waste spark elimination. There are various ways in which these can be done and as each engine design is different, it is difficult to cover every possibility. However, there is a technique which can be used with many engines and which deals with both issues at the same time.

Most engines of this type are four-stroke engines with intake and exhaust valves, perhaps something like this:

The intake valve (shown on the right in this illustration) is pushed down by a cam shaft, compressing the spring and opening the inlet port. The exact arrangement will be different from one engine design to the next. What is fixed is the movement of the valve itself and that movement only takes place every second revolution. There are various ways of using those movement to eliminate the waste spark and retard the timing. If a switch were mounted so that it opens when the intake valve opens and closes when the intake valve closes, then the switch closure shows when the piston starts upwards on its compression stroke and a simple electronic circuit can then give an adjustable delay before firing the coil which produces the spark. This, of course, involves disconnecting the original electrical circuit so that no waste spark is generated. The current flowing through the switch contacts can be arranged to be so low that there will be no sparking at the contacts when the circuit is broken again. The switch positioning might be like this:

An alternative is to attach a strong permanent magnet to the rocker arm, using epoxy resin, and then position a solid state "Hall-effect" sensor so that it triggers the delay before the spark is generated.

If the engine did not have a waste spark, then in theory, the timing mechanism of the engine could be used to retard the spark. However, in practice, the timing mechanism is almost never capable of retarding the spark to the position that is needed for running without fossil fuel, and so, some kind of delay circuit will be needed anyway.

The sort of delay circuit needed is called a "monostable" as it has only one stable state. A basic circuit of that type is:

If you are not at all familiar with electronic circuits, then take a look at the beginner's electronics tutorial found in the Chapter12.pdf document on the http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk website as that explains how circuitry works and how to build any simple circuit from scratch. We can use two of these circuits, the first to give the adjustable delay and the second to give a brief pulse to the ignition circuit to generate the spark:

Making the hydroxy gas

When the generator is running, we have a ready supply of electrical energy, coming from a piece of equipment which has been specifically designed to supply large quantities of electricity for any required application. We are not dealing with the spare capacity of some low-grade alternator in a car, but we have substantial electrical power available.

Having said that, the electrolysers described at the start of this document are efficient and it is unlikely that an excessive amount of power would be needed when using one of those designs. Another convenient factor is that this is a stationary application, so the size and weight of the electrolyser is not at all important, and this gives us further flexibility in our choices of dimensions.

As this is an application where it is highly likely that the electrolyser will be operated for long periods unattended, an automated water supply system should be provided. The main details of such a system have already been covered, but what has not yet been dealt with is the switching for the water pump. The water pump itself can be an ordinary windscreen-washer pump, and we need some form of switch which operates on the electrolyte level inside the electrolyser. It is sufficient to sense the level in just one of the cells inside the electrolyser as the water usage will be pretty much the same in every cell. If you make the electrolyser in a suitable size or shape, then a simple off-the-shelf miniature float switch can be used. If you prefer, an electronic level sensor can be operated, using two bolts through the side of the electrolyser as the level sensor. A suitable circuit for this simple switching task could be:

When the electrolyte level inside the electrolyser is in contact with the upper bolt head, the circuit is switched off and the water pump is powered down. The electrolyte has a low resistance to current flow, and so it connects the 4.7K resistor through to the base of the BC109 Darlington pair (as described in Chapter 12). This keeps the two transistors switched fully on which keeps the 8.2K resistor connection well below the 0.7 volts needed to switch the ZTX6533 transistor on. If you are concerned about the ZTX6533 transistor being partially on, then resistor "R" could be added, although the prototype did not need one. The value would be about 2K. When the electrolyte level falls below the upper bolt head, the first two transistors switch off, and the ZTX6533 transistor is then powered fully on by the 4.7K resistor and the 8.2K resistor in series, providing the 150 mA needed for the relay to be switched fully on. The circuit draws about 5 mA in it's standby state. The numbers on the relay symbol correspond to the numbers on a typical automotive 12 volt relay. Using two BC109 transistors as the front end allows this circuit to be used with tap water if you wish. However, the water-level control for the water supply to the pond fogger or Venturi tube misting device does not need any form of fancy mechanism. The standard ball-cock valve mechanism which is used with toilets is quite adequate, especially if a floating pond fogger is being used as it maintains its own optimum depth below the surface and so the overall depth is not in any way critical provided, of course, there is sufficient depth for the fogger to float correctly.

Starting:

When left for any length of time, the gas pressure inside the electrolyser will drop because the nature of the hydroxy gas alters. This means that there will not be sufficient hydroxy gas available to start the engine and no more gas will be generated until the engine drives the generator. So, to deal with this situation, a lead-acid car battery is included so that it can be switched in to replace the generator for a brief period before the engine is started. That inclusion gives this overall arrangement:

This arrangement is perfectly capable of running a standard generator without the use of any fossil fuel. It should be noted that while no fossil fuel needs to be bought to run this generator system, the electrical output is far from free and is actually quite expensive as there is the purchase cost of the generator, the electrolyser and the minor additional equipment. Also, generators have a definite working life and so will need to be refurbished or replaced.

It might also be remarked that if a generator of this type is going to be used in an urban environment, then the addition of sound-reducing baffles and housing would be very desirable. At this point in time I am aware of nine different electric generators which have been adapted to run on water. At least four of these are from different manufacturers. The method of altering the timing and dealing with the waste spark is different from one adaption to the next. One user has altered the spark timing of his generator to after Top Dead Centre by rotating the timing disc to a position not envisaged by the manufacturer. The timing disc is held in place by a locking ("key") bar which fits into a channel cut in the shaft of the engine, matching it to a similar channel cut in the disc. The alteration was achieved by cutting a new channel in the shaft, allowing the timing disc to be positioned further around the shaft, producing the required timing delay. This arrangement also makes the waste spark ineffective and so it can be ignored. While this method requires the cutting of a slot, it does away with the need for any electronics and it is a very simple solution.

If you feel that the construction of a suitable electrolyser would be a problem or that the amount of electric current needed to operate it would be excessive, let me show you the actual figures involved:

Michael Faraday was an exceptional and highly respected researcher who investigated the electric current needed to convert water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas by electrolysis. His results are accepted by pretty much every scientist everywhere. While he expressed the results of his work in terms which would be meaningless to the average person, his result is that an electrical input of 2.34 watts produces one litre of hydroxy gas in one hour.

In practical terms, that means that a current of 0.195 amps at 12 volts will produce 1 litre of hydroxy gas in one hour. In passing, only a nearly discharged lead-acid battery would have a voltage of 12 volts as the fully charged state is 12.85 volts and a vehicle alternator produces about 14 volts in order to charge the battery. It is easier then, to compare the gas output of electrolysers directly to the figures produced by Faraday as shown here, based on a gas output of 15 litres per minute which is 900 litres per hour:

Faraday: 900 litres in one hour, takes 2,106 watts or 100% Faraday Boyce: 900 litres in one hour, takes 998 watts or 211% Faraday without pulsing Boyce: 900 litres in one hour, takes 180 watts or 1,170% Faraday with pulsing Cramton: 900 litres in one hour, takes 90 watts or 2,340% Faraday

Much of this is not very important as it has been demonstrated that a gas production rate of around 3 lpm (180 lph) is sufficient to run a generator which produces 5,500 watts. Let us assume that the measured figure is 100% wrong and that it takes 360 lph of hydroxy gas, plus cold water fog, plus air, to run the generator, then:

Faraday would need 843 watts Boyce would need 400 watts without pulsing Boyce would need 72 watts with pulsing Cramton would need 36 watts

None of these figures are important for running a generator because with an electrolyser efficiency of only 50% Faraday still leaves a massive generator excess of nearly 4 kilowatts on a 5.5 kilowatt generator. The gain is in running a generator as an internal combustion steam engine and not in the great efficiency of the electrolyser. It is distinctly possible that the pessimistic figures shown above are twice what is actually needed, but who cares? - the facts speak for themselves, with several people scattered around the world, already running generators on water. Many different generator designs have been adapted, typically, by modifying the flywheel, filling in the keyway and cutting another one to give a spark 2 degrees after TDC. Experience has shown that the 6.6 kVA Honda V-twin petrol motor generator and the Vanguard V-twin work very well long-term when adapted to run on water only.

Wear and Tear Issues

A man who lives in Alaska is very experienced in the use of renewable energy sources and unconventional fuel systems. His experiences are likely to be helpful for anyone who intends to use an electrical generator, whether running on water or on a fossil fuel. He recalls the experiences of a friend:

He decided to live off-the-grid because it was going to cost him $20,000 to get connected to the grid and as his house was not that large, he decided to go the alternative route. We designed a system which would use a 4 kW inverter and have an 8 kW Briggs & Stratton generator with a 13 kW surge capacity, for back up. The system has 6 solar panels and a 24 volt battery bank with 400 amp capacity. Having long summer days here in Alaska, the solar panels have more than enough capacity for charging the battery bank on sunny days. However, but when the day is overcast or when it is winter when there are only six hours of sunlight, the battery bank does not get charged fully. At these times, the generator is used to top up the battery bank.

American generators normally have either two or four 120-volt outputs each rated at 15 amps, plus one 240-volt output rated at 33 amps. If one of the two 120-volt outputs is used to charge the battery bank, then you get left with just the other 120-volt output for any other power needs during the time when the battery bank is being charged. This is not a satisfactory arrangement as operating with one field at maximum power and the other one lightly loaded or unused, causes a field imbalance in the generator, engine crank imbalance and ring or regulator failure within six months. It also causes noisy running and excessive fuel consumption.

Run in this way, providing a 60-amp charge rate, the generator ran hard and loud for two to two and a half hours per day, and running it was costing $350 per month for gasoline. The generator failed after four months.

In order to balance the loading on the replacement generator, a 15 kVA step-down transformer costing less than $1000 was purchased so that the 240-volt output could be used to drive 120-volt equipment. A transformer to be used for this needs to have a power-handling capacity which is greater than the surge capacity of the generator. A major advantage is that the generator current is halved for any given level of equipment current drawn because the equipment is running at only half of the generator voltage.

Using this transformer made a massive difference, giving a balanced output and providing a 90-amp charging rate for the battery bank as well as having ample power to run other household equipment when the battery bank was being charged. The result was a charge time of just one hour twenty minutes per day, with the generator running quietly and smoothly. The fuel consumption also dropped to just $70 per month which is just one fifth of what it was, covering the cost of the transformer in under four months. This generator has been running now for two years without any problems at all.

The Step-by-Step Conversion of a Generator

Selwyn Harris of Australia has kindly agreed to share detailed information on how he performs the conversion of a standard electrical generator to enable it to run on water alone. The generator which he uses as an example for this tutorial is a GX4000i generator:

The supplier is AGR Machinery which is an Australian company on eBay which buys up stock from collapsed companies and resells the equipment. The supplier says: GX4000i portable type generators have smoother output power, comparable to public utility sources. Ideal for powering medium loads such as:

• Power tools - Both Single & 3 Phase

• Game consoles, Digital Cameras

• Laptops, Camcorders

• Lighting and Microwave Ovens

• Drills, Grinders

• Resistive Load Kitchen Appliances (i.e. Coffee Maker, Toaster)

• Emergency Home Back up power where 240v power is required

Also, these units are significantly quieter than others due to refined engine technology Features:

• Commercial Grade Engine: 196 cc 4-stroke, 7 horsepower, overhead camshaft, T.D.I. ignition

• Maximum output 4.0 kVA at 240 or 415V AC (Rated output: 2.7 kilowatts)

• Quality Heavy-Duty Construction

• AVR (Auto Voltage Regulator)

• Three 240V and one 415V Protected Outlets

• 100% Pure Copper Core

• Gearless direct drive

• Robust Square frame Design

• Easy – Recoil Start

• Oil capacity: 0.7 litres

• Powder Coated Finish

• Light and Compact for easy manoeuvrability (38.5 Kg)

• Noise level: 69 dB

The first step of the conversion is to remove the fuel tank which is held in place with four bolts:

This allows access to the carburettor which is then removed as it will not be used:

The next step is to construct a pressure-release valve mechanism which will protect the equipment from damage in the unlikely event of a major, sudden rise in pressure caused by the unwanted ignition of the HHO gas mix used to power the generator. For this, parts are purchased from the local hardware store. The brass fittings are a 12mm barrel, a 12mm female T-fitting and a 12mm to 9mm hose reducer as shown here:

The PVC plastic fittings are a ½” to 1-1/4” reducer and a 1-1/4” End Cap, along with the roller ball from an old-fashioned mouse and a relatively weak compression spring to hold the ball in place during normal operation where the gas pressure is low:

These components are then assembled to produce the pressure-release valve:

The inside of the flash-arrestor looks like this:

The ball is held in place by the spring allowing the HHO to flow past it, but if a sudden increase in pressure should occur, then the ball is forced upwards, opening a path to the many holes drilled in the plastic fittings:

When the gas pressure drops again, the spring pushes the roller ball down to seal off the pressure-release holes.

However, Selwyn adds an additional spring-loaded valve to the arrangement. This one is there in case the electrolyser fails to produce a sufficient volume of gas in the event of a sudden increase in demand. This valve is marked as a “vacuum-relief” valve although, strictly speaking, it deals with reduced pressure rather than an actual vacuum. The arrangement is shown below. Please take note of the fact that Selwyn uses the Hogg style of electrolyser and that design has a bubbler built into it, so if you are using some other design of electrolyser, please be very sure to use at least one bubbler between the electrolyser and the engine, in spite of the fact that there is very little chance of the engine mis-firing and igniting the HHO gas in the electrolyser. For an engine of this size, an electrolyser which produces 4.5 or 5 lpm of HHO should be adequate.

The addition of cold water mist through a Venturi tube as shown, both lowers the engine temperature and increases the engine power as the mist converts instantly to flash-steam when the HHO gas ignites, raising the pressure inside the cylinder and boosting the power output.

Next, a piece of ¼” (6 mm) thick aluminium plate is cut and shaped to the size of the carburettor gasket which is not a symmetrical item. This is done by tracing the gasket and transferring it on to the aluminium plate, drilling the holes and then cutting out the outline shape. The edges are then filed to create a nice fit on the engine port.

The pipes, backing plate, pressure-relief, vacuum-relief, gaskets, nuts and bolts are then assembled as shown above. Most of the pressure-relief valve components shown in the photograph have been painted, which happens to conceal the different materials being used.

At this point an electrolyser of any design which can produce at least 4.5 litres of HHO gas mix per minute is connected to the intake. The electrolyser most often used by Selwyn is the Hogg design disclosed by him earlier in this chapter.

The manual Pull-start and the generator cover are now removed. It is only necessary to remove four of the bolts to take the cover off:

This is the engine with the starter pull and the blower cover removed. At “A” you can see the magnetic pulse type Transistor Discharge Ignition pick-up in it’s original position, bolted in place at 8 degrees before Top Dead Centre. This needs to be removed and an aluminium plate inserted to allow the TDI to be mounted in it’s new position. Because of the new fuel, it is necessary to retard the ignition system. This can be done in one of two ways, neither of which is particularly easy, so you may need the help of an engineering shop. The easiest way is to modify the installed ignition to Top Dead Centre. This is Selwyn’s aluminium TDI adaptor plate which he made from 2mm thick aluminium sheet:

In this picture, the outline of the fuel intake port is obscured due to it having been temporarily blocked off during the construction. The tools required for constructing these components are a drill press and a jig saw fitted with a metal blade. Selwyn used this timing alteration method on his own smaller generator which has run trouble-free for a year. The objective is to delay the ignition spark from 8 degrees before Top Dead Centre to either Top Dead Centre or to 1 degree after TDC. This allows for a good spark on the compression stroke and when the waste spark occurs, the inlet valve has not yet opened and so there is no HHO is in the ignition area. That is to say, the exhaust valve has just closed and the inlet valve has not yet opened. This results in a good compression stroke for the HHO and does not try to send the piston backwards due to premature ignition of the gas mix. The above picture shows the aluminium plate mounted and ready to accept the pick-up. This plate needs to have air holes drilled in it in order to allow cooling air to flow over the engine fins behind it.

The TDI adaptor plate looks like this:

And as shown below, the support plate is drilled with the ventilation holes. In this photograph the adaptor plate is just resting on the support plate. Later, when the TDC timing position is established, the adaptor plate will be bolted to it using the three holes top and bottom on the white plate. This locks the timing to that setting and the timing is never changed. In 2010, when adapting a previous generator, an experienced mechanic was asked to establish the TDI plate position and he charged sixty Australian dollars for doing that.

Finally, the covers and the Starter handle need to be bolted back in place.

Instead of paying somebody else to set the new spark timing, it is perfectly possible to do that yourself. One effective method is as follows:

1. Mark the casing of the engine in a convenient location as shown in yellow in this photograph:

2. Remove the spark plug and insert a long screwdriver until the top of the piston is felt. Manually rotate the engine (clockwise for this generator as can be seen from the curved fan pieces on the flywheel) until the screwdriver is no longer pushed upwards. It may take more than one rotation to find this point accurately. When that point is found, mark the flywheel directly in line with the casing mark which you just made. This marking needs to be very accurate.

3. Continue rotating the flywheel very slowly until the screwdriver starts to go down again and mark that point on the flywheel. Again, this marking needs to be very accurate.

4. Measure the distance along the flywheel between the two flywheel marks which you have just made and then make a larger mark on the flywheel exactly half way between your two marks. If accurately done, this new point is where the flywheel is when the piston is exactly at Top Dead Centre, which is where we want the spark to occur. This marking on Selwyn’s flywheel is like this:

5. Next comes a bit of arithmetic. The diameter of the flywheel is 180 mm which means that it’s circumference is 3.14159 x 180 = 565.5 mm and as there are 360 degrees in each rotation of the flywheel, then the outside edge of the flywheel will move 1.57 mm for each of those degrees.

The engine specification states that the spark timing is 8 degrees before Top Dead Centre and we want the spark to occur exactly at TDC, which means that we want 8 x 1.57 = 12.5 mm of the flywheel circumference to have passed by before the spark occurs.

6. To achieve this delay in the spark timing, the TDI needs to be moved 12.5 mm in the direction which the flywheel rotates. You will notice that for this major timing change, the TDI adjustment is very small, only half an inch.

7. When the TDI adjustment has been made, the timing can be checked using an automotive timing light connected to the spark plug lead. The engine can be spun using an electric drill. As the flywheel is spinning fast and the flash of light from the timing light is very short, it makes the flywheel mark appear to be stationary in spite of the fact that it is passing by very rapidly. If the TDI adjustment is correct, then the central mark made on the flywheel will appear to be stationary and exactly aligned with the mark made on the casing.

This is exactly what happened when Selwyn’s motor had it’s timing adjusted, but the important factor is to have the spark close to the Top Dead Centre point to make sure that the inlet valve is fully closed before the spark occurs. Two degrees after Top Dead Centre is a popular point for the spark with many of the existing generator conversions which I have been told about, possibly to reduced the loading on the piston’s connecting rod. Here is a photograph of Selwyn’s latest generator conversion having it’s new spark timing checked out:

8. Most small petrol engines have the spark timing set between 8 degrees and 10 degrees before Top Dead Centre. If it so happens that you do not know what the timing of your particular generator is, then complete the flywheel marking procedure of step 4 above, but make three additional marks on each side of the TDC mark. Space those marks 1.5 mm apart as they will then make a scale which shows each degree from 3 degrees before TDC to 3 degrees after TDC. When the timing light is used, it then shows exactly where the spark occurs and if the engine had an original spark timing which was not 8 degrees before TDC, then the scale shows immediately how much further the TDI needs to be moved to set the spark exactly where you want it to occur.

The Cold Water Mist.

Getting the fine droplets of water into the engine can be done two different ways. The first way is to use a Venturi tube which generates a fine spray of droplets when air moves rapidly past a small water-filled hole. You may not have noticed, but this method has been used extensively in perfume sprays and it is very effective. Selwyn describes how he constructs a Venturi tube:

A short length of 1/4” (5 or 6 mm) diameter copper tubing is used. This is generally available as central heating supplies and if there is any difficulty in finding some, then your local garage can probably direct you to a supplier (if they don’t just give you a short length from their own supply).

The copper pipe is the heated with a plumber’s gas torch and bent very slowly and carefully to the shape shown above. Some people find it helpful to insert a length of suitable flexible material into the pipe before starting the bending – something like the coiled steel spring material used to support net curtains – as that helps to keep the copper pipe from kinking when being bent.

Next, the end of the copper pipe which will form the nozzle, is filled with silver solder and the end filed flat. Then, a small hole is drilled through that silver solder plug. The smallest possible drill bit should be used for this, although the hole may need to be drilled out to a slightly larger diameter, depending on what the engine requires (which is found by successive trials):

This Venturi tube is to be inserted into the last brass fitting before the engine, so a 1/4“ hole is drilled through the brass and then the drill is removed very slowly at a slight angle, the angle of drag being down the axis length of the brass fitting. The copper Venturi tube is then inserted through the hole and positioned so that the Venturi hole is aligned up exactly with the centreline of the brass fitting and positioned exactly in the middle of the cross-section of the brass fitting and then soldered in place:

The method which Selwyn uses to block off the end of the copper tube with silver solder is to seal the far end of the tube with tape and fill the tube with fine-grained sand like this:

And then the tube is heated with the gas torch flame and the solder run into the top part of the tube. When the solder has cooled, the tape is removed and the sand removed by tapping the tube. When the hole has been drilled through the solder, air is blown through it to dislodge any remaining sand, and then water is forced through the hole. As the tube is short, any remaining sand can be removed with a pipe-cleaner or any similar slender cleaning device. The installed Venturi tube can be seen here:

The second way to introduce cold water mist into the airstream entering the engine is to use a commercial “pond fogger” which can be bought at pet supplies outlets. These have to be powered electrically and housed in their own water container. Some of the more advanced versions float on the surface of the water so that the fog-generating section is always submerged to the ideal operational depth below the surface of the water.

The generator should run well with 5 lpm of HHO gas plus cold water mist. Any design of electrolyser can be used. However, when used with rainwater, the Hogg electrolyser will draw about 1.4 amps per cell, giving a total input of about 115 watts when run on a 12-volt electrical supply. While rainwater is supposedly pure, the reality is that it seldom is and it’s ability to carry a current varies dramatically from place to place and even more widely from country to country. However, regarding the water, Selwyn says:

The water I use is treated in a special way to make sure that the electrolyser runs at the lowest temperature and amperage possible. For this, using rain water is a must and the rain water coming off a steel roof is the best.

The water is then treated by inserting a double coil of stainless steel wire into a volume of about 5 litres of water. A supply of 12-volts DC is applied to the coils, and the resulting current allowed to run through the coils for about 5 hours. This results in hot and very dirty water. The water is then filtered using a 0.5 micron filter making the water ready for use in the electrolyser. If more water is needed, say 30 litres, then leave the coils running for at least 24 hours.

I use an old 35 litre beer keg and prepare 30 litres at a time. A major reason for doing this is to remove all the solids suspended in the water so that they will not clog up the stainless steel mesh inside the electrolyser.

After the construction of the Hogg electrolyser is completed, then the stainless steel mesh electrodes need to be treated and cleaned. For this I use distilled water and fill the electrolyser enough to cover all the plates, and then add 1 packet of citric acid for each 3 litres of water used to fill the electrolyser. I got the citric acid from www.hho-research.com.au which is an Australia-only supplier and each packet has about 22 grams of citric acid in it:

The pumps are then run for about an hour after which the Hogg tubes are washed out completely with distilled water and then allowed to dry completely. This removes any residue from the stainless steel mesh electrodes, making the gas production rate much greater.

I use an ordinary car battery to generate the HHO gas needed to start the generator running, after which, a standard battery charger powered by the generator output is used to keep the starting battery topped up.

Please Note: This document has been prepared for information purposes only and must not be construed as an encouragement to build any new device nor to adapt any existing device. If you undertake any kind of construction work, then you do so entirely at your own risk. You, and only you, are responsible for your own actions. This document must not be seen as an endorsement of this kind of generator adaption nor as providing any kind of guarantee that an adaption of this kind would work for you personally. This document merely describes what has been achieved by other people and you must not consider it as being a foolproof blueprint for replication by anyone else.

There are two YouTube videos which show a generator being operated on what appears to be just hydroxy gas alone: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSe943wkUfg and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMlciNOyo_U and while the operation does not appear to be anywhere close to full power, the addition of cold water mist would probably make a major difference to the performance, but it does demonstrate that a generator can certainly be run without using any fossil fuel. The spark circuit in the first video appears to be powered by a small mains unit, but as the generator is lighting a powerful lamp, that electrical input could almost certainly be met by the output from the generator when it is running.

Running an Unmodified Generator on HHO

The reason for the modification of standard generators as shown above is due to the fact that the HHO gas mix produced by an electrolyser, ignites about a thousand times faster than a hydrocarbon fuel, and because of that, the spark which ignites the fuel needs to be delayed. That mechanical adaption of the generator can be avoided if the HHO gas mix is modified so that it ignites more slowly. This can, and has been done.

David Quirey of New Zealand has been operating an unmodified generator and a welding torch on the HHO output from his 6 lpm own-design of electrolyser, for many years now. Henry Paine’s US Letters Patent No. 308,276 dated 18th November 1884, states that HHO gas can be converted into a more convenient gas which is much easier to handle, by the simple process of bubbling it through a suitable liquid such as turpentine or linseed oil. Although unaware of Henry Paine's patent, David discovered the technique independently and he has extended the technology further so that the gas ignition speed can be set manually.

One important point which David stresses is that it is essential that the HHO coming from the electrolyser is passed through an ordinary bubbler containing water, before it passes through the second bubbler containing the modifying liquid. David finds that the lighter liquid, acetone, works better than the liquids suggested by Henry Paine although white spirit, carbon tetrafluoride, aviation fuel, hexane or even petrol can be used and any of them will slow the flame speed right down to that of butane. If the flame is being used for a specialist task such as jewellery making or glass blowing, then there may be an advantage in using one particular modifying liquid.

David has further modified the characteristics of the output gas by adding in a percentage of the unmodified HHO gas. Although it is actually, subtle and sophisticated, David’s overall system is easy to understand. The ratio of the two gasses is adjusted by the settings of the two control valves as shown here:

Adjusting the ratio of modified HHO to unmodified HHO allows a high degree of control over the characteristics of the resulting gas mix. Added to that, David has developed an electronic control system which oversees and manages the gas flow rate according to the user’s needs at any given moment. The result is a system which allows water and electricity to be the means of supplying a gas which can be used as a safe, general purpose fuel. If it is used to run a generator, then the system appears to become self-powered if part of the generator output is used to drive the electrolyser. It should be possible to substitute the modified gas mix for propane or butane and so operate a wide range of existing equipment for heating, cooking and/or lighting.

David runs a 4 horsepower Honda generator using this system:

The generator runs very well for David, however, I suspect that if cold water mist were introduced into the incoming air, then the power output would be increased due to the mist turning into flash-steam and providing greater pressure on the piston during it’s power stroke. Alternatively, it might be possible to match the present performance with a lesser gas flow rate, possibly powering a much larger generator if that were a requirement.

It needs to be understood that David uses electronics which manages and controls the gas flow volume, suiting it to whatever the needs are at any given moment. Consequently, it is probable that the six litres per minute which David’s electrolyser can produce, is not actually used for most of the time. David also does welding, brazing and cutting with the same modified electrolyser gas mix which can provide adjustable flame heat and a flame length of anything up to two feet in length:

It is a good idea to use a proven design with full control electronics. David can help here with detailed step by step construction plans and instructional videos.

You can contact David at dahq@clear.net.nz for information on what is available to help you at the present time.

When using the system for welding, David uses the mains to power the electrolyser, the arrangement being like this:

The flashback arrestors are a sand-filled design and so are mounted vertically. The gas production rate is knob controlled using this circuit:

The first part of David Quirey’s circuit acts very much like a dimmer light switch. The 230-volt AC mains is fed through an On/Off switch and then an ordinary mains fuse. The current flow on through the circuit is blocked by the BT139 triac until it receives a pulse from the db3 diac (which is a component specifically designed to feed pulses to a triac).

As the voltage builds up on the 68 nanofarad capacitor it eventually reaches the point at which it triggers the triac, which then switches on and remains on until the mains voltage drops down to zero again. The 500K variable resistor sets the rate at which the capacitor charges up, and so it controls the length of time that the triac is on in any given second (and so, the level of power fed onwards to the rest of the circuit). This happens on both the positive-going half of the AC waveform and the negative-going half of the mains sinewave voltage supply. Both the diac and the triac operate with AC and trigger either 100 or 120 times per second depending on the frequency at which the local mains runs.

The current flow is then passed to a bridge rectifier in order to convert the AC into pulsing DC and the capacitor C1 which is 400-volt rated, smoothes the resulting DC. David’s cell has a large number of plates and so, operates off the 300 volts produced by this system. The ammeter between the diode bridge and the cell indicates the current flow and so, the amount of gas being produced at any given moment.

The flashback arrestors are constructed as shown here:

Sincere thanks are due to David Quirey for freely sharing his design and experiences, and for his willingness to provide direct additional support and further details should they be needed.

Stan Meyer’s Water Injection System.

While the above simple adaption will work for an electrical generator which is stationary and which is designed to provide large amounts of electrical power, some of which can be used for producing hydroxy gas from water, it is much more difficult to run a large capacity petrol/gasoline engine continuously with just water as the "fuel".

For larger engines aimed at producing mechanical output, we need a more powerful system, such as that developed by Stan Meyer of America. Although many years have passed since the sudden, highly suspicious death of Stan Meyer, as far as I am aware, his design has not been replicated, mainly because people do not understand the information which he left behind. However, recently, a man whose forum ID is "H2Opower" has helped explain what Stan meant, and much of the following description is down to his sharing his understanding publicly and freely.

Stan's Canadian patent 2,067,735 has an arrangement where the injector schematic shows the injection into the engine of three separate components:

One component is described as ionised gas and ambient air is mentioned. The second component is part of the exhaust gas which is hot water vapour fed through a limiting valve, referred to as "inert gas". The third injection component is a very fine spray of water droplets or cold water “mist”. This three-component mixture is passed between high voltage electrodes and if the mix does not ignite spontaneously, then it is ignited with a spark.

One version of Stan's recommended injectors for an existing engine are shown like this:

This is a cross-section which only shows two of the three gas inputs flowing through this injector/spark plug. Each gas input has it's own feed passage which leads out between the central electrode and the circular outer electrode, and each feeder tube has it's own one-way valve to prevent the power stroke from forcing the incoming fuel back up it's feed tube.

This is only one of the ways that Stan shows that it can be done. Here is his diagram for a two cylinder engine fuel input, although it applies equally as well to any number of cylinders:

Let me stress that this is just an explanatory diagram and you do not have the intake and exhaust valves open when the spark plugs fire. Also, the pistons do not go up and down together but their movement is staggered to give a less uneven drive to the crankshaft. The point to note here is that the fuel intake is through standard valves and ordinary spark plugs are shown. However, this diagram for US Patent 5,293,857 is based on the use of an electrolyser and Stan found a way to avoid the need for an electrolyser.

For this, Stan's "Gas Processor" is a really key device in spite of it being what appears to be a fairly simple construction. It operates by pumping light energy into the fuel components. This may not sound like a big deal but it most definitely is, in fact, it is the heart of Stan's system. In addition to the extra energy, the fuel components are also stressed by high-voltage pulsed DC applied in such a way that it tends to pull the molecules apart as they flow past into the engine.

The Gas Processor is constructed from two highly reflective metal cylinders, 96 Light-Emitting Diodes ("LEDs") and a carefully adjusted high-voltage pulsed DC source. The reflecting tubes are used to make the light bounce backwards and forwards indefinitely until it is absorbed by the passing molecules. The choice of LEDs is very important as the wavelength of the light needs to be matched to the resonant frequencies of the fuel components passing by. Laser LEDs can be used but they need to be angled slightly in order for them to bounce and completely fill a section of the Gas Processor gas passage.

The operation is simple in concept. Six banks of sixteen LEDs are installed in the outer cylinder which has a polished inner surface. To see the effect of each LED, consider just one LED on it's own:

The LED light shines on to the inner tube which has a highly polished outer surface. In the diagram above, the light is shown in red, and the uppermost LEDs of the six columns of LEDs can be seen. The light is then reflected back to the outer cylinder again:

The reflected light is shown here in yellow although it is identical in wavelength to the section shown in red. This reflected light is again reflected by the outer tube and that repeats over and over again until the whole of the area between the two tubes is completely filled with the light. This will happen with just one LED, and that light will continue to be reflected backwards and forwards indefinitely if it does not collide with a gas molecule. That is the effect of just one LED, but there are six LEDs at that level, each producing light of the same frequency and reinforcing the power of each of the other five LEDs, producing a very powerful overall band of light.

The same thing happens in the vertical plane with the light bouncing all the way down the tubes, and as the LEDs at different levels generate different wavelengths, there is a powerful interaction between the different frequency waves, producing intermediate frequencies by a process with the technical name of "heterodyning":

In this diagram it has not been possible to show the way in which the reflected light from each LED interacts with the light from all of the other LEDs, but there is a complete intermixing of the beams. The LEDs are shown with greatly exaggerated size and spacing in order to give a reasonably understandable diagram.

The diagram above, barely indicates the level of light intensity inside the Gas Processor, and that is from only six of the ninety six LEDs actually installed. It is a little difficult to visualise this device, but the gas (of whatever type) flows up through a circular doughnut-shaped space between two pipes and is hammered by a very high level of light energy of the appropriate frequency. "H2Opower" believes that the optimum LED frequencies are as shown here:

and while, not surprisingly, I have not been able to find an LED supplier for these exact frequencies, most LEDs emit a band of frequencies rather than just a single frequency, so the working LEDs need to include the frequencies shown here.

The operation of the Gas Processor is further enhanced by applying a pulsed high-voltage between the inner and outer metal cylinders. This voltage stresses the molecules of the gas flowing between the two cylinders and because it is pulsed, it applies a tugging action on the molecules, tending to pull them apart:

As with all high-power free-energy systems, having the device operate in resonance is very important. If it is still available, the excellent video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQdcwDCBoNY shows what resonant circuit operation is all about. Briefly, the frequency of the driving waveform passing through winding "A" in the diagram above, is adjusted until almost no current flows through that winding. This is the same as tuning a radio to a particular radio station - in both cases, the signal at that frequency finds it almost impossible to drive any current through the winding. This would make you suspect that almost no current would flow in the output winding, but that is not the case because that current flows into the secondary winding from the local environment (after all, here is no electrical connection between the two windings, so common sense tells you that the electrons flowing in winding "A" do not flow out of the other winding). This resonant operation gives you a major energy gain courtesy of the local environment.

The objective of the Gas Processor is to modify whatever gas is flowing through it, air, water vapour, hydroxy, or whatever, to one of it's highly charged, highly energetic states. The high voltage applied to the metal cylinders of the Gas Processor does not flow through the gas between the cylinders. Instead, it provides a very high electrostatic Plus charge on the outer cylinder and a very high Minus charge on the inner cylinder, and these two opposing charges pull the charged parts of each molecule towards themselves. The positively charged gas ions get pulled towards the Negative inner cylinder and the negatively charged gas ions get pulled towards the Positive outer cylinder. Stan uses this technique on the incoming air when he uses an electrolyser to power an engine:

However, Stan's preference is to use air, water mist and some of the exhaust gas from the previous power stroke to power his engines. This is an effective method as "H2Opower" states that he has blown part of a car engine clean through the bonnet of the car, and that indicates that there is plenty of power available from those three components (although, ideally, you want to get the timing right and not over-stress the engine!!).

One thing that "H2Opower" points out is that the injectors supplied for converting any car to run on alternative fuels such as natural gas, can be adapted to be the equivalent of Stan's specialised injectors, if a pair of high-voltage electrodes are added to each injector and fed from a pulsed circuit such as Stan's "Voltage Intensifier Circuit". The arrangement would then be like this:

A 220-page "Technical Brief" from Stan Meyer at http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk/MeyerData.pdf can be downloaded free, although it may well provide you with more information than you ever wanted to know about the subject.

Peter Lindemann’s Lawnmower Running on Water Alone.

Peter Lindemann has shown that a much simplified version of Stan’s injection system can operate small engines directly on water alone. Let me suggest that it is not the water which causes the explosion, but instead, that the high-power spark causes disassociation of some of the water vapour, producing hydrogen and oxygen which then ignite, turning the remainder of the water vapour into flash-steam, making the engine operate as an internal combustion steam engine. The http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3NE8P0sPS8 video shows a lawnmower engine operating on a spark which occurs ten or eleven degrees before Top Dead Centre:

Developed in conjunction with the EnergeticForum, the technique is based on the Aaron/Gotoluc style of operation with the circuitry shown in this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOhNtRhJ5Rw although the “DirectHits” spark-booster shown at http://www.pulstar.com/directhits.cfm might well make the circuitry easier. Obviously, using this technology to operate a standard electric generator would be a major objective, especially since there appears to be little need to adjust the existing spark timing much.

Peter Lowrie’s High-Current Electrolyser System.

Peter Lowrie of New Zealand developed an electrolysis system for use with internal combustion engines. Like the previous systems, Peter feeds a spray of fine water droplets into the engine, using a carburettor, supplied by a water tank. He also feeds in some exhaust gas and heated hydroxy gas, which is a technique which is almost identical to Stan Meyer's method.

Peter also produces a very large volume of hydroxy gas with a most unusual method. He uses a delta-wound, GEC marine alternator (though he says that the alternator from a truck would do). He modifies the alternator by removing the diodes inside it and leading each of the three phase-windings out to his electronics. He uses each of the three phase-windings to power one electrolysis cell. He applies only 2 volts or so, to the DC winding of the alternator, which is about the minimum which allows the alternator to work.

The DC current supplied is less than one amp while the pulsed current to the electrolysis cells is much higher. When a snap-on ammeter surrounds the wires to the cells, a current of at least 800 amps is displayed. A point of particular interest is the inductor (coil) placed between the electrolysis cells and the windings of the alternator. Peter describes this as a choke out of a 3-phase industrial power supply. It is comprised of a laminated steel core with a sheet of copper wound around it. This is remarkably like the arrangement used by Stan Meyer and already described earlier in this document.

Peter has run a 1,600 cc car engine at 5,500 rpm with the gas output from his cells. He believes that his method of cascading the gas output from the cells through each other, produces a more active form of hydroxy gas. He also uses a heat-exchanger which allows the exhaust to pre-heat the hydroxy gas before it is passed to the engine (a method also used by Stan Meyer for running a car on water alone). Peter also uses impulse-operated valves to control the flow of gas to the engine as shown here:

The Use of Water in Engines.

I can fully understand someone having difficulty with accepting the idea that water can be used as part of the fuel inside an internal combustion engine. However, there is an old saying that "fact is stranger than fiction" and that certainly appears to apply in this case. First, it is essential to accept the fact that it can be an important component inside the engine, as this has been demonstrated by several different people who do not know each other and who live in different countries around the world. Second, having accepted that fact, the next step is to ask what exactly happens with the water.

I have come across an interesting document dated May 2009. I have been unable to trace its origin in order to ask permission to reproduce it here, so if you know how to contact the author, then please let me know. This is a report on an actual experimental tests on an internal combustion engine:

Ambient heat into work conversion.

Water-steam car, simple concept: simple Otto engine running from water mist using standard off-the-shelf ultrasonic humidifier (4 stroke diesel engine will work as well...could even perform better).

http://home.howstuffworks.com/humidifier4.htm

Replication log: Ultrasonic humidifier 0.25 litter water vaporisation per hour was set to 1/3 of its power. Use the water humidifier at air intake. Remove carburettor (or injection stuff if any) and filter for first. The way from duster to the engines air intake should be as short as possible to avoid the micro water droplets created by the humidifier collecting on the inside of the tube which feeds the water mist to the engine air intake. The engine used was a 1-cylinder 200 cc electrical generator. The engine ran very slowly at first. In the case of a 4-stroke Otto engine, it is possible to speed it up using a propane cartridge. The engine then tends to "lock" into a higher rpm band, where the propane can be cut off permanently. The air going into the engine has a temperature of 22° C, while on average the air temperature leaving the engine was -16° C ( a 38° C drop).

This is amazing – but this concept really does work!

You can make the car engine idle using this method. The water may need to be a bit warm. Ignition is not needed but it does facilitate the engine running. You may need to “turn the key” several times (based on this replication test). In the case of a diesel engine, you may need to replace the injectors with some kind of spark plug like on an A.E.R.O.P.S engine or use Firestorm plugs or any other stuff which is able to give the water an additional blast via plasma discharge, to increase performance further. You can make a gasoline generator work with water steam, also a lawn mower, etc.

Now – when it idles you have gone ‘over the edge’ so you need to add some more power, possible options are: adding hydrogen or HHO, preheating the water (possibly with solar energy), adding some fuel or spirit, powerful ignition or maybe some magnetic polarisation. This concept is now public and you can experiment with it on your own. Follow safety precautions and use common sense.

Do not expect high rpm results on the very first test run. Its a very basic concept which shows just one kind of transformation of environment heat into pressure and usable work. Also, do not pre-heat the engine before using it. The engine must not be hot!

A bit of physical background:

During the first stroke of a 4-stroke Otto engine, the piston moves down and sucks ambient air into the cylinder. During the second stroke, the piston moves up and compresses this air to a pressure of 25 bar (atmospheres). According to the “ideal gas law”:

p x V = n x R(m) x T

the temperature rises due to compression above its initial ambient temperature. The compression ratio of the engine will boost the temperature, typically up to 450°C to 500°C. This second stroke of an Otto engine NEEDS ENERGY FOR COMPRESSION! Now consider what will happen to microscopic water droplets contained in the air inside the cylinder. If the water converts instantly to flash-steam, then its volume increases dramatically, boosting the pressure inside the cylinder and powering the piston during its power stroke and storing energy in the flywheel.

Please note, that the water mist isn’t water vapour...it’s not a gas! It is still a liquid! The important DIFFERENCE becomes evident during the compression stroke! As the piston starts to move upwards to compress air which contains the water droplets, pressure AND HEAT, as described before, start to rise. BUT the compression itself is NOT able to raise the water temperature directly, as the water is still a LIQUID and therefore the temperature of the water isn’t affected from higher pressure! So initially, only the air temperature rises due to compression. But tiny water droplets are present inside the cylinder, and as the air temperature gets greater and greater than the temperature of the water droplets, heat starts to flow from the air into the water droplets, heating them up! But as long the water temperature does not reach its boiling point, the droplets will not expand due to this rise in temperature and they will simply keep the same volume.

So the water droplets acting as a heat-absorber during the compression stroke! Lower heat implies lower pressure, and lower pressure during the compression stroke implies ENERGY SAVING DURING THE COMPRESSION STROKE!

Please have a look at the following graph (no losses are included in the calculation):

The graph shows the pressure within a 4-stroke engine cylinder in respect of time, starting from the beginning of the compression stroke (second one), ending with the end of the power stroke (third one). The work that is needed for the compression stroke is represented by the integral of the graph, from the very left to the yellow marker. The work which is done by the piston during the power stroke is represented by the integral of the graph from the yellow marker to the very right of the graph (20,000 at the time scale).

Let's assume that engine is an ideal one (loss-less). The red graph line represents the pressure within engine cylinder, if no water is present, and no ignition occurs. The graph is symmetrical to the Top Dead Centre (the yellow marker in the middle), so we put in energy at compression and we get the same amount back during the 3 stroke (power stroke). No loss, no gain. We get plus and minus zero.

The blue graph line shows what happens, if microscopic water droplets are present. The pressure does not rise as much as in case without water droplets, because the water works as a heat absorber during the compression stroke, and this lowers the pressure as well. The shape of the graph changes, so that symmetry of the compression and power strokes isn’t there any longer, resulting in a gain of energy.

Factors which affect this process include the water droplet diameters, droplet distribution, the engine's rpm which controls the length of time, the ambient air temperature, the engine's compression ratio and even the water hardness and it's physical properties. It is certainly not a simple case where you can say “more water, means higher revs giving more power”. For example, if the water droplets are too large, then there will be too little conversion to steam and insufficient power will be produced. Alternatively, if there are too few water droplets, then there may be no effect at all or the conversion to steam may take place too early to provide useful power.

The theory given here is a very simplified one, but should suffice for the first steps towards a better technology and a better understanding of the concepts of “energy from the environment”.

It is tempting to conclude that the power gained from water droplets inside an engine cylinder are caused by the water turning into flash-steam and nothing else. However, that is probably not the case, nor is it the case that energy placed in the water by the sun heating it is extracted (which does happen) and that is the only additional source of energy.

In the scientific paper entitled "Possibility of Liberating Solar Energy via Water Arc Explosions" by George Hathaway and Peter Graneau, they discovered that when they produced an electric arc discharge in cold water fog: "The principal discovery made in the past two years was that it is a collection of fog droplets in the water which explodes and not the liquid water itself. The term 'fog' is meant to include not only the tiny droplets which float in air but also larger droplets which fall in the atmosphere and would be more correctly described as 'mist'. The sole explanation of the explosions so far put forward contends that the intermolecular bonding energy in fog is less than 540 callg, the latent heat of bulk water. The bonding energy difference is then liberated in a quantum jump when the fog is formed in micro-seconds". Summing up their experiments, they conclude that "virtually all the kinetic energy developed by the explosion must be internal water energy"

In the earlier scientific paper "The Anomalous Strength of Cold Fog Explosions Caused by High-Current Water Arcs" by N. Graneau, he comments: "The unusual strength of explosions caused by a pulsed current flowing through water plasma was first noticed in 1907 by Trowbridge in his early high-voltage laboratory at Harvard University. When he passed as arc through a spray of water, the resulting explosion was louder than in ordinary laboratory air. During the Second World War, Frϋngel measured the strength of water arc explosions and published his results in 1948. He concluded that they were not caused by heat and steam and freely admitted that he was unable to explain the phenomenon. In 1969, the US Bureau of Mines issued a long report on their investigation into using water arc explosions for rock fragmentation. In one experiment, the investigators at the Twin City Mining Research Centre noticed that the energy output was apparently 156% of the input. This result was reported but treated as an experimental error".

The bottom line appears to be that using cold water mist droplets in an internal combustion engine has a minimum of the following energy additions:

1. Reduction of the energy required during the compression stroke due to the water droplets absorbing some of the heat generated by the compression and so reducing the increase in air volume during the compression.

2. On ignition, the very rapid conversion of the droplets to steam, caused by their massive surface area, produces a very rapid rise in pressure inside the cylinder.

3. The internal energy of the water caused by absorbing energy from the sun before entry into the engine may well be contributed to the power generation process.

4. Surprisingly, it has been shown that under these conditions, at the moment of explosion, the water itself contributes energy, and this process is one which most people are at a loss to explain, in spite of observing and measuring it happening.

The conclusion has to be that it appears possible that an internal combustion engine could be made to operate using cold water mist as the fuel, if a sufficiently powerful ignition plasma spark is provided using something like one of Robert Krupa's "FireStorm" spark plugs described below. Alternatively, with a lesser spark from an ordinary spark plug and the addition of quite a modest amount of a gas mix of hydrogen and oxygen from the electrolysis of water, the same effect can be produced. Consequently, although it appears so unlikely to a quick glance, that an internal combustion engine could be run on a mix of hydroxy gas, air and cold water mist, the reality is that the process is actually based on sound scientific principles and readily understood processes.

5. Other Useful Devices

The Panacea video series on improving engine running is highly recommended. You can view that series of videos at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crM1z4ega24&feature=related .

Ted Ewert’s “Vortex” Air-Feed System.

Ted Ewert has developed and tested a very effective and simple device which can improve the running of some vehicles. This device works best with four-cylinder vehicles because the pulsed air intake of vehicles with fewer cylinders, enhances the beneficial effect.

This is a silent, simple and cheap device which enhances the airflow into the engine. This can have a dramatic effect on the performance of the engine. For example, Ted has an old Datsun 310 which has been sitting unused for years. Petrol ("gasoline") loses it’s lighter fractions in six months or so and that makes it far less volatile and more difficult to burn. Ted’s Datsun has gasoline in the tank which is five years old and the car will not run on that fuel with it’s normal air intake. However, when Ted put one of his turbines on it, it starts immediately and runs fine with that old fuel. That particular vortex turbine has been dubbed "The Respirator". The Datsun has a carburettor which shows that this turbine works well with carburettors.

The “Respirator”

This simple device is a vortex tube made from a short piece of PVC pipe which has been slotted and shaped. It fits between the air filter and throttle body, or carburettor, and causes the incoming air to spin at a relatively high rate, creating a vortex. Angular velocity is crucial in the formation of a strong vortex and the air entering the Respirator from the air filter, arrives at right angles to the turbine slots, giving an immediate and powerful spin inside the tubing.

Ted says: “Most people think of a spinning air mass as having no particularly unusual properties. This is not correct. A spinning air mass has some very unique and useful properties. Standard aerodynamics, and linear Newtonian physics are unable to explain the properties of a flow of air spinning at high speed. In fact, when compared to a static flow of air within a pipe, a vortex behaves in almost completely the opposite way.

All spinning objects, whether they are solid, liquid or gaseous, contain two opposing forces: centrifugal and centripetal. Centrifugal is the expanding force travelling away from the centre axis, and centripetal is the contracting force pulling in towards the centre. This concept of dual forces is key to understanding a vortex. "Modern" physics has decided that the centrifugal force doesn't exist and now refers to it as a ‘false’ or ‘phantom’ force. This illustrates how detached from the real world academia has become and why it has stagnated.

The combination of these two forces, acting together in a vortex, create some unique conditions. One of these conditions is a laminar configuration. Co-axial laminations form throughout the vortex, creating numerous layers of air spinning virtually independently of each other. These layers are separated by zones of extremely low, virtually zero, friction and this allows them to spin at different rates.

As the vortex spins faster, the two opposing forces become stronger. This further laminates the flow as well as compressing the layers. The low-friction zones allow the compressed central air mass an unimpeded pathway for it’s axial flow through the pipe. This is the reverse of the flow conditions for a straight, non-coherent air mass which has a tendency to develop friction and resistance, due to turbulence, in direct proportion to its velocity through a pipe.

Spin rate determines the degree of air compression and the linear flow rate of the mass. The faster that the vortex spins, the more it does just what we want, which is to create a dense, compressed and fast-moving flow. This is why we take the flow of air from the air box and use its speed and direction (90 degrees) to initiate the spin in our tube. This is by far the simplest and most efficient way to get the air spinning fast. The properties of a vortex are increased in step with the angular velocity. Just as a top wobbles and falls when spun slowly, so a vortex will not exhibit any strong properties until spun really fast.

As you may know, an important part of supplying air to an engine is the ability to supply a lot of air in a short burst. This turbine creates a spinning air mass which is uniquely able to supply this air due to its virtually frictionless laminar composition and pressure built up through compression. The vortex provides compressed, dense air to the cylinder, which takes significantly less energy to draw in due to it’s stored inertial energy, and it’s ability to move freely in the direction of it’s axis of rotation.

Between engine cycles, when air is not needed, the vortex continues to spin and build up additional pressure. This spinning air mass acts like a flywheel and stores energy which is put to use on the next intake stroke. A static air flow has no such stored energy and has to be accelerated by the engine intake stroke every time air is needed, thereby wasting energy. This flywheel property is key to understanding why the vortex works as well as it does. Unless the vortex is pulsed, or modulated, no extra energy can be developed.

In a multi-cylinder car the flow of air becomes so steady that no effect is produced with just the turbine because there is no pulsing in the airflow into the engine. The rapidly rotating air within the turbine acts as a flywheel. When it is pulsed by the cylinder on the intake stroke, force is applied to the vortex as air is sucked down the pipe and into the cylinder. As soon as the intake valve closes, the pulse ends, the air stops its linear movement, but increases it's angular spin velocity. This is where the extra power is generated. While the intake valve is closed, the vortex continues to draw more air into the pipe, where it is accelerated and compressed, until the intake valve opens again.

Power cannot be accessed until the pulse ceases. In a steady flow this never happens. Force has to be alternately applied and relaxed. To help visualise this imagine a coil spring attached to a shaft. When a sharp pulse is applied to the shaft, the spring expands. Only when the pulse ceases, and the spring starts to contract does the power get translated into movement. This also applies to a flywheel. You can also see with the coiled spring that the pulse must be timed to coincide with the resonant frequency of the spring for the highest efficiency. Random pulses, or pulses that are badly timed, will not have nearly the effect that correctly timed pulses have.

The air turbine doesn't rely as much on resonance as it does on large, well spaced pulses. This is because the power of the pulse is huge in comparison to the inertia of the air. Resonance is essential for anything that has a fair amount of mass - solids or liquids. In the case of a multi-cylinder engine, the pulses become less distinct the greater the number of cylinders. A six-cylinder vehicle barely sees any gain from the turbine, and an eight-cylinder little to none. With this type of engine the vortex needs to be modulated to gain energy.

This enhancement can be done through manipulating the shape of the intake tube. A round tube gives no gain but if the tube is "egg shaped" it produces an alternate centripetal / centrifugal pulse which imparts extra energy to the vortex. Just as the Earth draws energy from it's elliptical orbit, so in the same way, the vortex gains energy with each rotation it makes through an elliptical, or egg shaped tube.

I put a slice of a smaller diameter pipe along the inner top of my tube. This small addition accomplished a noticeable increase in performance for the unit in my car. A curve in the pipe will also act like an ellipse since the rotation is compressed on the inside of the curve and expanded around the outside. Another interesting thing with the turbine is that it works much better when the engine gets hot. I notice a large increase in power in my bike as soon as the engine gets hot. This is because the heat adds energy to the vortex, just like a hurricane travelling across warm water. The heat added by the intake tube adds velocity and compression to the vortex as it spins waiting for the intake valve to open”.

The vortex is created by cutting angled slots into a piece of PVC piping as shown here:

The air enters through each of six tapered slots cut parallel to the axis of the pipe. These give the air an initial spin inside the pipe and the pulsating intake of the engine, combined with the oval shape of the PVC exit T-piece, accelerates the air into a serious vortex which improves the intake to the engine, raising it’s efficiency and giving more engine power.

Ted created the egg-shaped part of the final PVC T-piece by adding an extra cut section of PVC pipe to a standard T-piece as shown here:

The turbine which Ted put on his bike works outstandingly well. The torque curve is extended well below it's former efficiency range. It is possible to substantially enrich the fuel / air ratio and still maintain the same mpg results as before. When the turbine is removed, both the mpg and the engine performance go way down. The turbine adds more air to the engine. To take full advantage of the possible increase in performance, the mixture should to be enriched.

Ted also put one in his 1995 Toyota Corolla car which has an 1800 cc 4 cylinder engine and a 5 speed gearbox and he is getting over 40 mpg on the open road and the low 30s around town. Originally, those figures were 34 on the open road and 27 around town. The performance has also increased very noticeably. Another nice feature is the lack of knocking and pinging under load. Performance in the mountains at high altitude is also significantly improved.

Ted has spent only a couple of months testing and evaluating this device on his cars and bike. A problem with this device is that it cannot be run directly through a carburettor, as it can with a fuel injection system. A carburettor works with a venturi which develops a low pressure zone in the throat with respect to the float bowl pressure. A vortex has no respect for a venturi and creates it's own pressure gradient which screws up the fuel metering. Ted has somewhat solved this issue by diffusing the vortex just before it enters the carburettor. Pressure and velocity are built up before the carb then sent through a diffuser.

There is still plenty of research to do with this device. And there will be many improvements and beneficial modifications still to be made to it. Ted remarks that he does not have access to any engine test facilities and that makes it difficult for him to assess accurately the results of any design variations which he may make. Ted is hoping that someone will take his design and improve it further. There is great potential in this little piece of plastic pipe.

Ted has fitted a different style of his turbine to his Toyota as shown here. The turbine section is marked “PMT” which stands for “Poor Man’s Turbo”, though obviously, you don’t need to be poor to benefit from a turbine system like this which has no moving parts:

Cam-Timing Issues in America.

A deceptively simple way of improving mpg performance has been discussed recently in the watercar forums, and that is the adjustment of the cam settings on American cars made since 1971. This sounds most unlikely, but it is a proven fact. For example, a 2004 Jeep Wrangler 2.4 litre received a 10 degree advancement on both cams, and that gave a 70% improvement on the mpg, much more engine power and an exhaust which runs much cooler.

Over the years, one man experienced a 50% to 100% improvement in mpg over a range of personally owned cars and trucks, and the emissions were improved by nearly 90%. It is not suggested that everybody should make a cam adjustment, just to be aware that an adjustment of that nature can have a dramatic effect.

Another example: “Advancing the cam timing will make the engine run cooler. I have been messing with cam timing for about 25 years. I had a 1985 Ford Ranger with a 2.8 litre engine - it was a dog. The same engine used in the 1970 Mercury Capri had lots of power. The Ranger was a dog because the cam timing was set almost 10 degrees retarded. I gave it an 8 degree advance and the Ford Ranger came to life and hauled ass. Also, after-market ratio-rocker arms help a lot on late model cars. I changed the cam timing on my 1998 Chevy truck by 10 degrees. With it’s 350 cubic inch engine and ratio rocker arms installed, it gained almost 90 horsepower and brought the power band lower giving more torque because the rocker makes the cam have higher lift and longer duration on the cam which makes it breath better.”

Comment from a man with 25 years experience in this field: “Cam timing is when the valves open and close in relation to the crank shaft and piston movement. The number 1 piston is set at true Top Dead Centre. At this point the degree wheel is set to the front of the engine against the front pulley at the zero degrees mark and you install a pointer mounted to the engine block pointing at the zero mark on the wheel. When the crank is turned to about the 108 to 112 degree mark, the intake valve is fully opened. That is where most engines are set nowadays. This what I call retarded cam timing. The engine seems to run well but doesn't really to seem to have much low and mid-range pulling power. When racing, you would retard a cam for high RPMs, they also could breath and had no restriction in the exhaust. The power may come in at, lets say, 3000 - 6500 RPM and advancing a cam for more torque and power, that same cam may produce power at 1000 - 4000 RPM and after all, who drives over 4000 rpm on the road?”

Another comment: “Our jeep has twin overhead cams. Advancing them does not make them stay open longer, they just open and close sooner. My reason for advancing both cams was, if I only advance the intake cam, the intake would open earlier causing more overlap if the exhaust wasn't advanced. Normally the intake valve closes after Bottom Dead Centre. Just by looking at the piston, sometimes it's almost one quarter of the way up on the compressing stroke before the intake closes. By advancing the cams, the intake closes closer to BDC. This produces higher compression. Years ago, when I did this to some of the V8s, I would switch to adjustable rocker arms and a solid lifter cam. I was able to adjust the overlap by backing off on the rockers. On an engine with one cam, advancing the cam will adjust both the intake and the exhaust. Rule of thumb is: lets say most engines are retarded by 4 degrees or more, you really don't want to advance the cams more than 4 degrees advanced. I sometimes push this as far as 6 degrees advanced for improved mpg. That is a total difference of 10 degrees from 4 degrees retarded to 6 degrees advanced. This works well with low compression engines. I also don't see a need to go to a higher compression ratio. Think about it: if you had a compression ratio of 12 to 1 and the intake closes a quarter of the way up the compression stroke, how much is compression will there be, compared to a 8 to 1 compression ratio where the full stroke compresses the mixture? If you had a engine that made it easy to get to the cam or cams by just removing a dust cover, like on our Jeep 4-cylinder, I would say to install adjustable timing gears. Then you could just remove the cover and play with the cam timing until you came up with the best power and mileage

Robert Krupa’s “FireStorm” Spark Plug.

The “FireStorm” plug was developed by Robert Krupa and it is an innocuous looking spark plug which can be used to replace a standard spark plug in an ordinary production engine:

However, this plug is far from ordinary. The central electrode has been changed from a cylindrical post to a hemispherical dome, surrounded by four arched electrodes, each of which being positioned at a constant distance from the hemisphere. This allows a much greater spark area and results in very much improved performance.

The fuel/air mixture can be made leaner without any harmful side effects. If this is done using standard plugs, then the engine will run at a much higher temperature which can damage the engine. But when using FireStorm plugs, a leaner fuel/air mix actually results in the engine running at a lower temperature. Robert has measured this effect and found that under identical running conditions, the engine exhaust was 100oF cooler when using FireStorm plugs. A mixture ratio of 24:1 is used rather than the current 14.7:1 mix and polluting emissions are very much reduced by the use of this plug design. Mixtures of up to 40:1 can be used with this plug.

Robert has been awarded two patents for this plug design: US 5,936,332 on 10th August 1999 and US 6,060,822 on 9th May 2000. These show variations of the basic dual arch electrodes, two of which are shown here:

It was hoped that these plugs would go into production early in 2008 but there is no word of manufacturing starting. Robert gave Bosch of Germany a set of FireStorm plugs to test. After ten weeks of testing, their response was “This is unbelievable - we have never seen anything like this in all the time we have been building sparkplugs”. When standard spark plugs fire for a long time, the spark gap increases and the spark is weakened. Bosch ran an eight-week endurance test on the FireStorm plugs and found that there was zero gap growth. They concluded that FireStorm plugs would never wear out (which may well be why they are not yet in production - after all, who wants to manufacture something which never wears out?).

Robert’s first FireStorm plug was made in 1996 and he has encountered strong opposition to their introduction and manufacture ever since. This plug will not be popular with the oil companies as less fuel is burnt. This is probably a fallacy because, human nature being what it is, people are likely to keep spending the same amount on fuel and just drive more. For the same reason, the plug will not be popular with governments who tax fuel. The companies who make spark plugs will not like it as it does not wear out like standard plugs do. It uses less fuel and cuts harmful emissions dramatically, so it will be popular with motorists and environmentalists, if Robert can get it into production.

Plasma Ignition.

If any form of construction work with a vehicle is beyond your abilities, then the plasma ignition system offered through the http://www.bluephoenixignition.com/products.htm web site may be of interest to you. The company offers a system which can be used with any cheap non-resistor spark plugs and they claim a 40% improvement in mpg performance.

The video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYCr4p5QDEA explains the details of the system and claims that the resulting plasma from the plugs is so powerful that it can ignite cold water mist. Also, because of the very much improved fuel burn, the engine timing can be adjusted closer to the Top Dead Centre position, increasing the engine efficiency further. The very cheap spark plugs are liable to need replacing after five thousand miles or so, but that is hardly a serious overhead. The system can be used with 6-cylinder vehicles, 4-cylinder vehicles and electrical generators with one or two cylinders, and with outboard engines.

Roger Maynard’s Water Vapour Injection System.

Fifty years ago car engines were not nearly as powerful as they are now. In those says it was quite common for a driver to remark that his car ran smoother and more powerfully on wet days. This was not imagination as water vapour drawn into the engine along with the air, turned to steam at the moment of ignition, and expanding provided additional thrust to the pistons while lowering the running temperature slightly.

This fact was utilised in World War II when units which were effective standard bubblers used with hydroxy boosters were added to the vehicles. Roger Maynard has built and used these units extensively since 1978, and my thanks goes to him for providing this information and illustrations.

The unit is attached to the air intake of the vehicle, between the air filter and the engine. A small diameter plastic pipe is lead from there to a glass or plastic container holding water. In the above picture Roger is using a glass Mason jar with a screw-on metal lid which has a seal. Sometimes called a preserving jar, these jars are very convenient.

The air feed into the jar is by a length of the same plastic piping and terminated with a standard air-stone or “soap-stone” as used in a home aquarium, as this causes a large number of separate bubbles. It is good practice to glue the plastic fittings to the lid of the jar, but this can make the jar too airtight and if that happens it may be necessary to remove the rubber seal which is around the neck of the jar.

A glass jar has the advantage of not being affected by the heat produced by the engine. This is a very simple unit and it uses ordinary water which is not exactly a hazardous substance. The effect of using it is far greater than would be imagined. On Roger’s 4-cylinder KIA car, the mpg rose from 320 miles per tank full of fuel to 380 miles around town (18%) and 420 miles on the open road (31%) which is a very marked improvement. On his 6-cylinder Tacoma shows an 8% increase around town and a 12% increase on the open road. The water is topped up every 1200 miles or so.

However, some engines are suited to the air-stone and some are not. Smaller engines may work much better if a stainless steel screw is used instead of the air-stone:

Just to clarify the operation of the device:

The container has a plastic elbow connection in the lid through which the outside air is drawn into the container. The air flows down through a plastic tube to either an air-stone from a pet shop, or a loose bolt in the end of the plastic tube. The air-stone has many small holes in it and these break the incoming air up into many streams of small bubbles.

There is a second elbow in the lid and the air, which is now very damp, is drawn out through it by the reduced pressure in the normal air intake of the engine. The lower pressure there is caused by the intake strokes of the engine and the air going to the engine now comes from two sources – the normal path through the air filter, and the new path through the bubbler. Most of the air flows through the air filter as normal, but there is now a small percentage which flows through the water, adding cold moisture to the airflow.

Some people feel that this couldn’t possibly make any difference, but experience has shown that the addition of this extra stream of damp air can and usually does have a beneficial effect, improving the mpg, making the engine run a little cooler and generally improving the operation of the engine. It is a very simple low-tech device which does not cost much, so if you feel inclined, then try it out and see what effect it has on your vehicle, after all, if it does not provide a useful improvement, then you can easily remove it.

“Fuelsavers” Streamlining Fins.

A similar system is on offer from the website http://www.fuelsavers.com.au/ where they offer small aluminium fins which mount on top of the trailing edge of the bodywork of a vehicle. The devices are reckoned to save some 10% to 12% on fuel consumption, they can be home-made, nine per vehicle is the recommended number. The device and mounting look like this:

Robert Patterson’s “Ram Implosion Wing” Streamlining System.

The next device may not be a “free-energy” device as such, but if not, it is very close to being such. It is a structure, which when mounted on top of a motor vehicle, improves the airflow to such an extent that the fuel consumption is said to be reduced by a major factor. The device was invented by Robert Patterson and is said to create a vortex which not only decreases wind resistance but may also create a forward propulsion force.

It is claimed that the effect created by one of these wings reduces the amount of dust stirred up when driving along a dirt road and if there is a paper bag sitting in the middle of the road, it is left unmoved when the vehicle passes over it at high speed. About a dozen people are testing this device at the present time. The biggest effect is at speeds of 60 mph or more. One researcher states that he installed the wing on the roof of his Lincoln Town car using a roof rack which allowed the wing to hang over the rear window by some six inches. He states that his fuel consumption has improved from 17 mpg to 56 mpg.

Positioning of the wing, texturing of the wing surface, and the speed of the vehicle appear to be important factors in gaining an improvement. There is a research group and the website is:

http://www.pureenergysystems.com/news/2005/03/08/6900067_RamWingUpdate/

High-mpg Carburettors.

The very poor mpg figures produced by most US vehicles is a quite deliberate arrangement forced on drivers by the oil companies. In 1997, an engineer working at a US Ford company plant witnessed a 351 CID V8 started at about 4:30 pm. with a 1 litre bottle of fuel as an exactly measured amount. The next morning when he went to the factory floor, that engine was still running and had only consumed about one third of the one litre bottle. On asking about the fuel consumption, he was shown a display that read, "248.92 mpg". He was shocked and said, "This must be a mistake" but the engineer said that it was true. He then asked when they would have it ready to be put in a new Ford, he was told that he would not see it in his lifetime. This is company policy and has nothing to do with engineering which is easily capable of this level of performance. That 249 miles per US gallon is 298 miles per European gallon since the European gallon is 20% bigger than the US gallon.

There have been more than 200 patents granted for high-mpg carburettors. These designs all give between 100 and 250 mpg on a US gallon of fuel. Not a single one of these designs has made it to the marketplace due to the fanatical opposition of the oil companies. Last year, the Shell oil company posted typical earnings for the year, which showed that that they had made US $3,000,000 profit per hour for every hour of every day of the entire year. Did you enjoy contributing to that profit every time you bought fuel to burn?

Nearly all of these high-mpg carburettor designs convert the fuel to vapour form before it enters the engine. There is no magic about this performance, just good engineering practice. It will probably come as a great surprise to you that the oil companies now put additives into the gasoline sold in the USA. They have 103 varieties of additives and I expect that they will explain that these are used to reduce evaporation in summer (as if they care about that !) and combat freezing in the winter. An “unfortunate” side effect of these additives is that they clog up any carburettor which converts the fuel to vapour form. Instead of 200 mpg, it is now quite common for US vehicles to have a 15 mpg performance and that effectively increases the cost per mile by more than ten times.

I am confident that it would be possible to design a high-mpg carburettor which deals with the additive sludge left over when the fuel is converted to vapour. In passing, the present situation gives added encouragement to stop burning oil-based products and switch to electric, compressed air, or water-powered vehicles. That is a perfectly viable option technically, but it would create frantic opposition from the oil companies and most governments which raise massive revenues from taxing oil products. The energy problem is not technical, it is financial and political.

You will find eight of these high-mpg carburettor patents in the Appendix. The most famous of these are the three patents by Charles Pogue:

www.free-energy-info.com/PatCarb1.pdf

www.free-energy-info.com/PatCarb2.pdf

www.free-energy-info.com/PatCarb3.pdf

It would never have occurred to me that a carburettor could be used for anything other than feeding an engine, but a very experienced and practical man who lives in Alaska has used them for other things. He says:

I started out in 1976 when the first oil crunch came along and the Pogue system seemed to make the most sense at the time. We were looking to get a system started for making alcohol fuel and we were looking to develop a continuous-batch alcohol plant. This can produce feed for animals, fertilizer for the farms and fuel for vehicles or houses. It was based around growing barley and as barley is not good animal feed when grown, it needs to be cracked in some form and it was learned that this was a suitable method which had been used throughout Europe in ancient times. Two years later, the state passed a law banning alcohol fuel production. However, some of us wound up making heaters to use the alcohol produced in this way and those heaters were very efficient and they helped a lot of people, so something good did come of it anyway.

It was about this time that I met a man who had done research on the Pogue carburettor for the Sun oil company in 1928. He was very knowledgeable and helpful and in his 80's at the time. He agreed that going to alcohol, would be a better idea as it would solve many of the problems which had been engineered into gasoline fuels.

If you look at present day engines, they are as far as possible from what is needed for using this method. High compression engines will fire from heat generated under compression before top dead centre and will knock the top out of the pistons as it is an explosion rather than a burn. So, low compression engines are preferred, and firing at least 10 degrees after top dead centre. A long-stroke engine is best and some added flywheel weight increases the engine power. The incoming air needs to be pre-heated to reduce the amount of heat drawn from the combustion by the nitrogen in the air. It is the nitrogen heat content that suppresses the burn of any open fuel.

The GEET system is very similar to what we did with a few exceptions. We heated a small amount of fuel using an electric element, converting the fuel to vapour, pressurising it using the exhaust which made controlling the amount of vapour much easier. All the rest is basic GEET or Pogue.

There are many devices which I have made over the years, including the Pogue carburettor which can get very good energy efficiency from burning fuels. It is used by many industries from smelting furnaces to trains for transporting goods but it is not used by car manufacturers.

I like to study industry, because they use what works in the real world, even if they refuse to share the knowledge with others. Our group built a few metal smelters for cleaning aluminium and casting ingots. They use waste oil and roar like mad, smelting 50 lb engines in 15 minutes or less, burning less than a pint (half a litre) of oil to do it.

Allen Caggiano

If you think that this is exaggeration, take the case of Allen Caggiano whose high-mileage carburettor patent and constructional details are at www.free-energy-info.com/Caggiano.pdf .

Allen is an inventive and stubborn man not readily blackmailed or browbeaten. In 1978 he produced the design for his first high-mileage carburettor, assembled the prototype and installed it in a 1973 Dodge Coronet station wagon. This gave spectacular results of 111 miles per gallon. Unfortunately, it failed after a short time. In 1979, he installed the second generation device on a 318 cubic inch (5.2 litre) Dodge V-8 engine and called it the “FIVS Gen II” standing for “Fuel Implosion Vaporisation System Generation 2”. This second prototype proved very reliable and produced results as remarkable as the first, getting as much as 113 miles per US gallon (European gallons are 20% larger than US gallons so 113 miles per US gallon is 135 miles per European gallon).

The installation of the ‘FIVS Gen II’ required modifications to the carburettor and the removal of the catalytic converter. This was prohibited by EPA regulations. It was therefore a violation of Federal Law. Al ignored the regulations because he knew tail pipe emissions from his FIVS vehicle were much lower than the law required. He was upholding the spirit of the law, and he was willing to argue his case in court if it came to that. He wanted a confrontation, he wanted a chance to tell the world that his FIVS made pollution control devices obsolete. He painted the station wagon bright yellow and in bold black letters along the sides he wrote: “This Car Gets Over 100 Miles Per Gallon and Doesn’t Pollute the Air”.

On the third day of his new campaign, as Al got into the station wagon he noticed a car pulling up behind him. He got out to greet two men in suits flashing FBI credentials. While he spoke to one, the other slipped away, climbed in to his station wagon, and drove it off. Astonished, he turned to watch his vehicle going down the street. Then he heard the FBI car pulling out behind him. Al just stood there watching the two vehicles disappear around the corner. An old friend, his attorney, later called the FBI office. The FBI denied any knowledge of the incident. Angry and frustrated, but undaunted, Al said good-bye to the Dodge Coronet, and found another similar Dodge station wagon and set to work installing another FIVS system. He painted this one yellow, too, with bold black lettering.

Not long after the first car was stolen, he received an interesting offer from a California based corporation. This corporation wanted to purchase exclusive rights to his FIVS Gen II. Al asked his attorney to check it out. The corporation turned out to be a subsidiary of several other corporations, all of which were owned by an oil company. This arrangement is typical of the way contemporary monopolies are structured. Al had been doing some reading about other inventors in the past and other fuel saving devices that had never seen the light of day and he was determined that he would never allow the oil companies get control of his device.

After he refused the offer, two different FBI agents came calling. He was careful not to leave keys in his unattended vehicle this time. They informed him that he was violating Federal laws and should cease and desist. Defiant and excited that he might soon make his case in court, he told his wife, Deb, not to worry. A couple of weeks after the second FBI visit, unmarked brown paper envelopes began arriving, containing 8” x 10” photographs of the children and Deb. A child on the playground at school. A child getting off the school bus. Deb in the supermarket, and so on. She was terrified and the marriage broke up.

The FBI was behaving like the Mafia. He wrote on the side of his Dodge: “The Big Boys Are Trying To Make Me And This Car Disappear! HELP ME!”. One his oldest friends, his attorney, who was like a brother, refused to have anything else to do with him: “Wake up!” his attorney said, and then abruptly hung up the phone.

The Feds weren’t going to give him his day in court to defend his FIVS. They had stolen his first prototype vehicle and they knew it worked as claimed. He had refused to relinquish his control, so they were going to send him to prison, but not for violating federal emissions regulations. On the face of it, the Environmental Protection Agency appears to be imposing regulations on the auto makers and the oil companies in the public interest of protecting the quality of the air we breath, and the quality of the air we breath is improved over what it used to be. But in fact, these special interests often write the legislation themselves. The regulations then create a profitable new area of business which allows the special interests to increase their control over the market. The public interest is best served by creative innovation in a free market. Al was learning Politics 101 the hard way. In the business of vehicles and oil, there IS no free market. In a monopoly-controlled market, there are anti-competitive regulations, dirty tricks, and active suppression. The Big Boys protected their turf and took control of or destroyed any potential competition in the hallowed tradition of John D. Rockefeller Snr. and the Robber Barons of the past. That wasn’t hard to understand. But he was unprepared for the sophisticated tactics of today’s faceless Robber Barons.

The Chief of Police for Brockton, planted stolen cocaine in Al’s home during a drug raid that ultimately put Al in prison in 1986, for 15 years on a cocaine trafficking conviction, in spite of the fact that Al didn’t use drugs, nor associate with those who did. He fought back. In prison, he fashioned a key in the prison shop and simply let himself out. He contacted a friend on the police force and then turned himself in on the same day. This police officer friend was able to uncover evidence of the chief’s corruption. Two days later, the Chief was arrested for stealing cocaine from the evidence locker, most of which he had taken home to feed his addicted wife. He went to prison himself, which led to the reversal of over 300 drug convictions that had been decided during his tenure. The Massachusetts Supreme Court of Appeals overturned Al’s conviction. For a moment, he thought he’d beaten the Big Boys and was a free man again.

But then the Federal Prosecutor stepped in and indicted him on new charges relating to the seizure of two shot guns during the phoney drug bust. A spurious interpretation of the US Code was applied. Al was sentenced to a total of 30 years in Allenwood Federal Prison, without parole.

Al’s time in Allenwood was not wasted in self-pity or bitterness towards the Big Boys or the corrupted system that put him there. He was popular in Allenwood right away because of his role in exposing the dirty cop that overturned so many drug convictions. He developed a good relationship with the warden of facilities. As a licensed HVAC contractor, Al was able to fix the prison heating and cooling system that had never worked properly, saving the government a large amount of money. Honeywell Corporation trained him in the use of computers so that he could operate and maintain the system. The prison had an excellent machine shop which allowed him to continue working with his FIVS devices. He designed small FIVS for the prison lawn mowers and produced numerous FIVS GEN II’s, with the collaboration of the warden of facilities, that were secretly distributed outside.

Al made many useful contacts, one of whom helped him secure US Patent 5,782,225, awarded July 21, 1998, for the FIVS Gen II. He designed a new FIVS, the “Gen III”, which did not violate any Federal regulations, and he put together a plan to manufacture and distribute the Gen III. And then one day he was out, free for real in 1997. Sentenced to 30 years without parole, he was suddenly released after ten years with five years parole. The Federal appeals court had finally ruled that his possession of two shotguns was legal and that it had no jurisdiction over the matter in the first place. Several years later, because he was curious, he asked a police officer friend to do a background check on him. No record of his conviction and incarceration in Allenwood was found. The stain of systemic corruption had been discretely removed.

He didn’t look back and went to work to develop a prototype Gen III device, applied for his new patent, and implement the strategy he had dreamed up in prison. He was no longer politically naive, no longer the blindly patriotic American he’d once been. He did not believe it would be possible to build the Gen III in the home of the brave and the land of the free, so he made arrangements to manufacture parts in the Ukraine, a former satellite of the defunct Soviet Union. He would then assemble the devices in Mexico. He had developed a global perspective in Allenwood. His network of supporters and investors was now called: “FIVS Gen III International” and he set up a website which was generating 70,000 hits a month from all over the world. He also offered the complete blue prints for manufacturing the earlier FIVS Gen II as a free download from his site so that anyone who wanted to could build their own. He thought this might distract the Feds and tie up their manpower as he implemented the Gen III strategy.

By 2002, the delivery date for the first beta testing group was set. The parts were shipped from the Ukraine to Mexico where they were assembled. It was necessary for Al to travel South of the border to oversee the operation. He made the punishing drive from Massachusetts to Mexico several times in his FIVS equipped Pontiac Catalina and it functioned flawlessly, delivering more than 70 mpg with its 400 cubic inch engine. His friends warned him not to drive alone, but he made the last trip by himself and on the return leg of the journey, he noticed an 18-wheel truck following him. The intentions of this truck were soon obvious when it overtook him and forced him off the road. Al anticipated the manoeuvre, however, and was able keep control of the Pontiac. He breathed a sigh of relief and continued on, believing he’d outwitted them once again. He made it all the way to Massachusetts and was nearly home again before the truck found him a second time and caught him unawares. The Pontiac rolled over several times, but landed upright. The driver’s side door was crushed and the roof caved in, but the car still ran and Al was able to drive it home without further incident in spite of his injuries. He had to be cut out of the car with a torch. He had several broken ribs and a punctured lung and was immediately rushed to hospital.

The Gen III’s for the first group of licensees were shipped from Mexico on time, however, by means of several different shippers. Some devices for US licensees were shipped via United Parcel Service. A total of 137 units were shipped around the world. Only those that went UPS in the continental US and Canada, a total of 44 units, did not arrive at their destinations. Every shipped item has a tracking number, of course, and when Al inquired about the missing 44 units and provided the tracking numbers he’d been given, he was informed the numbers he had did not exist.

The attempt to turn him into road kill was not completely unexpected, but Al was shaken just the same. He maintained his bravado, however, while friends and sympathisers reacted more predictably. When the intent of the suppression escalated from malicious to deadly, most began to slip quietly away and it was ‘High Noon’ again. Another complicating and aggravating factor was the appearance of a discussion group at the Yahoo website called “Get 113to138mpgNOT”. This Yahoo Group was established by an individual calling himself “David Rodale”. He was not a Gen III licensee. He (or she) was a freelance public servant dedicated to helping those who had been ripped off by the promoter of impossibilities, the unscrupulous scoundrel, Allen Caggiano. He provided advice and counsel to those disappointed licensees who had not received their Gen III devices. He assured them that they could find justice in the courts. Al spent much time and energy fighting back against this defamation.

Al was fully recovered from his “accident” by this time and had repaired the Pontiac. He was feeling every day of his 59 years, but he soldiered on with a grim determination towards whatever final confrontation awaited him. When a careful, bloodless voice on the phone proposed a compromise one day, he felt ready to bargain. His website was experiencing growing traffic. T he voice told him that if he would just remove the Gen III from his site he would be left alone. It felt like a small victory, but he didn’t relish the idea of backing down. If Gary Cooper had received such an offer in High Noon, he would have taken it.

He knew a bargain with the devil could never work in his favour, but he had to catch his breath, so he played along and removed the Gen III from his web site. It was a strategic retreat. If they would leave him alone, the beta testing of units already out there could go forward. The program was smaller than he had originally intended, but it was a start and if he could relax and gather his data, then he might ultimately win the game. However, a careful examination of the FIVS in his Pontiac one afternoon made his heart jump into his throat. He found a tiny hairline crack in the aluminium/titanium alloy canister. This Gen III unit had many thousands of miles on it. It presaged a potential disaster and he immediately notified all the licensees of the problem and recalled the units. He worked feverishly and discovered that he didn’t have to redesign the canister. A simple alteration appeared to be the solution.

Al was then told that he required immediate surgical treatment. After the fact, this prognosis was shown to be false. While the surgery was underway, Al suffered a stroke. His heart stopped and he was technically dead on the operating table. In addition, the surgeon had damaged nerves in his spinal column. It was not his time to go, however, and he revived, but then lay in a coma for 30 days. When he finally came around in his hospital room, feeling more dead than alive, he was astonished to discover that he could not move his legs. It is possible, that Al's medical experience was not accidental.

On the local TV noon news on a sunny day in the spring of 2003 he watched a dramatic live report of a SWAT team in action. They were closing in around a familiar looking building. He thought to himself: “Hey! That’s looks like my condo! Hey! That IS my condo!”. He watched the police seizing his yellow Pontiac in the parking lot as the Channel 7 reporter explained that Chelmsford, Massachusetts, resident, Allen Caggiano, had defrauded investors in a fuel saver scam and then fled the country. He didn’t see how that could be true since he was in the Intensive Care ward of the local hospital, not 20 miles away.

Meanwhile “David Rodale” at Yahoo Group “Get 113to138mpgNOT” had found 20 disappointed Gen III licensees and was patiently building consensus for legal action at the state level in Massachusetts. It wasn’t easy to turn disappointment into outrage and a desire for revenge. In spite of the resources available to the Big Boys, they hadn’t been able to otherwise identify most of the testing program licensees. Al returned home to his condo to find his Pontiac with the repaired Gen III’s in the trunk gone from its parking space. His premises had been ransacked, his computer hard drives removed. With his mind foggy from pain killers, Al tried to concentrate on getting used to a wheelchair. Nurses from the Visiting Nurses Association were with him around the clock. Gradually he stopped using the pain killers. He began to notice sensation returning to his legs.

Even as he felt himself improving, his diabetic condition inexplicably worsened. Twice he was rushed to the hospital in a comatose state. The third time this happened, a nurse checked his pill box and discovered insulin pills that should not have been there. He was now taking insulin through injection, but the old insulin pills were still in the medicine cabinet and had been put in his pill box with his other medications. The result was insulin shock. The nurse, Michele, who had done this, not once, but three times, did not again appear for her shift. Al tried to reach her to ask for an apology for her mistakes, but she had vanished. The Visiting Nurses Association denied having any record of her employment.

“David Rodale” was having success convincing the disappointed licensees to file suit, and with the newly acquired information about the FIVS Gen III International operations taken during the SWAT assault, a postal inspector launched a preliminary inquiry into the feasibility of action at the federal level for mail fraud. Rodale was confidant that the threat to society posed by Allen Caggiano was now neutralised. He announced to the Yahoo Group members that he’d done his best and there was nothing more to do. He would leave the Yahoo Group in place for a while, but he planned to take it down in a couple of months. He was sorry that so many people had been taken in, and he hoped they’d be less gullible in the future. He was glad he could help.

That summer, the judge dismissed the charges against Al in the Massachusetts court. His lawyer petitioned for the return of his property, the Pontiac the local police had seized a year earlier. He was told it had been taken to Washington, DC, and was being examined to determine if it violated any Federal regulations. A grand jury in DC was convened to investigate the Federal charges of mail fraud, but it failed to return an indictment. The licensees who had paid their money and signed their licensing agreements had agreed to assume the risks of a testing program and most of them did understand that part of the risk involved the historical efforts of the oil/auto cartel to suppress new technology that could affect their profitability or control over the markets which they ruthlessly dominate.

Through his attorney, Al received an offer for exclusive rights to the Gen III. The amount of money involved beggars belief, and suffice it to say that Al again refused, as he had done in the early 80's when an offer was made for the Gen II device. The Big Boys have never attempted to prosecute him for the violation of Federal Emission Control regulations. He is clearly guilty on this score so far as the Gen II is concerned. To do so would result in the exposure of the fraud they are perpetrating on the public. Their technology is obsolete. As Al has pointed out on his website, they do not want a reduction in the demand for oil. This would mean a reduction in oil company profits. If the consumer used half or less of the oil now being used, government tax revenues would be reduced accordingly. If the Gen III were to become available the public interest in fuel economy and clean air would be served and Allen Caggiano would become rich beyond wild imaginings, but the oil/energy cartel and its partner in government would suffer. Therefore, the Big Boys will continue to do all that they can to stop Al and his FIVS and to keep the public ignorant of any technology they do not themselves control. If they don’t control it, and if you don’t buy it from them, then it doesn’t work, or it’s a fraud.

The “FIVS Gen III International” enterprise has been successfully suppressed. Al’s fight to manufacture and distribute his invention and enjoy the great wealth it would have given him is over. The Big Boys have broken his bank, and his health. The struggle has nearly destroyed him. The money would have been nice, but it never was the money that kept him going. He is now donating his work of a life time to the American people. The Big Boys can harass, intimidate, and attempt to kill one man and his American Dream, but can they do the same to many thousands of Americans and others around the world? Al now gives away his “FIVS Gen III” plans free.

Al will allow his patent application for the Gen III to expire. He can no longer afford the large investment required for a patent here and in other countries. His main concern now is to prevent the FIVS from being patented by anyone and to keep the device “open source”, so to speak, so that it cannot come under the control of the Big Boys and will remain freely available to the public. Though Al will not profit from his invention through licensing fees or royalties, there is considerable satisfaction for him in knowing that the Big Boys have not and will not ultimately win this game and destroy the work of a lifetime.

Reference site: http://peswiki.com/index.php/OS:Caggiano%27s_Fuel_Vaporizor_System_%28FIVS%29

Forum: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/fivsgenv Patent: www.free-energy-info.com/US5782225

Fuel Vapouriser Bubbler.

There is one technique shown at www.alternativefuelsnow.com/home/fuel-vaporizer and reproduced here by kind permission, which appears to be effective in spite of the additives. The method is very much like the technique used by Roger Maynard for adding moisture to the incoming air as described above. The difference is that instead of using water in the container, petrol is used. Improved performance of up to 60% has been achieved and experiments are continuing. The general arrangement is like this:

You will notice that the fuel level inside the container is kept fairly low in order to allow considerable space to contain the bubbles, allowing them to pop and not be drawn into the air tube which feed the engine.

Vortex Fuel Reforming.

This is a very important technology which has been around for more than a hundred years. The objective is to increase mpg not just by the vaporisation of the fuel but also by "cracking" the water / fuel mixture into smaller molecules before being fed into the engine. This is more advanced than the fuel ‘conversion-to-vapour’ technique of the high-mpg carburettors. To get a better understanding of this, you can try a Google search for "fuel reformer" or "steam reforming" which will provide additional information which may help you to understand the basic principles.

The fuel-reforming method can be highly effective and its effectiveness has been proven beyond all doubt with designs from Cal-Tech, Philips Petroleum, Nissan Motors, NASA, universities and other very serious contributors. Some years ago Cal-Tech spent millions proving that on board fuel reformers would give us all better fuel economy and cleaner air. They did long-term testing on buses and cars to provide proof. They teamed up with the very large auto-parts supplier Arvin Meritor to put them in production vehicles. Then "One Equity Partners" bought out Arvin Meritor's division that did all the final work to get fuel reformers in all our vehicles. They created a new company, EMCON Technologies, and that company dropped the fuel reformer from their product line, not because it did not work but because it did work.

There are various techniques for achieving this process. One which is easy to understand is shown here:

Here, the standard exhaust pipe is given a kink to move it clear of its normal run in order to allow an extra straight pipe of smaller diameter to be positioned inside it so that the hot exhaust gases are used to heat the incoming fuel flow. This is a useful energy gain as it uses some of the waste heat, raising the overall efficiency of the engine very considerably.

This extra fuel-flow pipe has a solid magnetised ferromagnetic metal rod mounted inside it, blocking off most of the pipe area. This change in available flow area causes the fuel flow inside the pipe to speed up, and as well as that, it causes the flow to spiral around the rod in a vortex flow:

However, the magnetism of the solid rod, causes a most unusual effect and instead of the helical gas flow being as shown above, a highly uneven flow pattern is created. This causes the fuel flow to bunch up in the centre of the tube, generating a hot spot which creates quite unexpected results:

The really incredible result of this peculiar effect is that the fuel mix exiting from the tube, contains chemical components which did not enter the tube - impossible according to present day physics. This goes to demonstrate once again, that we really don’t yet understand the world in which we live.

The fuel mix for use in this system is best provided by two tiny carburettors, one feeding a fine mist of water droplets and the other a fine mist of fuel droplets. These are fed directly into the intake of the fuel reformatter tube. These carburettors are of the miniature type used for radio control model aircraft and their venturi intakes are blanked off with a plate with a small hole in it. Air is not fed into the reforming tube – after all, this is a fuel reforming system. The air is mixed in with the reformatted fuel after it exits from the reformatter, as shown below. Some of the hot exhaust gas is fed into both of the carburettors in order to help prepare the mixture for the reformatting process. The blanking plates on the carburettors are there in order to reduce the amount of the exhaust gas being drawn in with the fuel:

The use of carburettors is important since using a bubbler as suggested in the free plans on the internet, creates problems as the lighter fractions of the fuel get taken first which is exactly what we don’t want to happen. The carburettors have the massive advantage that they feed all fractions of the fuel together and so the remaining fuel is always in the correct proportions.

The ratio of water to fuel (typically gasoline or diesel) can be adjusted over a very wide range, with some people using 90% water. Actually, there have been claims of running on 100% water, using multiple reactors in parallel with energy being drawn either from transmutation of elements or perhaps spin interactions with the local environment. Jean Chambrin's patent give details of running only on water.

There are several forums where members are researching and using various designs of fuel reformers, with the GEET designs being popular. The http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/VortexHeatExchanger/ forum is one such research forum and one of the files there lists 214 different patents for these devices. There are several different types of reformer. Another forum is http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/geet-pantone/.

Almost any hydrocarbon fuel can be used - vegetable oil, old motor oil, etc. the normal fuels are the most popular. A forum member named ‘bryishere’ says in a YouTube video comment: "Everyone should really try this. IT WORKS. I have spent a lot of time on this device. It's very simple. Just follow the plans and experiment as much as you can. Currently I am using 90% water and 10% crude oil/waste oil on a 1-ton, 1969 Chevy truck ....... Get out in your shop !!!!!"

Video information on reforming can be found at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMNCebzgCgg and these devices are often used on stationary generators. These devices have been popular in France for some years now. Jean Chambrin found that the gases needed to swirl inside his reactor in the same direction that the crank was turning.

There is a massive 175 Mb file called ‘FuelReformerTechnology.zip’ which you can search for and download from the internet if you are very enthusiastic. That file contains the contents of more than 220 patents and applications. These patents are also listed in the ‘Files’ section of the Yahoo VortexHeatExchanger forum mentioned above.

Electric Power.

We have been talking about internal combustion engines as there are so many of them around the world, but electric power is an alternative. One hi-tech option is a Chinese SUV-style 5-seat saloon car which has a top speed of more than 120 mph, a range of 250 miles per charge and a re-charging time of just one hour, thanks to newly developed iron batteries which can be recharged up to 2000 times before they start to degrade. Also, these new vehicles look perfectly normal. I suspect that the cost of such a vehicle may prevent most people from buying one.

However, low-tech solutions can work well for some people. For example, Nader Hoville in Hawaii has adapted a truck for electric operation. He uses a battery bank of eighteen 8-volt Exide golf-cart batteries of 150 AHr each, giving a 144-volt 150 AHr bank. This provides a forty mile journey in fairly flat terrain and twenty-five mile range in hilly country and while that would not suit many people, it suits places like Hawaii where travel distances are not normally very great.

Running costs are lowered still further because Nader has a solar panel array of ten 250-watt panels which provide more than enough electricity for his house. As his solar system has larger capacity than is needed for household equipment, the additional capacity can be used to charge his truck’s battery bank for free. Nader sometimes charges his truck’s battery bank from the 120-volt AC mains when he is away from home, and to do this he uses an ultra-low-tech charging system which does not use a mains transformer. If, like Nadir, you are not familiar with electrical circuitry, then reading chapter 12 may help. The circuit is like this:

This is an unusual voltage-doubler circuit where the mains input has an average of 120 volts and a voltage peak of 170 volts and as that occurs on both sides of the output, the output is around 340 volts of pulsing DC current which both charges and de-sulphates the batteries.

The current fed to the battery bank is controlled by the capacitors inserted in the mains ‘live’ line. These capacitors have to be very high quality and typically cost US $10 each. They look like this:

each of them being 80 microfarads in capacity and rated for 400-volt use. Nader uses these in pairs, giving 160 microfarads for each pair and each pair passes 133 watts of charging power to the battery bank. These are non-polarised capacitors (meaning that they don’t have a Plus and a Minus side) and electrolytic capacitors will NOT do and are liable to explode if used in a circuit of this type.

The diodes are 40-amp 400-volt rated and they cost $3.50 each. Please understand that this circuit has DANGEROUS voltages EVERYWHERE and those voltages can cause injury or death if you are careless. So please be warned, this is not a circuit where carelessness can be tolerated at any time. The charger is connected to the batteries BEFORE the mains supply is connected, and the mains disconnected before the charger is disconnected from the battery bank.

This is not a circuit which I see as particularly safe to use. You will notice that one of the terminals which you handle and connect to the battery bank is actually one side of the mains. I am not inclined to recommend that anyone handles mains wires. It is vitally important that it is the “Neutral” mains wire, which in theory is connected to ground and so is perfectly safe. However, in practice, that is by no means always the case and it has been known for the ‘Neutral’ mains wire to float 180 volts away from the earth voltage (which you are standing on!). So, I suggest that the “Neutral” wire is connected to a real, physical, earth connection and that mains power is not switched on while that connection is being handled.

Having said that, the circuit works very well for Nader, and is silent in operation. The charging power depends on the number of capacitors used and so switching in the extra pairs of capacitors gives the choice of charging at 133 watts, 266 watts, 399 watts or 532 watts. Nader’s build looks like this:

The Weird Nature of Water and Advanced Electrolysis.

This chapter has been dealing with systems for enhancing vehicle operation with the use of water, so it seems appropriate to finish it with a brief note on water itself. To a casual glance, it appears that we know all about water. It’s composition is H₂O and when it breaks down, we get two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom - right? Well maybe, and maybe not.

The longer you spend looking at systems which use water, the more you get to realise that water is by no means as simple as you might initially think. There is a much maligned branch of alternative medicine called “Homeopathy” which is based on giving patients very dilute water-based solutions various chemicals. Sceptical investigators have run professional-quality tests intended to show that homeopathy is fraudulent and has no medical benefits whatsoever. Unfortunately, the tests did not work out the way that the investigators wanted. The tests showed that there actually was some benefit from the treatments being examined, and unfortunately, because a placebo control group was being used, the placebo effect was definitely not the cause of the effects recorded during the trials.

Determined not to just accept the results which went against their expectations, the testers started testing ever more dilute samples on the patients. They eventually got down to the level where there no longer remained a single atom of the chemical in the liquid being fed to the patients, but to their consternation, the medical effect remained. They tried water which had never had the chemical in it, and there was no medical effect. They returned to the apparently “pure” and definitely chemical-free water and the medical effect was seen again, in spite of the fact that there was not even one atom of the chemical remaining in the water.

This showed clearly that the water was different after having had the chemical in it, even when no chemical remained. They were forced into the opinion that water has “memory”. That, of course, is a conclusion based on the facts which are hard to explain. You may wish to deduce something else from those facts, and that is entirely up to you - just be aware of the facts.

Very interesting studies carried out by Mr Masaru Emoto http://www.emotoproject.org/english/home.html have shown that the thoughts of ordinary members of the public can alter the structure of water without there being any actual physical contact with the water. If the water receives positive thoughts and is then frozen, the resulting crystal structure will be like this:

While on the other hand, if negative thoughts are aimed at the water, whether just by looking at it and thinking, or by writing those thoughts down on paper, the resulting crystal shape is quite different when the water is frozen, as shown here:

It is not all that startling if you consider that the quantum mechanics researchers have been saying for a long time that experiments can be affected by the observer. People who build Joe Cells which operate through environmental energy focused by specially treated and structured pure water, record the fact that certain people can affect a Joe Cell in a negative way from a distance of fifty yards (or metres) away.

Personally, I am quite sure that we do not understand the fundamental nature of our environment and that we have very little idea of how we as individuals impact on our surroundings.

There is an extremely honest and reputable researcher called George Wiseman who operates through his company Eagle-Research (http://www.eagle-research.com/). George is very experienced in producing “Brown’s Gas” and he publishes excellent instruction books on the subject. The really interesting thing is that Brown’s Gas is produced from water and that gas has the most remarkable properties which are not readily explained by our present day “conventional” science. When Brown’s Gas is used as the gas to power a cutting torch (like an oxy-acetylene torch) the resulting flame is nearly colourless and can be waved across a bare hand without any ill effects - the hand is not burnt. But when applied to a fire brick which is intended to resist high temperatures, it burns a neat hole through it. It will vaporise a tungsten rod which normally takes 6,000OC to do that, which indicates that the flame temperature depends on what it touches (!).

It can also weld aluminium to aluminium without the need for an inert gas. It will weld aluminium to brass and it can weld a steel rod to an ordinary building brick. It can fuse glass to a building brick. This is not “normal” for a chemical combustion reaction, showing that Brown’s Gas is not a “normal” chemical substance. As Brown’s Gas comes from water, does that perhaps suggest that water is not a “normal” chemical substance? I will leave you to make up your own mind about that, perhaps helped by the following, most enlightening presentation by Moray B. King.

A Presentation by Moray B. King

Moray King has produced a substantial document covering many aspects of free-energy with special emphasis on the more unusual systems and some of the difficult-to-explain things which people have discovered. As Moray’s presentation has 166 pages containing many pointers to video clips and specialist web sites, this is just a brief summary of his pdf document which can be seen in full here: http://www.free-energy-info.com/MorayKing.pdf and which has the uncommon feature of an icon at the top left hand corner of each page, and if you click on that icon, then additional comments can be seen. He starts with:

Steve Ryan, a man living in Auckland, New Zealand, who was shown running a motorcycle on modified water, shown on a cynical TV video presentation at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POJQKg9CRJc where the complete ignorance of the presenters is demonstrated yet again. Steve has disappeared from public view for a very long time now. However, Moray raises the most relevant question: “How can water store enough energy to make it appear to be a fuel?” The first step in answering this question is to realise that causing cavitation (tiny stress bubbles) in the water inside an electrolyser, produces excess energy, and so, circulating the water inside an electrolyser while causing cavitation in the water is a major step forward, and one which seems to indicate that the majority of the energy in HHO gas does not actually come from the hydrogen. Instead, zero-point energy gets trapped in the water when the turbulence caused by the circulation, charges the water electrostatic ally, raising it’s energy content as it circulates repeatedly through the electrolyser.

Mark LeClair, the founder of the NanoSpire Corporation ( https://nanospireinc.com/ ), discovered a microscopic crystalline form of water which has an extraordinary energy density. This crystalline form of water is similar to the microscopic plasmoids discovered by Ken Shoulders and the larger plasmoids discovered by Adamenko’s team at the proton-21 laboratory in the Ukraine. When a plasmoid strikes any element, the result is transmutation of that element. The excessive energy and most unusual properties of Brown’s Gas come from charged water gas clusters which are stored in a stable ring-form of the microscopic water crystals. This feature completely by-passes the standard electrolysis of water as examined by the great Michael Faraday where more energy is needed to split water than can be regained when the resulting gas mixture is burned. This is an entirely different process as explained at http://peswiki.com/index.php/Video:Water_as_Fuel_%28via_ZPE%29 in considerable detail on Sterling Allan’s PESWiki web site, and it shows why water can indeed act as a fuel. If you search for “water fuel” on YouTube, more than 41,000 videos can be found, most of which are demonstrating electrolysers, which shows that there is a growing awareness of the potential of water as a fuel. There are many commercial electrolysers available.

Brown’s Gas (HHO) has most unusual properties as demonstrated by Denny Klein’s use of it in a welding torch as seen here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Rb_rDkwGnU and Denny has also run his car with water appearing to be the only fuel – the power comes from the zero-point energy field but that energy is transported by the water. Surprisingly, nearly everyone who is working with, or experimenting on the gas produced by electrolysis, believes that the resulting energy comes from the hydrogen in the gas mix, while the reality is that this is not actually the case. Brown’s Gas has a cool flame of just 130 degrees Fahrenheit (water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit), and yet that same flame can vaporise tungsten which requires more than 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit and burning Hydrogen will never, ever, reach that temperature. Brown’s Gas can also dramatically reduce radioactivity in radioactive materials and burning hydrogen can’t do that. Also, when Brown’s Gas is analysed in a high-tech laboratory, very little hydrogen is found and instead there are gaseous water clusters with excess electrons.

These charged water gas clusters have the same strange energetic effects that the plasma-charged have and that appears to be a microscopic form of ball lightning, studied extensively by Ken Shoulders who named them “Exotic Vacuum Objects” or “EVO” when he became convinced that their excess energy was being drawn in from the zero-point energy field of ‘the vacuum’. These water gas clusters have a self-organised grouping of matter, plasma and zero-point energy. The typical grouping caused by this turbulent plasma is a vortex ring called a plasmoid (which has often been proposed as a model for ball lightning):

In a plasmoid, the electrons and ions spiral around the vortex ring and the force-free vortex creates a natural stability which sustains the plasmoid shape. These charge clusters can be produced quite easily as shown by Ken Shoulders in his US Patent 5,018,180 of 1991 where he shows that an abrupt electric discharge from a capacitor through a sharp pointed electrode on to a dielectric surface creates a charge cluster which travels on the surface of the dielectric to the anode. It appears to be a micron-sized form of ball lightning and it can punch a hole through the ‘witness’ plate, leaving a crater made by a high-energy event. The patent is well written and describes many possible applications of his discovery.

The Exotic Vacuum Object formed by this process is believed to contain 100,000,000,000 electrons plus some 100,000 ions, giving it a charge-to-mass ratio similar to an electron and a really interesting fact is that it contains more energy than the energy which was stored in the capacitor which created it. These charge clusters adhere to dielectrics and they can remain for a long time. Many of them can clump together into a formation like a necklace. They can create holes through high melting-point ceramics such as aluminium oxide. Ken believes that the creation of these holes in ceramics is caused by the disruption of the electrons in the ceramic and so the hole ‘melted’ through the ceramic is not actually produced by heat. He has performed experiments which demonstrate the transmutation of one element into another and others which show radioactive materials being converted into benign elements.

Water gas clusters have the same characteristics as Ken’s Exotic Vacuum Objects and they cause the most unexpected effects of using Brown’s Gas where the cool flame (266 degrees F) does not boil water (which needs 212 degrees F to boil) http://www.watertorch.com/ , and yet, that same flame can vaporise Tungsten which requires 10,031 degrees F, mind you, the Brown’s Gas flame does not vaporise Tungsten by heating it above 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit but instead, does it by disrupting the bonding of the molecules in the metal. Here are some comparisons:

This heating can’t possibly come from burning hydrogen. Some tests produce interesting results. For example, fill a balloon with the gas produced by electrolysis and leave the balloon sealed for some time. The tiny hydrogen atoms and molecules can, and do, escape through the material of the balloon, causing it to fall to the ground. But, the contents remaining in the balloon still produces a burning flame when pushed out through a small tube and lit. A similar experiment is to fill a paper bag with the gas. Seal the bag and leave it for twelve hours to allow the hydrogen to escape. What remains in the bag is a gas which is heavier than air and which can be ignited.

George Wiseman ( http://www.eagle-research.com/ ) is a leading Brown’s Gas researcher who has found that browns Gas burns downwards in an imploding ring. In 2008, Chris Eckman measured the characteristics of Brown’s Gas at Idaho State University. The measurements showed that there was very little hydrogen (monatomic or diatomic) present. Instead, the gas was found to be a form of water with excess electrons, effectively, a gas which was neither water vapour nor steam. When ignited, the flame temperature was found to be 266 F. or 130 C. (Extraordinary Technology, vol 2(6), pp 15-25, 2008).

When using his acrylic electrolysers, George Wiseman has made an observation which he says is never mentioned in any textbook describing electrolysis:

Between the electrolysis electrode plates which have a wide spacing of more than 10 mm, three sets of bubbles are produced. Hydrogen is produced on the negative electrode plate. Oxygen is produced on the Positive electrode plate. But, in the middle of the gap between those electrode plates a third set of bubbles are generated. Many researchers believe that these additional bubbles form the most energetic component of the gas – the charged water gas clusters. Bob Boyce has made a similar observation, noting that when electrolysis first starts, there are two jets which start from the plates and collide in between the plates where the middle bubbles are formed.

Ted Suartt and Rob Gourley ( http://www.wateriontechnologies.com/ ) have not only made the same observation, but have developed a process and applied for a patent where they intentionally harvest just the middle set of bubbles:

Suartt and Gourley realised that the dominant electrolyser gas was not Hydrogen, and claiming that they are the first to discover this, named the gas after themselves as “SG Gas”. Their extraction process involves widely separated electrode plates and a method of extracting the gas bubbles produced in the middle region between those two plates and excluding the hydrogen and the oxygen produced. They have investigated the properties of water infused with the gas and claim that it has health benefits. They state that Rhodes Gas and Brown’s Gas are both “dirty cocktails” which include H₂ or O₂.

The anomalies of Brown’s Gas are similar to those of plasma charge clusters (Ken Shoulders’ EVOs). It adheres to matter and is electrically polarised. It gives an electric shock if it implodes to form water again. The isolated gas tends to implode in stead of explode in piston experiments. However, if air is added to the mixture, the air is heated and that can cause overall expansion. In a welding torch it has a cool flame but it can vaporise tungsten. The flame cuts cleanly through solid, high melting-point materials including wood and ceramics, can weld dissimilar metals together and can even weld steel to clay brick. The claims of neutralising radioactive materials as well as the transmutation of elements are extraordinary. Todd Knudston comments on these properties at http://www.amasci.com/freenrg/hydroxy.html . At the 2011 Tesla Conference, Vernon Roth announced that he has observed element transmutation in his electrolysis cell. Details of this are given on Sterling Allan’s web page at http://peswiki.com/index.php/OS:Vernon_Roth%27s_Alchemical_Hydrogen .

Mark LeClair can explain how water cavitation creates microscopic craters in metallic surfaces, carves trenches in high melting-point ceramics, transmutes elements, and produces excess energy. Cavitation bubbles have been studied and they have been shown to produce unexpected excess energy. Sonoluminescence occurs when water mixed with an inert gas such as argon or xenon, is excited by ultrasonic waves. A blue light is emitted as each bubble collapses suddenly and symmetrically. If that blue light were produced by a heating effect, then the bluish spectrum would indicate temperatures of over 10,000 degrees Kelvin, which caused many scientists to suggest that it might be used for hot fusion. Nobel laureate, Julian Schwinger, suggested instead that the light is caused by the zero-point energy. Here, the abrupt scalar compression of the bubble walls activates a Zero-Point Energy coherence, emitting the blue light at a far lower temperature ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoluminescence ). Mark LeClair has four patents on controlled cavitation (typically for the precision cutting of materials): US 6,932,914, US 6,960,307, US 7,297,288 and US 7,517,430.

Cavitation bubbles form in the low-pressure region behind any rapidly moving surface in water. Ship’s screws are notorious for making cavitation bubbles and being damaged by them:

However, the most useful application of cavitation is inside an electrolyser. Archie Blue raised the effectiveness of his electrolyser by blowing air upwards through the electrolyte. The technique can be applied to many different electrolyser designs. The electrode plates should have a rough clean surface with a tiny inter-plate gap of less than one millimetre. A gap that small allows the electrolysis gas to cause cavitation. The electrical stimulation can use pulsed DC waveforms but with minimal current and electrolyte (remember that we are not trying to make hydrogen). Circulating the water rapidly can charge it electrostatic ally and possibly even enough to allow the removal of the external DC pulsing. There are many ways to produce cavitation in water: make electrolysis gas in narrow gaps, blow air through the electrolyser, create a Venturi vacuum, vibrate the water by mechanical, acoustical or ultrasonic means, oscillate an electric field via a toroidal coil or via pulsed waveforms. Here, charged or polarised clusters or bubbles will oscillate with the field causing turbulence and cavitation.

When a cavitation bubble collapses near a hole or irregularity, it forms a torus and all of the energy of the collapsing bubble gets concentrated into a re-entrant jet. The extreme pressure in the jet creates a new solid-state of water, a water crystal with a plasma bow shock wave which draws in Zero-Point Energy. If they collide, water crystals can form small rings, trapping the energy in a meta-stable torus form. This is the seed of the charge water gas cluster. When ignited, the ring breaks to re-launch the LeClair effect water crystal or alternatively, becomes a plasmoid Exotic Vacuum Object, either of which have excess energy.

Rapidly circulating water through an electrolyser causes numeric energetic effects. It charges the water by electrostatic rubbing, it causes turbulence and cavitation as it flows through the tight rough gaps, it can vibrate the plates producing reed cavitation and best of all, cycling the water repeatedly through the electrolyser integrates it’s energy content, producing an ever increasing energy level. With water which is sufficiently charged, spraying it as a mist into the carburettor of an engine can give the illusion that water is a fuel.

This is just a brief summary of part of the contents of Moray King’s presentation pdf document which you can read in full here: http://www.free-energy-info.com/MorayKing.pdf . Considering what Moray King has described, we need to consider more carefully the patented electrolyser designs of Charles Garrett and Archie Blue:

The Charles Garrett Electrolyser.

Charles Garrett was granted US Patent 2,006,676 on 2nd July 1935 in which he shows some impressive details. Firstly, he generated an extra electrical input by fitting a second (6 volt) alternator to his car. While the drawing shows the applied voltage swapping over in polarity, this was not done rapidly, just occasionally to even up any deterioration of the electrodes.

He maintained the water level in the electrolysis chamber with a neat carburettor-style float and pin valve arrangement. He improved the electrolysis by introducing a perforated tube below the electrode plates which allows the engine to suck air up past the plates. This cools the electrolyte (water with a few drops of hydrochloric acid) introduces water vapour to the gas mix and dislodges any bubbles on the plates, without the need for any extra mechanical device. Considering that he did this seventy-five years ago, it is an impressive piece of work. Please note that while only five electrode plates are shown in the diagram, in reality it is probable that many such plates were used since the gas volume is directly proportional to the plate area.

One point which should be noted is that the cars of that time had very much smaller capacity engines and so they will have needed far less HHO gas mixture in order to run adequately.

The Archie Blue Electrolyser.

More than fifty years after Charles Garrett was granted his patent, another one was granted to Archie Blue. The equipment described in the two patents operates in more or less the same way. Archie’s equipment is very simple to construct and uses straight electrolysis with no attempt at pulsing the electrical supply. Like Charles Garrett, Archie Blue claimed to have run a car on water alone, using his electrolyser design, which is shown here:

With this unit, air is sucked out of the exit pipe by the vehicle engine, while being pumped into the electrolyser by an air pump. The air flows down through the central pipe and is forced up through the non-aligned holes in the electrode plates, causing turbulence and probably, the formation of water-gas crystals. The air bubbles also stir the electrolyte into vigorous motion, dislodging the hydrogen and oxygen bubbles which form on the plates as a result of the electrolysis current flow through the electrolyte.

It is said that six of these electrolysis units are sufficient to run a car using just water as the fuel. It has been stated that electrolysis of water is optimum at 1.5 Volts, so it might be more efficient to connect the units in series where each units receives 2 Volts rather than in parallel where each unit receives 12 Volts (unless, of course, the heating caused by connecting them in parallel is a factor in the very high efficiency of Archie Blue’s system):

The air connection is the same for either method of wiring the cells. If wired in series, the voltage drop across each cell may not be the same although the were constructed in an identical fashion.

Please bear in mind that should you modify a vehicle to run on hydrogen, either as an additive or as a replacement for petrol, you need to clear it with your insurance company before using it on a public road, otherwise, you will be driving without insurance since any alteration to the vehicle automatically invalidates the insurance if the insurer is not notified and agrees the change. You may, of course, modify any stationary engine or any vehicle which you only run on private property. In the USA, the oil companies have influenced the local courts to such a degree that in some States, it is an offence to “run a vehicle on a non-approved fuel”.

In passing, you may be interested to hear that I have been told that the Prohibition era in America had nothing at all to do with people drinking alcohol. The reality was that in the early days, Henry Ford was going to have his Model-T car running fuel-less by using a Nikola Tesla designed magneto system and an electric engine, but he was pressured into using an internal combustion engine to burn the gasoline which was an unwanted component of the local oil industry. This caused a problem for people on long journeys as there were very few gasoline filling stations at that time. To overcome the problem, the early cars were set up so that they could run on either gasoline or on alcohol produced by some 50,000 farmers scattered around the country. When the oil industry discovered how profitable it was selling gasoline, they opened many gasoline filling stations. They then wanted to exclude the farmers and have all of the profits for themselves and so Prohibition was introduced, not to stop people drinking alcohol (although that was the pretext), but in reality, to shut down the 50,000 alcohol stills which were their competition. When the stills were gone, then Prohibition was dropped as it had achieved it’s goal of a vehicle fuel monopoly.

The Petro Dollar

However, things did not stop there by any means. To discover more, perhaps you should consider the following video at http://www.safeshare.tv/w/gQnBDHTCDs which states:

Why did the United States attack Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan and Yemen? Why are US operatives helping to de-stabilise Syria? And why is the United States government so intent in taking down Iran, in spite of the fact that Iran has not attacked any country since 1798?

And, what’s next? What are we headed for? When you look at the current trajectory that we are on, it doesn’t make any sense at all if you evaluate it on what we are taught in school. And it doesn’t make any sense if you base your world view on the propaganda that the mainstream media tries to pass off as news. But it makes perfect sense once you know the real motives of the powers that be. In order to understand those motives, we first have to take a look at history:

In 1945, Britain, with agreement, established the dollar as the world’s Reserve Currency, which meant that international commodities were priced in dollars. The agreement, which gave the United States a distinct financial advantage was made under the condition that those dollars would remain redeemable for gold at a consistent rate of $35 per ounce.

The United States promised not to print very much money but this was on the honour system because the Federal reserve refused to allow any audit or supervision of it’s printing presses.

In the years leading up to 1970, expenditures in the Vietnam War made it clear to many countries that the US was printing far more money than it had in gold, and in response, they began to ask for their gold back. This, of course, set off a rapid decline in the value of the dollar. The situation climaxed in 1971, when France attempted to withdraw it’s gold and Nixon refused. On 15th August, he made the following announcement:

“I have directed the Secretary of the Treasury to take the action necessary to defend the dollar against the speculators. I directed Secretary Connolly to suspend temporarily, the convertibility of the dollar into gold or other reserve assets except in amounts and in conditions determined to be in the interests of monetary stability and in the best interests of the Unites States”.

This was obviously not a temporary suspension as he claimed, but rather a permanent default, and for the rest of the world who had entrusted the United States with their gold, it was outright theft. In 1973, President Nixon asked King Faisal of Saudi Arabia to accept only US dollars in payment for oil, and to invest any excess profits in

US Treasury Bonds, Notes and Bills. In return, Nixon offered military protection for Saudi oil fields. The same offer was extended to each of the key oil-producing countries, and by 1975, every member of OPEC had agreed to only sell their oil in US dollars.

The act of moving the dollar off gold and tying it to foreign oil, instantly forced every oil-importing country in the world to maintain a constant supply of Federal Reserve paper, and in order to get that paper, they would have to send real physical goods to America. This, was the birth of the Petro Dollar. Paper went out, everything America needed came in, and the United States got very, very rich as a result. It was the largest financial con in recorded history.

The Arms Race of the Cold War was a game of poker. Military Expenditures were the chips, and the US had an endless supply of chips. With the Petro Dollar under it’s belt, it was able to raise the stakes higher and higher, outspending every other country on the planet, until eventually, US military expenditure surpassed that of all of the other nations in the world combined – the Soviet Union never had a chance.

The collapse of the communist bloc in 1991, removed the last counterbalance to American military might. The United States was now an undisputed Super-power with no rival. Many hoped that this would mark the start of a new era of peace and stability. Unfortunately, there were those in high places who had other ideas. Within that same year, the US invaded Iraq in the first Gulf War, and after crushing the Iraqi military, and destroying their infrastructure, including water-purification plants and hospitals, crippling sanctions were imposed which prevented that infrastructure from being rebuilt.

These sanctions which were initiated by Bush Senior, and sustained throughout the entire Clinton administration, lasted for over a decade and were estimated to have killed over five hundred thousand children. The Clinton administration was fully aware of these figures.

A TV interviewer speaking to Madeleine Albright, Secretary of State for Clinton, asked: “We have heard that half a million children have died, I mean, that’s more children that died than in Hiroshima, and, and is the price worth it?”. To which Madeleine Albright replied: “I think that this is a very hard choice. We think that the price is worth it”.

Miss Albright, what exactly was worth killing 500,000 kids for? In November of 2000, Iraq began selling it’s oil exclusively in Euros. This was a direct attack on the dollar and on US financial dominance, and it wasn’t going to be tolerated. In response, the US government with the assistance of the mainstream media, began to build up a mass propaganda campaign claiming that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and was planning to use them. In 2003, the US invaded and once they had control of the country, oil sales were immediately switched back to dollars. This is particularly noticeable as switching back to the dollar meant a 15% to 20% loss in revenue due to the Euro’s higher value. It doesn’t make any sense at all unless you take the Petro Dollar into account.

On 2nd March 2007, US General Wesley Clark said: “So I came back to see him a few weeks later and by that time we were bombing in Afghanistan. I said: ‘Are we still going to war with Iraq?’ and he said ‘Oh it’s worse than that’. He said as he reached over on his desk and picked up a piece of paper and he said ‘I just got this down from upstairs (meaning from the Secretary of Defence’s Office) today, this is a memo which describes how we are going to take out seven countries in five years, starting off with Iraq and Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and finishing off Iran”.

Let’s take a look at the events of the past decade and see if you see a pattern. In Libya, Gadaffi was in a process of organising a block of African countries to create a gold-based currency called the “Dinar” which they intended to use to replace the dollar in that region. US and NATO forces helped to destabilise and topple the government in 2011 and after taking control of the region, US armed rebels executed Gadaffi in cold blood and immediately set up the Libyan Central Bank. Iran has been actively campaigning to pull oil sales off the dollar for some time now, and it has recently secured agreements to trade it’s oil in exchange for gold. In response, the US government with mainstream media assistance has been attempting to build international support for military strikes on the pretext of preventing Iran from building a nuclear weapon. In the mean time they established sanctions which they openly admit are aimed at causing a collapse of the Iranian economy.

Syria is Iran’s closest ally and they are bound by mutual defence agreements. The country is currently in the process of being destabilised with covert assistance from NATO and although Russia and China have warned the United States not to get involved, the White House has made statements in the past month indicating that they are considering military intervention. It should be clear that military intervention in Syria and Iran isn’t being considered – it is a foregone conclusion. Just as it was in Iraq and Libya, the US is actively working to create the context which gives them the diplomatic cover to do what they have already planned. The motive for these invasions and covert actions becomes clear when we look at them in their full context and ‘connect the dots’. Those who control the United States understand that if even a few countries begin to sell their oil in another currency, it will set off a chain reaction and the dollar will collapse. They understand that there is absolutely nothing else holding up the value of the dollar at this point and so does the rest of the world. But instead of accepting the fact that the dollar is nearing the end of it’s lifespan, the powers that be have made a calculated gambit. They have decided to use the brute force of the US military to crush each and every resistant State in the Middle East and Africa.

That in itself would be bad enough, but what you need to understand is that this is not going to end with Iran. China and Russia stated publicly and in no uncertain terms that they will not tolerate an attack on Iran or Syria. Iran is one of their key allies, one of the last independent oil-producers in the region, and they understand that if Iran falls, then they will have no way to escape the dollar without going to war. And yet, the United States is pushing forward in spite of the warnings. What we are witnessing here is a trajectory which leads straight to the unthinkable. It is a trajectory which was mapped out years ago in full awareness of the human consequences. But who was it that put us on this course? What kind of psychopath is willing to intentionally set off a global conflict which will lead to millions of deaths, just to protect the value of a paper currency? It obviously isn’t the President. The decision to invade Syria, Libya and Iran was made long before Obama had risen to the national spotlight, and yet, he is carrying out his duties just like the puppets who preceded him. So who is it that pulls the strings?

Often, the best answers to questions like this are found by asking another question “Cui Bono?” - “Who Benefits?” Obviously, those who have the power to print the dollar out of thin air have the most to lose if the dollar were to fall, and since 1913, that power has been held by the Federal Reserve. The Federal reserve is a private entity owned by a conglomerate of the most powerful banks in the world and the men who control those banks are the ones who pull those strings. To them, this is just a game. Your life, and the lives of those you love are just pawns on their chessboard. And like a spoiled four-year-old who tips the board on to the floor when he starts to lose, the powers that be are willing to start World War Three to keep control of the global financial system.

Remember that when these wars extend and accelerate. Remember that when your son, or your neighbour’s son comes back in a flag-draped coffin. Remember that when they point the finger at the new ‘bogeymen’ because the madmen who are running this show, will take this as far as you allow them to.

So, how much time do we have left? It’s a question which I hear constantly. But it is the wrong question. Asking how much time we have left is a passive posture. It is the attitude of a prisoner who is waiting to be taken out to a ditch and shot in the back of the head.

What are our chances? Can we change course? Also, the wrong question. The odds don’t matter any more. If you understand what we are facing, then you have a moral responsibility to do everything in your power to alter the course we are on, regardless of the odds. It is only when you stop basing your involvement on the chances of your success, that success actually becomes possible. To strip the ill-begotten power from the financial elites and bring these criminal cartels to justice, will require nothing less than a revolution. The government is not going to save us. The government is completely infiltrated and corrupt to the core. Looking to them for a solution at this point is utterly naive.

There are three stages of revolution and they are sequential. Stage One is already underway Stage One is the ideological resistance. In this stage we have to actively work to wake up as many people as possible about what is happening and the direction we are headed. All revolutions originate from a shift in the mind-set of the population and no other meaningful resistance is possible without it. Success in this stage of the game can be measured by the contagion of ideas. When idea reaches critical mass, it begins to spread on its own and seeps into all levels of society. In order to achieve that contagion, we need more people in this fight. We need more people speaking up, making videos, writing articles, getting this information on to the national and international stage, and we especially need to reach the police and the military.

Stage Two is civil disobedience, also known as Non-violent Resistance. In this Stage, you put your money where your mouth is, or more accurately, you withhold your money and your obedience from the government and you do everything in your power to bring the gears of the State to a halt. Practiced in mass, this method alone is often enough to bring a regime to it’s knees. However, if it fails at this stage, Stage Three is inevitable.

Stage Three is direct physical resistance. Direct physical resistance is the last resort and it should be avoided and delayed as long as possible and only invoked when all other options have been thoroughly exhausted. There are those who ‘talk tough’ and claim that they will resist when the time comes, but what they fail to realise is that if you are inactive during the first two Stages and save your efforts for the last resistance, then you will fail.

When the Nazis were moving from door to door, dragging people out of their homes in Germany, that was the time to fight back physically, but due to the lack of ideological resistance and civil disobedience leading up to that moment, even an armed uprising would have likely failed at that point. An armed uprising can only succeed if the people have established an attitude of active resistance. And active resistance is only possible after their minds have broken free from the mainstream propaganda. If you want to fight back, then it’s now or never – you’re not going to get another chance, and the stakes are far higher than they were in Nazi Germany.

If you want to know more about the present situation, then watch the very informative web video at http://www.youtube.com/user/ThriveMovement , which also shows what you can do to improve things.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.com

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 11: Other Devices and Theories

Nikola Tesla’s Ionised-Air Electrical Generator.

Tesla also designed a device for picking up energy from the air. As far as I am aware, it was never patented and I have never seen a specification of its output. Perhaps it was one of Tesla’s failures but personally, I doubt that. It might make a very interesting experiment so see what level of output can be achieved using it. The construction is shown here:

It is essentially, a rectangular cylinder which contains two spherical electrodes like a Wimshurst machine. The cylinder is positioned vertically, so that when the electrodes are powered up with high voltage to create spark discharges, the air inside the cylinder is heated which causes it to rise up the cylinder. The heated air is ionised, so a magnetic field generated by a surrounding electromagnet, causes the charged ions to move to opposite sides of the cylinder. Electrode plates positioned inside the cylinder, provide an electrical path for the excess positive and negative charges to flow together through the load - lighting, heating or motor circuits typically.

On the surface, this system would appear to be less than 100% efficient, in that the amount of power applied to the device to make it operate should be less that the amount of power drawn from it to drive useful loads. I am not sure that this is necessarily so. Firstly, the air already contains charged ions before this device starts to generate more. These naturally occurring ions gain in number when a thunderstorm is likely, even to the extent of giving many people a headache by their presence. These naturally occurring ions will be picked up by this device and without any input power needed to create them, they are capable of providing output power.

Also, the whole earth is immersed in the zero-point energy field. This is seething energy at the quantum level whose effects can be seen even at ‘absolute zero’. This field is made of small random effects which makes it hard to obtain useful energy directly from it. The field needs to be structured before energy can be drawn from it. One way to do this is to align the field with an event which causes coherent waves of energy to radiate outwards as a ‘radiant energy’ wave - something like the ripples caused on the surface of a pond of still water when a large stone is dropped vertically into the water. The ripple ‘waves’ move outwards from the ‘event’ until they reach the bank of the pond. If there was a generator attached to a float in the pond, it would be possible to pick up some energy from the ripples. The same can be done with ‘radiant energy’ waves if you can create them and know how to pick up energy from them.

Radiant energy waves can be formed by very short sharp uni-directional electrical pulses. Pulses less than one hundredth of a second are suitable for this. One way of creating pulses of that type is using a spark gap. In Tesla’s device shown above, sparks are generated continuously. These sparks will generate radiant energy waves radiating out at right angles to the spark. Without a doubt, the vertical cylinder will have a mass of radiant energy shooting up it when it is being operated. This is in addition to the air ions which are being picked up. The only question is whether or not the electrode plate arrangement shown is capable of picking up any of this excess energy. Considering the metallic pickup device used by Edwin Gray to capture radiant energy as described below, it seems highly likely that some of that additional energy is, in fact, picked up and used to power the loads.

It should be noted that Tesla’s device shown above, will generate UV radiation in the same way as any MIG or stick welder does, so care should be exercised to avoid looking at the arc or allowing the UV to shine on your skin, even if the skin is covered by clothing. You can get serious sunburn through thin clothing if it is subjected to strong UV radiation. Also, radio interference is likely to be generated by the arc, so screening should be provided during any tests. WARNING: Tesla accidentally discovered that electric spark discharges in air, ignite and burn atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen, producing 12,000,000 volt waves. The oxygen and nitrogen, both below atomic number 19 are thereby transmuted into alpha and beta charges (stripped helium nuclei with +2 charge each, and electrons with -1 charges each) by the powerful radiation produced, having a voltage potential of 12 Mev. This is almost three times the Mev level of gamma radiation emitted by radium, it may well be the reason why Tesla did not publicise the device shown above, and should you decide to experiment with it, please be aware of the potential hazard of this radiation.

A variation on the above device of Tesla’s is given in the book “Physical Chemistry” by E. A. Moelwyn-Hughes, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1965, page 224. Rutherford and Geiger determined the fact that radium puts out alpha particles at the rate of 34,000,000,000 per second, each having two units of positive charge at 4.5 million electron-volts. This is a staggering amount of energy which ionises the air inside the housing and produces enough power to be capable of replacing the entire Four Corners power complex indefinitely.

The variation of Tesla’s device shown above, supports the lead container with its gram of radium on a strap across the bottom of the housing. The radiation ionises the air and the magnetic field separates the charges and directs them to opposite sides of the housing, to be collected and used via the electrode plates. There does not appear to be any reason why strong permanent magnets should not be used instead of the DC electromagnet shown.

Dr Harold Aspden’s Electrical Power Generator Patent.

Scientists freely acknowledge that more than 80% of the matter and energy in the universe is “dark matter” and “dark energy” where “dark” only means that we cannot readily see that form of matter and energy. The highly respected British scientist Dr Harold Aspden, has been awarded a patent for a system to collect this energy directly. The patent, which is one of several similar patents included in this eBook, is reproduced here:

Patent GB2390941 21st January 2004 Inventor: Dr. Harold Aspden

ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATING APPARATUS

Abstract

An electric generating device includes two capacitors 1 and 2, each having a pair of concentric electrodes and in-series connection to inductors 3 and 4. Each capacitor has an electrode connected to a high voltage DC source 5 and another connected to a low-voltage or earth terminal 6. An AC Power output may be produced from terminals between each capacitor and inductor or from a transformer where the inductor is the primary winding. Electricity production may be sustained by drawing energy from the vacuum medium surrounding the electrodes.

Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a new and non-conventional means for the generation of electrical power. The energy source is the quantum underworld of space, the aether medium of the vacuum state, long recognised for its ability to allow the storage of electric field energy by reacting as its intrinsic charge is displaced, a process understood by physicists by reference to the research findings of Clerk Maxwell.

Background of the Invention

The current state of the art of electrical power generation does not recognise the possibility of ultimately tapping energy from the aether. Physics is taught on the basis that energy cannot be created or destroyed, inasmuch as it is conserved in all physical processes, though it can be degraded in its usefulness, as by burning of hydrocarbons and conversion into heat which dissipates as by radiation into outer space. The aether as a source or as an absorber of energy is not deemed to serve any specific role in the physics of energy deployment, it having been dismissed from consideration by invoking the notion of 'field energy' without admitting the specific physical reality of something in space that accounts for the properties involved.

Theoretical physicists have, however come to suspect that space devoid of matter is nevertheless a seething sea of activity subject to sporadic energy fluctuations which can create electron-positron pairs that exist momentarily before decaying back into their quantum underworld. Yet those same physicists deny all possibility that this energy resource of space itself can be exploited to provide useful power on a scale large enough to rival the role played by atomic power plants and fossil fuel generating installations.

Curiously, they do subscribe to the belief that one day they may be able to generate power on a viable commercial scale from fusion reactors by processes replicating what they believe sustains the Sun's heat output as hydrogen is transmuted into different atomic forms. In contrast with this rather elusive objective, it having proved beyond reach even after half a century of effort, this invention is based on success in generating power by replicating, not the Sun's onward energy decay, but rather a process akin to that by which the Sun itself was created from energy drawn from the enveloping aether medium.

The invention to be described below has emerged from an in depth theoretical investigation into the properties of the aether and quite independently of any of the well known claims of published record which feature at the fringe of mainstream scientific literature. A recent and very well-presented account of what amounts to a century of relevant energy history is the book 'The Search for Free Energy’ by Keith Tutt, published in 2001 by Simon Schuster (ISBN 0-684-86660-9). Here in this book is a comprehensive background of information concerning the energy devices of several researchers but the references to Nikola Tesla and T. Henry Moray are particularly pertinent to the subject of this invention and, though imposing a limitation on what can be legitimately claimed by this patent application, they serve also as a basis for a very important lesson to those engaging in this field of invention.

The lesson is that it is not sufficient to build and demonstrate something that works, if you do not fully understand why what you have devised actually does work. This is especially the case here where one is claiming a source of energy hitherto unknown. The invention to be described below will, in its broadest sense, appear to be quite similar to what T. Henry Moray is said to have demonstrated in showing that substantial electrical power could seemingly be drawn from the aether using a simple wire antenna strung between two poles.

However, as will be seen, the antenna is not needed and the reason is that the energy source is not the radiant emission by some process involving radio wave propagation through the anther, but rather what can best be described as a phase-lock that couples the apparatus with the quantised motion of electric aether charge. There is a technique, to be described below, by which it is possible to exploit this phase-lock condition by setting up an energy oscillation involving an apparatus component and its enveloping aether, the result being that energy in an immediately useful electrical form is imported into the apparatus from that aether.

Brief Description of the Invention

According; to one aspect of the invention, an electric power delivery circuit comprises two capacitors, each having a pair of electrodes formed by a pair of metal cylinders having concentric axes, each capacitor having an associated inductor series-connected to it to form a capacitor-inductor unit, DC voltage excitation means connected to a parallel combination of the two capacitor-inductor units, whereby to apply between corresponding electrodes of the capacitors a DC bias voltage which primes them with electric charge, and power output terminals, one at each point of connection between a capacitor and its associated inductor, whereby to provide for an AC power output owing to oscillations of electric charge between the two capacitors at the resonant frequency of the capacitor-inductor units.

According to another aspect of the invention, an electric power-delivery circuit comprises two capacitors, each having a pair of electrodes formed by a pair of metal cylinders having concentric axes, each capacitor having an associated inductor series-connected to it to form a capacitor-inductor unit, DC voltage excitation means connected to a parallel combination of the two capacitor-inductor units, whereby to apply between corresponding electrodes of the capacitors, a DC bias voltage which primes them with electric charge, each inductor being the primary winding of an electrical transformer, the secondary winding of which serves to provide an AC power output owing to oscillations of electric charge between the two capacitors at the resonant frequency of the capacitor-inductor units.

According to a feature of the invention the capacitors have no intervening solid or liquid dielectric medium separating their concentric electrodes.

According to another feature of the invention, two inductors are coupled electromagnetically by having a common ferrite core and their primary windings are connected to their associated capacitors in the polarity configuration which assures that, in their mutually resonant state, electric charge is exchanged between the two capacitors.

According to yet another feature of the invention, the central axes of both cylindrical electrode capacitors are mutually parallel.

According to a further feature of the invention, an electrical power delivery system comprises a plurality of these electric power delivery circuits, where the central axes have different angular orientations as between the different circuits.

According to a still further feature of the invention, in such a power delivery system, the difference in angular orientation of the central axes is at least 600.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig.1 shows an electrical power generating circuit incorporating two concentric cylindrical capacitors having central axes which are parallel.

Fig.2 shows a modified version of the circuit of Fig.1 with a transformer system providing the inductors and an output winding.

Fig.3 illustrates a mutually inclined capacitor system comprising two pairs of concentric cylindrical capacitors.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The invention draws energy from the aether. To understand why the invention works, one needs to understand the process by which the aether stores energy when an electric field is set up across the dielectric separating two capacitor plates. Moreover, one needs to understand the means by which the aether determines the quantum of action, specifically in the form of the Bohr magnetron and the unit of angular momentum linked to Planck's constant.

It is not sufficient to imagine that electric charge in the aether is displaced from a rest position in a background continuum of opposite charge polarity to which it is attracted by a restoring force. Indeed, one must consider such action to be superimposed on a system of charge which has an underlying jitter motion, a quantum theory theme associated with the German physicist Heisenberg (Zitter-bewegung, which has the dictionary meaning 'Circular fluctuation movement, of spin'). When these two factors are combined, and the constraint added of there being a phase-lock which keeps that jitter motion in synchronism as between the charges, one finds that the physical theory involved has some very interesting consequences.

One of these consequences is that a spherical or cylindrical volume of aether, if spinning bodily about a central axis, will acquire a magnetic moment and set up an electric field inside that sphere or cylinder that is directed radially with respect to the spin axis. A summary analysis is presented in the Appendix to this specification, being, in part a quotation from pages 31-33 of a booklet entitled 'The Theory of Gravitation' which the Applicant of this invention, Dr. Harold Aspden, authored in 1959 and duly published early in 1960.

The induction of electric charge by 'aether spin' was there shown to give a physical basis, both qualitative and quantitative, for the geomagnetic moment, the property of body Earth of setting up a magnetic field which created magnetic North and South poles at latitudes offset from the geographic poles, with the geomagnetic polar axis precessing slowly around the Earth's spin axis at a rate of several hundred years per revolution. By identifying its source as a rotation of a sphere of aether coextensive with body Earth, a volume of aether relative to which the Earth could have a component of motion even though the aether spin frequency is equal to that of the Earth, this axial tilt of some 17 degrees has a physical explanation. However, that aspect of the aether's role was not seen at the time as offering anything of promise technologically. The physics involved is nevertheless very relevant and directly pertinent to the experiments on which this invention is based, the findings of which would otherwise be quite baffling scientifically.

The applicant has, over the 40 or so years since the theory was first published, given a great deal of consideration to the theoretical implication that, just as aether spin can set up electric charge displacement inside coextensive matter, so the setting up of an electric field directed radially with respect to an s axis can induce aether spin about that axis and with it develop angular momentum. Indeed, in the author's onward publications on this subject, as, for example, 'Physics Unified' published in 1980 by Sabbeton Publications, P.O. Box 35, Southampton, England (ISBN 0 85056 0098), it is shown how the onset of the force of gravitation when a disordered aether consolidated into an orderly structured form caused protons to accrete more rapidly than electrons, owing to their higher mutual rate of gravitational acceleration. This created stars with all initial positive charge and the associated aether spin resulted in the stars acquiring their spin states and shedding matter which consolidated into planets which share the angular momentum so generated. The aether with its property of spin as related by its electric charge density according to the formula presented in the Appendix is therefore the key factor if we attempt to account for the creation of the stars which populate our universe.

That same formula, however, is equally valid if applied to the circumstance where a radial electric field is set up between the concentric cylindrical electrodes of a capacitor formed around a hollow dielectric cylinder. It tells us how fast the aether within that dielectric will spin. The related theoretical analysis shows that the quantum phase-lock feature of the aether imports from the external aether world an amount of energy equal to that supplied in setting up aether charge displacement, this imported energy being the dynamic energy corresponding; to the acquired aether angular momentum. Guided by the argument concerning stellar creation one can see that this aether angular momentum can be transferred to matter and this process also has its energy transfer implications.

However, one can wonder what happens if, after setting up a radial electric field in that capacitor having concentric electrodes, the applied voltage is reduced, thereby withdrawing electric field energy from the capacitor. The imported energy present in kinetic energy form as a cylindrical shell of aether spins about the central axis of the capacitor will tend to sustain electric charge displacement. To conserve energy, since the aether phase-lock cannot force the expulsion of energy by obliging the enveloping aether universe to keep in step, this energy can only be shed by augmenting that released electrostatically. In other words, the net result is that an up and down fluctuation of the electric charge condition of the capacitor must give rise to an electric energy output that is, for the lowest dielectric constant (the permittivity of the vacuum), double the input in each cycle of change. One can then envisage an oscillation escalating in energy content powered almost wholly by aether input before one taps into that source of power to draw off energy at a rate consistent with stable operation.

This is, of course, a bewildering prediction that no physicist could imagine as being at all possible and yet, given the relevance of the theoretical argument involved, as applied to the phenomenon of geomagnetism and stellar creation, which are supported by strong evidence in that book 'Physics Unified’, once such a notion is conceived it surely has to be put to the test by experiment. This then, after decades of effort before this realisation has dawned, is the basis on which the Applicant has only now come to appreciate the amazing technological possibilities that lie before us and is asserting by this patent specification that energy can in fact be tapped from the aether on a commercially viable scale.

Given that aether theory indicates that the special form of capacitor described above will, if subject to an oscillatory charge condition, generate an excess of energy, a question to consider is why such a phenomenon has not manifested itself in bench-type experiments performed in numerous electrical laboratories over the past one hundred years. Ostensibly the implication is that the capacitor will exhibit a negative resistance if used with an inductor as a component in what would become a self-resonating circuit. The answer to this may be that if such a phenomenon has occurred it has passed unnoticed or been regarded as spurious or noise-related, being something connected with radio interference etc. Alternatively, and as a function of the size and scale of the apparatus, the effect may have lacked an exciting trigger needed to overcome an energy threshold set by such factors as circuit contact resistance or contact potentials as well as the basic resistance of the inductors which, with the capacitors, form the resonant circuit.

Note that, even for a capacitor of quite large physical dimensions, having regard to its accommodation on top of a laboratory bench, the actual capacitance is necessarily quite small. being of the order of a billionth of a farad. This means that a capacitor charge fluctuation of the order of a volt would only imply energy fluctuations that are of the order of a billionth of a joule per cycle. The situation is quite different if perchance a DC bias voltage of, say, 5,000 volts is applied to the capacitor. Then a small superimposed voltage fluctuation makes the related energy fluctuations very much larger with much greater prospect of an escalating self-resonance being triggered.

With this in mind the applicant perceived a possible prior art link with the experimental claims reported by Dr. Moray who, in 1929 is said (see pages 46-50 of the above-referenced recently-published book by Keith Tutt) to have powered six 100 watt light bulbs plus a standard 575 watt electric flat iron, merely by providing an earth connection and coupling an input lead to an overhead wire antenna. The apparatus involved had no other source of input power but included a special arrangement of capacitors and presumably some kind of high frequency inductor/transformer unit.

In spite of the attention given to the Moray demonstrations, it seems that the secrets involved in the design and construction of the apparatus remain unknown and so cannot feature in the prior art of published record. Nor, indeed, can the anecdotal evidence of Moray's efforts serve to show that the subject invention has been put to prior use. The technology as to how to replicate the Moray device, always assuming it did perform as claimed, has therefore to be rediscovered and, indeed, given that there is reference to his detectors incorporating some special substance which was referred to as ‘Swedish stone', possibly the dielectric he used in his capacitor construction, there is a considerable mystery to unravel. More to the point, however, one is led to believe that Moray was implying that the energy he was tapping was radiant energy drawn from the aether, with that antenna featuring prominently because, without it being connected, the energy output fell to zero. However, as he surely may well himself have known, one just cannot draw power on such a scale from a simple overhead wire strung between two poles and so, without know how, he would have suspected that the energy inflow was coming into his capacitors via the action of that mystery substance he called 'Swedish Stone'.

The applicant here suggests that, based on an insight into the quantum workings of the aether medium as outlined above, the curious discovery demonstrated decades ago by Dr. Moray may have been attributable to setting up an oscillation in a resonant circuit including, a concentric cylindrical electrode capacitor which had a voltage bias of the order of a thousand and more volts fed from a connection to that overhead antenna but drawing no significant current from that antenna other than enough to prime his capacitor with charge and stimulate a high frequency fluctuation which could initiate an escalating circuit oscillation tapping aether energy from the aether spin induced in the capacitor dielectric.

This is speculation, but it is sufficient to justify the Applicant's interest in constructing a capacitor and seeking to verify the assumptions just made. Notwithstanding, the reference alcove to Dr. Moray and the note below concerning Nikola Tesla, what it leads to is new invention by virtue of full disclosure of details of operation and manufacture of something hitherto unknown, the actual means by which to harness a source of energy latent in the aether medium and deemed by those familiar with state of the art knowledge to be beyond man's reach. Furthermore, there are supplementary inventive features of a special nature because of the way the subject invention exchanges energy between two capacitors and also because the optimisation of aether power output from the capacitors is found to be a function of the orientation of the capacitor axes relative to the cosmic background owing to the Earth's rotation.

It seems here appropriate to mention something described by Nikola Tesla in his U.S. Patent No. 685,958. This was filed on 21 March 1901 and granted on 5 November 1901. It was entitled: 'Apparatus for the Utilisation of Radiant Energy'. By installing two metal plates, one high above the ground and the other at ground level, with wires connecting the plates to separate electrodes of a capacitor, it was stated that the capacitor became charged to a very high potential, the energy input being that radiated to Earth from outer space. This may well have motivated the efforts of T. Henry Moray but, so far as this Applicant's invention is concerned, no such input from overhead components is necessary as a quite different energy source is at work, namely the zero-point vacuum energy activity of our quantum underworld.

Referring now to Fig.1, two capacitors 1, 2 formed by concentric cylindrical metal electrodes and having their central axes parallel, form part of a resonant circuit combination by each being series-connected to an inductor 3, 4 having a ferrite core. Their inner electrodes are connected to a high-voltage DC source 5 and their outer electrodes are separately connected through their corresponding inductors to a low-voltage or earth terminal 6. A resistive load device 7 is connected via switch 8 between the junction points of the capacitors and inductors.

In operation, owing to spurious electrical signals induced in the inductors, or to an imposed electrical stimulus provided by means not shown, the priming electric charge of the two capacitors will develop oscillations as charge is exchanged between the two capacitors. There is energy inflow owing to the quantum coupling of electric charge displaced between the concentric electrodes of each capacitor and the quantum activity of the underworld of the enveloping aether. This affords an electrical energy output which is supplied upon closure of switch 8.

Referring to Fig.2, the inductors 3, 4 are shown to have a common ferrite core 9 and to have secondary windings 10,11, which, by transformer action, can supply electrical power output between terminals 12 and 13.

The apparatus of Fig.1 and Fig.2 will, when viewed in side elevation, appear as having a capacitor form with an outer cylindrical electrode within which there is a slightly elongated inner cylindrical electrode, to facilitate the high-voltage connection to that inner electrode. Fig.3 shows, in very simple diagrammatic form, two such arrangements 14, 15, with the central axes of the two pairs of capacitors mutually inclined. There may, however, be three or more such pairs of capacitors, each pair constituting a circuit such as is depicted in Fig.1 or Fig.2.

The reason for configuring multiple capacitor systems, each with its own power output, in a combined manner with the outputs merged to supply an overall energy producing system is that the aether energy output of each capacitor unit is a function of axis orientation. This is because the quantum activity of the aether has its own preferred axis and, as the Earth rotates there is variation of the relative axial orientation in a daily cycle. Also, one needs to cater for systems applying, this invention in a mobile application, which also implies change of orientation and by having; the mutually inclined capacitor axis configurations one can be assured that the potential power output avoids the null situation that can occur if the capacitor axes of a stand-alone unit of Fig.1 or Fig.2 were to be at right angles to the aether quantum spin axis.

The capacitor electrodes can be of thin metal sheet foam and so of light weight and preferably are not spaced apart by any dielectric medium, whether liquid or solid. They need to be held apart by a simple insulating frame structure. The reason is, that the only dielectric medium that is operative in the functioning of the invention is the vacuum medium and to have a normal dielectric present implies more capacitance and so extra current oscillation without extra energy gain per cycle of oscillation. The key factor assuring operation is the need for circuit resistance to be low compared with capacitance that is solely attributable to the vacuum medium combined with the high voltage priming which greatly enhances the power output to weight factor.

The two capacitors of a pair are preferably of identical capacitance and structure, as are the inductors, so that the oscillation period of the two resonant sectors of the circuit is the same. The common ferrite core feature of the Fig.2 configuration assists in this role.

The apparatus will normally be designed to operate at a capacitor frequency of the order of 100 KHz or more, and a voltage of 10,000 V or higher, and so the transformer output of Fig.2 will be preferable with voltage duly adjusted to suit the application. The high frequency AC so produced can then be converted as needed by using the appropriate technology of known form.

Appendix

Extract from pp. 30-31 of 'The Theory of Gravitation', 1960 printed publication by the Applicant. Note that the earlier pages explained that the aether comprises a system of electric particles in a cubic crystal-like distribution set in a uniform background continuum of opposite charge polarity, the particle system and the continuum both sharing a common circular orbital motion of radius r and the relative velocity between the particles and continuum being the speed of light.

The Effect of Aether Rotation

Consider what happens when a large volume of the aether is rotating bodily. The continuum and particle system rotate together. There will be no resultant magnetic moment unless the particle distribution is disturbed. An evident disturbance is the centrifugal effect arising from aether rotation, but for the angular velocities of magnitude found in the solar system this effect is of negligible consequence. A much more important effect arises from the synchronising interaction between particles in the rotating volume. This requires that the particles shall move about their neutral points at the same angular velocity. Thus if a particle is to have a velocity component V directed in the plane of its orbit, whilst retaining a mean velocity C/2, its speed along its orbit must be of the form C / 2 + V cos(P), where P is the angle subtended by a line joining the particle and the centre of its orbit relative to a fixed reference datum in the inertial frame. To satisfy the above requirement the centre of the orbit cannot be the neutral point. Evidently the particle is distant from this neutral point by r + (2 V r / C) cos(P). As V is much less than C the effect of this is that the particle is moving around a circular orbit whose centre has been displaced a distance 2 V r / C perpendicular to V in the plane of the orbit. If V is much less than w x cos(A), where w is the angular velocity at which the aether rotates, x is the distance of the aether particle from the axis of rotation, and A is the angle of tilt of the axis to the common axial direction of the aether particle system, this displacement distance is 2 (w x r / C) cos(A). Consider a disc-like section of the rotating aether of radius x and unit thickness. Then, the effective charge displacement arising from the effective physical displacement of the particles is 2 pi x s (2 w x r / C) cos(A). The disc has acquired a uniform charge density of 4(w r s / C) cos(A) esu/cc. The polarity of this charge depends upon the direction of rotation of the aether.

When evaluated from the aether data already presented, the charge density is found to be: 4.781 w cos(A) esu/cc. This charge density represents a charge component which rotates with the aether.

Calculation of the Geomagnetic Moment

For Earth, w is 7.26 x 10-5 rad/sec and A is 23.5O. Thus the Earth’s charge density is, from the above expression, 0.000319 esu/cc. The rotation of this charge gives rise to a magnetic moment of:

(0.000319)(4 pi / 15)w R5 / C where R is here the radius of the Earth's aether.

If R is greater than the Earth’s radius (6.378x108 cm) by a small factor k, the Earth's theoretical magnetic moment becomes (1 + 5k)6.8 x 1025 emu. This may be compared with the measured value of the Earth's magnetic moment of 8.06 x 1025 emu.

An upper limit of 0.035 is imposed on k suggesting the Earth's aether terminates at a mean height of about 140 miles above the Earth's surface. This suggests that the ionosphere may be a phenomenon arising at the aether boundary.

Claims

1 An electric power delivery circuit comprising two capacitors each having a pair of electrodes formed by a pair of metal cylinders having concentric axes, each capacitor having an associated inductor series- connected to it to form a capacitor-inductor unit, DC voltage excitation means connected to a parallel combination of the two capacitor-inductor units, whereby to apply between corresponding electrodes of the capacitors, a DC bias voltage which primes them with electric charge, and power output terminals, one at each point of connection between a capacitor and its associated inductor, whereby to provide for an AC power output owing to oscillations of electric charge between the two capacitors at the resonant frequency of the capacitor-inductor units.

2 An electric power delivery circuit comprising two capacitors, each having a pair of electrodes formed by a pair of metal cylinders having concentric axes, each capacitor having an associated inductor series-connected to it to form a capacitor-inductor unit, DC voltage excitation means connected to a parallel combination of the two capacitor-inductor units, whereby to apply between corresponding electrodes of the capacitors a DC bias voltage which primes them with electric charge, each inductor being the primary winding of an electrical transformer, the secondary winding of which, serves to provide an AC power output owing to oscillations of electric charge between the two capacitors at the resonant frequency of the capacitor-inductor units.

3 An electric power delivery circuit according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the capacitors have no intervening solid dielectric medium separating their concentric electrodes.

4 An electric power delivery circuit according; to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the capacitors have no intervening liquid dielectric medium separating their concentric electrodes.

5 An electric power delivery circuit according to Claim I or 2, wherein the two inductors are coupled electromagnetically by having a common ferrite core and their primary windings are connected to their associated capacitors in the polarity configuration which assures that, in their mutually resonant state, electric charge is exchanged between the two capacitors.

6 An electric power delivery circuit according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the central axes of both cylindrical electrode capacitors are mutually parallel.

7 An electric power delivery system comprising a plurality of electric power delivery circuits according to Claim 6, wherein the central axes have different angular orientations as between the different circuits.

8 An electric power delivery system according to Claim 7, wherein the difference in angular orientation of the central axes is at least 600.

Comments by Dr Aspden on 19th March 2006:

OUR ENERGY FUTURE

A Message of Vital Importance

The website www.energyscience.org.uk presents a deliberately concise summary account of something of vital importance to the future of mankind. The world needs a new source of energy, one that is not an exhaustible commodity subject to power-play as between nations. Yes, one can dream and then awake to say this is impossible, but I urge those with the necessary skills to heed what I have to say in my three messages below.

First, however, let me introduce myself. My name is Dr. Harold Aspden. I am retired and elderly but have had a lifelong scientific interest in fundamental physics relevant to the energy theme. My 6-year university education in U.K. was at Manchester University and Cambridge University (Trinity College). My 33-year working career in U.K. comprised 9 years with English Electric and 24 years with IBM. Though having high technical qualifications (see below), being interested in the specialised field of protecting inventions pertaining to electrical engineering, I became a Chartered Patent Agent and later a European Patent Attorney. My last 19 years with IBM were spent as Director of IBM's European Patent Operations. This was followed, in my early retirement, by 9 years as a Visiting Senior Research Fellow at Southampton University and thereafter my scientific interest has been a private pursuit evidenced by my writings as on this and my related websites. My formal qualifications are: B.Sc., Ph.D., C.Eng., F.I.E.E., F.I.Mech.E., C.Phys., M. Inst.P., C. Sci., Wh.Sc.

Message No. 1: Physicists have come to recognise that there exists a quantum underworld alive with energy and permeating all space. However, their related research aims merely at probing experimentally the spectrum of elementary particles that have a transient existence as a product of that energy activity. The reward they seek is recognition should new particles be discovered and, by their properties, reveal connections with other particles that help in formulating a new theory or verifying an existing theory. Sadly, they do not see that quantum underworld as a potential source of energy that we can harness. Nor have they understood how most of the energy shed in creating matter formed the elementary particle which bears the name proton and which, together with the electron, constitutes the hydrogen atom.

There is also a secret they have yet to fathom. It is the effect of creating a radial electric field centred on electrical charge around which that quantum underworld can develop a state of spin that causes it to shed energy. In the presence of a radial electric field set up by an electrically charge body, whatever constitutes that quantum underworld that permeates all space shares a motion like that of sequence dancers who keep in step with one another as they move around the dance floor, a synchronous motion, which, in the presence of that radial electric field can only be held if a secondary motion develops around an axis centred in that radial field.

How else could the Sun spinning about its own axis have come into existence? Here we have gravity attracting hydrogen atoms and pulling them so closely together that ionisation occurs, meaning freeing some electrons from their proton bonding, and so, because the mass of a proton is very much greater than that of the electron, creating a Sun having a body that is positively charged sitting within an outer shell of negative electron charge. Two free protons experience a mutual rate of gravitational acceleration that is 1836 times that experienced by the interaction of two electrons. The body of the Sun, therefore, has a uniform mass density and a uniform positive charge density enclosed within a compensating negative charge at its surface. This is because gravitational compaction forces balance the expansion forces attributable to electrostatic repulsion. It further means the presence of a radial electric field within the body of the Sun and, in turn, owing to the effect of this field on the space medium of the quantum underworld, this induces a state of spin accompanied by release of energy from that medium to feed the kinetic energy of that spin.

In depth analysis of the physics involved, meaning the effect of the resulting radial electric field on that quantum underworld, then allows one to calculate the resulting rate of spin and thereby understand how the solar system was created.

So, if the reader is a physicist, here is the way forward and full guidance on this is to be found on my parallel website www.aspden.org or in a new book of mine entitled Creation - The Physical Truth, that will be published in the near future. However, if the reader is not a physicist but has the technological aptitudes of the university-trained electrical engineer then it is Message No. 2 below that warrants attention.

Message No. 2: If it were possible to generate electrical energy by tapping an omnipresent medium it is surely to be expected that the occasional natural phenomenon might already have hinted at this possibility. Consider, therefore, the thunderball, a glowing spherical object sometimes seen, especially following a lightning storm. It appears aethereal in the sense that it can move unimpeded through matter, yet remains an enigma, an unsolved mystery of record in the annals of science. Lightning strokes are high current discharges which, as electrical engineers well know, can develop a 'pinch effect' squeezing the electron-carried current into a filamentary flow within a cylindrical channel of positively charged air. That implies a radial electric field, a pulsating radial electrical field if the discharge surges, a sure recipe for something to happen that could form a miniature Sun, the thunderball. So when we look at a thunderball we are looking at a natural phenomenon that has drawn energy from that quantum underworld of space, energy which is then dissipated, but energy shed by a process we can surely harness, once we understand the physics involved.

Scientists lacking the necessary imagination do not seek to understand how the thunderball is created and so they seldom write about it. So here we have something to think about. It is Nature's message telling us: "Produce a radial electric field, one that pulsates, and you can develop a spin that taps energy from the quantum underworld of space." As engineers, however, we need to be practical and, if possible, we should avoid trying to replicate a phenomenon that involves powerful electric discharges, if there are better ways in which to proceed.

So now I come to my primary theme in this Message No. 2. It is a brief survey of a few of the claims of record that have declared a mysterious energy gain and have features which I see as relevant to what has been said above. In particular I draw attention to the research findings of four different pioneers in what has come to be termed 'The Search for Free Energy', this being the title of a really excellent book by Keith Tutt, published by Simon & Schuster in 2001. Three of these are described in considerable detail in that work. I now ask you to keep in mind my reference to a radial electric field as I mention each of them below and do realise that electrical structures of cylindrical form are a key feature.

Nikola Tesla is famous for his research concerning electromagnetic induction and high voltage solenoidal transformer apparatus (Tesla coils) and he is said to have demonstrated an automobile which derived its power by tapping energy from space. He did not disclose its design details and died leaving us with a mystery. Tesla coils comprise large solenoidal windings concentrically mounted and operate with high voltage pulsations between their cylindrical forms which must produce a pulsating radial electric field between those windings. So, although electromagnetic induction effects are the primary focus of attention, there is here scope for the electrical action described in Message No. 1 above. Tesla may well have stumbled experimentally upon a way of tapping energy from space, but without understanding the true underlying physical process.

Dr. Henry Moray, a pioneer of the 1920-1930 era, demonstrated something which merely needed a kind of antenna, a wire connected from tree tops to earth via electrical apparatus in the boot (trunk) of his automobile. It is said that the latter included several capacitors and that a kilowatt level of power was generated. In this case the automobile merely carried the test apparatus for demonstration at a location remote from a built-up area and any electrical power line interference. No doubt Moray was seeking to follow in Tesla's footsteps by drawing energy from the Earth's electric field, known to be measured in hundreds of volts per metre. It is likely that those capacitors were of Leyden jar type configuration, that is cylindrical in structural form, and that the wire linked to tree tops tapped charge at a kilovolt voltage level. However, the output power claimed could surely not have come from that source. Therefore one must assume that Moray used that treetop voltage input merely to prime the voltage across his capacitor electrodes, whilst incorporating some special feature in the operation of his electrical circuit that gave access to the energy of the quantum underworld. Capacitors having concentric electrodes of cylindrical form will, when charged electrically, have a radial electric field in the space between the electrodes. Several capacitors coupled together could give rise to oscillations of charge as between the capacitors and so lead to a pulsating radial electric field. Yet though demonstrating as possible something that should not be possible, a mysterious inflow of energy able to illuminate several light bulbs, Moray could surely not have understood the true physical process that was feeding energy into his apparatus. Again I see this as relevant to what is stated in Message No. 1.

Stan Meyer demonstrated apparatus that included sets of concentric tubular electrodes enclosed in a cylindrical container filled with water, the electrodes being fed by high voltage (5 KV) pulses. Combustible gas was generated, a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, the burning of which generated far more heat than could be accounted for by the electrical energy input. Energy was being tapped as if from nowhere unless the source was the ambient medium of space itself. Here there was a pulsating radial electric field and electric charge oscillating between different components in Meyer's apparatus. Meyer did not offer any useful explanation as to the physical process underlying what he could demonstrate but persisted in conveying the message that the invention was wonderful and talking about a multiplicity of applications such as powering automobiles, ships etc. This is the project not mentioned in Keith Tutt's book. As for the Tesla and Moray projects Meyer's research was a U.S. based activity. It did, however, attract the interest of a British Admiral, Admiral Tony Griffin who was concerned with the impact of new technology upon the marine industries. Griffin witnessed Meyer's demonstrations and was interested in its development. Indeed an article on the subject mentioning Admiral Griffin and entitled 'Free Energy for Ever' was published in the January 1991 issue of the U.K. magazine Wireless World. The importance of the article was evident from the fact that the Editor of that magazine was the author.

Paul Baumann, a member of a Christian community in a isolated valley high in the Swiss Alps has constructed working free energy devices which have been demonstrated to visitors. The first working prototype was relatively small and included a pair of glass Leyden jars, concentric capacitors. Keith Tutt in his book devotes 30 pages to this subject. The high voltage needed to prime the capacitor operation was generated by a Wimshurst machine driven by the electric power generated. The community has, however, kept design details secret. In spite of such information as is available the underlying physical process governing its operation remains a mystery. Yet I can but feel confident that what I say in my Message No. 1 provides the answer.

Message No. 3: My Message No. 1 has drawn attention to the physical process by which the vast amount of energy needed to create the Sun was extracted from the quantum underworld that permeates all space. My Message No. 2 has drawn attention to the reported efforts of just some of the several energy research pioneers who actually demonstrated apparatus that, contrary to accepted scientific principles, drew energy from a mystery source. My Message No. 3, based on recognising the common physical feature can but be the suggestion that technology for generating our power needs from the hidden underworld of space has to be possible. Accordingly, I will now outline what I see as the basis on which to build the ultimate power generating device that harnesses the physical principles presented in Message No. 1.

Being 78 years of age and no longer having access to university research laboratory facilities, I can but leave it to others to take note and, hopefully, prove me right. If proved right then the world will benefit and the impending energy crisis will be avoided. Hopefully also, the scientific community might then be willing to accept my claim as to how the quantum underworld deploys its energy into proton creation and is active in producing the phenomenon of gravitation. I know of no other theory that has been able to derive theoretically the value 1836.152 of the proton/electron mass ratio. I would like to see that recognised as my contribution to man's knowledge.

Consider a capacitor formed by a pair of concentric cylindrical electrodes, something many of us remember from the school physics laboratory, the Leyden jar. However, the capacitor structure I have in mind is very much larger and has to be operated at a quite high voltage. When that voltage is applied between the electrodes electric charge is displaced in the underlying vacuum medium located between those electrodes. A commensurate amount of electric charge is thereby held in place on those electrodes, a negative polarity charge on one and a positive polarity charge on the other. Given my claim that this is accompanied by 'vacuum spin', aether rotation, which has imported an equal amount of energy owing to a quantum phase-lock as between the charge of the vacuum medium, we have the energy gain we seek to exploit.

The problem, however, is that, with this simple capacitor configuration, the only control parameter available is the reduction of the voltage between the electrodes. This will shed energy within the circuit of the apparatus used, the outflow of electric charge at the voltage difference merely delivering energy equal to that originally supplied by our voltage source. The added energy imported from space is merely dispersed by the 'vacuum spin' slowing down but expanding beyond the bounds of the capacitor electrodes as it conserves its angular momentum. The energy imported from the quantum underworld of space has no way of enhancing the energy output of the capacitor circuit and so is left to dissipate itself and eventually be reabsorbed by that quantum underworld that pervades all space.

However, now consider a concentric electrode capacitor having a third cylindrical electrode intermediate the inner and outer electrodes. Here we have a control parameter other than the voltage between the outermost and innermost electrodes, because we can wonder about the voltage of the central electrode whilst retaining the other voltage difference at a constant high level. In fact, by keeping the latter voltage difference constant but varying the voltage of the intermediate electrode we can decrease the capacitor energy of one half of the overall capacitor as that of the other half decreases. The imported energy shed by one half of the overall capacitor can then contribute to the action that energises the other half and thereby induce oscillations from which energy can be extracted and deployed as a power source.

One needs two such capacitors having their central electrodes coupled through a load circuit in order to capture the 'free energy' inflow and get it to do useful work rather than being dissipated. An inductance in the coupling circuit can determine the oscillation frequency and, since the energy inflow increases with frequency, this should no doubt be well into the kilocycle region. The figure below is a simple schematic diagram of the electrical apparatus that I have in mind.

So my Message No. 3 is what I may describe as a 'thought experiment', one that I cannot verify myself, owing to my age and lack of facilities. I therefore can but record my thoughts and hope that others will prove me right and not wrong.

The capacitors depicted in the figure should have their electrodes spaced so that the capacitance C as between their central and outermost electrodes is the same as the capacitance C between their central and innermost electrodes. Suppose that the outermost electrodes are maintained at a voltage of 20,000V relative to the innermost electrodes. This means that the two central electrodes will be at an intermediate voltage which we expect to be 10,000V in the absence of oscillations. However, as with any ever-active electrical system, there will be minor voltage fluctuations affecting the central electrodes. So we may ask what happens if the voltage of the central electrode of capacitor A decreases owing to electric charge being shed by the inner capacitance C but gained by the outer capacitance C. Think about that for a moment. You will see that it implies reciprocal action in the opposite sense by capacitor B, as current flows from A to B via the central inductor coupling. Yet no net current flows from the 20,000V power source.

Now, of course, common sense backed by our scientific training assures us that this system can but keep its equilibrium without those minor voltage fluctuations building up in some way. Yet, if we heed Message No. 1 and keep in mind Message No. 2, there is a question we must ask. If current does flow through that central link between A and B, one half of A and one half of B both shed energy and so release the imported 'vacuum spin' energy, if such is present. This occurs as other halves of A and B have to gain energy and as angular momentum of the imported 'spin energy' spreads into the other sections of the capacitors. The question then is: "Does that imported energy escape, as it does for the two-electrode capacitor configuration, or might it be retained and so augment the action?"

I submit the answer can only be provided by actual experiment. If the energy does escape then there is nothing further to discuss. However, if some of that energy is captured then we can expect an escalation of oscillations in that inductive link and so can then say that a new source of energy has been discovered. Those oscillations will be a function of the capacitance C and the inductance of the load circuit. Given a high frequency and a high voltage a significant level of power per unit volume of capacitor structure will be produced. If power output at a level commensurate with the claims of Tesla, Moray, Meyer and Baumann results the world's energy future is then assured. A pollution-free energy resource powered by the quantum underworld of space will be at hand wherever we are on body Earth.

The Design of Paulo and Alexandra Correa.

Paulo & Alexandra Correa have discovered a way of converting Tesla’s longitudinal waves into ordinary electrical power. They have made US Patent Application 2006/0,082,334 entitled “Energy Conversion Systems” in which they show various ways of achieving this energy-type conversion.

Their techniques range from applying the longitudinal wave energy coming from a Tesla Coil directly to two capacitors via diode rectification and the voltages generated are related directly to actual ground earth potential:

The patent application forms part of this set of documents so the full details can be examined. A theory of operation is presented based on their many experiments and observations, and the practical form of one of their conversion devices is:

Where the active pick-up plates R and T are encased in a cylinder and are provided with a cone shape to assist the procedure. The patent application contains a good deal of information and is worth reading.

Professor Konstantin Meyl.

Another key person in the advancement of current theory and analysis is Professor Konstantin Meyl who has described how field vortices form scalar waves. He has described how electromagnetic waves (transverse waves) and scalar waves (longitudinal waves) both should be represented in wave equations. For comparison, transverse EM waves are best used for broadcast transmissions like television, while longitudinal scalar waves are better for one-to-one communication systems like cell phones.

He also presented the theory that neutrinos are scalar waves moving faster than the speed of light. When moving at the speed of light, they are photons. When a neutrino is slowed to below the speed of light, it becomes an electron. Neutrinos can oscillate between e- and e+. Fusion involves e-, and a lightning flash involves e+. Energy in a vortex acts as a frequency converter. The measurable mixture of frequencies is called noise.

Dr. Meyl has pointed out that Tesla measured the resonance of the Earth at 12 Hz. The Schumann resonance of the Earth is 7.8 Hz. Meyl shows how one can calculate the scalar wave of the Earth to be 1.54 times the speed of light. He has developed a model which ties the expansion of the earth to be the result of the earth’s absorption of neutrino energy. The ramifications of this model are that neutrino energy can be tapped. He took this to the next step and postulated that Zero Point Energy is neutrino power – energy from the field; available at any time, and present everywhere. To show the place of neutrinos in conventional science, Meyl noted that the 2002 Nobel Physics prize was in regards to work on neutrinos. The English-language version of Dr. Meyl’s web site is at http://www.meyl.eu.

Nikola Tesla’s Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion Drive.

Tesla performed an experiment in which he applied high-voltage high-frequency alternating current to a pair of parallel metal plates. He found that the ‘space’ between the plates became what he described as “solid-state” exhibiting the attributes of mass, inertia and momentum. That is, the area transformed into a state against which a mechanical push could be exerted. This implied that, using this technique, it should be possible to produce a spaceship drive anywhere in space, if the mechanism for thrusting against the ‘solid-state’ space could be determined. Further experiments convinced Tesla that powerful electromagnetic waves could be used to push against (and pull against) what appears to be ‘empty space’. The drive principle is based on the Hall-effect used in semiconductor magnetic sensors, and is called the magnetohydrodynamic (“MHD”) effect. This might be illustrated like this:

Here, a box is constructed with two metal plates forming opposite sides and two insulating plates holding them in position and surrounding an area of ‘space’. High-frequency, high-voltage alternating current is applied to the metal plates and this creates an electric field “E” acting between the plates as shown in black. A magnetic field “B” is generated by the electrical field. The magnetic field acts at right-angles to the electric field, as shown in blue. These two fields produce a propulsion thrust “F” shown in red in the diagram. This propulsion force is not produced by ejecting any matter out of the box, instead, it is produced by a reaction against the ‘solid-state’ condition of space-time caused by the high-frequency electromagnetic pulsing of that area of space. This is enormously more effective than a jet engine. The thrust increases with the fourth power of the frequency, so if you double the frequency, the effect is sixteen times greater.

To put this into perspective, consider the force being applied against gravity to lift an object into the air. The force pulling the object downwards is gravity and its strength is given by:

Gravitational force:

F = g x M x m / r2

where

g is the gravitational constant (6.672 x 10-8 cm3 g-1 s-2)

M is the mass of the first body

m is the mass of the second body and

r is distance between the two centres of mass

The lifting force is given by:

Lorentz Force: Force on an object = Electric force + Magnetic force

F = q x E + q x v x B

where

q is the charge on the object,

B is the magnetic field,

v is the velocity of the object and

E is the electric field

How do these forces compare? Well, the electromagnetic force is stronger than the gravitational force by a factor of about 2,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times. That number (2.2 x 1039) is too big for anybody to really visualise, so let me put it another way.

If the amount of energy used to mechanically lift an object a distance of one hundredth of an inch (one quarter of a millimetre) off the ground, were used as an electromagnetic lifting force, then that amount of energy would lift the object more than 3,472,222,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles off the ground, or in metric units, more than 5,588,001,700,000,000,000,000,000 kilometres off the ground. This kind of drive is an entirely different kind of animal. This Hall-effect type of drive if used in a spaceship would require only a very small amount of input power to drive the ship at great speeds and over great distances.

As the device shown above operates directly on the space-time field which penetrates all matter, there would appear to be no reason why it should not be used to drive a conventional vehicle by positioning it in a horizontal position rather than the vertical position shown in the diagram. Throttle operation could be by very slight adjustment to the frequency of the AC pulses applied to the metal plates. However, Bill Lyne indicates that horizontal movement is better achieved by producing Tesla’s very short, high-voltage high-frequency DC pulses at the front of the vehicle while at the same time generating very high-voltage high-frequency AC waves at the back of the vehicle. This style of drive is said to pull the vehicle along rather than push it along.

The Unified Field Theory is being searched for by scientists who want to come up with a theory which encompasses the force of gravity with the electromagnetic force. In my opinion, they would have more chance of success in trying to find a needle in a haystack which does not contain a needle since when the entire haystack has been disassembled, it becomes clear that there never was a needle in it. In my opinion, there is no such thing as a “force of gravity”, in fact, there is no such thing as gravity. Find that hard to believe? Well, let me explain.

If when standing, you hold an object a waist level and let it go, it “falls” and lands near your feet. Yes agreed, and yet I suggest that there is no such thing as gravity. If you suspend a pendulum close to a mountain, the pendulum does not hang down vertically but moves slightly towards the mountain. This is said to be because the mountain attracts the pendulum. Sorry Chief, but I suggest that it just ain’t true and the mountain does not attract the pendulum. The Moon orbits around the Earth which requires a continuous acceleration inwards towards the Earth and this is said to be caused by the attraction of gravity pulling the two bodies of matter together. Well, yes the Moon does orbit the Earth but not because of “the force of gravity”.

The reason why “the force of gravity” is so tiny compared to electromagnetism is because there is no such force at all. Yes, indeed, all of the observed phenomena which are supposed to be gravitational, do exist exactly as seen, but I suggest that there is no such thing as “the force of gravity” and the Unified Field Theory is not needed. Let me explain:

The Zero-Point Energy field exists everywhere in the universe and it flows in every direction equally. It acts like a flow of particles thousands of times more tiny than electrons, and so, it flows through matter. No matter can shield completely from the flow of this energy field. But, a tiny percentage of the flow does happen to collide with the electrons, atoms and molecules of matter as the energy flow moves through matter. The bigger the chunk of matter, the more of the energy flow collides with it. The collisions convert the energy into additional mass, which is why our Sun is not losing mass as rapidly as theory would predict. The situation is like this:

The force of the Zero-Point Energy field is slightly reduced having passed through (and interacted with) the large mass of the Earth. This reduced strength in indicated in the diagram by the light-blue arrows. The incoming Zero-Point Energy field is not reduced in strength in any significant way as the molecules in the atmosphere are not nearly as tightly packed as those in the matter which makes up the Earth itself. The imbalance of these two thrusts causes a net push towards the surface of the Earth.

For clarity, the diagram only shows the field acting in one direction, while in reality, the same situation applies in every possible direction around the planet. When you let an object go and it moves towards the surface of the planet, it is not being pulled down by “the force of gravity”, but instead, the downward push of the Zero-Point Energy field is greater than the upward push of the Zero-Point Energy field which has just passed through the planet. The object moves “downwards” because the push from above is greater than the push from below.

Exactly the same thing applies to cause the effect that a mountain appears to have on a pendulum. In reality, the mountain has no effect on the pendulum, apart perhaps from a minor electrostatic influence. The main effect is caused by the flow of the Zero-Point Energy field:

Here, the (very roughly drawn) mountain, reduces the push of the Zero-Point Energy field which passes through it, due to its interaction with the matter with which it collides on its trip through the mountain. The push of the Zero-Point Energy field on the side of the pendulum is not diminished, so there is a net push towards the mountain and that makes the pendulum move in the direction of the mountain. The effect is not very large, so the pendulum does not move much out of the vertical as the downward push towards the surface of the planet is quite marked, so the pendulum needs to be very near the mountain for this effect to be observed.

This can also be seen in the Casimir Effect where two non-magnetic metal plates, which are not carrying an electrostatic charge, are suspended very close to each other. The plates do not hang straight down but move towards each other. This is the same effect as is caused by a mountain near a stationary pendulum, or plumb-line. Each plate screens out a little of the Zero-Point Energy field which passes directly through both plates, so the second plate gets slightly less of a push:

The result is that between the plates, the horizontal force pushing them is unbalanced. Hang just one plate up and the horizontal Zero-Point Energy (“ZPE”) forces coming from the right exactly balance the ZPE forces coming from the left, and the plate hangs vertically below its point of suspension with the supporting cord (shown in red in the diagram above) hangs vertically. But with two plates as shown, the push from the left is reduced very slightly as it passes through the left hand metal plate. This means that there is a lesser push from left to right on the right hand plate. This causes the plate to move very slightly to the left, until the horizontal pull caused by the red cord not being vertical, just balances the difference in the ZPE thrusts on that plate. So, the right hand plate moves slightly to the left.

The same thing happens with the left hand plate. The ZPE thrust coming from the right is slightly reduced as it passes through the right hand plate, and the left hand plate moves slightly to the right until the angled pull of its supporting cord balances the net thrust on that plate. The overall effect is that the gap at point “A” in the diagram is very slightly larger than the gap at point “B”, though the amount is not nearly as great as suggested by the diagram, which has been deliberately exaggerated to show the effect clearly. There is nothing complicated about this, it is just simple common sense. Remember that the pull of the supporting cord “C” is the exact equivalent of a vertical force “D” along with a horizontal force “E”. Here, the vertical force D exactly matches the weight of the plate, and the horizontal force E exactly matches the unbalanced ZPE force (if they did not match exactly, then the plate would move until they did). The further away from the vertical that the plate moves, the greater the resulting horizontal force caused by the pull of the supporting cord.

Tesla expressed this in a very slightly different way in his Dynamic Theory of Gravity (1897) which states that all bodies emit microwaves whose voltage and frequency are determined by their electrical contents and relative motion. He measured the microwave radiation of the earth as being only a few centimetres in wavelength. He said that the frequency and voltage were influenced by the velocity and mass of the earth, and that its “gravitational” interaction with other bodies, such as the sun, was determined by the interaction of the microwaves between the two bodies.

If you find the concept of producing a driving force through pushing against the space-time continuum to be difficult to accept, then perhaps you should consider the US Patent granted to Boris Volfson on 1st November 2005. The important thing about this patent (which is crammed full of long words) is not whether or not it presents a realistic mechanism for a practical space drive, but the fact that the US Patent Office in the year 2005, granted the patent after what presumably was careful consideration. With that in view, it is hardly possible to consider Tesla to have been totally confused when he designed (and built) his “electric flying machine” which operated by pulling on the space-time field.

Tesla used high voltage at gigahertz frequencies for his electropulsion system. The propulsion of a vehicle powered by a Tesla drive is by the use of an additional AC generator at the back (which stiffens the space-time continuum behind the vehicle) and a DC ‘brush’ generator at the front (which weakens the space-time continuum in front, causing the vehicle to be pulled forwards).

Tesla was very astute. He deduced that ‘empty space’ actually contained:

1. Independent carriers which permeate all space and all matter and from which all matter is made. These carry momentum, magnetism, electricity or electromagnetic force, and can be manipulated artificially or by nature.

2. ‘Primary Solar Rays’ (starlight) which travel at the speed of light, having frequencies far above X-rays, gamma and UV radiation.

3. ‘Cosmic Rays’, particles in space propelled by the Primary Solar Rays.

4. X-rays, Gamma rays and UV electromagnetic waves, all of which travel at the speed of light.

5. Ordinary visible and Infra-Red electromagnetic waves which travel at the speed of light.

6. Rapidly varying electrostatic force of enormous potential, emanating from the earth and other gravitational bodies in space.

When we grasp the actual nature of the universe, it becomes clear that we have a much larger range of opportunities for producing usable energy in large quantities and at minimal cost.

Additional information can be found in Boris Volfson’s US Patent 6,960,975 of November 2005 “Space Vehicle Propelled by the Pressure of Inflationary Vacuum State” which is reproduced in the Appendix.

If you find the thought of generating a gravitational field, difficult to come to terms with, then consider the work of Henry Wallace who was an engineer at General Electric about 25 years ago, and who developed some incredible inventions relating to the underlying physics of the gravitational field. Few people have heard of him or his work. Wallace discovered that a force field, similar or related to the gravitational field, results from the interaction of relatively moving masses. He built machines which demonstrated that this field could be generated by spinning masses of elemental material having an odd number of nucleons -- i.e. a nucleus having a multiple half-integral value of h-bar, the quantum of angular momentum. Wallace used bismuth or copper material for his rotating bodies and "kinnemassic" field concentrators.

Aside from the immense benefits to humanity which could result from a better understanding of the physical nature of gravity, and other fundamental forces, Wallace's inventions could have enormous practical value in countering gravity or converting gravitational force fields into energy for doing useful work. So, why has no one heard of him? One might think that the discoverer of important knowledge such as this would be heralded as a great scientist and nominated for dynamite prizes. Could it be that his invention does not work? Anyone can get the patents. Study them -- Wallace -- General Electric -- detailed descriptions of operations -- measurements of effects -- drawings and models -- it is authentic. If you are handy with tools, then you can even build it yourself. It does work.

Henry was granted two patents in this field: US Patent 3,626,605 -- "Method and Apparatus for Generating a Secondary Gravitational Force Field", Dec 14, 1971 and US Patent 3,626,606 -- "Method and Apparatus for Generating a Dynamic Force Field", Dec 14, 1971. He was also granted US Patent 3,823,570 -- "Heat Pump" (based on technology similar to the above two inventions), July 16, 1973.

Dr Peter Lindemann gave a lecture at the TeslaTech conference which is very informative and which I would highly recommend. It is available on DVD from http://www.free-energy.ws/products.html under the title of "Tesla's Radiant Energy". He makes a number of important points, some of which are repeated here.

We tend to think of the battle for industrial electricity to have been between Thomas Edison's DC system and Tesla's AC system, with Tesla winning. Unfortunately, while true, that is not the full story as Tesla moved on from AC to more powerful systems, and Tesla lost out on those systems, leaving us today, with a workable, but much inferior system. We need to see the overall picture clearly. James Clerk Maxwell produced his famous equations, relating electricity and magnetism (which are actually two faces of a single entity called "electromagnetism"). Subsequently, H.A. Lorentz damaged those equations, throwing away the parts which showed that free-energy was available for use if we knew how to access it.

Out present day position has grown up where, while we realise that "gravity" is 1039 times less powerful than electromagnetism, we see "static electricity" as a weak and useless thing which needs to be avoided. The reality is quite different as Tesla points out and demonstrates. Tesla describes "static" and "radiant" energy as being a force which appears to have no ultimate limits at all. That is, it is capable of providing unlimited power. Our knowledge of this power is so inadequate that we believe that power can only flow in a circuit which is a closed-loop and the power flow has to be a stream of electrons. This is most definitely not the case.

The more powerful radiant energy flows like an electrically charged sound wave passing through incompressible air and which can be fed down a single wire without the slightest difficulty. In fact, you can even skip that one wire and use the earth instead, transmitting power with what appears to be no wires at all. The actual, final and most important contest was between closed-loop electricity and single-wire power transmission, and that contest was one which Tesla lost.

The nature of this radiant energy is so different to what we think of as conventional electricity that it is perfectly possible to light a filament light bulb held in one hand, while grasping a single wire in the other hand. When doing this, there is no sensation whatsoever and nothing at all is felt. This has been demonstrated and a video ( http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6461713170757457294 ) of that demonstration is on the web at this time.

In his lecture, Dr Lindemann remarks that his understanding of the subject has been helped considerably by the book ( http://www.free-energy-devices.com/TeslaBook.pdf ) "The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla" and the book ( http://www.datafilehost.com/download-c74378fc.html ) "The Secrets of Cold War Technology - HAARP and Beyond" which describes some of the early work done by Tesla. He also praises the book "Tesla's Vocabulary for Dummies" which is a joke on his part as there is no such book in spite of his appearing to show some quotations from it in his DVD lecture.

One feature of radiant energy which becomes clear from Tesla's description of it, is that the most useful effects which can be gained from it, start at a DC pulse frequency of 1 MHz which is far higher than experimenters use today. He stresses that we do not actually know the exact nature of electricity and that all of our present day measuring instruments are based on electron theory and so just do not measure radiant energy. In a way, it is a bit like the difference between AM radio and FM radio. Both are perfectly valid and work well, but an AM radio will not receive an FM radio signal and an FM radio will not receive an AM radio signal. Unfortunately, radiant energy is much more powerful than conventional electricity and it is not dangerous like electricity is. It should be noted that Hermann Plauston's very detailed patent - US 1,540,998 ( http://www.free-energy-info.com/PatD8.pdf ) is on methods of capturing and using this radiant energy, and he describes any multi-aerial systems which produce a net output of 100 kilowatts as being a "small" system. I don't know about you, but I would settle for a system which produced less than 10% of that fuel-less output.

The best information on radiant energy comes from the writing of Tesla and Dr Lindemann draws attention to one of Tesla's patents, US 685,957 ( http://www.free-energy-devices.com/PatD37.pdf ) which explain how this radiant energy can be captured and used. Tesla also used a motor design which is effective with this type of energy. The motor has two windings, the first being fed directly and the second one receiving a 90 degree delayed pulse through a capacitor.

One thing that Tesla points out is that there is an incompressible gaseous medium filling the universe and which is composed of particles which are much smaller than hydrogen atoms. Mendeleev who constructed the table of elements indicates quite clearly that there should be two gaseous elements which are lighter than hydrogen, but he did not put them in his table because he did not know what they are.

The Nature of Gravity by Maurice Cotterell.

The comments by Joseph H. Cater later in this chapter include the statement that gravity is electromagnetic radiation of a frequency just below that of infra red. The extract from Karl Schappeller’s work, also later in this chapter, states exactly the same thing and the same frequency. The extracts from Joseph Newman’s book, also later in this chapter, point out the effect of electron spin on attraction and repulsion. The document http://www.free-energy-info.com/Cotterell.pdf is a paper on gravity by the very able Maurice Cotterell, part of which is quoted here:

How Gravity Works

“How Gravity Works” explains how Electricity and Magnetism work together to produce the force of Gravity and in doing so, they reveal the underlying science behind Newton’s equation which he tried in vain to uncover, namely, the reason why Gravity is proportional to the masses of two attracting objects, why it grows weaker in proportion to the square of the distance between them, and the nature of the “Gravitational Constant” which continues to perplex researchers to this day. It explains why all objects accelerate to Earth at 32 feet per second every second. It explains why the atom is comprised of eight orbital shells and why those shells fill with electrons in the way that they do. It explains how permanent magnetism works at atomic level, the nature of so-called ‘Dark Matter’, the reason why spiral galaxies are spiral, why the centre of the Earth is boiling hot and how the Earth’s magnetic field is generated.

Scientists cannot understand why the positive protons on the centre of atoms simply do not spring apart – their positive charges repelling each other. In 1935, a researcher named Yukawa suggested that another substance or particle must exist to ‘glue’ the protons in the nucleus together - a kind of atomic ‘velcro’. But an objector to Yukawa pointed out that if indeed that were the case, then there would have to be two kinds of velcro - a velvet side and a hook side (so to speak). But another researcher pointed out that protons covered in the velvet-side would not stick to other protons covered in the velvet-side, and that protons covered in the hook-side would not stick to other protons covered with the hook-side. So, another researcher pointed out that for such a scheme to work, there would have to be three types of each of the three types. Thus, the crazy field of Particle Physics was born. In the decades that followed, Particle Physicists were granted billions of dollars to find out what makes the atom stable. Since then, they have been searching for more than 300 imaginary sub-atomic particles. The Concise (Oxford) Science Dictionary comments:

“… the whole elaborate theory is circumstantial… none of the smaller particles have ever been identified in experiments… the theory does not claim to have been verified”.

Cotterell shows that none of the particles actually exist, and more importantly, that none are necessary. To explain why the atom does not spring apart, he returns to firm ground and to the 1930s pioneering work of Ernest Rutherford and James Chadwick and shows that by simply changing the perceived shape of the electron and neutron, the gravitational mechanism is exposed, explaining away the mysteries of the atom and many of the mysteries of the cosmos.

Summary Part 1:

(A) A coil-shaped electron (shown in black) makes the hydrogen atom dynamic [come alive]. The amount of helically polarised electric field forced from the poles of the proton is maximum when the electron is horizontal, that is, after 180 or 360 degrees of orbital travel. Shown at the top left is the plan view of a hydrogen atom. The horizontal electron slices through the electric field (shaded pink). A magnetic field is induced into the coil which pushes against the electric field, causing it to topple on it’s own axis (like the opposing blades of a windmill) as it orbits the positive proton.

The orbiting coil-like electron sucks energy from the proton causing the proton to compress, release heat and cool rapidly.

Once the spinning electron-magnet passes the vertical position, the super cold proton sucks in ambient heat and expands rapidly; compression and expansion of the proton results in cyclical changes of capacitance [electric field] proportional to the surface area between the particles.

(iii and vii) The ends of the electron-magnet radiate maximum amounts of helically polarised magnetic energy after 90 degrees and 270 degrees of orbital travel [when vertical]. Hence the magnetic and magnetic radiation is displaced by 90 degrees and the electromagnetic (EM) radiation from the northern sector is displaced in phase by 180 degrees from that of the southern sector.

(B) (i) The orthodox view of a helium atom (containing two neutrons) precludes an understanding of gravity - each electron is passive [dead] and the spherically shaped neutrons render the atom unstable. Moreover, the electron is shown as a purely ‘electric’ particle when in fact it is electric for only half the time, and magnetic for half of the time. The electron is an ‘electromagnetic’ particle.

(ii) This new view of the helium atom accommodates a gravitational mechanism - the coil-shaped electrons bring the atom to life and the spike-shaped neutrons make the atom (the contents of the old neutron and the spiked neutron being identical). Supporting evidence: 31/3/08 researchers of the Hohn-Meitner Institute in Berlin announced that “neutrons behave like compass needles” – Science Daily.

(C) hydrogen spins axially and autonomously and so it radiates helically polarised ElectroMagnetic energy into space. [Supporting evidence: ‘hydrogen radiates helically polarised EM energy’ www.sciencenews.org ].

Helium [the only electrically geometrically symmetrical atom to contain spiked neutrons] also spins axially and autonomously and hence, likewise radiates helically polarised electromagnetic energy. In free space, hydrogen and helium are prime movers in the gravitational mechanism. Other atoms cannot autonomously radiate helically polarised electromagnetic energy because they do not spin axially or autonomously. However, when helically polarised electromagnetic radiation from hydrogen or helium bombards neighbouring atoms, it causes the nucleus of those atoms to spin in the same direction and, at the same time, causes the orbiting electrons in a cascade of atoms to synchronize their spin. As a result, the magnetic moments of orbiting electron-magnets in a cascade of atoms attract each other. This is the force of Gravity.

Summary Part 2:

(2A and 2B) The ‘Motor Effect’; helically polarised electromagnetic radiation from the hydrogen atom acts upon the negative charges of the neighbouring atom, causing the nucleus and the electron cage to spin axially and at the same time, synchronizes the spin of the electrons in both atoms [Supporting evidence: Nature 2009;458 (7238):610 DOI:10.1038.nature07871 (persistent spin helix)]. The mass of the electron is twice that of the neutron-negative charge, hence the torque on the electron-cage is twice that on the neutron-negative charges in the nucleus. Thus, the electron-cage spins faster than the nucleus.

(2B) The ‘Generator Effect; orbiting electrons in the neighbouring atom now ‘generate’ helically polarised electromagnetic radiation. The power of the atomic ‘generator’ is proportional to the differential speed between the nucleus and the electron cage and to the number of orbiting electrons (atomic mass). Electromagnetic output is a function of the number of electrons [atomic mass] (‘g’) AND of the difference in rotational speed between the nucleus and the electron cage (‘f’).

(2C) Gravity radiation from the hydrogen atom bombards neighbouring atoms sucking them towards the source of the radiation. [Here, to facilitate explanation, the magnetic wave (shown in blue) is shown radiating from the nucleus whereas in actuality, it radiates from the orbiting electron].

(2D) The corkscrew-style electromagnetic radiation from the neighbouring atom now, likewise, sucks nearby atoms towards itself. Both atoms suck in the same direction, thus gravity from the Sun and the Moon pull in the same direction. [To facilitate explanation, the electric waves (shown in red) are shown radiating from orbiting electrons].

(2E) As gravity radiation propagates and moves away from the atom, it decreases in field strength [per metre squared]. For every unit of distance travelled, the radiated energy diverges geometrically. This causes the radiated energy to reduce by the square of the distance travelled (“d2”). The numbers inside the square in the diagram above show the field strength of the radiating electromagnetic energy in volts per square metre. [Squares are used here just for illustration purposes as the diverging wave is actually conically-helical as seen in Figure 2F].

(2F) The frequency of the helically polarised electromagnetic radiation from the Earth remains constant. However, as m approaches M, the spiralling electromagnetic radiation accelerates the differential rotation between each atomic nucleus and electron-cage of which m is made. As a result, the ‘relative’ atomic frequency increases and hence the output of the ‘atomic generator’ increases, uniformly increasing the attracting electromagnetic Force between m and M in accordance with a square-law scale as m proceeds along the electromagnetic spiral. M thus attracts m with square-law [d2] uniform acceleration. In the diagram on the right, m is shown spiralling towards M with the electromagnetic wave stationary, but in reality, m approaches M in a straight line as the wave spirals across m.

(2G) Hence Isaac Newton’s equation for the force of gravity; where the force is proportional to the masses (m and M) of the two attracting bodies and the strength of the force decreases inversely with the square of the distance between them (d2).

F = GmM/d2

G is Newton’s gravitational constant 6.67428 x 10-11 N m2 kg -2 - the instantaneous alternating magnetic force between any two electron-magnets in neighbouring atoms.

Maurice Cotterell gives a more advanced and in-depth explanation of this process in his latest book “FutureScience” in which the introduction says:

The 12 great mysteries of Physics

You can be forgiven for believing that Isaac Newton discovered the force which makes apples fall to the ground, but he did not. He simply gave the force (F) a name (“Gravity”) and noted that the strength of the force, whatever it might be, depends on the size of the Earth (Mass M2). He also figured out that the strength of force on the apple depends on how far away the apple is from the Earth to begin with and he noted, like Galileo before him, that as an apple falls it speeds up and travels faster and faster until it hits the ground.

At first, Newton set down the relationship between the force and the masses in a shorthand way (a formula) saying that F (the strength of the force) could be found by multiplying m1 by M2 and then by dividing the result by the square of the distance between them (d2). There was just one problem: every time he did the calculation he finished up with the wrong answer. He eventually discovered that the only way to get the right answer was to multiply the wrong answer by ‘667 billionths’. He did not know where this tiny amount of force came from, but just like he had done with Gravity, he gave the mysterious number a name – “the Gravitational Constant” G. This made his formula F = G x m1 x M2 / d2. It is hard to believe that since then, that is, for more than 350 years, still no-one understands what gravity is or what causes it or why we have to multiply the wrong answer by G to get the right one. To this day, no-one understands what G is or even where it comes from. That’s how sophisticated we are. No-one understands why objects fall to the ground.

The second most embarrassing problem for modern Science is that no-one understands why positive charges in the middle of atoms simply do not just spring apart which is what you would expect, given that positive repels positive. To overcome the contradiction, physicists decided that the positive charges must be glued-together in some way and so, for the past 75 years they have been searching for the ‘glue’ or more precisely, more than 300 types of glue – but as yet have not found any.

Also, no-one understands (given that positive attracts negative), why the orbiting negative electrons of atoms do not simply get sucked into the positive bits in the middle of the atom. They just ‘cannot understand it’.

When you place a magnet on the door of a refrigerator, you probably imagine that scientists understand how a magnet actually works, but they do not. As far as they are concerned, it seems to work by magic so they gave it the name magnet.

Switch on the light and you no doubt take it for granted that the people who supply the electricity understand how it works, but they do not. Physicists are pretty sure that an electrical current is simply the movement of atomic negative charges along a wire. The problem is that no-one understands why, whenever a current flows, a magnetic field appears around the wire.

When they look skywards at night, astro-physicists cannot understand what makes the stars cluster together into galaxies, because their calculations contradict what their eyes can see. To overcome this, they say that there must be other sources of gravity out there, like planets and dust which cannot be seen because it is dark. So they named their fantasy planets ‘dark matter’, at least for the time being, until they can figure out why their calculations do not make sense. Neither can they understand why stars spiral into galaxies, but they cling to the hope that when (or if) they understand how gravity actually works, that the reason for the double-spiral of galaxy formation will become clear.

“FutureScience” explains in a simple way, how Electricity and Magnetism work at atomic level, and how they work together to produce the force of Gravity and in so doing, reveal the underlying science behind Newton’s equation – the underlying science which he tried in vain to uncover – the reason why Gravity is proportional to the masses of the two attracting objects, why it grows weaker in proportion to the square of the distance between them, and the nature of the mysterious ‘Gravitational Constant’ which continues to perplex researchers to this day. It explains why all objects accelerate to Earth at 32 feet per second every second. It explains why the atom is comprised of 8 orbital shells and why the shells fill with electrons the way that they do. It explains the nature of so-called ‘dark matter’, the reason why spiral galaxies are spiral, why the centre of the Earth is boiling hot, how the Earth’s magnetic field is generated, how to generate gravity waves, how gravity waves can be used to produce unlimited quantities of free energy, how to generate antigravity waves, how antigravity waves can be used to de-couple hydrogen bonds in water, separating hydrogen from oxygen and providing unlimited supplies of free hydrogen to fuel hydrogen-powered cars, and how antigravity radiation can be used to cause the disintegration of matter in water and living tissue (phasor weapons technology).

The book goes on to explain the cause of the Sunspot cycle and how the Sun affects life on Earth: the cause of global warming and global cooling, how the 289-day spinning Sun regulates fertility in females, how the Sun’s radiation causes 12 types of genetic mutations which result in 12 types of personality (sun-sign astrology), how sunspots cause schizophrenia, how the Sun controls bio-rhythms and our day-to-day behaviour, how the Sun causes catastrophe cycles and the rise and fall of civilizations, and how mobile phones and power lines cause cancer.

How the discoveries were made

In 1935, in an attempt to explain why protons in the centre of atoms do not simply spring apart, a researcher named Yukawa suggested that another substance or particle must exist to ‘glue’ the protons in the nucleus together - a kind of atomic ‘velcro’. But an objector to Yukawa pointed out that if indeed that were the case, then there would have to be two kinds of velcro - a velvet side and a hook side (so to speak). But another researcher pointed out that protons covered in the velvet-side would not stick to other protons covered in the velvet-side, and that protons covered in the hook-side would not stick to other protons covered with the hook-side. So, another researcher pointed out that for such a scheme to work, there would have to be three types of each of the three types. Thus, the crazy field of Particle Physics was born. In the decades that followed, Particle Physicists were granted billions of dollars to find out what makes the atom stable. Since then, they have been searching for more than 300 imaginary sub-atomic particles. The Concise (Oxford) Science Dictionary comments:

“… the whole elaborate theory is circumstantial… none of the smaller particles have ever been identified in experiments… the theory does not claim to have been verified”.

FutureScience shows that none of the particles actually exist and, more importantly, that none are necessary. To explain why the atom does not spring apart, the Author returns to firm ground and to the 1930s pioneering work of Ernest Rutherford and James Chadwick and shows that by simply changing the perceived shape of the electron and the neutron, the gravitational mechanism is exposed, explaining away the mysteries of the atom and many of the mysteries of the cosmos. The book is aimed at the general reader with no prior knowledge of Science and it uses many illustrations to convey the concepts simply and concisely.

Maurice Cotterell’s web site is http://www.mauricecotterell.com/

John Searle’s Permanent Magnet Drive/Generator.

Professor John R.R. Searle of Britain developed an electrical generation system based on two rings of magnets being spun relative to one another. The magnet orientations oppose each other to produce a magnetic splatter field.

The outer magnets in the diagram above are referred to as “rollers”. When three rings of rollers are placed one inside the other, then the outer ring rotates of its own accord, without any external power being applied. If pick-up coils are placed around the outside, then electrical current is generated with a COP of infinity. The method of imprinting the necessary magnetic pattern on both the rollers and the stators is a difficult and expensive process.

Dr. Terry Moore has recently built a replication model of this Searle technology and his model video is available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bb3N1epMG7A. The Searle device also demonstrates a gravitic effect and John has built what would loosely be described as a “flying disc” using this technology. If high voltage is applied to the device when it is rotating, then a surrounding corona develops and strong upward electrogravitic forces are generated.

Dave Lawton’s Gravity-Wave Detector.

It has been reported that Nikola Tesla made a device which allowed him to hear sounds at great distances. I have never seen any details of the circuitry used by Tesla. However, Dave Lawton has produced such a device, and he reports that he could hear conversations taking place four and a half miles away from him. Interestingly, the sounds from that distance were also travelling through a solid stone wall some three feet thick. The circuit for this device is described in this document.

In my opinion, the device is not picking up audio signals in the manner of a conventional microphone where air pressure waves vibrate a transducer, creating an electrical signal which is then amplified. The interesting thing is that it is distinctly possible that some other mechanism is coming into play here. This opinion is supported by the fact that Dave’s circuit is an upgraded version of a monopole gravity-wave detector. Dave used this device to record the “sound” of the Shumaker-Levy comet colliding with Jupiter.

The circuit shown here is quite conventional electronically speaking, comprising of two 741 operational amplifiers connected as a two-stage amplifier. The unusual feature is where a small amount of white noise is being fed into the microphone input:

The white noise is generated by the 5-volt zener diode. The level of this white noise component is controlled by the 1.5 megohm variable resistor plus the 10K fixed limiting resistor. While the range of these two components is 10K to 1.501 Meg. the working setting is normally very high and so only a very small amount of white noise is fed into the input of the first 741 op. amp. to modify the microphone input.

The adjustment of this injection of white noise is the main control of this most unusual circuit, and it has been found that when the setting is just right, the circuit has the feel of a public address system just about to go unstable from positive feedback. The unit build looks like this:

The theory of operation was put forward by Gregory Hodowanec in the April 1986 issue of the Radio-Electronics Magazine, where he puts forward the theory that the source of noise in electronic devices is caused by gravitational waves and he suggests that there are monopole gravity waves. This does not oppose the gravity waves predicted by Einstein. Gregory views these monopole gravity waves as being much stronger than those suggested by Einstein, and consequently, much easier to detect.

He also suggests that monopole gravity waves have been seen for many years and have been described as “1/f noise” signals or “flicker noise”. These signals have also been called Microwave Background Radiation, supposedly caused by the “Big-Bang” though this cause is disputed by some.

Gregory views our universe as a finite, spherical, closed system, i.e. a black body. Monopole gravity waves propagate in Planck time so their effects appear everywhere almost simultaneously. Gravity wave energy can be imparted to ordinary objects. So it is suggested that the fact that a fully discharged electrolytic capacitor can develop a charge when disconnected from all circuitry, is down to the interaction of the capacitor with monopole gravity waves.

Gregory suggests the following circuit for examining monopole gravity waves:

Details of this and the theory can be found at www.rexresearch.com/hodorhys/remag86/remag86.htm Dave has taken that circuit and extended it substantially to give added gain plus a controlled feed of white noise, without relying on the characteristics of a capacitor, capacitors being notoriously variable in precise characteristics.

The unit is operated by turning the gain up until the circuit just reaches self-oscillation, and then backing the gain off very slightly. The white noise source is then adjusted until the unit is producing a somewhat echoing quality to the sound. The result is a device which has unusual characteristics. The circuitry is so simple and cheap, that you can easily try it out for yourself.

Butch Lafonte’s Motor/Generator.

Butch has designed an intriguing Motor / Generator system based on the balancing of magnetic and electrical forces. This clever design operates according to the following statements made by Butch:

1. If a magnet is moved away from an iron-cored coil, it generates a voltage:

The voltage generated for any given magnet and speed of movement, is directly proportional to the number of turns of wire which make up the coil.

2. If a magnet is moved away from an air-cored coil, it also generates a voltage. However, the big difference is that the voltage is of the opposite polarity. In other words, the plus and minus connections are swapped over:

Again, the voltage generated for any given magnet and speed of movement, is directly proportional to the number of turns of wire which make up the coil.

So, if these two arrangements are joined together, they produce a system where the voltages cancel each other exactly, provided that the number of turns in each coil are adjusted to produce exactly the same voltages. The mechanical attraction and repulsion forces also balance, so the circuit can be arranged to have no net effect when the rotor is rotated:

It follows then, that this motor arrangement could be introduced into an existing circuit without affecting the operation of that circuit. The arrangement would look like this:

Here, there is no net electrical or magnetic drag on the rotor as the magnets move away from the coils. The battery supplies current to the load in the normal way and rotor arrangement has no effect on the operation of the circuit.

However, when the rotor reaches 100O or so, past the coils, the On/Off switch can be opened. This leaves the rotor in an unbalanced condition, with there being an attraction between one magnet and the iron core of one coil. There is no matching repulsion between the other magnet and the air core of the other coil. This produces a rotational force on the rotor shaft, keeping it spinning and providing useful mechanical power which can be used to generate additional power. This extra mechanical power is effectively free, as the original circuit is not affected by the inclusion of the rotor system.

From a practical point of view, to give high rotational speed and long reliable life, the On/Off switch would need to be an FET transistor with electronic timing related to the rotor position.

There is no need for the rotor to have only two magnets. It would be more efficient if it had four:

Or better still, eight:

And if you are going to have eight, there is no need to have the V-shaped cut-outs which just create turbulence when spinning, so make the rotor circular:

And the stator supporting the coils matches the rotor:

Ferrite is a better material for the cores of the coils. The stators go each side of the rotors and the hole in the middle of the stators is to give clearance for the shaft on which the rotors are mounted:

A system of this type needs accurate timing which is solely related to the rate of rotation. This is best arranged by the use of a bistable multivibrator as described in the Electronics Tutorial of Chapter 12. You will notice the two Timing Coils shown at the right hand side of the diagram above. These are used to toggle the bistable On and Off and they are adjustable in position so that both the On and the Off can be set very precisely. The output of the bistable is set to switch an FET transistor On and Off to give circuit switching which is not affected by either the switching rate or the number of times the switch is operated.

The Rotor / Stator combination can be wired to act as either a driving Motor or an electrical Generator. The difference is the addition of one diode:

With this arrangement, for each rotor, all four pairs of Cored coils are wired in parallel across each other, and all four Air-cored coils are wired in parallel across each other. To improve the clarity, the above diagram shows only one of the four pairs, but in reality, there will be four wires coming into the left hand side of each of the screw terminals.

In the case of the Generator arrangement, you have the option to connect each of the four pairs in parallel as in the Motor arrangement or to connect them in series. Connected in parallel, the coils can sustain a greater current draw, while if connected in series, they provide a higher voltage. The voltage could be further increased by increasing the number of turns on each coil.

Joseph Newman’s Motor.

Joseph Newman is a man who impresses me. He performs experiments, reports the results and then bases theoretical conclusions on the results of his own experiments. This is the true scientific method.

Joseph has been granted a patent and he has written a book. I would recommend that you buy a copy of his book and help support his work by doing that, but unfortunately, as I understand it, the printing plates for the book were destroyed in a fire and printed copies of his book are effectively unobtainable. You can download a .pdf version from the www.free-energy-info.co.uk web site but please be aware that the overall file size is 100 Mb and so the download will take quite some time. A background download can be had from http://www.megaupload.com/?d=5MF8ZFAJ or the alternative http://www.megaupload.com/?d=2ZU2ZVM0 link while the link to Joseph’s own web site is http://www.josephnewman.com/.

In very brief outline, Joseph has built a motor which can access free energy. He has a theory about where the excess energy is coming from and how it is acquired by his designs. He has also built a large stationary motor to demonstrate his theory and he has built a motor into a car. The car engine runs on very minor battery power. Joseph’s patent is included in the Appendix.

With the kind permission of the Joseph Newman organisation, I am going to attempt to introduce you to the important scientific conclusions reached by Joseph and the Energy Machine which he designed and which is based on those conclusions. Joseph has a keen enquiring mind and thinks things through for himself rather than blindly accepting everything he is told. This description contains illustrations and wording taken from parts of Joseph’s book published in 1984, and I should like to express my thanks for being given permission to use this material.

Joseph Newman’s motors all consist of a very powerful permanent magnet which rotates or oscillates in or near a coil with a very large number of turns of copper wire. The coil is energised by a battery pack, and the magnetic field produced by the coil provides the force needed to move the permanent magnet. A mechanical switching device or “commutator” reverses the direction of current flow through the coil every half cycle, and in some models, it also cuts off the current input between the current reversals.

The main difference between Joseph’s designs and previous motors is one of scale as Joseph uses very large coils and very large ceramic magnets weighing up to 700 pounds. His smaller motors use powerful rare earth magnets and the coils are wound with 100,000 turns of copper wire. This creates a very high coil resistance and the battery pack voltages are correspondingly high, being in the hundreds to thousands of volts range.

The torque or turning power applied to the magnet in these motors is proportional to the magnet strength, the number of turns in the coil and the current flowing in the coil. In Joseph’s motors, very large torques can be developed by very small currents. In one demonstration, a motor running on 3,000 volts at 0.8 milliamps has such power that it is not possible to stop the motor by holding its two-inch (50 mm) diameter shaft, though the current can be raised by trying to stop it, to 3 milliamps, or nine watts of power.

Joseph’s motors are different in other ways. If fluorescent tubes are connected across the motor coil, they light up due to the coil’s collapsing magnetic field each time the current direction is switched. These fluorescent tubes are used to protect the mechanical switch from arcing damage. The additional power produced in these tubes is at a very high frequency of 10 to 20 MHz. This radio-frequency current has been accurately measured and it exceeds the battery input current by a factor of five to ten times in the different motors. The measured current and voltage were in phase, indicating a real power output.

To understand the thinking behind these motors, we need to follow Joseph’s experiments and the deductions which he made from those experimental results. Joseph considered, and thought carefully about statements made by the two scientific giants James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday, and this led him to valuable insights:

It appears that Maxwell and Faraday were the only people who considered that “lines” of magnetic force are actual physical entities and not just a method of representing notional forces and those “lines of force” are actually streams of matter in motion.

Maxwell says: “In speaking of the Energy of the field, however, I wish to be understood literally. All energy is the same as mechanical energy, whether it exists in the form of motion or in that of elasticity, or in any other form. The energy in electromagnetic phenomena is mechanical energy”.

Joseph then considered Michael Faraday’s Electrical Generator and the implications of the way in which it operated:

Here, a loop of wire is moved downwards from level “A” to level “B”. This movement causes an electrical current to flow leftwards along the wire as shown by the red arrows. Joseph’s question was “why does it go in that direction every time the wire is moved in that way?”

If the wire is moved upwards through the same magnetic field, then the current flowing in the wire moves in the opposite direction. Why? How does the current “know” which way to go?

If you turn the magnetic field round by reversing the position of the magnetic fields and then move the wire loop in the same way as before, the current flows in the opposite direction. How does the current “know” which way to flow, or which way round the magnets are turned as it does not touch them?

The next interesting point is that if the wire loop is moved up and down between the magnets, but turned to be parallel to the flux flowing between the poles, then no current flows in the wire, no matter how quickly the wire is moved up and down.

Another point is that if the wire loop is moved slowly up through the magnetic flux, the electric current which flows as a result of that slow movement, moves at the speed of light, flowing from “A” towards “B”.

Now, if the wire loop is disconnected and turned over, the part which was at “A” now moved to “B”, and the same movement of the wire carried out - the current flow is in exactly the same direction although its path along the wire is reversed (because the wire has been reversed). This shows that the direction of current flow is not affected by the wire itself.

According to conventional teachings, this electric current flow was not a result of the magnetic field as the magnetic lines of force were supposed to be imaginary, consisting of Potential Energy and no Kinetic Energy. It became clear to Joseph that this conventional teaching was wrong. Instead, it seemed clear that the magnetic field consists of particles which have mechanical characteristics, and those particles must be moving at the speed of light within the magnetic field.

A key question seemed to be: “how does the current ‘know’ which direction to flow?” as the direction was always consistent. After careful consideration, it occurred to Joseph that the answer was provided by the actions of a gyroscope:

Here, if the axle of the spinning flywheel, or gyroscope, is pressed downwards it moves off in the direction shown by the red arrows. However, if the axle is pressed upwards:

then the axle moves in the opposite direction as shown by the red arrows. This effect is, of course, reversed if the direction of rotation of the gyroscope is reversed (as it will be if viewed from the other side, in the same way as the current flow direction in the wire is reversed if the magnetic poles are swapped over).

Now, if the gyroscope axle is moved up and down equally on both sides, there is no resulting sideways force:

The action of the gyroscope axle matched the current flow in the wire in every respect, so it became clear to Joseph that the particles flowing between the poles of the magnet were spinning as well as moving at the speed of light. This gyroscopic mechanical motion of the particles accounts for all of the characteristics of the current flow in a wire which is being moved through a magnetic field. This is a major insight on the part of Joseph.

May I remark that these particles are not coming from the magnet itself, but are flowing in from the zero-point energy field, that flow being caused by the broken symmetry of the zero-point energy field generated by the dipole effect of the poles of the magnet. That is why energy can (appear to) be drawn from magnets for years on end.

Joseph then went on to consider the physical aspects of permanent magnets. There were two very significant facts which had to be considered. The first of these is that different materials have markedly different magnetic characteristics:

A bar of soft iron does become a permanent magnet when pulsed briefly with a strong magnetic field, but if exactly the same level of magnetic pulsing is applied to a similar bar of an alloy of iron, nickel and cobalt, a permanent magnet is also produced, but the magnetic field of the alloy is very much stronger than that of the soft iron bar. This shows that the molecular structure of the bar has a major effect on the resulting magnet.

In passing, please be aware that the more powerful magnets available nowadays are so strong that they can easily injure you. If you pick up a magnet and inadvertently get close to a second one, the loose magnet will jump some inches and try to connect to the one in your hand, crushing your fingers in the process and proving very hard indeed to shift in order to deal with the injury. I have also seen it alleged that US ‘AlNiCo’ (Aluminium / Nickel / Cobalt alloy) magnets are deliberately doped with K40 isotope which renders them useless fairly quickly. The source of this information is highly dubious, but the extra sales advantages to the magnet manufacturers would be significant. Also, the advantages for the people wanting to suppress the creation of free-energy magnet motors would be major as many talented US inventors are likely to think that their successful magnet motors were failures because the magnets appeared to be “drained of power” by being used in their design, when in fact, the design is perfectly good. So I will leave you to make up your own mind about the matter and remark that Bill Muller found that his powerful Chinese-manufactured magnets were in perfect condition after eleven years of use.

Another point which Joseph considered was the fact that when successive magnetic pulses are applied to a ferromagnetic metal bar, the resulting magnetic field strength reaches a definite maximum value, and further pulsing has no further beneficial effect:

This is considered to be the magnetic pulse aligning atoms in the metal. Eventually, all of the atoms are aligned and so not further effect can be produced by further pulsing. This alignment can be destroyed if the metal bar is heated to a sufficiently high temperature, forcing the atoms into such an energetic state that the alignment is lost.

It should perhaps, be stressed here, that the magnet itself does not have any power, in spite of seeming to have. Tom Bearden explains this clearly by pointing out that what happens is that the opposite poles of the magnet created a “dipole” which unbalances the random ‘quantum foam’ nature of the local environment (the zero-point energy field) and that causes continuous energy flows from the environment. The “magnet” power is coming from the environment and not from the magnet itself.

If you find this hard to believe and think that you are just getting back the electromagnetic energy which you pumped into the metal when creating the magnet in the first place, then apply simple arithmetic. Assume that you get back exactly 100% of the original power and calculate how long that amount of power would allow the magnet support its own weight against gravity, when attached to a vertical metal surface. Then ask yourself how come the magnet can do it for years and years on end. Point proved conclusively?

Joseph concluded that the attraction of “unlike” magnetic poles and the repulsion of “like” poles is caused by the gyroscopic spin direction of the actual physical streams of the “lines of force”, which he has shown that both of the scientific giants, Maxwell and Faraday were convinced were actual physical entities. The intuitive genius Nikola Tesla described the zero-point energy field as having the physical characteristics of a gas, capable of having motion, exerting pressure, and yet having particle size so small that it can flow through any physical material. Joseph has concluded that this field flow has a specific spin direction as it flows, certainly for flows caused by the magnetic dipole of a magnet. It should be remembered that the scientific teaching of present day educational institutions is at least fifty years out of date. We have the most unusual situation where the scientific literature of a hundred years ago is actually of better quality than that of today which does not describe the actual world at all well. Currently, misconception is alive and very well.

For example, Maxwell produced equations describing how the world works. Admittedly, these equations are very difficult for people to understand. H. A. Lorentz simplified these equations and his results are mistakenly described as Maxwell’s which they most certainly are not. Tom Beardon illustrates it this way; consider a sailing boat being driven along by the force of the wind against the sails:

Maxwell says that there is a vast swathe of wind blowing across the ocean, capable of powering a long row of a thousand sailing boats side by side. This is the actual physical case. Lorentz has ‘simplified’ things by saying “we will consider one boat and only one boat. As the rest of the wind does not touch any part of the boat we can ignore it”. While that is true for that one boat, what science teaching now says is that the wind can only power a single boat. This is not the actual case, as the environmental wind is not limited to powering just one boat (sailing regattas would not be much fun if that were the case!). This, of course, is just an illustration. Maxwell’s equations cover energy and power for the whole universe, and deal with all cases. Lorentz has taken a sub-set of the conditions described by Maxwell’s equations, just the group which apply to “closed systems” – just one boat on the ocean. Science has latched on to this and now confidently states that everything is a “closed” system, when in fact, as the zero-point energy field flows through everything, everywhere at all times, and is capable of supplying unlimited additional energy anywhere at any time, there is probably not a single instance of a “closed” system anywhere in the universe.

Joseph Newman, and all other serious inventors, have to fight against this “conventional” science teaching, which is now so entrenched that it has become the equivalent of religious dogma, and ‘scientists’ are unwilling to consider valid observations which do not fit in with the very limited Lorentz concept of the environment. They say “perpetual motion is impossible” which means that Newton was wrong when he said that a moving body will keep on moving indefinitely unless some force acts on it to stop it. Presumably, then, the Earth can’t keep on orbiting the Sun (gosh, I hope it doesn’t stop today as that would be very awkward). Come on – get real !!

You can see then, that when Joseph performs tests and then bases his conclusions on the results of those tests, that he is applying the true scientific method, and people who say that his verified results are impossible because Lorentz says so, are not being scientifically honest. No honest person can ignore genuine scientific observations.

Joseph’s deduction that magnetic lines of force are formed of actual physical particles spinning in gyroscopic motion as they move along their magnetic path at the speed of light, was not something which was obvious to scientists, in spite of the fact that both Maxwell and Faraday had both explicitly described these lines of force as being ‘kinetic magnetic energy’:

As a wire passes in front of and across the end of a bar magnet, the current flows in one direction, pauses, and then flows in the opposite direction. This occurs due to the gyroscopic flow direction of the particles. For instance, on one side of the South end of the magnet, the lines of force spin “up” while on the other side of that same South end, they spin “down”. A spinning gyroscope will move at right angles to the force acting on it, so as the gyroscopically spinning particles encounter the particles of the wire, they move “up” or “down” the wire at right angles to the direction in which they first encounter the wire. Please note that it is the gyroscopic spin direction of the particles which determines magnetic ‘attraction’ or ‘repulsion’ and not the direction of flow of those particles along their line of force:

It should also be realised that although we draw ‘lines’ of force around a magnetic device, the reality is that these are really shells of force and the magnetic flow is really like water flowing in a river. While we may draw arrows to indicate direction and strength of currents in a diagram of the river, the reality is, of course, that there is water flowing at all points in the river and not just along the lines which we decide to draw. The same applies to the magnetic flow around a magnet, it exists like a solid mass flowing through and around the magnet. You don’t see it or feel it because the particles are so small.

Now to the details of how to construct a device to take advantage of this magnetic movement and output more power than is required to make it operate. Let me remind you again that we are talking here of a Coefficient of Performance (COP) which is greater than 1 in a system which has an overall power efficiency of less than 100%. This is, of course, due to the additional energy flowing in from the zero-point energy field. Joseph visualises the apparent energy gain as being conversion of a small amount of matter into its energy form (E = mC2), and while this is probably correct, it will be particles of the zero-point energy field which are being converted into their energy form and not particles from the metal of the magnet. It must be remembered that the particles of the zero-point energy field keep swapping over from energy to physical form all the time anyway. Energy is never “used up” but merely converted from one form to another and the zero-point energy field contains such a staggering amount of energy that all of the visible matter in the whole of the universe could be created from the energy in a single cc of the zero-point energy field. So, if a few sub-sub-sub-microscopic particles of the zero-point energy field switch into their energy form to produce what looks like excess power to us, that is an item so trivial to the field that it is not even worth mentioning – less than the effect of taking one grain of sand off a beach one hundred miles long. The conventional conception of the way things are is so far away from reality that it is ridiculous, (and that is even without saying anything about the effect that the time axis dimension has on the energy balance and flow of energy).

But back to Joseph’s design. Firstly, he points out that it is generally agreed (courtesy of Gustav Kirchhoff) that in the situation shown here:

In any given instant of time, the amount of current flowing into the system (“X”) is exactly matched by the amount of current flowing out of the system (“X”). But, if measuring equipment is attached across the coil at the moment of switch-off, an additional amount of current (“X”) flows out of the coil. This is generally agreed, and it suggests that a quantity of current “X” flows into the coil and yet a quantity of “2X” flows out of it (COP=2).

Joseph examines this situation in practical detail as follows:

Consider an air-cored coil with an interior diameter of 10 feet, a height of 8.32 feet and would with 1,000 feet of 40-gauge copper wire. That length of wire has a resistance of 1,049 ohms and weighs 0.02993 pounds. If 100 volts DC is connected across it, then a current of about 95 milliamps will flow, which is a power input of 9.5 watts. With just 31.8 turns, it will produce a weak magnetic field of 0,012 Gauss, with a mere 0.000014 Joules of energy stored in it. With a tiny inductance of just 0.003 Henries, if the current is stopped and the ends of the coil shorted together, only an insignificant current would flow.

Now, repeat the experiment, but this time, use 5-gauge copper wire. As it has a resistance of 0.3133 ohms per 1,000 foot length. To equal the same resistance and match the previous current flow, a massive length of 3,348,000 feet needs to be used. This length of wire will weigh 335,469.6 pounds which is 16.77 tons. The 10-foot interior diameter coil, 8.32 feet tall, wound with this wire will have about 90,000 turns. If 100 volts DC is now connected across the coil, the same 95 milliamp current will flow with an input power of 9.5 watts, the same as before. But due to the massively larger coil, it has a magnetic field of 23.7 Gauss, which is 1,905 times larger than the previous coil, and with 116 Joules of energy stored in the magnetic field. This is a phenomenal 8,000,000 times more energy than in the 40-gauge coil of the previous example. A phenomenally larger current flow would now occur if the current input was stopped and the coil shorted out, as that would generate an inductance of 25,700 Henries which is more than eight million times the inductance of the previous coil:

Joseph then built a smaller version of his design, as shown here:

this prototype used 5-gauge insulated copper wire weighing 4,200 pounds and 300 pounds of 30-gauge copper wire wound over the 5-gauge winding, and a massive 4-foot long, 20-inch diameter permanent magnet of some 600 pounds in weight. The coil was wound with an inner diameter of 4-feet and a height of about 3-feet, wound on a fibreglass tube. The overall weight was about 5,000 pounds.

Everybody who was it was asked: “Based on your expertise, how much power would be necessary to simply operate this device mechanically?”. Answers ranged from 200 watts to 1,000 watts. On learning that it had an air-cored coil, other skilled individuals stated that in their expert opinion, the unit would be highly inefficient since it contained no iron core. However, from the design information already presented here, it can be shown that the actual necessary power input is less than 1.5 watts providing a power output far in excess of 100%.

Dr. Roger Hastings, Principle Physicist at Sperry Univac Corporation and former Associate Professor of Physics at North Dakota State University, tested this prototype and showed that it had an 800% efficiency – that is a Coefficient of Performance of 8.0 which is impressive. In addition, Dr Hastings estimated that with a 1.5 watt power input, the back emf exceeded 80,000 watts. In operation, the 600-pound, hand-made magnet rotates at just 200 rpm.

Joseph’s patent which is in the Appendix, indicates four different ways of implementing his design principles. It is very clear that Joseph has proved his point by producing and constructing a device which Oliver Lorentz considered to be impossible, thanks to his throwing out the free-energy sections of Maxwell’s equations. Joseph Newman has clearly earned our respect.

You can see J L Naudin’s builds and tests of small models at http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/qm11bp.htm.

Daniel Cook’s Motionless Generator.

In 1871, Daniel Cook obtained US Patent 119,825 for “An Improvement In Induction Coils”. It is by no means obvious how the device described could possibly operate, and it has been suggested that the patent information is incomplete, having been edited at a later date. But as I have no direct evidence that it does not, or cannot, operate, it is shown here. Interestingly, the highly-respected Dr Harold Aspden considers this a very serious piece of equipment, operating as paired cross-linked capacitors, and his opinion carries very considerable weight.

It is a very simple device which could be interesting to test, especially as it does not involve any electronics or complicated construction. The patent can be summarised as follows:

My invention relates to the combination of two or more, simple or compound, helical coils with iron cores or magnets, in such a manner as to produce a constant electric current without the aid of a battery.

Fig.1 represents the different parts of a compound helical coil and iron core.

Fig.2 is a perspective view of my invention.

In carrying out my invention, I do not confine myself to any particular mode of coil construction or to any particular size of wire, observing only that the quantity of wire in the various coils must be sufficient to produce the required result; also, the material used to insulate the wires must be suitable for producing the required result. However, I generally prefer to use the same size of wire in the construction of both simple and compound coils.

When constructing simple coils, to produce the required voltage and current, it is desirable to use a long iron core as shown as A in Fig.1. This iron core may be two, three or even six feet in length, and two, three or more inches in diameter. The coil should be wound from good quality copper wire, insulated with silk or shellac. The iron core A may be a solid bar or a bundle of separate iron wires, the latter giving better results and providing more current for any given wire diameter. While the wire may be fine or coarse, I prefer to use No. 16 or even heavier wire, as the power output is in proportion to the length and diameter of the wire.

When using compound coils, it is preferable in some cases to use a small wire, say, No. 30 or even less, for the primary coil, and No. 16 or even larger for the secondary coil. With this combination, the initial secondary current of the primary coil being very small in comparison to the terminal secondary current of the secondary coil, offers little resistance to the terminal secondary, hence a quicker action is obtained. Alternatively, the primary coil may be of uninsulated wire coiled into a solid helix, being insulated only between the coils, in which case there is little or no opposing initial secondary current.

Helically wound coils alone with large quantities of wire will produce similar results. A ribbon spiral may be substituted for the secondary coil C, say, of three, six, twelve or twenty-four inches in width and of any convenient length, but always of sufficient length to raise its output current to the level necessary to sustain itself through its action on the primary coil B. In the use of compound coils, it is important that the secondary coil should be wound in the same direction as the primary coil, and the primary and secondary coils be cross-connected as shown in Fig.2. The action will then be as follows:

The secondary current of the secondary coil C, will circulate through the opposite primary coil B, while at the same instant, a secondary current from the primary coil B will be generated and circulate through the opposite secondary coil C, both currents flowing in the same direction in the opposite coils B and C, producing a combined magnetic action on the iron core A in the centre. The opposing initial secondary currents of the two coils B and C being overpowered, do not show in the main circuit D of the device, there being eight distinct currents developed in the action of one entire circuit of the two pairs of coils, two terminal and two initial secondary currents to each pair of coils, the four initial secondaries constantly opposing the circulation of the four terminal secondary currents, but the initial secondaries being of much lower voltage and current than those of the terminal secondary, are overcome, leaving a sufficient surplus terminal power to overcome the resistance of the primary wire and charge the bar A to the degree needed to reproduce itself in the opposite secondary coil. By this means, a constant current is kept flowing in all of the coils.

These coils may be constructed using 500 feet to 1,000 feet or more for each of the primary and secondary coils. The longer, and better insulated the wire, the greater is the power obtained from the device. The larger the wire diameter, the greater the current obtained.

If only single coils are to be used, it is preferable to have a wire length of 1,000 feet or more in each coil. The action is the same as with the compound coils, but only four currents are produced: two initial and two terminal currents, the latter flowing constantly in the same direction - in effect, there being only one current in the same direction.

The action in the coils may be started by using a permanent magnet, an electromagnet or by pulsing an extra coil wound around the outside of one of the coils of the device. If the load circuit is broken for any reason, the current stops immediately. It is then necessary to perform the start-up procedure again to get the device restarted. This can be overcome by permanently connecting a resistor across the terminal of the load so that if the load circuit is broken, the device can continue under very much reduced current until the load is restored. By this means, the device becomes the direct equivalent of a battery.

A rheostat D may be introduced into the main circuit to limit the current and prevent the overheating of the coils through the drawing of excessive amounts of current. The iron cores may also be used for producing electromagnetic motion when the device is operating.

Note: Interesting replication attempts are shown at http://www.overunity.com/index.php/topic,2630.0.html.

Michael Eskeli’s “No Work” Generator.

One of the greatest expenses for many families is the cost of heating or cooling a home. Any device which can help with this task is definitely welcome. Michael Eskeli has produced several most interesting designs which may have been overlooked due to lack of emphasis of what they do.

Normally, a central heating system uses an expensive method of heating a liquid, typically oil, which is then pumped through radiators around the building by a low energy pump. The vast majority of the cost is in heating, typically, a furnace and very little is spent on moving the heated liquid through the radiators. In this design from Michael, the cost of the heating is zero, and all that is left is a low-power (quarter to half horsepower) input, needed for spinning a rotor against the friction of its bearings and stuffing box.

As this seems impossible, a little very technical explanation is given here. This information has come from the web site of Scott Robertson at http://www.aircaraccess.com/ with his kind permission. In broad outline, the device comprises of a disc-shaped housing with a closely-fitting rotor spinning inside it. A gas under pressure and a liquid under pressure are both fed into the device and they intermingle in a pulsating sequence which alternately compresses and releases the pressure on both fluids. This heats both fluids very effectively, and most interestingly, without the use of any user-supplied heating power and without the use of any heating fuel. This next paragraph is for Engineers, so if you don’t understand it, then just ignore it, as the important thing is to understand what the device does, rather than exactly how it does it.

The Heat-Pump Work Cycle: The example diagram above shows the sequence of events caused by the rotation of the disc inside the device housing. This “Pressure / Enthalpy” or “Pressure / Internal-Energy” diagram shows the pressures and temperatures during a single pressure cycle of the device. Using nitrogen as the gas, the cycle starts at point “1” which has a pressure of 150 psi and a temperature of sixty degrees F. A pressure wave now hits the mix of nitrogen and the liquid. This pressure wave moves us to point “2” where the pressure has been boosted to 540 psi which raises the temperature to 280 degrees F.

Moving to point “3” is where the wanted heat is passed throughout the gas a the liquid (performing the heating task which is the whole object of the exercise), even though the pressure is maintained, so at point "3" there is a pressure of 540 psi and a temperature of 138 degrees F. Next, comes a major drop in pressure, taking us to point “4” pulling the temperature down to below freezing: 250 psi at just 4 degrees F. At point “5” the pressure is dropped further to 150 psi, still at 4 degrees F. Point “6” takes us to 250 psi at 60 degrees F from where the cycle takes us back to point “1”, and the sequence starts all over again.

The compression takes place on leg 1 to 2 and leg 5 to 6. The actual amounts are 53.2 and 13.5 respectively, giving a Compression Total of 66.7 B/lb.

The expansion takes place on leg 3 to 4, leg 4 to 5, and leg 6 to 1. The actual amounts are 31.6, 16.6 and 18.7 respectively, giving an Expansion Total of 67.0 B/lb.

As these two are virtually identical, the overall result of a complete cycle is effectively work-free.

This work cycle can be readily performed by the Centrifuge-Type Heat Pump. This is a unit which has only one moving part, the rotor, the working fluid, such as nitrogen, is sealed in with the rotor and circulates in passages in the rotor. The circulation of the working fluid inside the rotor is accomplished by density control alone, in accordance with the work-cycle shown above, and there is no work input to the working fluid from the rotor shaft. Thus the work input for the heat transfer is nil, and a work-free heat pump results.

In the diagram shown below, an axial cross-section and an end view with sections removed, shows a typical heat pump rotor suitable for use with the work-cycle discussed above.

In the diagram, 10 is the heated-fluid heat exchanger, 11 is the heat-supply heat exchanger in two parts, and 12 are the vanes in passages which return the working fluid from the periphery to the centre of the disc. The work cycle process is of the non-flow type for the working fluid in this rotor, and this provides higher performance that that in the example shown above.

The fluid to be heated is usually a liquid, such as water, which enters and leaves the rotor via the rotor shaft. Similarly, the heat-supply fluid circulating through heat exchanger 11, is a liquid which enters and leaves via rotor shaft passages.

The work-free heat pump obviously has many uses. One such use is in heating all types of buildings and homes, resulting in cost-free heating, since no fuel is needed, and the power usage is nearly nil. In the heat pump shown above, power is needed to drive the rotor against friction which may require a quarter to half horsepower motor.

Another use is in power generation, resulting in cost-free power since the unit uses no fuel, the energy source being either ambient air, or water from some natural source. (Attached turbine generates the power; part of this is used to overcome the heat pump friction loss and the remainder is available for generation of electricity). Further uses are in portable power and transportation vehicles, etc.

The apparatus and methods and work cycles are patented. For basic heat pump, see US Patent 3,926,010 and Canadian Patent 984,827.

Michael Eskeli.

Here is one of Michael’s many patents:

US Patent 3,650,636 21st March 1972 Inventor: Michael Eskeli

ROTARY GAS COMPRESSOR

ABSTRACT

Method and apparatus for a compressor for compressing air, gases and vapours isothermally using a liquid stream to compress the gas; the liquid issuing from an impeller intermittently, with the gas being entrained between these liquid pulses and compressed by the liquid; the liquid having high kinetic energy when leaving the impeller and in slowing the kinetic energy is converted to pressure for both the liquid and entrained gas. Also, this compressor may be used advantageously to compress vapours, wherein the liquid is the same fluid as the gas, in which case condensation of the gas to the liquid occurs, and work of compression is reduced.

US Patent References:

1009908

November 1911

Lafore

1115942

November 1914

Kieser

1192855

August 1916

Buss

1488388

Centrifugal pump

March 1924

Hariveau

1521270

Vacuum pump

December 1924

Bogdanoff

2007138

Boiler feed pump apparatus

July 1935

Becker

3001691

Jet operated device for circulating or compressing a fluid

September 1961

Salmon et al.

3081932

Gas or fluid compressor

March 1963

DeLancey

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to devices for compressing gases, air and vapours, in which a liquid is in intimate contact with the gas or vapour to be compressed.

DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART

There are numerous devices and machines available for compressing a gas or a vapour. In some of these machines a liquid is rotated inside an eccentric casing, so that the machine rotor will cause the liquid to pulsate and the space between the rotor blades is increased or decreased, and this variation compresses the gas. These machines are called liquid piston type machines. Another device is the jet ejector compressor, where a stream of liquid or gas is used to entrain the gas or vapour to be compressed, and the kinetic energy of the stream is converted in a diverging nozzle to a pressure.

The main disadvantage of the liquid piston type machine is its poor efficiency, since the liquid is rotated in the machine and requires relatively large power input for compressing the gas. In the ejector compressor, the velocity of the liquid stream is limited and it entrains poorly of any gas; therefore the efficiency of the device is very poor. The available kinetic energy in the liquid stream is high, but due to poor entrainment of the gas by the liquid, results for the device are poor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig.1 is an end view of the compressor casing, showing the exterior.

Fig.2 is a side view and a section of the casing and the impeller of the compressor.

Fig.3 is a side view and a section of the impeller, and

Fig.4 is an end view of the impeller, showing the fluid passages.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

It is an object of this invention to provide a method and a device for compressing gases or vapours essentially isothermally in which the kinetic energy contained by a liquid stream is used to compress said gas to a higher pressure where the liquid in slowing in speed will increase its pressure and increase the pressure of the gas being entrained in it. Also, it is an object of this invention to provide a method and a device in which the gas may be partially or fully be condensed in the liquid stream thereby lowering the work of compression; this occurring when the gas or vapour being compressed is the same fluid as the liquid; that is, the gas being compressed is the vapour phase of the fluid, and the liquid being used for as the motive fluid is the liquid phase of the fluid.

Referring to Fig.1, there is shown an end view of the compressor, where 10 is the compressor casing, 11 is the liquid inlet, 12 is the gas or vapour inlet, and 13 is the outlet.

In Fig.2, a side view of the compressor is shown. The impeller 22 is rotated by shaft 28, supported by bearings and sealed by packing 23 and stuffing box 24. Alternately a mechanical seal could be used. The liquid that is used as the motive fluid enters through opening 11, passes through the impeller 22 and leaves the impeller at a high velocity and entering the throat section 21 and from there the diffuser section 29 in the casing 10. After leaving the diffuser at a higher pressure, and at a lower velocity, the gas and liquid mixture is collected in annular space 30, and from there passes out through opening 13. The liquid entrains gas from annular space 31, and the gas enters the annular space from outside through opening 12.

In Fig.3, the impeller 22 is shown in more detail, where 38 is the fluid passage, and 36 is the opening for the drive shaft.

In Fig.4, the impeller is shown, with 22 being the impeller and 38 being the fluid passage.

In operation, the compressor functions in a manner similar to a jet ejector compressor. A motive fluid is accelerated in a passage in the impeller to a high velocity; this corresponds to the motive fluid nozzle in a jet ejector. However, the fluid stream issuing from the impeller, when it rotates, is not continuous as seen by the compressor casing, since in this particular instance, the impeller has four fluid passages, with solid material between them. Therefore, the flow from impeller, as seen by the compressor casing, is pulsating, with empty spaces between the high speed liquid; these empty spaces being filled by the gas from the annular spaces, item 31, Fig.2, and the gas being rapidly moved with the liquid to the outer annular space 30, and from there to discharge. This pulsating action improves the entrainment of the gas by the liquid, and more fully utilises the kinetic energy available in the liquid stream.

The sizing of the fluid passages and the calculations related to them, are fully described in thermodynamics literature for jet ejectors and for steam injectors. The space of the passage 38 in Fig.3, would be either converging for liquids that do not vaporise when leaving the passage; or the passage could be diverging at its outlet for fluids which will vaporise either partially or fully when leaving the passage. Of the non-vaporising liquids, water would be an example, and of the partially vaporising types, butane would be an example, both at atmospheric temperatures, and at low pressures. As illustrated in Figs. 2-4, passageways 38 comprise a converging section nearest the centre of the impeller but are at least non-converging at the discharge section. Preferably, the at least non-converging section is a diverging section for better taking advantage of the energy available in the motive fluid to achieve higher exit velocities.

The fluid passages shown in Fig.4, item 38, can be radial as illustrated, or be forward or backward curved, depending on the fluid used. Also, the throat section 21, of Fig.2, may have vanes of proper shape to prevent circular motion of the fluid after it leaves the impeller. Vanes of this type are commonly used in turbines and pumps and so are not described here. There are four fluid passages shown in Fig.4, but this number will be determined when calculations are made for the size of the passages, and the frequency of pulses of liquid required to maintain suitable pressure and volume relationships inside the compressor; also, the rotational speed of the impeller would enter into these calculations.

Normally, the amount of liquid is large when compared to the amount of gas or vapour. Therefore, when compressing a gas, the heat of compression from the gas is transferred to the liquid, resulting in a temperature increase of the liquid, as well as of the gas. This temperature increase is much less than it would be for the gas alone, resulting in nearly isothermal compression, and therefore reduced work of compression, as compared to isentropic compression which is often used in rotary compressors. Also, if a liquid that will expand in the impeller is used, with an expanding fluid passage, the temperature of the motive fluid is lowered, and the fluid velocity greatly increased, resulting in much better efficiency for the compressor; this is similar to the function of converging-diverging diverging nozzles in jet ejectors. The operation of the compressor may be inferred from the above descriptive matter. A liquid source is connected to the impeller inlet Fig.1, 11 and a gas or vapour source is connected to the gas inlet Fig.1, 12. Discharge from the compressor is from Fig.1, 13. A suitable power source, such as an electric motor, is connected to shaft Fig.2, 28, causing the shaft to rotate. The liquid is accelerated by the action of the impeller, and as it passes through the annular space Fig.2, 31 in a pulsating flow, it entrains the gas and carries it to annular space 30, from where it discharges.

Materials of construction for the compressor would be similar to those used to make pumps for pumping liquids. Cast iron, steel, bronze, brass, stainless steel and various plastics could be used.

CLAIMS

What is claimed new is as follows 1. A machine for compressing gaseous fluid and having the major components of: 2. The machine of claim 1 wherein said at least non-converging section is diverging.

The Work of Karl Schappeller.

There have been a number of quite outstanding men who have had great insight as to how the universe is and how it operates. One of these is Karl Schappeller who is virtually unknown. One of the reasons for this is the fact that publicising his work has been strongly opposed by people who do not want his understanding to become widely known. One device produced by Karl in order to prove that his understanding of things was correct, produced substantial amounts of excess energy, and while I do not know of anybody who has replicated his device, I am including here, a short presentation on the subject, written by Henry Stevens http://www.missilegate.com/rfz/index2.htm and the book by Cyril Davson which he mentions, can be downloaded from http://www.free-energy-info.com/Davson.pdf and read in full.

In the presentation by Henry Stevens, he mentions UFOs or flying discs. There has been a propaganda campaign waged against the general public for more than fifty years now, with the objective of persuading people that “UFOs” are not real, and if they were, then they would be the vehicles of “little green men”. This campaign has been remarkably effective and members of the public in general will immediately dismiss flying discs as being “impossible” and not something which any sane person would consider for a moment. This attitude is based on an almost total lack of knowledge of the facts. There are at this time, large numbers of flying discs, built by humans and capable of spectacular flight abilities. There are two varieties: those which need the atmosphere to operate and those which don’t.

If you feel that this is a “load of rubbish” then take a look at the following US patents:

US 2,718,364, Ernest Crabtree

US 2,772,057, John Fischer

US 2,876,965, Homer Streib

US 2,912,244, Otis Carr

US 2,927,746, Walter Mellen

US 2,935,275, Leonard Grayson

US 2,953,320, Robert Parry

US 2,997,254, Thomas Mulgrave

US 3,018,068, Frost & Earl

US 3,020,002, John Frost

US 3,020,003, Frost & Williams

US 3,022,963, Frost & Earl

US 3,024,966, John Frost

US 3,065,935, Duberry/Frost/Earl

US 3,066,890, Nathan Price

US 3,067,967, Irwin Barr

US 3,123,320, Eldon Slaughter

US 3,124,323, John Frost

US 3,243,146, Paul Clover

US 3,312,425, Lennon & Varner

US 3,395,876, Jacob Green

US 3,397,853, William Richardson

US 3,410,507, Paul Moller

US 3,432,120, Efrain Guerrero

US 3,442,469, Troy Davis

US 3,469,802, Roberts & Alexander

US 3,514,053, Gilbert McGuiness

US 3,519,224, Boyd/Mallory/Skinner

US 3,750,980, Samuel Edwards

US 3,774,865, Olympio Pinto

US 3,946,970, Ben Blankenship

US 4,014,483, Roderick MacNeil

US 4,193,568, Norman Heuvel

US 4,214,720, Edwin Desautel

US 4,269,375, John Hickey

US 4,457,476, Frank Andresevitz

US 4,804,156, Rodney Harmon

US 4,824,048, Kyusik Kim

US 4,955,962, Christian Mell

US 5,072,892, Alfred Carrington

US 5,170,963, August Beck

US 5,178,344, Vaclav Dlouhy

US 5,203,521, Terence Day

US 5,344,100, Allan Jaikaran

US 5,351,911, George Neumayr

US 6,270,036 Charles Lowe

This small selection of forty-six patents is restricted to just those which have the well-known circular “flying saucer” shape. Do you seriously think that not a single one of these patents had a test prototype which flew or that they were all piloted by “little green men”?

I have no interest in flying machines which need an atmosphere as they are just advanced versions of conventional aircraft. In the early 1900s, Nikola Tesla designed and built what he described as his “flying machine”. This was a small device without wings and which ‘flew’ without the use of a fuel. This design of Tesla’s was taken by the Germans and during World War II, developed and experimented with. After the war, it was taken to the USA and developed further at Groome Lake, and at this time, the US, UK, Canadian and Russian governments have got large working copies which they keep as secret as they possibly can. One major cover story is that these craft belong to “extraterrestrials” who have such an advanced level of technology that we will never be able to understand it. It is a good story, as it is not possible to disprove it. If you want a good deal of specific information on this, then read “The Hunt for Zero Point” by Janes researcher and writer Nick Cook.

While I have no particular interest in electrogravitic propulsion (or "anti-gravity" as it is popularly known and incorrectly termed) if the subject interests you then take a look at the YouTube video sequence of Stan Deyo who was one of the people who developed electrogravitic propulsion for an international group, several decades ago. Stan explains "gravity" as being the product of spin affecting the space-time continuum and he shows practical mechanisms for generating a drive from this principle in his presentation at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubka5f1vUC8

The Karl Schappeller Device Author: Henry Stevens

Was the Schappeller device an engine used in German field propulsion saucers? This is a possibility. Because so little has been reported about this device in the English language, the following is a report describing Karl Schappeller and his device in some detail.

Karl Schappeller (1875-1947) literally went from being born in poor-house to owning a castle during his lifetime. His economic success was mirrored in his experiments in energy as a lay-scientist, culminating in the invention of a free-energy device which attracted considerable attention around 1930. Schappeller made no secret of his invention and actively sought private financing to manufacture and distribute the results of his research. He was in touch with financial concerns and he even spoke with a representative of the British Admiralty concerning the utilisation of his device to power Royal Navy's ships (1).

At this time, 1930, the device was somehow appropriated and further worked upon by a governmental organisation of the German Weimar Republic, the Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft or Reich Works Association (RAG). At least one aim of the RAG was to make Germany self-sufficient in energy production. Specifically, they published their intentions to utilise many Schappeller devices in a system of broadcast energy distribution throughout Germany which would result in the entire elimination of the electrical grid (2). As we know, Adolf Hitler assumed power three years later and for strategic reasons, he was also very interested in making Germany independent of foreign sources of energy. It is known that political and scientific structures were set up to work on the energy problem as evidenced later by the synthesising of gasoline and oil products from coal by the 3rd Reich. One of these political and scientific structures was contained within the SS and it is known that Karl Schappeller actually met with SS Reichsfueher Heinrich Himmler in Vienna in 1933 (3).

Left: Inventor Karl Schappeller Right: Karl Schappeller’s Device. A. Steel outer casing. B. Special ceramic lining in which tubes are embedded. C. Hollow centre, filled by glowing magnetism when in operation.

D. Tubes, circuit and earthling.

Fortunately, there are good descriptions of the Schappeller device upon which to draw in both German and English. Per Vril-Mythos is a complete discussion of Schappeller, his device, the history and the controversy surrounding it. "Vril, Die Kosmische Urkraft Wiedergeburt von Atlantis” and “Weltdynamismus Streifzuege durch technisches Neuland an Hand von biologischen Symbolen” represent an attempt by the RAG to popularise their ideas in booklet form. Finally, British electrical and mechanical engineer, Cyril W. Davson, visited Karl Schappeller in Austria and spent three years learning of his device and his theory before the Second World War. Davson's descriptive book, “The Physics of the Primary State of Matter”, was written in 1955, after the war and the death of Schappeller.

Before describing the device itself it should be understood that Schappeller and all writing about his device believe that the energy-source being tapped is aether energy, sometimes called "Raumkraft" or "Raumenergie", that is space-energy (4)(5)(6). This device was also said to be capable of, perhaps with some tuning, emitting aether as a radiant energy (7). The physics of aether energy is described by Davson as “primary physics” as opposed to “conventional physics” which he believed could only be considered to be a secondary, derivative understanding.

Aether Theory

For readers who have never heard of "aether", perhaps the simplest explanation for aether physics is that of the late Dr. Hans A. Nieper (7) entitled “Revolution in Technology, Medicine and Society”. Aether could be thought of as an energy source emanating from everywhere equally at once. The universe could be considered, as is often said, to be "a sea of energy". It forms a background of energy everywhere, and since it is everywhere all the time, it is difficult make independent measurement of it. This aether energy is in constant motion. All energy is radiant energy, according to this theory. This can easily be appreciated as to electromagnetic radiation but it is also true of that very elusive thing called gravity. Newton described the effects of gravity but he never told us exactly what it was. Dr. Nieper tells us that gravity is really a push, and not a pull. Gravity is acceleration and is caused by the aether field. Again, all energy is radiant-energy whose fundamental basis is aether radiation.

From the aforementioned book by Dr. Nieper:

In addition, Nieper established the axiom that, “all natural accelerations can be attributed to a single unified basic principle, namely, the interception (or braking) of a field energy penetrating from the outside (gravity acceleration, magnetic, electromagnetic, electrostatic and radiesthesic acceleration)".

In trying to explain aether, it might be thought of as an all-pervasive liquid, occupying all of space. This liquid concept is useful because a liquid can not be compressed but can only transfer the energy attempting to compress it from one location to another. This is how the brakes of a vehicle work. The driver presses the brake pedal when he wants to slow down or stop. The plunger of the brake pedal attempts to compress the liquid in the master cylinder. The master cylinder is connected to each wheel by metal tubes full of liquid. When pressure is put on the master cylinder by the driver it is transmitted to each of the four wheel cylinders full of the same fluid which transmits the force, moving the brake mechanism, slowing the wheels of the vehicle.

In a similar way, the aether serves to transmit energy through this "non-compressible" quality. In a primary electric coil and secondary electric coil, for instance, induction in the secondary does not take place directly from the primary as is now said by current physics, but instead, the induction between the two windings is due to the aether field. This concept of the energy transfer function of the aether field is also expressed by Davson.

Using this perspective, that all energy is radiation, the braking of aether radiation, that is the slowing down or stopping of this radiation, can cause a transfer to other forms of energy. The word "energy" means the entire electromagnetic spectrum. That includes, electric, magnetic and electrostatic fields. This means heat. This also means gravity. Again, gravity is the primary radiation of the aether field. It radiates from every point in the universe equally.

This concept seems ridiculous until it is given some thought. One might ask: “How can gravity be a push when we know better?” After all, things fall to earth, don't they? The answer is that the effects which we feel and call “gravity” are due to aether shielding. Aether radiation can be braked, that is slowed down and absorbed by mass. It is then re-radiated or converted into mass. It is re-emitted as slower aether radiation or even as heat. Some of it can, and is, converted into mass inside a planet. If there is a loss of aether radiation, then there is shielding. Thus, a planet would shield from this radiation in one direction. That direction is always toward its centre which is the direction of greatest mass and that is what we describe as "down". This is simply the area which contains the maximum amount of shielding. In all other directions the aether radiation continues to exert its push on us. The area of minimum shielding is directly opposite the area of maximum shielding, so things fall (or more correctly are accelerated or "pushed") towards the earth.

Think about this for a minute. Being in deep space is rather like being underwater. Underwater, the pressure at all points is so similar that we feel weightless. We are weightless in deep space because the aether field exerts a push on us from all directions equally. In space, the nearer one gets to a large body the stronger the push is from the opposite direction since the body shields or converts the aether radiation. The result of this thinking is a mechanism totally different from "gravity" as we know it but appearing as exactly the same observed phenomena.

The beauty of this aether theory of gravity is that gravity functions like every other form of radiation. Its underlying cause, aether radiation, can be converted to mass or, in certain circumstances, re-radiated or converted to other forms of energy. No Unified Field Theory is necessary. The aether field is the unified field. Further, there is no need to look for something separate called "anti-gravity". If gravity is a push then it is all anti-gravity. All we have to do to make a UFO, is to find this particular gravity frequency and find out how to generate it.

Aether physics was a lost physics. Physics was hijacked early in the 20th Century by the alleged results of the Michelson-Morley experiment. This experiment assumed that "aether" was matter. There is some confusion here. We know now that particles moving near the speed of light are measured as waves, that is energy, rather than as matter. Nevertheless, aether theory has been discredited among physicists who, in turn, discredit others who raise the subject. It is only through the efforts of "free-energy devices" and free- energy researchers, that this knowledge is being returned to us. Without this aether theory, the reason these devices work cannot be explained at all. Rejection of aether theory allows these devices to be dismissed as "theoretically impossible" and so “fraudulent” by implication. They are marginalised and dismissed as "perpetual-motion devices". According to established physics, perpetual-motion devices violate the physical laws of conservation of energy. Without an aether theory as an explanation, they do violate the laws of conservation of energy and so their detractors are able to simply dismiss them out of hand. The simple fact that some of these free-energy devices actually work, does not seem to bother these scientists in the least. Rather than change the theory to accommodate the observed facts, the facts are ignored and substituted by dogma. Whether we like it or not, we are living in an energy Dark Age.

Instead of aether theory, we have all been led to focus upon Einstein and his Theories of Relativity. Two or three generations of scientists have wasted themselves on "trying to prove Einstein right". This misguided thinking has resulted in stagnation. One need go no further than the many "free-energy" devices which have arisen to the level of notice in spite of accepted scientific theory to see that this statement is true.

Needless to say, German scientists of the Nazi period laboured under no such illusions. They never abandoned aether physics. This was the fundamental reason why field propulsion UFOs were first developed in Germany. After the Second World War two different sciences developed, both called "Physics". One was the relativity-based concept taught in schools, while the second, more esoteric type, was used secretly, by the secret government, for deep “black projects”.

Structure of the Schappeller Device

According to Davson's description, upon which we will rely, the Schappeller device is really composed of two separate units, the rotor and the stator. The stator is constructed as follows: Its surface is round or ball-shaped, being composed of two half-shells of steel. These half-shells contain the internal structure and are airtight. Attached at the "pole" of each half-shell is an iron bar-magnet, most of which is positioned inside the sphere. This means that the bulk of each magnet is inside the steel ball, one opposite the other. There is a space between the two bar magnets at the very centre of the sphere.

An Insulating ceramic material, is placed on the inside of the steel ball, leaving a hollow central area. Within this hollow area, and around the space between the magnets, are two coils are mounted. These start at the pole of the bar magnet and finish at the centre of the sphere, with a connection leading out of the sphere to the rotor. These coils are wound using a hollow copper tube filled with a special, secret substance called the "electret". Upon leaving the sphere, the electret-filled copper tubes are replaced by conventional copper wire. An electrical connection is made from the outside surface of one pole to one pole of a special type of battery which is grounded at the other pole or, alternatively, to a special device called an "Ur-machine" which will be discussed later.

This electret is a permanent magnet within the sphere. This type of magnetism is not identical with ferro-magnetism or electromagnetism, it is much stronger (8). The actual composition of Schappeller's electret remains a secret, but another electret has been made by Professor Mototaro Eguchi. It consists of carnauba wax and resin, perhaps also containing some beeswax. It was kept in a strong electric field while baking slowly until it solidified. For purposes of the production of Schappeller spheres, a complete electret manufacturing plant would have to be set up, which has no parallel in present science (9).

Before being set into operation, all the air is pumped out of the hollow core of the sphere. This whole ball is mounted on a swivel mechanism so that the poles can be moved from the vertical to the horizontal. The stator is not attached to the rotor. The stator can function without the rotor and the stator is capable of producing electrical energy without the rotor. The rotor could also be used to generate additional electrical energy.

The rotor consists of a steel wheel of special design fixed on the shaft to be driven, and surrounded on its outer surface by magnets which are attracted and repelled by the force of the stator. The copper wire attached to the internal electret-filled copper tubing, runs through this wheel and supplies electric power to the magnets. The magnets are hollow and filled with the same electret. There is always an odd number of magnets.

A variant of this rotor comes to us from Taeufer, who refers to this further development as the "Ur-Machine". This machine is composed of six sphere units as described above, five revolving around a sixth one which is positioned either above or below the plane of the other revolving spheres. A seventh unit would be employed to rotate the five rotating spheres and so would be offset, and not attached to the others. The five rotating spheres would charge the sixth stationary sphere. The sixth and seventh spheres would function as an anode and cathode and so ground the unit. The Ur-machine could be used to activate other spheres instead of a battery-earthing procedure (10).

As a prime mover, an engine, the rotor would be used to turn a drive shaft. The stator would be offset, that is, moved off centre in relation to the rotor. Schappeller worked out various angles of efficiency (11). The drive shaft could be used to power any number of machine applications such as, for instance, the propellers of a ship.

Means of Operation

The device is started through a connection to a totally unique battery and a connection to the earth (12). A specific excitation impulse must be given to the device (13). This electric impulse is conducted through the iron magnet and jumps the gap in the centre of the sphere to the other iron magnet.

What occurred then sets this device apart from all others. In the vacuum of the sphere, in the centre space between the two bar magnets a field of "glowing magnetism" is set up. This glowing magnetism is something entirely unique. It is recognised as a magnetic field, but much more powerful and unlike any magnetic field produced by an iron bar or an electric coil. Once the initial input had been made to start the device, the battery and ground can be disconnected. The device then continues to operate on its own (14).

For an understanding of what is really happening here we have to consider the bar magnet. We think of a bar of iron with two poles, one positive and one negative or perhaps one north pole and one south pole. But there are really three components to the bar magnet. There are the two poles and the neutral zone between the poles. If we cut the magnet in half we get two new poles. For the Schappeller device, this neutral zone is very important. Imagine a bar magnet running through the vertical axis of the ball. Then imagine the centre section cut out. We now have a north pole at the top of the ball, a south pole at the bottom of the ball just as we do with the planet Earth. In the centre we have a missing section with a south pole, opposing the north pole at the top of the ball and, likewise, a north pole opposite the south pole at the bottom of the ball. We have now four poles and a split bar magnet with a gap in its centre section.

It is this gap in the centre where Schappeller's "glowing magnetism" is generated by grounding, that is, charging the device via a special battery and an earth connection. This glowing magnetism is the mystery. Davson cites Schappeller's calculations and gives this form of magnetism as being a thousand times more powerful than that produced by present magnetism (15). He also states that in this form of magnetism the electricity is stationary while the magnetism is radiated (16).

To state this again, Davson contends throughout his book that this glowing magnetism is not found in secondary physics, that is, in modern physics, and that this glowing magnetism is a manifestation of primary physics. As a phenomenon of primary physics, it is responsible for, and can generate, heat, electricity and magnetism.

After initial stimulation and in a state of glowing magnetism, no further input of energy is needed from the battery. The device is able to draw in energy to it directly from the surrounding aether, bind this energy though its magnetic electret material, that is the filling in the hollow copper coils of the internal coil, and then re-radiate energy producing heat, electricity, magnetism or mechanical work depending upon the application.

Stated another way, this is an implosion device and it is described as such (17) (18). Unlike the Schauberger device which is associated with the word implosion, the Schappeller device operates purely at the energetic level. Energy is drawn towards the centre, through the magnets, into the field of glowing magnetism, and then radiated outward.

My first explanation for this output of radiant energy involves the concept of the Bloch Wall. A Bloch Wall is defined by Van Norstrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 1958 edition, pages 201 and 202, as: "This is a transition layer between adjacent ferromagnetic domains magnetised in different directions. The wall has a finite thickness of a few hundred lattice constants, as it is energetically preferable for the spin directions to change slowly from one orientation to another, going through the wall rather than to have an abrupt discontinuity" (18).

In electromagnetics the Bloch Wall is external to the hardware itself. It is the point of division of the circling vortex, or spin, of the electronic magnetic energies of the north and south poles. The negative north pole magnetism spins to the left while the positive south pole spins to the right. Energy is being conducted into the Schappeller device through the un-insulated poles and being conducted and spun on its way to the centre of the unit. The point of zero magnetism, no spin and magnetic reversal, where the two spin fields join, is the Bloch Wall (19).

Bloch Wall, a gravity wave source as a function of the electromagnetic spectrum?

(Dr. Richard Le Fors Clark)

Oscillating circuit. Charged capacitor (electric field) discharges, current carried through

insulated wire to charge coil (magnetic field) which discharges, charging capacitor.

Oscillating electric and magnetic fields yield electromagnetic waves.

The Block Wall radiates energy. Remember, if energy is coming in then it must be going out. The Bloch Wall may generate radio, radar and other electromagnet frequencies but what is most interesting is that it is actually able to radiate gravity as according to Dr. Richard Le Fores Clark. According to this interpretation, the conjunction of two dipolar generated force-field vectors, a quadropole force field or gravity is generated according to Dr. Clark. Gravity being a quadropole source, it radiates in a circular, 360O, pattern of two cycles. Dr. Clark has fixed the point of emission as below that of radar and above infrared at 1012 Hz (20). Dr. Richard Le Fors Clark believes that gravity is a radiation (20) and so it is a "push".

Another Opinion

In late 2001, I wrote a magazine article on the Schappeller device (20) which contained most of the material described above. In that article, I requested alternative explanations for the Schappeller device. I received a letter from Mr. Michael Watson, BSc, Charted Physicist and Member of the Institute of Physics in the United Kingdom. But there was something in Mr. Watson's background even more impressive than his professional credentials. Cyril W. Davson was a family friend whom Mr. Watson knew well in his youth and with whom he had discussed Schappeller and his ideas at some length on many occasions. In Mr. Watson's letter was a brief summary of Schappeller's theory in which he cut through most of the confusing terminology.

This summary is important for a couple of reasons. Mr. Watson's summary of Schappeller's aether theory as described by Davson dovetails nicely into the ideas of Schauberger yet seems to allow for Tesla's experimental results on aether as explained by Bill Lyne. The following is what I learned from Mr. Watson's letter:

Most of us have heard of the two Laws of Thermodynamics. These are laws of heat. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, meaning that the total amount of energy in the universe always remains the same. This is no surprise for most of us and it is not the real concern here.

What is of concern is the Second Law of Thermodynamics which discusses heat and entropy. The word “entropy” might be thought of as a state of randomness or chaos. Negative entropy would then mean movement toward a less random or more ordered state of any particular thing. If we apply this to a system, then entropy tends to increase until the system breaks down in utter chaos. This will occur unless the system is re-charged with additional outside energy. A concrete example of this might be helpful:

Imagine a new car just coming off an assembly line. It has taken a great deal of energy to find, refine, forge, weld, and paint the metal parts of this car. This same concept also applies to all the other components of the car. This energy and organisation constitute a highly organised state, or, in other words, a state of negative entropy.

What happens next illustrates entropy. The car is purchased. Whether it is driven hard or just sits in the garage does not matter in the long run because what happens to the car is that it starts to fall apart. This change may be small at first and may only occur at the molecular level, but it occurs nevertheless. The engine, transmission, paint, rubber, electronics, etc. all will fail with time. Even it the car just sits in the garage, in a thousand years the metal will eventually oxidise. Finally, the car rusts away forming a reddish brown heap. This is exactly the opposite of the organisation and energy used to put the car together. This disorganisation is entropy. The only thing which will reverse this, as we all know, are additional inputs of energy by the owner in the form of maintenance and repairs.

All things in a relative state of order move toward a state of disorder. In terms of heat, heat will always flow into a colder place from a warmer place. When something is heated there is a rise in its entropy. With increasing heat its molecules move faster and faster in random chaos, just as a bomb does when it explodes. Increasing heat means increasing randomness and chaos which is entropy. Cold, then, can be seen in terms of negative entropy. Any cold object is simply more organised and less random than the same object once it is heated.

Schappeller had something to say about the Second Law of Thermodynamics. He said there was another and unknown thermodynamic cycle which runs opposite the Second Law. To name this idea we will call it "Reverse Thermodynamics". It is the reverse of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in that it leads to an increase in entropy. Not only is there an increase in order but there is an increase in cold! Schappeller, according to Mr. Watson's letter, built his spherical device primarily to demonstrate the principles behind this Reverse Thermodynamics. It was not designed as a practical machine.

To demonstrate the difference between the Second Law of Thermodynamics and Reverse Thermodynamics two theoretical machines shall be examined. Actually, a machine running according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics is not theoretical at all. Combustion machines are of this type. For simplicity sake we will use a wood burning stove such as the type invented by Benjamin Franklin for the heating of a house.

Wood is put in a hollow iron vessel with an adjustable hole at one end. The adjustable hole admits atmospheric oxygen. An initial small input of heat is added to the wood and oxygen until burning occurs. A great deal of heat is produced once the wood begins to burn. We know heat expands. Carbon, carbon dioxide and water vapour are also produced as by-products of the combustion. Entropy is increased. Since entropy is increased, so is pollution so perhaps we all can agree that this is a good example of the destructive technology so characteristic of the world in which we live.

In our example of a theoretical Reverse Thermodynamic machine the by-products of the previous example can be used as fuel. But Schappeller's machine has the additional property of being creative, that is, negatively entropic. Schappeller believed this creative process to be individualistic, so we need a specific template to use as a pattern for this creation. Heat, water, and carbon dioxide are fed into this machine. Quite amazingly, oxygen is yielded as a by-product of this reaction! The heat is also absorbed in Schappeller's Reverse Thermodynamic machine! This absorption of heat is another way of saying that the machine is implosive in nature rather than expansive or explosive as was the heat producing machine. What is most amazing, however, is that entropy is actually reduced yielding, something which has been created -wood!

Actually, this machine is not theoretical either. It exists and works as we speak. These machines are all around us. We call these machine "life". In this case our machine is a tree. In the tree, energy, sunlight, is absorbed and combined in a cold process with water and carbon dioxide to form wood. The template used as a pattern for this seemingly intelligent, creative, process is simply a seed. In this type of reaction the "cold” force is something other than the absence of heat. This cold is an active cold. It is a "densifying", implosive cold. It is a life-giving cold. This is a cold, life giving force. To quote Watson: "This process is life force and the reverse of the second law of thermodynamics; it is the vital force: Vril."

This is one huge difference between the physics of Schappeller and Schauberger and the physics of the Nineteenth Century. The physics of the Nineteenth Century explain everything in terms of the inanimate. Laws of physics are written using inanimate examples. Chemical reactions are described which stem from inanimate models. Animate models are simply made to conform with the inanimate assuming that life is just a special case which eventually will be shown to be nothing but chemistry and so subject to the same Second Thermodynamic Law as the inanimate. Schappeller and Schauberger both say in their own ways that this is not so. They say, each in their own ways, that a new and different law of thermodynamics applies to living forces. They say that this more akin to a life process than previous theories allow. They say this force is creative. Those who subscribed to these new ideas claimed that it was not only a new physical law but a new science and that Germany would lead the way in this new science. Let us take a closer look at what is claimed to be the physics behind this new science.

The first concept to be considered is cold. Cold in this sense does not mean the mere absence of heat. This is interstellar cold, the cold found in the vacuum of space. In this relative vacuum, matter is not found in sufficient quantity to be used to measure this cold. Think about how we measure cold. We measure matter which is cold. We measure the heat in air or water for instance. In the absence of matter how would cold be measured? There is no doubt that if we could, for instance, place a thermometer in a glass of water in deep space, the temperature recorded would be at or very near absolute zero, 0O Kelvin or -273O Centigrade or -460O Fahrenheit.

The presence or absence of matter in deep space may be the subject of conjecture. The presence or absence of energy in deep space is something universally accepted. For instance, we all know that light passes through interstellar space. We see the proof when we look up at the stars, planets or the moon. Besides visible light, other electromagnetic radiations freely pass through space. These include x-ray, gamma and cosmic rays. Yet besides electromagnetic radiation many people now believe that in the depths of space there resides another form of energy with is found there as well as everywhere else all around us. This energy sometime goes by the name of "zero-point energy" but for our purposes we can simply call it "aether energy". It is sometimes argued that this energy is really the result of aether rather than the aether itself and that aether really is matter. For a moment, let us postpone this discussion and focus on the vast, stretches of interstellar space which are filled with aether energy, near or at absolute zero.

Mr. Watson points out Dawson's words on page 83 of “The Physics Of The Primary State Of Matter” where he says: "Cold is not therefore the absence of heat, primary heat and cold having nothing to do with molecular action (in the cosmos) there are no molecules available".

The reader may recall that something strange happens to electrical energy at absolute zero. For instance, if a disc of conducting material is held at absolute zero and the disc is given an electric charge, the electric current will circulate around and around the disc forever, never losing its energy as it would if the disc were sitting on an office desk at room temperature. This property of cold is instrumental in the storage of at least one form of energy. The vast stretches of cold interstellar vacuum must be seen as a vast energy storage sea in a state of heightened negative entropy. Schappeller called this undirected matter-energy reserve potential "latent magnetism”. Out of this latent magnetism, both energy and matter could be produced with the corresponding stimulation. The non-excited electromagnetic field was viewed by Schappeller as simply latent magnetism. Matter is a condensation out of bipolar aether. Therefore, electromagnetism is a product of matter and is nothing more than bipolar aether in a different condition. Latent magnetism could be, then, excited into matter. Latent magnetism could be influenced by either of the thermodynamic principles discussed, the Second Law of Thermodynamics or by Reverse Thermodynamics. This vast aether field, whose most notable characteristic is the property of cold, latent and awaiting stimulus, is the predecessor of both energy and matter as we know them.

Since primary cold, this vast reserve of negative entropy potential, is responsible for both matter and energy and since all energy eventually degenerates into heat, it follows that, as Davson puts it, again on page 83: "Primary heat, as may now be understood, is composed of cold energy". This is seems like a surprising play on words, especially from a man of science, nevertheless, this statement follows perfectly from Schappeller's reasoning.

We turn now to Schappeller's concept of "stress". Both heat stress and cold stress can be applied to an electromagnetic field. Heat stress is the usual type of stress applied to electromagnetic fields in secondary physics. Secondary physics is the physics of our everyday world according to Schappeller. Primary physics is the physics dealing with the cold force and aether yielding matter and energy, which constitute the secondary reactions and so Schappeller uses the term "secondary physics" to describe our world as we know it.

An example of heat stressing of the electromagnetic field is the capacitor and the coil. A charged capacitor produces an electric field and a charged coil produces a magnetic field. A charged capacitor and coil, connected by a wire circuit alternately charge and discharge each other, producing electromagnetic radiation unit the heat caused by the resistance of the wire degrades the whole process into heat. Heat stress on the electromagnetism is +/-.

Cold stress on the electromagnetic field is something totally new to our science and technology. It is also seen in terms of +/- but the machines used to produce it are not known in our world. Mr. Watson did not say this but if we return to our examples of heat stressed machines, the capacitor and the coil, the corresponding cold stressed machines might be the Schappeller sphere and the Schappeller coil electret. The sphere collects the charge through the magnets, holds and condenses it in its glowing centre corresponding to the electric field of the capacitor. The internal coils filled with electret produce a magnetic field in the presence of the intense and pulsing electric field. According to my interpretation, the whole Schappeller sphere is a combined capacitor/coil combined into one machine made possible through an initial input of cold stress.

As in our example of the capacitor/coil interaction producing an electromagnetic wave, so an attraction exists between a machine obeying the Second Law of Thermodynamics and one obeying the law of Reverse Thermodynamics. This attraction can lead to interaction. For example, an imploding or centripetal vortex can couple with an exploding or centrifugal vortex. The centripetal vortex is an example of a system following the law of Reverse Thermodynamics while the centrifugal vortex represents system following the Second Law of Thermodynamics. We have all seen these two systems working together in everyday life. The common toilet is such a machine although the centrifugal side forms inside the drain pipe which is out of sight.

Perhaps there is another example which is more germane to our discussion. It is the diagram of the Vril power plant. (This engine diagram is used here as an example for discussion and is not a blind endorsement of the diagram's existence or accuracy.)

In this interpretation of this diagram, we are really dealing with two separate devices. First, is the central spherical device which may be a refined version of the Schappeller sphere. An initial charge would be imputed into the sphere to start it after which the unit would continue to gather up the surrounding energy. This is a Reverse Thermodynamic machine. The sphere generates a magnetic field which could be offset by rotating the Schappeller device. The offset field would feed and so rotate the arms of the electric generator surrounding the sphere. The electric generator would gather electric energy, feeding the four large broadcasting fixtures on the walls of the saucer. These fixtures might be, for instance, Tesla pancake coils. The electric generator is an example of a machine complying with the Second Thermodynamic Law.

Both components of the power plant are bonded together in a single system since the output energy of the broadcasting fixtures on the walls of the saucer constitute additional input energy for the sphere. The two components attract one another and use and depend upon one another as they circulate and recirculate energy. As the energy level of one component increases so does the energy level of the other. Indeed, the biggest problem facing the use of such an engine may be getting some means of stopping it.

The actual levitation might be the particular electromagnetic radiation coming out of the sphere. In this interpretation, the broadcast fixtures are used to steer the saucer. Davson gives output frequencies for the sphere as 106 (20).

Mr. Watson points out in his letter that one reason machines utilising the Reverse Thermodynamic principle have not been recognised is that a cold stressed magnetic field is a cold machine. Even a centripetal vortex cools rather than heats. All our devices of measurement ultimately measure heat in some form. Measurement of cold is more difficult. The example already given, the problem of measuring temperature in interstellar space in the absence of matter is an example of this problem.

Finally, the reader will recall that Mr. Watson points out that electromagnetism itself manifests bipolarity, yielding four components in all. These are +/- hot electromagnetism and +/- cold electromagnetism. The reader will recall that two hot electromagnetic components can be joined (the capacitor and the coil) and set into a cycle producing an electromagnetic wave. Is it possible that two complementary hot electromagnetic and cold electromagnetic machines could be set into cycle producing not a bi-polar but a quadropolar, 360O radiation to produce gravity, such as the one described by Dr. Richard Le Fores Clark?

Planned Uses for the Schappeller Device

If the above discussion has any meaning at all in the quest for an answer to the UFO question, one use for which the Schappeller device must have been destined was that of a power plant for a flying machine. Was this so? The Schappeller device had many planned uses. In 1930 this device was planned as a source of broadcast energy, reminiscent of Tesla, for both German homes and industry. The device could also be used as a generator, battery, transformer, or antenna (21). It is reported that toward the end of the war the SS researched the possibility of using this device in the form of a death ray (22). But additionally, and in answer to our question, the Schappeller device was envisioned as a levitation device for a flying machine. Here is some of that discussion from our sources:

"The new dynamic technology will, in the future, be able to drive electric locomotives and cars without the manufacture of costly armatures and everywhere through connection to the atmospheric voltage network. Hypothetically, is certainly the installation of a sufficient number of central amplification facilities which transports from the Ur-Machine the specific magnetic impulse from the dynamic spherical element. New types of aircraft with magneto-static power devices and steering, which are completely crash and collision proof, could be built for a fraction of the cost of today's aircraft and without the lengthy training of everyone who will be servicing these aircraft". (From "Vril Die Kosmische Urkraft Wiedergeburt von Atlantis” by Johannes Taeufer, page 48).

"Our goal must be to drive forward the space ship problem to new understanding and realisation! Here a definite postulate can be established: "A spherical space ship with its own atmosphere” also technical creation of small planets with world dynamic propulsion and buoyancy!. Will this be possible? -- Major powers in the world prepare themselves in any case presently, especially in Germany."

The above from “Weltdynamismus Streifzuege durch technisches Neuland an Hand von biologischen Symbolen” pages 11 and 12. Please note the use of the words "spherical space ship"(Kugelraumschiff).

From Davson’s “The Physics Of The Primary State Of Matter”, page 240: "The Rotor is laminated to prevent eddying and the magnets do not project; the Rotor periphery is thus entirely equi-radial. The Rotor is fixed to the shaft to be driven and the Stator is fixed about a metre above the earth's surface. The latter is, of course, flexible because the earth can include the sea or even the floor of an aether-ship."

From Davson, page 199: "As has already been explained, the new Technique will not concern itself with the air as a supporting medium, but directly with the aether. Therefore, the body may be a vertical sealed cylinder with conic ends or any other suitable form. Such a body is obviously rigid and inelastic, and it must contain an aether stress of sufficient intensity to support its mass against thither stress of the earth's stress field, which means that the glowing magnetism core in the Stator, provided in the body to be lifted, must be able to vary its intensity according to the height at which the aether-ship is to be raised and supported whilst in transit, as the aether stress or field, itself, varies inversely as the square of the distance from the earth's surface. The actual design and solution of all the various problems in the production of such ships, the choice of methods of propulsion, whatever independent or directional, belong to the new Technique, whereas here we are only interested in the principle as applied to the problem of Gravitation."

Finally, from Davson, page 177: "Now the reason that an unsupported body falls to the ground is primarily because it has "no hold" on the medium. It was previously explained that any inert mass or body has only a latent stress field which functions merely as the force of cohesion and has no mobility and thus only a latent internal stress field and no external stress field. This means that it has no "hold" on any elastic medium such as the aether or the air, therefore it must fall, and it falls towards the greater inductive energy.

If the inductive energy, through some exterior cause, could be made suddenly to increase enormously, there would come a point when the body would be supported, or rather suspended, before it reached the earth's surface. The new Technique could accomplish this by placing a Schappeller Stator in the body in question, where the body is suitably constructed, thus setting up a glowing magnetic stress field which would hold or keep the weight or mass of the unit body suspended, not in the air ”the stress field would have no reaction on the air” but only on the earth's magnetic stress field. This is the basis of the new principle for ‘aether ships’".

Employing the Schappeller mechanism is only half the total explanation. In a field propulsion saucer there are possible two types of "drive" needed. The first is the "Auftrieb" or levitation. Employment of levitation makes the craft buoyant. It weighs nothing. If it weighs nothing it can be moved very easily. "Antrieb", impulse or motive power is the second drive involved. It moves the craft directionally. Levitation only would be supplied by the Schappeller system. Directional movement is so far best explained, in my mind, using the Tesla pancake coils as explained by Bill Lyne.

Concluding Thoughts on the Schappeller Device

In the end, what can be said of the Schappeller device? Certainly, it did exist. It drew attention and funding from people within the German government of the time. It was studied by a qualified outsider, a British engineer, for a period of three years and was judged to be genuine.

However, there are some obvious problems. Exotic energies have been evoked which have not been explained satisfactorily. Therefore, the facts are not yet proven. Certainly more proof is required before the claims made for this device or the energies involved can be wholly accepted. For the time being we must put this discussion aside, awaiting further correlations.

There are some solutions connected with this device also. If we accept the idea that both the Schauberger and the Schappeller devices worked on the theory of implosion, then one explanation will serve to explain them both. It also allows for an aether-as-matter explanation. This may fit into the evidence gathered by Nikola Tesla. The commonality of these devices could then be sought and perhaps a more efficient device built as a result. We will pick up this theme again in the discussion section of this book.

It should be pointed out that the quest for this "new science" is not specific to Schappeller or Schauberger. Mr. Watson passed on these words from Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, a scientist who collaborated with Dr. Rudolf Steiner around 1920. Although he is not happy with the translation, he sent it as he found it which is as it is presented here:

"...the method of science, in a materialistic sense, is based on analysis splitting apart, disintegration, separation, dissecting and all the procedures which have to destroy and take apart, to work on the corpse rather than to grow, to develop, to synthesise. That the human mind was captured by these methods of braking apart: in that I saw the source of our present situation. My question (to Rudolf Steiner) was therefore: is it possible to find another force or energy in nature, which does not have in itself the objective of atomising and analysis but instead builds up, and synthesises? Would we discover that constructive force, which makes things alive and grow, develop adequate building up of methods investigation, eventually use this force for another type of technique, applied to drive machines, than because of the inner nature of this force or energy we might be able to create another technology, social structure, constructive thinking of man rather than destructive thinking? This force must have the impulse of life, of organisation within itself as the so-called physical energies have the splitting, separating trend within themselves.”

My question to Rudolf Steiner in October 1920 and spring 1921 therefore was: “Does such a force or source of energy exist? Can it be demonstrated? Could an altruistic technology be build upon it?"

My questions were answered as follows: "Yes, such a force exists, but is not yet discovered. It is what is generally known the aether (not the physical aether) but the force which makes things grow, lives for instance in the seed as Samenkraft. Before you can work with this force you must demonstrate its presence. As we have reagents in chemistry, so you must find a reagent for the aetheric force. It is also called formative aetheric force because it is the force which relates the form, shape, pattern of a living thing - growth. You might try crystallisation processes to which organic substrata are added. It is possible then to develop machines, which react upon, and are driven by, this force. Rudolf Steiner then outlined the principles of the application of this force as source of a new energy..."

Since this quest for a new science with the accompanying new machines had a relatively long history in Germany, certainly pre- dating the 3rd Reich, it is almost certain that the Schappeller device or others built along a similar understanding were further developed during the Nazi period. What became of it after the war is not known. It can be assumed that this device did not escape the scrutiny of the numerous Allied intelligence units tasked with combing Germany for examples of German science. Perhaps someday a government report will be de-classified explaining all this as it was in the case of another free-energy machine, that being the Hans Coler device, which was declassified by the British in 1978 (23) and which worked, according to Mr. Watson, using the same principles of cold magnetism. Until that final reckoning comes, aspects of the Schappeller device will still remain a mystery. And until a more final reckoning comes, the question of whether or not the Schappeller device was used as a source of field propulsion in German flying saucers, must be deferred.

Sources and References

1. Bahn, Peter, Ph.D. and Heiner Gehring, 1997, pages 120-131, Per Vril-Mythos Eine geheimnisvolle Energieform in Esoterik,Technik und Therapie, Omega Verlag, Duesseldorf

2. Taeufer, Johannes, 1930, page 31."Vril" Die KosmischeUrkraft Wiedergeburt von Atlantis, commissioned and distributed by the Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft "Das kommenden de Deutschland", Astrologischer Verlag Wilhelm Becker, Berlin-steglitz

3. Bahn/Gehring, 1997, page 131

4. Bahn/Gehring, 1997, pages 120-124, 130

5. Weltdynamismus Streifzuege durch technisches Neuland an Hand von bioloaischen Symbolen, 1930. pages 14-15, commissioned and distributed by the Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft "Das Kommenden de Deutschland", Otto Wilhelm Barth Verlag, Berlin

6. Davson, Cyril W., 1955, pages 50-59, The Physics Of The Primary State Of Matter And Application Through the Primary Technique, Elverton Books, London

7. Nieper, Hans A., Ph.D., 1985, Conversion of Gravity Field Energy/Revolution in Technology. Medicine and Society. M.I.T. Management Interessengemeinschaft fuer Tachyonen-Geld-EnergyGmbH, Friedrlch-Rueder-Strasse 1, 2900 Oldenbuurg, Germany (available in German and English language versions)

8. Davson, Cyril W., 1955, pages 212-213

9. Davson, Cyril W., page 231

10. Davson, Cyril W., pages 217, 223

11. Taeufer, 1930, pages 30-32

12. Davson, 1955, page 230

13. Davson, 1955, page 226

14. Taeufer, 130, page 30

15. Taeufer, page 32

16. Davson, 1955, page 231

17. Davson, 1955, page 231

18. Davson, 1955, page 57

19. Taeufer, 1930, pages 38-40

20. Clark, Richard Le Fors, Ph.D., 1987, page 64, "The Earth Grid, Human Levitation And Gravity Anomalies", contained in Anti-Gravity And The World Grid edited by David Hatcher Childress, Adventures Unlimited Press, Stelle, Illinois

21. Stevens, Henry, 2001, "Infinite Energy", pages 9-13, Volume 7, Issue 40

22. Davson, 1955, page 244

23. Bahn/Gehring, 1997, page 115

24. British Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee Final Report Number 1043, item number 31, "The Invention Of Hans Coler, Relating To An Alleged New Source Of Power, Bryanston Square, London

Condensation-Induced Water-Hammer.

There is another little-known effect which has a high potential for being a useful technique, and this is the water hammer effect produced by the sudden condensation of steam. Under suitable conditions, the effect can be harnessed to provide motive power.

One of the techniques which has been used is shown above. Here, steam under 55 psi pressure is forced into a tubular structure through a ring orifice. That steam then passes through a doughnut-shaped nozzle where it hits a stream of heavily aerated water. The bubbles in the stream of water are drawn in by the venturi effect of the water flow past small apertures in the tube. The result is a rapid series of water hammer shock waves which, because of the shape of the shock wave chamber, boost the water as it exits from the tube. This produces a thrust in the opposite direction, effectively forming a jet engine which is particularly suited to water-borne vessels. In the diagram shown above, the device shown is designated as an Underwater Jet Engine. The diagram is from the web display at:

http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/cms/dn3321/dn3321-1_843.jpg and is copyright of the New Scientist.

Further information on this form of energy can be found at:

http://www.kirsner.org/pages/condInduceWatHamText.html and

http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable-energy/3093-condensation-induced-water-hammer

William Hyde’s 10 Kilowatt, COP=10, Electrostatic Power Generator.

This is best described by his patent, a slightly re-worded version being shown here:

This patent describes a device which can be a little difficult to visualise and so some colour shading of parts has been used to help matters. Essentially, it is two circular rotors spinning inside a section of plastic pipe. These rotors generate electrostatic energy which people have mistakenly been led to believe is not a source of significant power. This design by William Hyde has an electrical output which is some ten times greater than the mechanical input power required. A Coefficient Of Performance = 10 result like this, has to be significant, especially since the device is of fairly simple construction.

Electrostatic energy field power generating system

Patent US 4,897,592 30th January 1990 Inventor: William W. Hyde

Abstract:

Externally charged electrodes of an electrostatic generator induce charges of opposite polarity on segments of a pair of confronting stators by means of electric fields within which a pair of rotors are confined during rotation to vary the charge binding field linkages between confronting rotors and stators by a shielding action of the rotors in a plane perpendicular to the field flux. A high electric potential difference induced between the stators resulting from such rotation of the rotors, is transformed by an output circuit into a reduced DC voltage applied to a load with a correspondingly increase current conducted through it.

US Patent References:

2522106 Electrostatic machine Sep 1950 Felici 310/309

3013201 Self-excited variable capacitance

electrostatic generator Dec 1961 Goldie 322/2A

4127804 Electrostatic energy conversion system Nov 1973 Breaux 322/2A

4151409 Direct current variable capacitance

electric generator Apr 1979 O'Hare 250/212

4595852 Electrostatic generator Jun 1986 Gundlach 310/309

4622510 Parametric electric machine Nov 1986 Cap 322/2A

Description:

This invention relates to the generation of electrical power by conversion of energy from an electrostatic field.

The conversion of energy from a static electric field into useful electrical energy by means of an electrostatic generator is already well known in the art as exemplified by the disclosures in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,522,106, 3,013,201, 4,127,804, 4,151,409 and 4,595,852. Generally, the energy conversion process associated with such prior art electrostatic generators involves the input of mechanical energy to separate charges so that a considerable portion of the output is derived from the conversion of mechanical energy.

It is therefore an important object of the present invention to provide an electrostatic generator in which electrical power is derived from the energy of static electric fields with a minimised input of mechanical power.

Summary:

In accordance with the present invention, static electric fields are established between electrodes externally maintained at charge levels of opposite polarity and a pair of internal stator discs having segmental surfaces that are dielectrically spaced to confine thereon charges induced by the electric fields. A pair of rotor discs are rotated within continuous electric fields in planes perpendicular to the field flux to locationally vary the charge linkage established by the electric fields between the electrodes and stator discs. Such changes in charge linkage are effected by rotation of electrically conductive segments of the rotor angularly spaced from each other to partially shield the stator discs from the electric fields. The segments of each rotor disc have charged faces confronting the electrodes in its field to shield the stator disc over a total face area that is one-half the total area of the confronting segment surfaces on the stator disc to which the induced charges are confined. Charges on the rotors and stators are equalised by electrical interconnections established through the rotor shafts. The stator discs are electrically interconnected with an electrical load through an output circuit transforming a high potential between the stator discs into a reduced dc voltage to conduct a correspondingly multiplied current through the load.

Brief Description of the Drawings:

These and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like parts or elements are denoted by the same reference numbers throughout all of the different views shown in the drawings and where:

Fig.1 is a simplified electrical circuit diagram corresponding to the energy conversion system of the present invention.

Fig.2 is a side section view of an electrostatic generator embodying the system of Fig.1 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

Fig.3 and Fig.4 are partial section views taken substantially through planes indicated by section lines 3--3 and 4--4 in Fig.2.

Fig.5A and Fig.5B are schematic partial laid out top views of the electrostatic generator of Figs.2-4, under static and dynamic charge distribution conditions, respectively.

Fig.6 is an electrical circuit diagram of the output circuit of the generator shown in Fig.2, in accordance with one embodiment.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment:

Referring now to the drawings in detail, Fig.1 diagrammatically depicts the energy conversion system of the present invention generally referred to by reference numeral 10. As shown in Fig.1, the system includes a pair of electrostatic fields 12 and 14 established by electrostatic charges of opposite polarity applied to electrode plates 16 and 18 from some external energy source. Thus, the electrostatic field 12 is established between electrode 16 and a stator disc 20 while the electrostatic field 14 is established between electrode 18 and a stator disc 22. In accordance with the present invention, electrostatic charge linkages established by the flux of the fields between the electrodes and stators are periodically varied by displacement within the continuous energy fields 12 and 14 in response to rotation of rotors 24 and 26 aligned with planes perpendicular to their common rotational axis and the field flux, as will be described.

The rotors are mechanically interconnected with an electric motor 28, as diagrammatically illustrated in Fig.1, which rotates them around their common axis. Electrical energy may be extracted from the electric fields 12 and 14 during rotation of the rotors 24 and 26 (by motor 28) through an output circuit generally referred to by the reference number 30. The output circuit 30 as shown in a simplified fashion in Fig.1, includes two pairs of current-conducting diodes 32A, 32B and 34A, 34B. The diodes of each pair are connected with opposite polarity and each pair is connected in parallel to one of the stators 20 and 22. The diodes of each pair are also electrically connected across an electrical load represented by resistors 36A and 36B with capacitor networks 38A and 38B interconnected between each pair of diodes by means of which the voltage potential between the stators 20 and 22 is reduced in favour of an increased current through the electrical load.

Referring now to Figs 2, 3 and 4 in particular, a physical embodiment of the energy conversion system shown in Fig.1 is shown. The electrodes 16 and 18 are in the form of circular plates or discs made of an electrically conductive metal having external surfaces 40 and 42 adapted to be charged from the external source as already mentioned. The internal surface 44 of electrode 18 is thereby adapted to maintain a positive charge opposite in polarity to the negative charge of the electrode 16 which is maintained in a stable ion form within a dielectric surface portion 46 of the electrode 16. The energy conversion system may be enclosed within an outer housing 48 to which the electrodes 16 and 18 are secured.

With continued reference to Fig.2, the stators 20 and 22 mounted by housing 48 in axially fixed spaced relation to the electrodes 16 and 18 are provided with bearings 50 and 52 supporting the powered rotor shaft driving the shaft assembly which has electrically conductive shaft sections 54 and 56 to which the rotors 24 and 26 are respectively connected. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig.2, the drive motor 28 is mechanically interconnected with the shaft sections 54 and 56 through an electrically nonconductive shaft section 58 of the power shaft assembly for the simultaneous rotation of both rotors 24 and 26 at the same speed and in the same direction about their common rotational axis perpendicular to the parallel spaced planes with which the electrode and stator discs are aligned. The electrically conductive shaft sections 54 and 56 are respectively keyed or secured in any suitable fashion to hub portions 60 and 62 of the rotors and are provided with flange portions 64 and 66 forming electrical wipers in contact with confronting surfaces of the stators 20 and 22, which are inductively charged by the static electric fields 12 and 14 to equal levels of opposite polarity.

As more clearly seen in Fig.2 and Fig.3, the rotor 24 has several angularly spaced, field linkage controlling segments 68 projecting radially outwards from the hub portion 60. Each rotor segment 68 is made of an electrically conductive metal having a face 70 on one axial side confronting the adjacent electrode 16. The faces 70 confronting the electrode 16 are charged positively by the electric field 12 extending between the dielectric surface portion 46 of electrode 16 and the stator disc 20. While the electric field 12 projects through the spaces 72 between the rotor segments 68, the rotor segments 68 themselves shield portions of the stator disc 20 from the electric field.

The rotor 26 is similarly formed with rotor segments 74 angularly spaced from each other by spaces 76 through which the electric field 14 extends between the positively charged surface 44 of electrode 18 and the stator 22. The rotor segments 74 of rotor 26 as shown in Fig.2, are provided with dielectric surface portions 78 confronting the internally charged surface 44 of electrode 18. While the rotor segments 74 are negatively charged by the electric field 14 within the surface portions 78, they also shield portions of the stator disc 22 from the electric field as in the case of the rotor segments 68 already described. The internal dielectric surface portion 46 of electrode 16 and dielectric surface portions 78 of rotor 26 act as a stabiliser to prevent eddy currents and leakage of negative charge. Further, in view of the electrical connections established between the rotors and the stator discs, the charge on each stator is equalised with that of the charge on its associated rotor.

As shown in Fig.2 and Fig.4, the stator disc 20 includes several segments 82 to which charges are confined, closely spaced from each other by dielectric spacers 80. The segments 82 are electrically interconnected with the rotor segments 68 through rotor shaft section 54. Similarly, the segments 84 of the stator 22 are electrically interconnected with the rotor segments 74 through rotor shaft section 56. The stator segments 82 and 84 are therefore also made of electrically conductive metal. Each of the segments 82 of stator 20 is electrically interconnected through the output circuit 30 with each of the segments 84 of the stator. The stator discs being fixedly mounted within the housing 48, centrally mount the bearings 50 and 52 through which the electrically nonconductive motor shaft section 58 is journaled as shown in the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig.2. Further, the total area of the charged segment surfaces on each of the stator discs is greater than the total area of the faces 70 or 78 on the segments of each associated rotor disc 24 or 26. According to one embodiment, the total charged stator surface area is twice that of the rotor face area.

According to the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig.6, the output circuit 30 includes the two oppositely poled capacitive circuit networks 38A and 38B connected across each aligned pair of stator segments 82 and 84 on the stators 20 and 22 by means of the oppositely poled diodes 32A and 34A. Each of these capacitive circuit networks includes a capacitor 86, the opposite sides of which are connected by oppositely poled diodes 88 and 90 to positive and negative load terminals 92 and 94 across which a suitable electrical voltage is established for operating an electrical load. The diode 88 is connected to the junction 102 between diode 104 and one side of capacitor 106. The diode 88 is also connected to the junction between one side of capacitor 100 and the diode 32A. The diode 90, on the other hand, is interconnected with the junction 96 between diode 108 and capacitor 100. Also, diode 90 is connected to the junction between the other side of capacitor 106 and the diode 34A. The foregoing circuit arrangement of capacitive network 38A is the same as that of network 38B by means of which aligned pairs of the stator segments 82 and 84 have the electrical potentials between them transformed into a lower voltage across the load terminals 92 and 94 to conduct a higher load current.

Fig.5A illustrates the distribution of charges established in the electric fields 12 and 14 between the electrodes and stators under static conditions in which each of the rotor segments 68 and 74 are positioned in alignment with one of the stator segments 82 and 84 to thereby shield alternate stator segments from the electric fields. The charges established by the electric fields are therefore confined to the faces of alternate stator segments confronting the electrodes and are equalised with the charges established on and confined to the shielding faces of the rotor segments confronting the electrodes by virtue of the electrical interconnection between the rotors and stators as already mentioned. As depicted in Fig.5B, when the rotors are rotated, the charge linkages established by the electric fields between the electrodes and alternate stator segments 82 or 84 are interrupted by the moving rotor segments 68 or 74 so that previously shielded stator segments become exposed to the fields to re-establish field energy linkages with the associated electrodes. Such action causes electrical potentials to be established between the stator segments 82 and 84.

It will be apparent from the foregoing description that the electrostatic energy fields 12 and 14 of opposite polarity are established maintained between the externally charged electrodes 16 and 18 and the internally charged stators 20 and 22 under static conditions as depicted in Fig.5A. During rotation, the rotors 24 and 26 continuously positioned within the energy fields 12 and 14, exert forces in directions perpendicular to the field flux representing the energy linkages between electrodes and stators to cause interruptions and reestablishment of energy linkages with portions of different stator segments as depicted in Fig.5B. Such energy linkage locational changes and the charge binding and unbinding actions between electrodes and stators creates an electrical potential and current to flow between stators through the output circuit 30. Thus, the output circuit when loaded extracts energy from the electric fields 12 and 14 as a result of the field linkage charge binding and unbinding actions induced by rotation of the rotors. The stator segments 82 and 84 shielded from the electric fields by the moving rotor segments 68 and 74 as depicted in Fig.5B, have electric potentials of polarity opposite to those of the external electrodes 16 and 18 because of the field linkage charge unbinding action. Previously shielded stator segments being exposed to the electric fields by the moving rotor segments, have the same electric potential polarity as those of the external electrodes because of field linkage binding action. Since the forces exerted on the respective rotors by the electric fields 12 and 14 of opposite polarity act on the common rotor shaft assembly perpendicular to these fields, such forces cancel each other. The energy input to the system may therefore be substantially limited to mechanical bearing losses and windage during conversion of electrostatic field energy to electrical energy as well as electrical resistance losses and other electrical losses encountered in the output circuit 30.

Based upon the foregoing operational characteristics, rotation of the rotors in accordance with the present invention does not perform any substantial work against the external electric fields 12 and 14 since there is no net change in capacitance thereby enabling the system to convert energy with a reduced input of mechanical energy and high efficiency, as evidenced by minimal loss of charge on the electrodes. It was therefore found that working embodiments of the present invention require less than ten percent of the electrical output energy for the mechanical input. Further, according to one prototype model of the invention, a relatively high output voltage of 300,000 volts was obtained across the stators. By reason of such high voltage, an output circuit 30 having a voltage reducing and current multiplying attribute as already described, was selected so as to render the system suitable for many practical applications.

The Suppression of Knowledge.

Early in October 2011, Sir Christopher Woodhead, former Chief Inspector of Schools in England, stated that children should leave school at age 14 and become apprentices. While I personally have a high opinion of apprenticeships for certain professions, this appears to me to be a direct attempt to lower the education levels of the UK population even further than it already is now, where many sales staff are unable to perform even the most basic arithmetic as part of their jobs.

The basis for how we live our lives and understand the things around us, society, personal relationships, family values and the like, is rooted in what we are told by “the authorities”. Unfortunately, much of what you have been told is just not true. You have been lied to about science, astronomy, the environment, global warming, government, taxation, war, energy, inventions, education, terrorism, health, finance and the media, to name just a few topics which spring to mind.

Science: There has been, and still is, systematic, deliberate, and frequently brutal suppression of scientific fact. We are being told that you have to “burn a fuel” in order to produce power which is then “consumed” when we use it to power our lives. This is a deliberate lie. We are told “scientific” things which are sheer fantasy and designed to keep the truth from us. The objective is to keep the people of this planet ignorant, weak, and subject to the people who know the real facts, and to remove all possible wealth from the ordinary person.

Astronomy: We are told that the only way we can get into space is to use rockets. The people who say this not only know it is a lie, but they themselves have had electrogravitic drive vehicles for at least fifty years now. This sort of rubbish is roughly the equivalent of telling people that they can only get around by hopping on one foot. We are told that the speed of light is a constant and that is a lie. We are told that nothing can go faster than the speed of light, and that is a lie. We are told that gravity depends on mass, and that is a lie. We are told that the Earth is the only planet in our solar system which has an atmosphere, and that is a lie. In fact, almost all of what we are told is incorrect.

The Environment: We are told that we need to run our lives by burning “fossil fuels” which are limited in quantity and so there is “an energy crisis”. While some oil is produced by the decay of organisms and vegetation laid down in earlier eras, oil wells which were pumped supposedly dry are actually filling up again with oil created in the crust of the Earth and which does not come from decaying vegetation and organisms. Nor is there the slightest need to burn oil for power, or have central power stations and fragile wires running all over the countryside. Those things are wanted by the powerful elite in order to control ordinary people and to part them from their money.

Global Warming: We are told that man’s burning of fossil fuels is causing global warming through the production of Carbon Dioxide. This is the most ridiculous rubbish possible. Carbon dioxide is a natural gas, essential for plant growth, which in turn is essential for our survival. Carbon dioxide levels have long since reached the level where any increase has almost no further effect on warming. The percentage produced by man is trivial, as the vast majority comes out of volcanoes, the next largest amount is produced by animals and insects, and man’s contribution is minor. Global warming and global cooling are natural events which were taking place long before man was around in any significant numbers and certainly, centuries before the burning of fossil fuels started. The contribution from all of the cars in all of the would is only about 1.7% of man’s minor contribution and the fussing about “carbon footprint” is only a con which is being used to extract more money from the ordinary person.

David Archibald in this document http://www.davidarchibald.info/papers/Climate Outlook to 2030.pdf , published the graph shown here in 2006:

This graph clearly shows that even a big increase in the present carbon dioxide level has almost no impact on atmospheric temperature. It has also been calculated that an increase to 620 ppm would give a temperature increase of only 0.16OC. The graph shown above, together with its calculations should have ended any further discussion about reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, this has most definitely not been the case.

For financial reasons, a decision has apparently been taken to keep up the pressure on carbon dioxide reductions, resulting in senseless investments on new technology for capture and storing carbon dioxide, “beautiful” windmills absolutely everywhere and the mandatory use of bio fuel (which has a negative impact on food production). Don’t forget about all the revenue which ‘governments’ are getting from "climate taxes".

All these taxes and the massive spending of taxpayers money, really threatens the economic foundations of the whole of the western world, but worse still are the consequences of the commitment to bio fuel. This mad strategy has caused a near doubling of the cost of cooking oil and essential foods such as rice, because farmland is now being used for the production of bio fuel. These increases are hitting poor countries the worst as the people can no longer afford to pay for basic necessities.

If the intention of the IPPC and the world’s politicians is to starve people to death, then they are definitely on the right track through their continued insistence on the supposedly harmful effects of carbon dioxide. In reality, the greenhouse gas which has the most effect is actually water vapour which accounts for about 98% of all warming. I wonder how the politicians are going to prevent water vapour from getting into our atmosphere !

In his video “An Inconvenient Truth” Al Gore points out the close correlation between the fluctuations of global temperatures and the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. He point out strong rises and falls in the average global temperature (nearly all of which are before mankind started burning oil) and the related strong rises and falls of carbon dioxide concentration in the air. What he is very careful to avoid mentioning is that the changes in carbon monoxide concentration, lag behind the global temperature changes by some 600 years. The carbon dioxide concentrations are a result of the global warming and not the cause of it.

Government and Taxation: It appears that the sole purpose of government is to enrich the people in power at the expense of the ordinary person. People in a democracy are supposed to be “free” but this is a gross illusion. If you were working all week in a company and at the end of the week you were paid £1,000 cash. When you start going home, an armed gang of thugs threatens you and steals £800 of your £1,000 and that happens every week without fail. So, what do you think of that arrangement? Good or bad? That is what government does for you at this time. But, you say, “we live in a democracy, so we can fire the politicians”. That is the equivalent of having three exits from your workplace and each exit has a different gang of thugs ready to rob you. Yes, indeed, you have choice. You can choose which exit to use and therefore, which particular gang of thugs robs you.

You think that is overstating the case? I have seen it calculated that 80% of everything you earn is taken away from you in “taxes” and there is justification for that figure when you consider what contributes to the cost of everything you do. You pay taxes. Can you remember being asked if you would be willing to pay tax?

Oh, but you say, we need taxes in order to pay for public services, health, education, transport, etc. Yes we do, but how much of your money actually goes on that. In the UK there is a large annual “car tax” which was introduced with the excuse that it was needed to finance the building and repair of roads. I understand that at least 85% of that money is not spent on the roads. There is a massive tax on vehicle fuel and I have seen the figure of 85% mentioned. If that is the case, fuel should only be one sixth of the price charged and that extra cost finds it’s way into almost everything else, food, clothes, electrical goods, all manufactured items, heating, electricity supply, gas supply, etc. etc. In addition, there are major taxes on alcohol, tobacco, service industries, travel, and everything else that ‘politicians’ can think up. So you’re a free person living in a free democracy? Who are you kidding? Do you actually have “sucker” stamped on your forehead? For further information, visit http://www.yourstrawman.com where the facts are laid out clearly.

Take the case of America. The objective of the Civil War was to make money for the unscrupulous. A really major fraud was perpetrated on the American people at that time. They believed (and most still do) that the United States is the government of the American nation. That is not the case. “The United States of America” is actually a commercial conglomerate of private corporations, corporations with names like “The State of Arizona”, or, “The State of Texas”. Federal taxes are imposed on the American people, but that goes directly into the private finances of these companies and not a single dollar of it goes to benefit any ordinary American citizen. There is much more detail on this in Chapter 15.

War: The general public is held subject to what passes for ‘government’ through fear and ignorance. The government announces that some country needs to be attacked and invaded in order to “free” the people and establish democracy. So, generally without any realistic reason, that country is attacked and invaded, much of the civilian population killed, massive property damage inflicted, and great distress and hardship caused for many people. This is organised by the politicians. Do they themselves take part in the fighting? No. Who benefits from the war? Answer: the arms manufacturers, and companies such as Halliburton which are paid taxation money to rebuild what the local army has just spent time destroying. The country attacked is likely to have it’s assets stolen and then be saddled with a massive fake debt so that it can be forced to pay incredible amounts of “interest” for decades afterwards. The lucky country has been attacked, damaged, citizens killed, infrastructure destroyed, assets stolen and then robbed for years afterwards by the people who caused that devastation. You did say that you live in “a free democracy”, didn’t you?

Energy: The energy companies are very keen to sell you fuel for you to burn to “get” energy to run your vehicles, home appliances, heating, etc. They are also very keen that you should not discover that you are surrounded by energy which can be used for all those things without paying the local energy company anything. Most people imagine that the electrical power which flows out of the wall socket in your home (and for which you have to pay a good deal), comes along the wires from the generator station which burns fossil fuel to drive the generators. That is not the case, as not a single electron of the current you use actually comes from the power station but instead is collected locally from free environmental energy. If you knew how to do it, then you would have no need for the power company, power lines across the country, power stations or oil drilling and shipment around the world. Cars don’t need fuel to run but that information is heavily suppressed and you are lied to when you are told that you need to burn a fuel to power your life.

Inventions: When they discover that there is such a thing as free-energy, most people think that what is needed is a scientific breakthrough in order to develop the technology needed to let everyone have free energy. The reality is quite the reverse as the technology has been discovered and implemented literally thousands of times. You are being lied to when you are told that free-energy is “impossible”. I am reliably informed that in America alone, more than 40,000 free-energy patents have been confiscated by the (private company called the) Patent Office. Inventors are then silenced by a gag order under the absurd excuse that the invention is “of National Security importance”. Inventors who don’t try to patent their inventions are intimidated, some are murdered, some are attacked and their reputation smeared, some are illegally put in mental institutions, some are framed and all suffer massive financial opposition if they try to start manufacturing a product for sale – not even Cal-Tech managed to get past that financial block. I personally know several researchers who have been unlawfully intimidated.

Education: There is a massive program of “dumbing-down” education combined with the deliberate teaching of things which are known to be completely wrong. After only a few decades of this, many adults can’t perform basic arithmetic or construct simple sentences in their native tongue. Science and Engineering are neglected and most people don’t understand how things work. Most schools no longer allow schoolchildren to perform experiments in chemistry or physics, usually with the excuse that it is ‘too dangerous’. University students are told that there is no such thing as perpetual motion, which is as laughable as saying that water isn’t wet. Newton actually said that gravity is a push and not a pulling force as indicated by the mis-translation of his Latin original text. This incorrect notion of gravity is still taught in spite of the fact that many governments have had electrogravitic drive vehicles since the early 1960s, driven by electromagnetic waves just below the frequency of infrared, disproving what is supposed to be Newton’s theory, in a most resounding fashion. Any academic who steps out of line and admits that students are being taught rubbish, is immediately attacked with every possible means to discredit, ridicule and isolate him. The objective in all of this is to manoeuvre the general public into a weak position where they are ignorant, uneducated, fed false information and distracted with things of no importance. The ultimate aim is the slavery of the masses without them even realising that they are being enslaved.

Terrorism: The main way to make people give up their rights and do whatever you want is through fear. The book “1984” (dated that way because it was written in 1948) explains how this is done. Fictitious enemies are invented in order to frighten people and stop them complaining when vast amounts of their money is given to vested interests under the guise of being steps to protect them from this imagined danger. The “cold war” was completely fake with both sides using it as an excuse. The invasion of smaller countries is never, ever, for the reason given publicly, but is always for financial gain by the people in power and their commercial colleagues. The reasons given for these invasions are so ridiculous that it never ceases to amaze me that the public actually accept and believe these wild stories. One of the strands of this continuous deception waged against the public is fake “terrorism”, frequently bolstered up by “false flag” attacks to discredit the perfectly innocent people who are supposed to have made those attacks. Any real terrorist attacks are normally a response to atrocities committed against the supposed “terrorists”. The commercial companies which pass for governments, are the biggest terrorists around.

Health: The pharmaceuticals industry is one of the biggest money-making operations on the planet. It may come as a shock to you, but they don’t want to cure people. Instead, they want people to go on buying expensive medication at heavily inflated prices. Long term health treatments are their ideal situation as that provides them with a continuous revenue stream. Several people have come up with very effective cures for cancer and other serious illnesses, and those people have received the same unjustifiable, outrageous treatment as do the inventors of free-energy devices. The pharmaceuticals industry is well aware of the highly beneficial effects of colloidal silver, but they will never produce any as they can’t patent it and charge highly inflated prices for it. Consequently, they are not interested as their only objective is to make money, and it is definitely not to cure people.

Bob Beck’s Electronic Pulser.

The late Bob Beck emphasised this in his video lecture which may still be available at:

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3383948315844437935&ei=XdqBSrucK5_sqAPr28irBg&q=Suppressed+Medical+Discovery%3A+Dr.+Robert+C.+Beck+%28+Cancer%2CAIDS%2C+anything+viral%29#

Here is an excerpt from that lecture:

For the last five years I have spent my own money (no government or university funding) in investigating a thing which has proven to be the most remarkable thing for all diseases that I have ever heard of personally, and I have been in this field for about forty years.

I have a stack of IRB Studies – PCR laboratory reports from major hospitals around the United States, and until these are peer-reviewed published, I am not supposed to show them to anyone who is not a medical doctor because of patient confidentiality.

Now, how many of you have read that there is no cure for AIDS? That is an absolute lie. There has been a perfectly workable, 95% accurate cure for HIV and cancer and herpes and hepatitis and Epstein-Barr and about a dozen other incurable diseases, which was invented on March 11th 1990 at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City by Drs Kelly and Wymans.

And what happened to this breakthrough which is far more important than penicillin, antibiotics, anything you can name? - it has been suppressed. And why has this information been withheld from you – information which you can easily prove for yourself (don’t take my word here for anything: check it out)? I found recently that the Mafia owns about 51% of major pharmaceutical houses as well as working the other side of the track with the illegal drugs from South and Central America and China.

The medical cartels in this country (USA) will charge you from $50,000 to $200,000 if you have terminal cancer and this is for surgery and chemotherapy and radiation and hospital care.

Consider a packet of Wrigley’s Spearmint chewing gum. That packet of chewing gum cost me a nickel (5 cents or $0.05) when I was a young man and I paid $1.32 for that packet at the Chicago Airport recently - $1.00 for the gum plus $0.32 for taxes and handling. The price of that package of chewing gum is every penny (cent) that it takes to cure [and I’m not supposed to use this word as only a doctor may use the word ‘cure’] most of the known diseases in America today. And why haven’t you heard about this? – because General Electric, Westinghouse, and the other companies have billions of dollars tied up in X-rays, CAT scanners and MRIs which are leased to health organisations, and for $1.32 you can cure yourself without doctors, without pharmaceuticals, without medicines, certainly without surgery, certainly without chemotherapy, without any drugs, without any herbs, any homeopathy remedies – you can do it for yourself and it has been done.

People keep asking “why haven’t I heard about this, why are there no hospital studies?”. There are hundreds of them. Here is one test result: At this date, the eleventh of August 1998 this patient had only about 3,063 particles of HIV in his blood. But now, as this test develops, the PCR on the third of November 1998, (several months later), the count was less than 1 in a hundred, which means that the test result was zero as far as this test was concerned. We have a stack of these reports a foot and a half (45 cm) deep, where every one of these full-blown AIDS patients, every one even though some of them were on life-support systems or needed attendants to lift them from the bed, these people are symptom-free now. Every single one of them is back at work. Not one of them has the symptoms of AIDS. So, if you read in your newspaper ‘the proceeds of the baseball game this Saturday will be donated to a search for a cure for AIDS’ that is an absolute lie.

There is, and has been, a cure for AIDS – all AIDS – a cure for about 95% of cancer, a 100% cure for Epstein-Barr, hepatitis, lupus, about a 50% cure for herpes, and I’ve been funding these out of my own pocket. I have absolutely nothing whatsoever for sale. God has been exceedingly good to me – I think that I am going about my Father’s business here, and I am paying for it myself and I am giving to the world.

There is a free paper available entitled “Take Back Your Power” (a web download link for this is http://www.free-energy-info.com/Beck.pdf ) you do not need doctors, nurses, chiropractors, herbs, pharmaceuticals, surgery. Only if you are going along with the politically-correct solutions do you need these things that your neighbours have been depending on for all these many generations. There was paper entitled “Blood Electrification and Immune System Restoration with Microcurrents – A Proven, Startling, Rapid, Inexpensive and Safe Discovery for Positive, Controllable Remissions”. Now we found that this information has been suppressed. The doctors who discovered this, and let me tell you about the discovery: In 1990, they put a couple of small platinum wires into a Petrie dish that contained highly infected human blood, and the infection there was a very, very strong dose of HIV which was supposedly the cause of AIDS. They found that when they had electrified this blood, the HIV could no longer attach to any receptor sites in the blood. That means that the healthy cells could not be infected by the HIV. The only mention of this incredible discovery was in Science News March 30th 1991, page 207, ‘Shocking Treatment Proposed for AIDS’ and it tells about how these two doctors had given a paper on this process saying, ‘the experiments described on March 14th at Washington DC at the first International Symposium on Combination Therapies, showed that the shocked viruses lost the ability to make an enzyme crucial for their reproduction and could no longer cause the white cells to clump together – the true key signs of viral infection.

The only papers which I was able to find that got into the American press were Science News and article in Longevity News ‘Electrocuting the AIDS Virus’. But what happened in the Longevity article (which was December 1992, page 14), was that Dr Colley said ‘it will be 15 years before this process is ready for human experimentation’.

We have been doing it, sub-rosa, with patient consent, for over five years here, and we have the test results to prove it. When I was lecturing to a room of about 800 people, an 80-year old man came up and said ‘Bob, I was sent home today, my cancer had metastasised all through my system. I was told to go home and make my will, as I had at the most, about two or three weeks to live. I went home and I made my will and I saw your article in some magazine and I did it. I am now free of all cancer. My biopsies are clean, my CAT scans are clean. I went back to work, and being an attorney, I had to work sixteen hours per day to catch up on all the work I had missed while I was in intensive care. Now I’m jogging three miles per day’ (and there were tears running down his face).

We have had women who have had lupus for about ten years, barely able to make it from the couch in front of the television to the bedroom. They are back at the malls now, spending their money, walking around and able to hold jobs full-time. Do any of you know Linda Wright ? She brought in a clean blood test one day and said ‘my doctor had to send this to two different labs – he’s never seen a person with clean blood after that person has had lupus’.

We have dozens of these people, and not one of these people went to the doctor for the cure, except for the people who are on this Institutional Review Board study at a hospital in Huntington Beach and Newport Beach, California. Now, the point is, in my humble opinion, and we can put anything against this because we know that it is true at this time, when I first started this I thought ‘this is kind of interesting’. I have looked into five hundred things that never worked, the Rife Machine never worked, Holderclarke’s Machine does not work, many, many, many of these devices work only marginally, and I felt ‘I’m about to be taken in again’, I have built Mucalsky multiple-wave oscillators as you know. I have built almost every electro-medical device since I’ve been in California (since World War Two began), and these things worked at best, marginally. But the thing which you can build for yourself, there is nothing that you have to buy. The circuit diagram and all of the instructions for building this, are in the paper. This is the one which I designed in 1991 to make an experimental study with, and you can get a kit from an electronics store. I get not one nickel from the tens of thousands of dollars worth of these kits which they have sold.

There is a parts list on page 4 that tells you what is needed. Even if you don’t know what a resistor is, or a capacitor is, put the list on the counter at Radio Shack and tell them to give you what is on the list. The retail price ready-made is around $150. If you build it yourself it will cost $15 to $20 and this machine will not only make colloids, which is the most powerful medicine known to man, (which is why the FDA has stamped it out recently).

SOTA Instruments Inc. Canada (1-800-224-0242) builds these devices because the owner read the article in PACE magazine and his wife had chronic fatigue syndrome and Epstein-Barr so badly that she was non-functional. She is now up and around and is totally well today because my husband built this little box for about $15. The box straps on the arm with the electrodes positioned on the radial and ulna arteries and puts a very small electrification into the body which removes all parasites, viruses, fungus, microbes, pathogens – everything in the blood which does not belong there and was not there the day that you were born, eventually (after two or three weeks) being neutralised and discarded by your body, dead or alive by the spleen, the kidneys and the liver. This is darned exciting but when the hospitals tried to patent this, US Patent 5,188,738 presented to Dr Colley on February 23rd 1993, describes the process, as do fourteen other patents from Harvard MIT, page 1 column 1 says ‘because of this problem (the fact that there is no known antibiotic or vaccine for any of these incurable diseases) the present invention has been devised to attenuate any bacteria, virus (including the AIDS HIV virus), parasites and fungus contained in blood contributed by a donor, these being rendered ineffective for infecting a normally healthy human cell’. Before these claims were accepted by the patent examiners, they had to provide the examiners with massive proof.

Now there has been a cure, a known cure and it costs $1.32 per patient so there is no money in this if they are trying to sell you combination therapies for $20,000 to $60,000 per year.

I strongly recommend that you get the paper as it contains the exact electrode locations which have been found to work the best and get the maximum current into the blood. It is almost as if God the Creator had locked the back door approach to the problems and with an adversary like the Holy Spirit which is within – the Bible says ‘look within, not without’. And this time, the adversary is within. The ‘aliens’ in your blood are the things which are holding down your lifespan to seventy or eighty years. Many, many generations ago, according to the sacred texts, they lived to be several hundred years old, Solomon, David, Methuselah, etc.

So, we have raided about a dozen different medical textbooks including Grey’s Anatomy, and we’ve published the exact spots where you can access the lymph tissue where these germs are going to be hibernating. After you clear yourself and get a clean bill of health, after three to five years you will re-infect yourself when many of these viruses which are latent, start germinating. And with this information, and these circuit diagrams and these instructions, we have literally given you back to yourself.

We are going to show you all of this before I leave here. This is not my opinion any more, we have enough proof that it is a statement of fact and we can bank on it. If you are too lazy, too stupid, too electronically impaired or too frightened to build your own, there are forty known companies (and probably a hundred that I know nothing about) that are building these things full-time and they are getting the most remarkable reports back. I do meet these people, and NO, I do not get a nickel from any single one of these companies, and all of this information is in your paper.

Now what else do we have to watch for here. Nobody has ever to this day died of AIDS. Did you know that? They have died of the opportunistic infections, pneumonia, Carkinson’s sarcoma, etc. etc. that can attack and ruin your body when your immune system cannot handle the load, in fact it is called ‘HIV’ (Human Immune-deficiency Virus) ‘AIDS’ is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Now this is the only way that I know of, I know the people who have written the books on ozone therapy, I won’t mention their names, I know the doctors who are using all of the herbs and drugs. I have talked to the people who worked with Dr David Ho who was on last week’s Time magazine cover as the Scientist of the Year, who has discovered that if you use two or three chemotherapy agents at the same time, you have a cocktail effect and it reduces the HIV count, the PCR count in the blood tediously. But what he didn’t tell you, and I think I’ll read this which was in The Los Angeles Times December 10th 1996: “Drug combo knocks HIV down, not out”. And a basic thing happened, they took some of these patients who were on combination therapy, which incidentally cost $20,000 to $60,000 per year, as soon as they stopped taking these cocktails, they got immensely elevated counts up in the millions or billions of AIDS counts, as though these chemotherapy agents, (AZT, DDI, DD5, etc.) had held this viral load down in the blood as long as they were taking it. The minute they stopped, it rebounded and many of the people were critically ill and they had to put them back on it immediately.

So, once you start on this cocktail therapy, you are stuck with it for life, as long as you live, and as you know from the International AIDS Conference in Japan last year, they found that none of these AZTs etc. prolonged the life of one single AIDS patient by even one day. Their’s is simply a promise, they are engineered to get your money while they give you hope. I was beaten up and bloodied; I was hit over the head and had blood running down my face, by ‘AIDS Act Up’ David Buller it was that was running this crusade in New York city in February. He called the New Yorker Hotel and said that they would burn down the hotel, so they gave me a bodyguard (who wasn’t around there all the time) and said ‘Bob, do not use the front door but go around the back and use the service entrance – never go out the front door of this hotel. The last day when I was there and I had to run out to get a shuttle to take me to the New Jersey airport to bring me home, there was a guy standing across the street with a video camera and a guy who hit me over the head and bloodied me, and I didn’t chase him down the street because my knees aren’t very good as I don’t have any cartilage in them.

But when’s the last time that you saw me Ivan – about three years, four years ago? Do you notice anything that’s different? I lost 130 pounds – I weighed 290 and I have pictures of me to prove it. My hair on top was thinner than some of my old good buddies here. As soon as I got rid of the adversaries – the aliens in my blood, my immune system took over and I got rid of the half a pound or so of parasites which every man, women and child in America (if he’s more than four days old) is carrying. A new-born baby, after four hours has breathed enough air to become infected. If you live in America, there are 140 known indigenous parasites. If you live in Africa or the tropics, there are 500 identified and known parasites and probably half as many again that are unknown. When we got these parasites out of my body by wearing this device on my wrist, an amazing thing happened. I began losing weight like crazy. I thought ‘my God, have I got stomach cancer or am I wasting away with something?’. No, I was in better shape than I was before I started.

This is a theory: about 30% of the parasites which live in human beings, and these can range from fourteen feet (4.27 m) long if they are a tape-worm down to microscopic size (which is why they have to use microscopes to do the stool analysis if you go in for a check), these parasites were setting my appetite. If you will think about this for a minute, it is not what you eat or how much you eat that has anything whatsoever to do with your weight. It is how much of what you eat you store as fat because the parasites have changed the P51, the leptin and about five or six known neuro-transmitters in the hypothalamus to feed them tomorrow. Many of these parasites have co-existed with mammals – apes, elephants …. for twenty million years and the anthropologists will tell you that they find them whenever they find a carcass frozen in the ice floes, these things have had parasites for as long as ever man has been on the planet. These parasites have learned to use you as a meal and not kill you because then they are going to die themselves, like ebola which runs it’s course in a couple of weeks. Many of these viruses do that, but these parasites almost kill you and use you for a meal in the same way that we send cattle to a feed loft before we take them to market. And when these parasites vanished from my body, and this is provable by dark-field microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, any doctor who does this analysis can prove it, you don’t have to take my word for it, I lost all of that weight and before this time I had offered $10,000 cash currency ‘under the table’ to anyone who could get this weight off of me.

I had tried dozens of diet plans. I had tried these canned-meal Jenny Craig type adventures. I had been injected with pregnant mare’s urine. I know that some of you have been through the same things. I had taken legal amphetamines to control my appetite … I had tried everything until I had nearly killed myself. And until I found the true cause of what I believe is about 30% of the people who are overweight, and this was certainly me, I was terribly embarrassed to find the airline stewardess running down the aisle with a seat-belt extender because the seat-belt wouldn’t fit around me. I couldn’t sit in the booth in a restaurant because I’d have to sit on a chair, etc. etc.

The lady at the back of the room, Jane had inoperable cancer when I met her. She said “I’m going along with blood-cleansing here, and not the chemotherapy and radiation which the doctor had said that if I do not have I will surely die”. And her daughter Cathy was outraged because her mother didn’t do all of this chemotherapy and have her hair drop out … Now she is totally well. Her last several physicals – biopsies and CAT scans – have shown not one speck of cancer anywhere in her body. Neither have dozens and dozens of ‘terminal’ cancer patients.

Now, why does this work for cancer? We started out working with viral and microbe and parasitic diseases. When oncologists in the East began reporting many, many, many cancer cures, we had to have a telephone conference between about for or five of us. Now what’s really happening here? I don’t believe it until I see the medical proof. So I guess you know that about three months ago Explorer magazine published an article entitled ‘Total Cancer Remissions through Blood Electrification combined with Silver Colloid’. And this article of two pages is reprinted in it’s entirety in the paper which you should be taking home with you.

Social Security does not want you to live if you get to be 65. I’m now way past that. I don’t act like it, but I am way past that, I’m in my seventies. The Director of Social Security – I will not mention his name because he picks me up at the airport when I’m in Washington and drives me where I’m going – I’ve stayed in his house – says ‘Bob, we want anyone who reaches 65 to be stored like cord-wood in an old-age home and given mind-control drugs like valium and let him die because Social Security is bankrupt now, it won’t be bankrupt in five years time as it is bankrupt now. And if you restore perfect health to these people with a device that will fit in your shirt pocket, the job market will not absorb the people getting out of college today. Even if McDonalds has a smart cash register, they can’t add or subtract, they can hardly write a paragraph and you want to get these experienced people back in the jobs market?’. I said ‘hell yes!’ I was 65 nearly ten years ago.

Another problem: this steps on the toes of all the vested interests. They are expecting to make hundreds of thousands of dollars off of you: Health Management organisations, insurance companies, hospitals, … If you own a boat that thing is written into the budget of the boat builder down there in San Pedro. These medical people expect to see you come in there some day and spend a lot of money, but if you do this for yourself, you will get well. There are seventeen of us who I know of, and I know sixteen of them personally, who this day have immortal blood. Now this is a rather dramatic claim, so let me tell you what it means. Toward the end of last year, there was a dark-field microscopist ‘Mike’, you know his name, he is world famous, he’s the fellow who trains doctors all over the world how to use this type of technology for diagnostic work. He invited a chap in who had been on one of these devices for about six months, and he said ‘Let’s look at your blood’, so he pricked his finger, put that drop of blood in a microscope slide and looked at it. And he said ‘you don’t have any background clutter in your blood’. Of course, they couldn’t see viruses as this was a light microscope with a magnification of about three thousand times, back-illuminated. He said ‘just a minute – I must have done something wrong’, so he stuck another finger, then he went to the earlobe and made a slide and said ‘what have you been doing? anyone who has ever come to me, man, woman or child, in the last thirteen years, you can see the parasites, many of the germs, microbes and bacteria swimming around in the blood but you don’t have any at all. The patient said that he had been on the blood cleaner so Dr Mike said ‘give me some of those, I’ve got to test them on some of my patients – I don’t believe you’. He did, and they worked.

Now, in Colorado, blood is considered ‘toxic waste’ or hazardous waste. It must be picked up and disposed of by incineration by registered toxic waste disposal people. Dr Mike had thrown these three or four slides in a box underneath his laboratory table. He looked down at this box about twenty-seven days afterwards and checked the slides again under the microscope. That blood was still alive. The half-life of human blood on an unsealed microscope slide is between two and a half to four days maximum. Twenty-seven days had gone by and the red cells were swimming in the plasma exactly the same as the minute he had drawn that blood. It had not crenated (serrated around the edge) – a fibrin reaction had not set in although it had evaporated around the edges. Now let’s get to the point. One month after that, that is some fifty-one days later, those slides had not yet been picked up for disposal, so Mike checked them again. The blood had ‘circled the wagons’: there was about a half a millimetre spot in the middle where the cells had not evaporated and were still alive.

The people in his practice who had been tested upon with the blood cleansers have now got immortal blood. Now, what does this mean? If ‘the adversary is within’ he might not be a man with a red tail and horns out there somewhere with the number 666. Just as the Holy Spirit dwells within this temple, so might the adversary, at least the aliens which have been involved with us over many, many moons are in there and you can see them if you go to a dark-field microscopist, if you get rid of those, who knows what is going to happen? What happened to me. I was so fat that I was in a wheelchair and I had been given up for dead. The doctors who came to see me, friends of mine who were Medical Doctors who hadn’t made a house call in Beverley Hills in thirty years, were coming down to my apartment saying ‘Bob, you’d better dispose of whatever you’ve got – you’ll never walk again. I was given so many tests. I brought Dr. Alexander Everett from Washington, paid his way, put him up in the Red Lion hotel. He worked on me until he said ‘Bob, I’ll have to go back now, there is nothing that anyone can do for you’. And I was in a wheelchair, but I’m sure as hell not dead! Everything is working well again.

My blood pressure when I started this averaged 219 over 190 and was borderline diabetic with blood sugar 425 to 475. Today my blood pressure is 130 to 140 over 70 to 75 and after just three weeks my blood sugar had dropped to 150, which at that time was considered normal.

So I’m here to share this information with you. I have nothing for sale. There are people who are selling things, I’m not one of them. Part of that is because I believe that God’s work should be given freely. I expect to get my reward somewhere else if I don’t come back to this planet of painful endeavour. I have a lot of theories about this and also the Food and Drugs Administration has come to my door with drawn guns at three o’clock in the morning. I have been beaten up by the people supporting the pharmaceutical houses who don’t want a $1.32 cure for AIDS.

Bob also speaks of his use of colloidal silver, (a document on which can be downloaded using the download link http://www.free-energy-info.com/Silver.pdf ) although Bob’s method of production looks more simple. He says:

This is a glass of water which I got out of the kitchen. I’ve taken a single 9-volt battery and put a little “grain of wheat” bulb (6 to 12 volt 55 milliamp) in series with the battery and these two silver wires. There is no known germ, bacteria or microbe which can survive what I am about to do right now. I’m going to put these two silver wires into this glass of water, about half an inch (12 mm) apart, and leave them there for about three minutes. That is all it takes. This is tap water and you can make this silver colloid for about one tenth of a cent per gallon and that is the most powerful medicine known to man. After three minutes Bob stirs the colloid with a plastic knife and demonstrates how a laser beam reflects off the microscopic particles of silver suspended in the water and then drinks the water. Bob drinks two or three glasses of colloid each day. The colloid prevents you from contract secondary infections during the first three weeks while you are getting well with the blood electrification process.

Finance: Money only has value when backed by something of worth. The largest purchase that most people make is buying a property. This is often done by taking out a mortgage with a financial institution such as a bank or a Building Society. For this, most people sign a mortgage agreement with the bank, agreeing to pay back the mortgage amount plus a large amount of interest, generally over a period of many years. If you default on the repayments, typically after many years of payments, the bank takes your property and sells it in order to gain as much money as they can. What you are not told is that the mortgage agreement is a contract and no contract is valid unless something of worth is offered by both parties and full disclosure of all circumstances is made. The bank does not offer anything of value as it just invents the money, creating it out of thin air and without any backing of something of worth. The bank regulations actually forbids the bank from lending out money deposited by it’s members, so a bank cannot legally enter into any such mortgage agreement backed by the funds deposited with it. Further, no contract is valid unless there is a “wet ink” signature by both parties and a wet ink signature can only be made by a human. A bank cannot make a wet ink signature, nor can some other individual sign a contract on behalf of somebody else, so, no mortgage agreement is actually valid in law. Also, the bank being aware of this and not making it clear to you the mortgagee, is in breach of the “full disclosure” requirement of a contract, which is enough to invalidate the contract anyway. Therefore, if a bank tries to take your property for lack of payments, they are acting unlawfully and are not entitled to do so. They usually get away with it, because most people are not aware of the real facts involved.

The Media: You are expected to believe that the media is an honest and unbiased source of information. The reality is that all of the main media outlets are owned by just a few, very rich individuals, and their objective is not to provide unbiased reporting. It appears that they have three main objectives.

First, they want to make money and objective and truthful reporting does not necessarily help towards that goal. You will never, ever, find honest reporting of anything to do with free-energy or any other positive thing which individuals can do for themselves. For example, if a “report” is made on say, a hydroxy booster to improve mpg and reduce harmful emissions dramatically, it will be arranged that the supposed results show that these thing are not worthwhile. Contrast that with the reality that Dr Scott Cramton can use hydroxy gas to reduce the fuel requirement of any diesel engine by at least 60%. No matter how you try, no major news outlet will every report the honest facts as that could damage the excessive revenue stream of the oil companies.

Second, they want to generate as much fear and worry as possible because doing that over an extended period, causes the average person to be more amenable to having their freedoms taken away from them. It facilitates the introduction of surveillance on everybody, identity papers (birth certificate, driving licence, passport, social security number, voting register, National Census record, etc. – very much in the Nazi occupation style), going to war with countries which have never harmed you, considering people to be dishonourable just on the basis of their nationality, and the like. Try counting the items reported in the daily news which are negative – murders, attacks, dishonesty, deaths through accidents, deaths through natural disasters, kidnappings, piracy, violence, environmental damage, etc. and compare that number to the count of positive things reported on – happy events, acts of kindness, successful ventures, etc. and see what ration you get, day after day, after day. This is not just sales being boosted because people love to read about disaster. Instead, it is a deliberate, long-term policy of psychological warfare against ordinary people.

Third, they deliberately divert the attention of people away from anything of real importance by promoting and encouraging excessive interest in things of no importance. There is a deliberate dumbing-down of almost all TV programs in the UK, the promotion of excessively violent video games, the promotion of trivia such as celebrities and their activities, dieting, gossip, fashion, and other irrelevant topics. They want you to give all of your attention to these things and not notice what is actually going on all around you.

Joseph Cater’s Comments.

Joseph H. Cater has produced a book entitled “Ultimate Reality” which I find impossible to buy at any reasonable price level. In it, he points out many things which he supports with strong evidence. These things seem startling because, and only because, the present educational system deliberately encourages us to believe things which are clearly not true. Google books have a partial copy of the “The Ultimate Reality” at:

http://books.google.com/books?id=ySsNiCPUPecC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+ultimate+reality+cater&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false

The things which Joseph Cater states are so unusual that it would be easy to write him off as a crank. However, he backs up what he says, with a considerable body of realistic evidence which makes it very difficult to ignore what he says, in spite of the fact that most of his findings flatly contradict what we have been taught from an early age, and so accept as being reality. Whether or not you accept what he says is entirely up to you, but it is difficult for an honest person to reject his presentation out of hand.

He puts forward a strong case for there being a deliberate programme of scientific misinformation and suppression aimed at keeping the general public completely ignorant as to the actual physical realities of the solar system and the universe in general, and as a result, reality is very far from the popular conception. Mr Cater’s description of matter provides reasoned explanations for a whole range of anomalies which conventional science can’t adequately explain, and he quotes numerous experiments which provide firm evidence that what he is saying has a substantial basis in fact.

Here is a very brief summary of some of what he says in his book “The Ultimate Reality”:

The biggest single factor is in the erroneous theory of sub-atomic particles. Mr Cater states that reality is actually much more simple than conventional theory suggests. The universe is filled with a range of energetic particles which he describes as “higher order ethers” and “lower order ethers”. These ether particles are in continuous random movement at different frequencies and they produce a number of different kinds of composite particles including “Hard electrons” (with which we are already familiar) and “Soft electrons” which have very different properties. Soft electrons can draw hard electrons into themselves, masking the properties of those hard electrons. Combinations of ether particles form photons and all matter is composed of photons and these ether particles.

The operational forces which govern all matter in the universe are only electrostatic force and magnetic force, and the actions of both of these are modified by many different combinations of the two types of electron. As light is composed of photons and as they interact with the two types of electrons, many observed scientific facts have led to wholly incorrect deductions. Mr Cater indicates that the New World Order “elite” carefully foster and support these false conclusions, suppress information and physically alter observations before they reach the public. Mr Cater points out a number of instances where the alteration of data has not been sufficient to suppress the facts.

It is not possible to mention all of the points which Mr Cater makes, so please understand that the following is only a minor selection from a cohesive whole and much of the supporting evidence which he provides in his book is omitted here.

Mr Cater says:

1. The current theory of gravity is completely wrong, and gravity is caused by a component of the electromagnetic spectrum of about one trillion cycles per second (0.3 to 4.3 mm wavelength; located above radar and below the infra-red region). The theory of gravity put forward by Sir Isaac Newton does not account for the amount of deflection of a plumb bob near a mountain. An asteroid as small as 150 miles in diameter, can have a surface gravity about the same as Earth’s and some asteroids have moons of their own orbiting around them. This would be impossible if Newton was right.

As a result of the real cause of gravity, our Moon has a much higher surface gravity than was expected, (and consequently, a serious atmosphere). NASA had a major problem with the lunar landing of 1969 because if the real facts became known, then it would demonstrate that a major section of physics, as it is currently presented, is incorrect and they want to keep things exactly as they are at present. The Moon, in common with most planets, is not solid. When part of the lunar lander was dropped back on to the surface of the Moon, a seismic detector left on the surface showed that the Moon vibrated like a bell for about an hour afterwards. That would not have happened if the Moon were solid.

There is very clear evidence that NASA has censored the Moon landing very heavily, but their attempts at suppression have been flawed and some obvious pointers exist. For example, NASA claimed that the space suits of the astronauts weighed 185 lbs when on Earth. Photographs exist, showing an astronaut leaning over backwards and then regaining his balance. That would be a physical impossibility even under reduced gravity, and this implies that the “life support” systems were actually empty and not needed because there is an atmosphere. The high surface gravity is also seen when the astronauts ran. Even the slowed-down version released by NASA can’t conceal the length of the steps and the height off the ground which are the same as they would be on Earth.

If the Moon had one sixth of the Earth’s gravity as is claimed by conventional science, then the point at which the gravitational pull of the Earth balances that of the Moon would be about 22,000 miles from the Moon. The Encyclopaedia Britannica states this distance as being about 40,000 miles, which agrees with various other sources. That could only be so if the Moon’s surface gravity were much higher than the supposed one sixth of Earth’s gravity.

On more than one occasion, an Apollo astronaut tripped and fell on his face. Under one sixth gravity, that just would not happen, especially with a fit and active astronaut. Also, the rover vehicle used in later landings was 10’ long, 7.5’ wide and 4’high with 32” diameter wheels. The Earth weight was 460 pounds and under one sixth gravity, that would only be 75 pounds, but the astronauts had great difficulty unloading it from the lunar module. Engineers on Earth had already determined that to operate under one sixth gravity, the rover would have to be 20’ long and have a 20’ tread. With a loaded earth weight of 1,600 pounds, it would need a turning radius of well over 80’ to avoid tipping over at 10 mph or more than 20’ at 5 mph and descending steep hills would not be possible without major problems. But, the astronauts did descend steep hills and they made very sharp turns at maximum speed.

One of the photographs brought back by the Apollo 12 trip, showed an astronaut carrying instruments hanging from a bar. The instruments had an Earth-weight of 190 pounds, supposedly 31 pounds on the Moon, but the pronounced bowing of the bar would not have been caused by just 30 pounds.

During the early Moon trips, the astronauts stated that when they left the atmosphere, the stars were not visible. This is understandable as the atmosphere scatters starlight, making stars appear larger and so become visible to the naked eye. Outside the atmosphere, there is no scattering and the stars are too small to be seen without a telescope. On the Apollo 11 trip, shortly before reaching the Moon, Collins stated “Now we’re able to see starts again and recognise constellations for the first time on the trip. The sky’s full of stars ... it looks like it’s night side on Earth”. This demonstrates that the Moon has a significant atmosphere caused by much higher gravity than one sixth that of Earth, although the refraction of light through that atmosphere is less than the refraction caused by Earth’s atmosphere.

Mr Cater points out that NASA is well aware of the real nature of gravity and had electrogravitic drives long before the 1969 Moon shot. Not only that, but due to the fact that the Moon is bigger than currently believed, further away and possessing a higher surface gravity, that rocket power used during the flight was supplemented by an electrogravitic drive. Any honest person who has studied the evidence is well aware that there are many craft with electrogravitic drives and most of these seen in the last sixty years, are man-made. (All governments are very keen to suppress this information as national boundaries could not be maintained if electrogravitic drive vehicles were available to the public).

2. Relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein, is not correct and Mr Cater spends quite some time demonstrating that relativity is wrong. Prior to Einstein, the Transverse Wave Theory of light was universally accepted. Waves cannot exist without a medium which vibrates in some manner to transmit them. Therefore, the “ether” which permeates all of the universe was accepted. The Michelson-Morley experiment was set up to test this. A ray of light was split into two parts which were made to traverse different paths of equal length. The motion of the Earth through the ether should then cause the recombined rays to show diffraction patterns. They didn’t. It did not occur to anyone that if light were retarded by passing through the ether, then bodies such as planets would be seriously retarded by their passage through it and would slow down and stop. This experiment also gave rise to the ridiculous idea that the speed of light is a constant, in spite of the well-known fact that the speed of light through water is only 75% the speed of light through space. It was also proposed that the speed and direction of movement of an observer didn’t matter, That time slows down on a moving system, that a body will shorten in the direction of motion and that the mass of a body will increase the faster that body moves. These are ridiculous suggestions. The famous E = mC2 equation was actually derived from the Lorentz equations in 1903, two years before Einstein got into the act.

Physicists argue that particle accelerators demonstrate the increase of mass with speed. This is not the case and the experiments actually demonstrate a very important principle which provides a better understanding of many physical phenomena. It is an established fact that a magnetic field develops around a charged body when it is given a velocity. Where did the magnetic field come from? In the particle accelerator, as the particles accelerated, magnetic fields developed around them. As the total energy of the system remains constant, the magnetic field must have developed at the expense of the electrostatic field - the transformation of one kind of energy into another kind. This conversion from repelling electrostatic charges to magnetic fields causes the particles to clump together, giving the false impression of an increase in mass. Further, as the electrostatic component drops to almost zero, the accelerating force diminishes to near zero also, giving the false impression that a material body can’t travel faster than the speed of light. The reality is that bodies can travel many times the speed of light.

According to General Relativity, a gravitational field will tend to slow the passage of time and the stronger the gravitational field, the more marked the effect. It was found that Caesium clocks run faster at high elevations than they do at ground level. This has been taken as a proof of the validity of Einstein’s ideas. The concentration of soft particles is higher near the ground than at high elevations and that makes clocks run faster at high elevations. As to the speed of light not depending on the velocity of it’s source, the Sagnac experiment of 1913 provides direct proof that the observed velocity of light is dependent on the velocity of it’s source, disproving Relativity. Mr Cater provides extensive demonstrations (as do other people) that Einstein’s deductions are not correct.

3. It is clear that gravity is responsible for the tides, but the standard explanation is wholly inadequate, being based on the assumption that gravitational effects have unlimited penetration. In other words, the only attenuation when passing through matter is due to the inverse square law, which actually would be a violation of the law of conservation of energy.

It is well known that a body cannot be given an acceleration relative to another body if both bodies experience the same acceleration. It follows then that since large bodies of water are accelerated relative to the Earth to cause tides, the water is being experiencing a different acceleration than the Earth as a whole, otherwise, there would be no tidal movement of water across the surface of the Earth. Assuming that gravity has unlimited penetration causes problems when accounting for tidal movements. Since the distances between the Sun and the Earth and the Moon and the Earth are large in comparison to the diameter of the Earth, all parts of the Earth will experience nearly the same gravitational attraction from these external bodies if gravity has unlimited penetration. High tides tend to occur when the Moon is at it’s zenith, both directly underneath the Moon and simultaneously, on the opposite side of the Earth.

The Earth’s orbit is inclined to the Equator by 28 degrees and so the Moon is never further North or South than 28 degrees. According to Newton’s theory, the highest tides should occur near the Equator but the reality is that the highest tides are experienced much further away from the Equator, both North and South of it. Mr Cater provides an in-depth discussion of these effects, demonstrating that Newton’s concept of gravity is wrong.

4. It is generally accepted that energy, in any form, flows from a higher potential to a lower one. The law of redistribution of energy states that when radiant electromagnetic energy interacts with matter, the resulting radiation as a whole, is of a lower frequency than the original light. This is why temperatures at lower elevations are generally higher than those at higher elevations, as sunlight passing through air converts to lower frequencies including infrared which activates the thermal motion of atoms and molecules, thus producing heat. Any dynamic unit is less active as a whole, than the individual parts comprising it. The higher ethers consist of the smaller, more active particles while the lower ethers are composed of the large, more complex and consequently less active particles. Both ethers occupy the same 3-dimensional space (which is the only space that there is).

When light of a given frequency range is produced, only the ethers associated with this light are directly activated. Light photons are composed of combinations of ether particles. Photons combine to form the penetrating particles which accompany this light. Particles composed of light in the lower frequency ranges are referred to as “soft” particles while those associated with gamma rays and above are referred to as “hard” particles.

Soft particles are more penetrating than the photons from which they are made, because, unlike the larger soft particles, photons have a relatively great surface area in proportion to their mass. Soft particles, and particularly soft electrons, play a vital role in all life processes and in other chemical reactions. The energy or field intensity of and around the higher ether particles is greater than that of the lower ethers. The diameter of a particle is inversely proportional to the average frequency of it’s constituent light.

5. The energies radiated from the Sun are continuously transformed into ever lower frequencies as they penetrate into the Earth. In this manner, nearly all of the original ultraviolet is transformed into lower frequency radiation by the time it penetrates the shell of the Earth. It is the transformation of some of the radiation from the Sun into gravity-inducing radiation which holds the Earth and the other planets in orbit around the Sun and give the illusion that the Sun has about thirty times Earth gravity. It should be mentioned that soft particles penetrate solid matter more readily than hard particles which are, of course, an integral part of matter.

All matter continuously radiates soft particles of many different kinds due to the interactions of the fundamental particles. These radiated particles undergo a transformation effect, according to the transformation law, when passing through large concentrations of matter. When this occurs, some of the radiation is transformed into gravity-inducing radiation. This is the source of some of the surface gravity of both the Earth and the Moon. The greatest contributing factor to Earth and Moon gravity is the transformation of radiation resulting from the thermal agitation of atoms and molecules. The particles resulting from this activity are comprised of lower-frequency photons. Such radiation is more readily transformed into gravity-inducing radiation because it is closer to this frequency band to begin with. A significant portion of this radiation, originating miles below the surface, is converted into gravity-producing energies by the time it reaches the surface. Most of the gravity radiation of the Earth and the Moon is created in the topmost fifty miles of their crusts. Below that level, much of the energy from the Sun has been transformed into softer particles, and that material of the Earth and Moon is permeated with them.

These soft particles screen out gravity radiation more effectively than solid matter does. This is because the ethers with which they are associated, are closer in frequency to the gravity radiation band. This explains why Moon gravity is nearly equal to Earth gravity. At the same time, it is clear why the Cavendish Experiment for determining the so-called “gravitational constant” was misleading – there wasn’t enough material in the bodies used in the experiment to produce any radiation transformation. The gravitational effects produced by the bodies were due entirely to the thermal agitation of the molecules, without any transformation of radiation. The thermal agitation of molecules produces infrared and only an infinitesimal portion of this radiation is in the gravity-producing frequency range. This “gravity constant” plus the idea of unlimited gravity penetration, requires scientists to assume that the Earth has a tremendous mass and an iron core four thousand miles in diameter.

It is significant that some of the Cavendish Experiments indicated that gravity effects varied with the temperature. When the large sphere used ion the experiments was heated, the smaller sphere had a greater tendency to move towards the larger sphere. When the larger sphere was cooled, the smaller sphere receded. This was explained away as being caused by convection currents although they failed to explain how convection currents could produce such an effect. A detailed account of this can be found in the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica in the section entitled “Gravity”. (If they felt that air currents were skewing the results, then the experiment should have been repeated inside a box which had the air removed).

As mentioned before, matter produces infrared radiations which are partially transformed into gravity radiations. In the case of mountain ranges, there is not enough matter to transform significant portions of such radiations into gravity radiations. Much of the radiation will escape from the tops and slopes of the mountains before they can be transformed, since their average heights are generally small compared to their horizontal dimensions. The gravity radiations produced deep in the interior of the mountains are partially dispersed by the overlying mass. This is the cause of the plum bob enigma which is a source of annoyance to conventional physicists because the plumb bob is not pulled towards the mountains to the extent demanded by Newtonian laws.

Another problem is that, in comparison to the Sun, the Earth radiates only an infinitesimal amount of radiation per unit of surface area but it is able to keep the Moon in it’s orbit around the Earth. Even allowing for infrared radiation passing from the Earth to the Moon and converting to additional gravitational radiation there, it still wouldn’t be enough to keep the Moon in orbit unless the Moon were hollow and had a shell not more than a hundred miles thick.

In 1978, scientists were shocked to discover that some of the asteroids have moons which orbit around them at respectable velocities. According to Newton, this is impossible as the gravity of an asteroid would be far too feeble to allow this. When a body is a few miles across, it is large enough for gravitational radiation to be produced. This effect increases rapidly as the size of the body increases as far more infrared is transformed than is screened out by the outer layers of the mass. The effect continues until the body is about 150 miles in diameter and beyond that point, the screening effect of the outer layers keeps pace with the rate of increase of the transformation of infrared into gravity radiation. This means that all planets have practically the same surface gravity.

6. Mr Cater explains how soft and hard particles and the limited penetration of gravity account for Erath upheavals, continental drift, earthquakes and volcanoes. He also remarks that if the Earth were a completely solid ball and the Newtonian version of gravity were correct, then the Earth would be completely rigid and no Earth changes would occur other than some minor erosion, and there would certainly be no mountains left by now.

7. One of the most fundamental physical laws involves the relationship between the electrostatic and magnetic fields. One transforms into the other and vice versa. Inertia is a third factor involved in the relationship between the electrostatic and magnetic fields. The kinetic energy of a moving charge is manifested in it’s magnetic field. The magnetic field increases at the expense of it’s electrostatic field (as dictated by the law of conservation of energy). The role of inertia and the conditions governing it’s magnitude are now apparent. The inertia of a body is dependent on it’s ability to generate a magnetic field when it is given a velocity. The greater the inertia, the greater this ability.

The magnitude of the inertia of a body is directly proportional to the energy of the magnetic field which the body develops for a given increase in velocity. It follows then that inertia is dependent on the total electrostatic charge of a body. This is also true for so-called “uncharged” matter. In the supposedly uncharged state, all atoms and molecules have a net positive charge. Therefore, even atoms and molecules develop a magnetic field when they are given a velocity.

In 1901, Max Planck found that he could only derive the correct distribution in frequency of the radiant energy in the cavity of a black body as a function of the temperature of that body, if he assumed that energy exists in discrete units. He came up with NHV where N is an integer, V is the frequency of the light involved and H is a universal constant (expressed in terms of energy multiplied by time, that is, erg-seconds). This is now known as Planck’s Constant and is 6.6 x 10-27 erg-seconds.

The kinetic energy of a light photon is inversely proportional to the frequency. The lower frequency light, consists of larger and more massive photons travelling at the same velocity as the higher frequency photons. On average, the number of photons in any given ray, and the number of accompanying soft electrons will be a constant, regardless of the frequency. This is in accordance with the conclusion that the average distance, or mean free path between ether particles of the same kind, is a constant, regardless of the ethers involved. The average number of photons comprising a soft electron will also be independent of the frequency. This means that the diameter of the surface area of a soft electron, will also be inversely proportional to the frequency. Soft electrons accompanying light, travel at a velocity which is less than that of light. The soft electrons pick up speed, by bombardments of faster moving photons.

From a superficial glance, it seems that the average velocity of soft electrons should be independent of the frequency of the light associated with them. This is not so. The soft electrons associated with the higher frequency, travel at a higher velocity, and herein lies the key to the photo-electric effect. Although the lower mass of the higher frequency soft electrons is offset by the lower kinetic energy of the bombarding higher frequency photons, the surface area is greater in proportion to mass. This means that in proportion to mass, the electrons associated with the higher frequency light will receive a greater bombardment of photons and so, a greater accelerating force. The ratio between surface area and volume, or mass, is inversely proportional to the ratio between the diameter of two given spheres. Since the other factors balance out, it follows that the resultant average kinetic energy of soft electrons in proportion to mass, is directly proportional to the frequency of the light with which they are associated. As soft electrons collide with a surface, the hard electrons which they contain, are released and they bombard the surface, producing the photo-electric effect. They will be travelling at the same velocity as the soft electrons which housed them, so their average kinetic energy will be proportional the frequency of light.

Quantum mechanics is considered the most monumental achievement of twentieth century physics. In view of the principles presented above, it is not surprising that mathematical juggling with Planck’s constant would account for many experimental results (in a quantitative sense). Quantum mechanics experts have enjoyed considerable success in this respect, especially in the realm of atomic spectra, without knowing why. In reality, quantum mechanics does not even qualify as a theory or a concept. It is merely an attempt to give mathematical descriptions of certain phenomena with Planck’s constant and his valid assumption as a starting point. Modern “theoretical” physicists have absolutely no conception of why their mathematics agrees with certain experimental results. Yet, they have led themselves to believe that by giving mathematical descriptions of such phenomena, they have actually explained them.

It now becomes evident, why a mass can travel through space at a constant velocity, and encounter no decelerating force. The ether particles are so active that the closing forces at the back of the moving body, tend to equal the resistive forces encountered at the front. The rear portion creates a temporary void which is rapidly filled in by the surrounding ether particles, producing an effect very much like the Coander Effect. During the filling in process, the fundamental particles comprising the rear of the body are bombarded with ether particles travelling at a higher velocity than is normal. Also, the ether particles of which the mass is comprised are so relatively sparsely distributed throughout space, the situation is equivalent to a great mass travelling through a highly rarefied atmosphere.

8. During the creation of a photon, the ethers in the vicinity are suddenly compressed. Some of the ether particles are forced close enough together to adhere to each other. This aggregate is then propelled outwards with great force in a manner similar to a compressed spring being released. The photon reaches the speed of light after this accelerating force has been expended, which happens in a distance equal to the so-called wavelength. This process is repeated in the same region and another photon is produced which follows the first one, just one wavelength behind. A wide range of ethers are periodically affected during the production of ordinary light. This results in a countless variety of such particles being propagated in all directions with many different wavelengths. Since many photons are projected in all directions, many collisions will result, causing a significant portion to adhere to each other in aggregates.

The great majority of soft electrons are created during fluctuations in light velocity when passing through media of varying density, and even in it’s passage through outer space. Any slowing down, produces a backing up of photons and a consequent combining into relatively huge aggregates. In the beginning, these aggregates move much more slowly than the free photons. Consequently, some of the photons which were created at a later time, catch up and adhere to the aggregate. Their collisions with the aggregate particles causes the particles to speed up. This is the origin of the particles which always accompany light. Particles formed in this manner will vary greatly in size, stability and penetrating ability. It has been shown that soft particles will penetrate ordinary matter more readily than the hard particles. So, ether particles combine to form photons which in turn, combine to form light particles. This, light particles will disintegrate into photons.

Atoms are comprised of hard particles which are uniform in size and structure and it follows that they were produced by an entirely different process. When light enters a medium, it encounters a conglomerate of soft particles created by the activities of the fundamental particles of the atoms which comprise the medium. This causes the light to slow down and the particles of light to crowd together inside the medium. If a beam of light enters a medium at an angle, the portion entering first will travel a shorter distance than the rest of the beam during the same interval of time. The portion of the beam entering the medium later is pulled by magnetic attraction of the particles, towards the side which reached the surface first. This causes the beam of light to be bent or change direction, accounting for the refraction of light which has never before been adequately explained.

Mr Cater then goes on to resolve the famous wave-particle paradox, and the also points out that the famous Michelson-Morley Experiments actually disprove the Transverse Wave Theory of light.

9. It must be realised that nature’s laws are basically simple. To gain a deeper understanding of the nature of electrons, protons and electrostatic forces, it is necessary to look for an uncomplicated picture of the fundamental particles and the cause of their behaviour patterns. The collision laws involving the molecules of a gas can be applied to the ethers. Also, it can be deducted that electrostatic forces are the result of an imbalance of ether particles bombarding fundamental particles of matter.

It seems logical to assume that electrons and protons have a spherical shape as a sphere is the most stable and efficient geometrical form. It also has the smallest surface area for any given volume. However, such an assumption leads to insurmountable difficulties. Electrons and protons have a preferred direction of spin in relation to their direction of motion. The electron follows the left hand rule, while the proton spins according to the right hand rule. With a perfect spherical shape they could not have any preferred direction of spin. However, the preferred directions of spin can be readily accounted for if the particles are pear-shaped or egg-shaped and they are hollow.

When ether particles have a preferred direction of motion away from the electrons due to reflections, a pulsating electric field results. The excessive flow away from the electron tends to reduce the bombardment of incoming ether particles. A temporary low ether pressure around the particle is a result of this and in turn, this reduced pressure reduces the reflections and that causes the ethers to move in again and a sudden increase in ether bombardment results. This is something akin to the Coander Effect. The cycle is then repeated. It is to be expected that an electrostatic field is no exception and in this respect, “electrostatic” is a misnomer. The fluctuations are at such a high frequency that experimental results will see the (average) force as being a constant.

The behaviour of beams of electrons and protons in strong magnetic and electric fields indicates that protons have about 1836 times the inertial mass of electrons. Inertia is directly proportional to charge, indicating that the total charge of a proton is 1836 times as great as that of an electron. The idea that the hydrogen atom consists of one electron and one proton has never been questioned. To quote from a science magazine: “When protons crash into each other, they release showers of electrons, which suggests that protons are made up of particles more basic than themselves”.

On the basis of relative charge effects alone, it follows that a hydrogen atom, instead of having only one electron orbiting a proton, that there are at least 1836 orbiting electrons. However, since the proton has relatively little movement in comparison to the electron, a far greater percentage of the electrostatic field of the electron has been transformed. This means that in order for the hydrogen atom to have close to a neutral charge, there must be thousands of electrons in one hydrogen atom. This seems to create a paradox as the amount of electricity required to liberate a given amount of hydrogen in electrolysis indicates that only one electron is necessary for every atom of hydrogen.

Scientists have never comprehended the source of the electricity that powers electrical equipment. There are unlimited quantities all around us, permeating all of known space. This hard electricity is camouflaged by softer particles which are also distributed throughout space. The flow of this limitless source of electrons can easily be set into motion. The electricity employed in electrolysis merely triggers the flow of far greater quantities. Also, when a hydrogen atom is ionised, it only needs to lose a very small percentage of it’s electrons instead of being reduced to only a proton.

Matter is rendered visible by the steady formation of soft particles generated by the activities of the fundamental particles. It is then apparent that frozen hydrogen would be completely invisible if electrostatic fields were not cyclic and the hydrogen atom had only one electron. Cyclic electrostatic fields are largely responsible for the complex spectral pattern of all of the elements. The cyclic pattern of hard-particle interactions is complex. This complexity increases rapidly as the number of fundamental particles in the atom increases.

Since electrons move at much higher velocities in the atom than protons do, they cover much more territory and so a higher percentage of their electrostatic charge is transformed into magnetic energy. This means that the positive charge in the atom will overbalance the negative charge and so, give the atom an overall positive charge. This explains why electricity tends to move towards ground and the Earth must posses a positive charge.

The electrostatic field effects near the atom in close proximity to the electrons, will be negative. Moving outwards, this negative effect diminishes quickly and a zone of positive field effect exists. The position and intensity of these zones, determines in part, the chemical and physical properties of the atom. There are regions where the atoms will attract each other and regions where they will repel each other. Ether particles have a similar structure and follow the same pattern.

The velocity of orbiting electrons in atoms is not uniform. There are periodic fluctuations resulting from mutual interferences within the atom itself and from adjacent atoms, in addition to the pulsating electrostatic fields. It must be noted that the properties of the atom are not observed individually, but as a collective group. The region of activity for the protons is relatively small and a significant number of electrons are trapped here. This region is the origin of neutrons, which are actually collapsed hydrogen atoms. It is interesting to note that when hydrogen is subjected to ultra high pressures, it behaves like a high concentration of neutrons and passes through the container which is being pressurised as though it didn’t exist.

A more detailed discussion of the structure of the neutron is in order. The new concept of thousands of electrons comprising the hydrogen atom (to say nothing of the other atoms), provides, for the first time, a means of accounting for the properties of the neutron.

When a cloud of electrons orbiting the proton is forced into close proximity with the zone of repulsion, as described earlier, their motions become restricted. As a result, there is a lowering of the average velocity with a consequent increase in their negative electrostatic charge. This provides a stronger bond between the proton and the electrons. The orbital speed cannot be increased because of the zone of repulsion surrounding the proton, and the crowding of the electrons. The higher overall negative charge of the electrons almost completely cancels out the positive charge of the proton. The result is a particle which is electrically neutral, as far as most experiments can determine.

The electron cloud comprising the hydrogen atom is further removed from the proton and the individual electrons are not restricted in their orbital motions. The average velocity is much higher and consequently, the hydrogen atom has a high positive charge. The atoms of the gaseous elements, such as hydrogen and oxygen, are highly magnetic. Therefore, two atoms combine in much the same way as two bar magnets, to form a molecule consisting of two atoms. This is the reason why the molecules of nearly all the gaseous elements consist of two atoms. The combination has a still higher overall positive charge than a single atom has. As a result of this, the molecules have a strong mutual repulsion which keeps them widely separated at normal temperatures and pressures. Thus, they remain a gas even at extremely low temperatures.

The presence of electrons in the “nucleus”, nullifying repulsive forces, along with the magnetic fields resulting from the motions of neutrons, is the major source of the so-called “mysterious force holding the nucleus together”. In reality, the pinch effect of magnetic fields is the prime force which holds the atom together. Orthodox physicists have complicated the picture by claiming that many different forces exist: magnetic, electrostatic, gravitational, nuclear, and others to which they have ascribed odd names. In reality, only electrostatic and magnetic forces exist and there are two, and only two, basic particles – electrons and protons. Since the electrostatic field effects around the electron and proton are cyclic, the magnetic fields which they generate will also have a cyclic intensity.

10. Although neither spin when at rest, both the electron and the proton start to spin in a definite direction when they are given a velocity. This is contrary to the assertions of modern theorists who talk about particle spin with reckless abandon. The electron always follows the left-hand rule, while the proton follows the right-hand rule.

When placed in an electrostatic field, they move in such a manner that the large end is facing in the direction of their motion, regardless of their original orientation. The reason for this is not difficult to discern. If they are hollow and the shell is of a certain thickness in proportion to it’s diameter, then the larger end will have more surface area in proportion to it’s mass than the smaller end will have. The thickness of the shell at the smaller end will be much greater in proportion to it’s diameter. This means that ether bombardment at the larger end will tend to give it a greater acceleration than that imparted to the smaller end and as a result, the larger end will be forced ahead in the direction of motion.

The picture is still incomplete. In order for the particle to have a preferred direction of spin, the frontal surface must be grooved in the manner of a right-hand or left-hand screw. Such a shape is consistent with recent experiments at the Argonne National Laboratory, which studied the shattering of proton beams aimed at target protons. The results indicated that protons are not spherical. A detailed account of such experiments can be found in the article “The Argonne Experiments and The End of Quarkery” by Eric Lerner which appeared in the Oct-Nov 1997 issue of Fusion Magazine. In the article he showed that some of the basic assumptions of quantum mechanics are contradictory, and he dispensed with the popular theory in particle physics which assumed an ever-growing family of hypothetical particles called “quarks”.

It has been noted that a magnetic field surrounds a moving charge. The magnetic lines are in the form of circles. An electron or proton tends to carry ether particles around with it in a circular motion as it moves through the ethers. This is due to the mutual repulsion between the ether particles and the ether particles comprising the particle. The reactive forces cause the particle to spin and they produce a vortex motion in the ether itself. The greater the velocity of the particle, the faster it spins and the more ether particles are caused to flow around it in the direction of the spin. It is this flow of ether particles around a moving charge which produces the magnetic field effects observed. A three-dimensional view of this magnetic field shows that it resembles a corkscrew spiral or vortex.

The ether particles which would normally cause repulsion between two adjacent particles at rest, spin when they both move and the electrostatic repulsion drops off and is replaced by a magnetic field which draws the two particles together. This effect is also seen in two adjacent wires carrying a heavy current flowing in the same direction. The wires are drawn towards each other.

If two unlike charges move along together, they spin in opposite directions, generating magnetic fields of opposing polarity which tends to push the particles apart.

An electron or proton moving in a magnetic field has two forces acting on it. One force tends to push it down the magnetic lines of force because of excessive ether particle bombardments in one direction of flow. The other force is perpendicular to the lines of force. If the velocity of the particle is high, then the latter force is by far the more significant. This force is a result of Bernoulli’s principle. Magnetic fields tend to capture large quantities of soft electrons.

11. The conventional theory of geomagnetism lacks merit. According to it, the major portion of geomagnetism is the result of electric currents flowing in a molten iron core 2,000 miles beneath the surface of the Earth. Even if such a core did exist, the conclusion would still be false. Scientists are somewhat vague as to how a magnetic field could extend 2,000 miles beyond an electric current considering that it takes a very powerful current to produce even weak magnetic effects a short distance from the current flow. The electrical resistance of iron at the alleged temperatures of the core would be staggering, which raises the question of how the necessary massive potential difference is produced to drive a large current in the core in the first place.

A great wealth of evidence supports the conclusion that geomagnetism is produced by the Earth’s rotation. The intensity of the field is dependent on the concentration of negative charges in the atmosphere and the crust and on the rotational velocity. Since the concentration of charges in the atmosphere fluctuates in a 24-hour cycle, the magnetic field can be expected to fluctuate accordingly. This is an established fact.

Supposedly uncharged atoms and molecules are not electrically neutral, but possess a positive charge. It has always been assumed since the days of Newton, that inertia is directly proportional to mass. This has been shown to be incorrect as inertia is dependent on total charge and is therefore independent of mass. It follows that an atom has less inertia than any of the fundamental particles of which it is composed. The small overall charge of an atom is the result of the equalising of positive and negative charges. It’s slight ability to generate a magnetic field for a unit increase of velocity is due to electrons following the left-hand rule while protons follow the right-hand rule. The inertia of an atom is limited because the magnetic fields of the electrons and protons from which it is constructed, cancel each other out to a major degree. Stripping electrons from an atom will give it a strong positive charge and much greater inertia even though it now has less mass. Adding electrons to it can also raise it’s inertia if the extra electrons cause it to end up with a greater overall charge than it had before. The Nobel Prize winner Gabriel Lippman confirmed this when he found that bodies in a charged state have greater resistance to acceleration than they have in their uncharged state.

Since matter behaves like a positive charge, it follows that gravity radiation will accelerate positive charges in a direction opposite to that of the direction of its propagation. A gravitational field repels negative charges. When the hair on a person’s head is given a strong negative charge, it stands straight up due to the negative charges on the hairs carrying the hairs with them as the charges are pushed upwards by gravity.

The bulk of the radiations and soft particles of matter cover only a relatively narrow part of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are produced by the interactions of the fundamental particles of the atom in addition to the interactions of the atoms themselves. Incidentally, it is the soft particles comprised of photons close to, and in, the visible range which permeate matter that make matter visible. If only the hard particles were present, solid matter would be invisible, although completely tangible.

The leading part of the gravity radiation front produces negative charge effects, while the trailing portion which has passed a given body must have substantially reduced negative charge effects. The spin of the particles in gravitational radiation have a gyroscopic effect which keeps the particles orientated in the same position and the particles have little tendency to scatter.

The faster moving photons overtake the soft particles and tend to adhere to them in irregular patterns, creating a perforated and extremely rough surface on this part of the particle, not unlike that of a positive charge. This has a tendency to cancel out much of the negative field effects on this part of the particle. The bombardments accelerate the particles to such an extent that no more photons can adhere to them. Therefore, the rear part maintains a positive charge, or at least, a much reduced negative charge.

Another important factor which contributes to a reduced negative charge at the rear is that there is a far greater photon concentration in this region than exists at the frontal portion. This is a result of a backup of photons caused by the lower velocity of the soft particles accompanying the radiation. This photon concentration tends to divert the normal ether bombardments (which produce the electrostatic effects) from their usual paths. Since gravity radiations produce forces, it follows that there are interactions which eventually disperse the radiation, accounting for the limited penetration of gravity radiation. Gravity is an electrostatic effect, not some space warp or mysterious force with imponderable properties. If matter is impregnated with sufficient quantities of negative charges, especially soft electrons, it will become weightless and even levitate.

Some individuals have the ability to do the reverse of levitation, possibly by expelling large quantities of negative charge from their bodies. A dwarf who had a normal body weight of 123 pounds demonstrated under strict anti-fraud conditions that he could increase his weight to 900 pounds.

The physics of levitation was demonstrated in part when missiles were found to have lost most of their original weight after travelling through the Van Allen Radiation Belt and returning to Earth. The weight loss continued for some time and containers in which pieces of the missile were placed, also lost weight. The radiation belt contains high concentrations of negative charges of all kinds, from hard electrons to the very soft ones. The missile became impregnated with negative charges as it passed through this region, absorbing an abnormal quantity. The more penetrating softer particles opened the door for the harder particles to enter. The loss of weight of the container would have been caused by the missile gradually losing some of it’s excess negative charges and those charges being absorbed into the container.

12. Faster than light travel is possible because the accelerating gravity beam travels with the mass being accelerated. At ultra-high velocities, or where most of the electrostatic potential of matter has been transformed, cohesive forces will tend to break down and the material will cease to be a cohesive solid. However, spaceships can travel many times the speed of light provided that the ship and the occupants are impregnated with the right combination of negative charges which would prevent any extensive transformation of the electrostatic mass into magnetic energy. At ultra-high velocities, the closing forces on the rear of the craft no longer compensate for the forward resistance, so it requires a steady application of accelerating forces to maintain velocities many times that of light.

The evidence concerning spaceship propulsion demonstrates that the famous Einsteinian equation E = mC2 falls far short of representing the energy potential of matter. From the kinetic energy equation E = 0.5mV2 it follows that a body travelling at only 1.5 times the speed of light (which isn’t even a cruising speed for most spaceships) has a kinetic energy which exceeds the value of Einstein’s celebrated equation. At this velocity, only a miniscule part of the energy potential of the mass has been released. The meaninglessness of the famous equation is also evident, because inertia is dependent only on net charge and not necessarily on mass or quantity of material.

13. Another item which demonstrates the validity of the information presented here is the fact that determinations of the gravity “constant” “g” is always significantly higher when measured in mines. This is to be expected as the soft electron concentration is much higher below the surface than it is above the surface. Another fact which disturbs physicists (and consequently given little publicity) is that objects at the bottom of mine shafts weight significantly less than they should according to Newton’s concept of gravity.

Another enigma which is damaging to the academic viewpoint is that experiments indicate that gravity doesn’t impart the same acceleration to all substances. To try to deal with this fact, they have to introduce a mysterious fifth force which is supposed to be an extremely feeble repulsive force with a limited range. It is supposed to be more prevalent in some substances than in others. The concepts already explained here show that this is to be expected. Different atoms and molecules have different total positive charge effects in proportion to the number of fundamental particles from which they are made. Consequently, they will not be given the same gravitational acceleration even if the mass is identical.

14. We now come to questions such as; How does the law of redistribution of energy work? What are the real principles behind colour perception? Why is the velocity of light independent of it’s frequency? Why is this velocity equal to the ratio between an electromagnetic and electrostatic unit of charge? The answers to these questions have never been given before.

When materials are subjected to high temperatures, great fluctuations occur in the velocity of electrons in their orbits. This in turn, creates interactions and interference effects between electrons moving in opposite directions inside atoms and between electrons in adjacent atoms. These interactions generate changes in the electrostatic field effects of the electrons, which will cause regular and distinct changes in their so-called orbits. This is because the charge on the electron varies with it’s velocity. Abrupt changes in the velocity of a particle disrupt the ethers which results in the formation of photons.

The larger the atoms, the more complex the interactions, and consequently, the more intricate the spectral pattern. The photons comprising the electrons, determine the range of the ethers which will be disrupted. These ethers are intimately connected with the electrostatic field intensity of the electrons. Thus it follows from this new definition of Planck’s constant, just why this definition must be taken into consideration in all of the calculations concerning the frequency of light produced in interactions.

The electrostatic field effects around an electron depend on the range and level of the ethers deflecting off the sides of the particles. This range is not necessarily the same as the range of ethers affected by sudden changes in the velocity of the electrons, but there is a direct correlation between the two. Planck’s constant has a role throughout the procedure as all ether particles have the same kinetic energy.

The law of redistribution of energy states that when light interacts with matter, new light with a lower average frequency than the original is produced. One of the most simple demonstrations of this is shining a blue or violet light through a large number of filters of any type. The emerging light is always red. All of the colours which we normally see are combinations of different frequencies of photons. A wide frequency range of soft particles and photons will tend to be grouped together. This means that bands of light in the blue, indigo and violet ranges will contain other colours down to the reds, although the reds will make up only a very small percentage. The human eye sees only the dominant colour, and prisms cannot separate them. The colour experiments of Edwin Land proved this to be the case.

In the May 1959 issue of Scientific American, Land showed that two black and white transparencies produced from black and white film, were exposed to filtered light from two different (reasonably spaced apart) parts of the spectrum, the resulting superimposed images were in full colour. This shows that it requires subtle combinations of frequencies for the eye to perceive colour if the light isn’t in a narrow frequency band. Otherwise, the eye will see things in various shades of black and white, which contain all the colours but in the wrong combinations to be seen as colours. This is what occurs for people who are subject to ‘colour blindness’.

Under certain conditions, light reflected from a mirror can have greater intensity than the incoming light. The light has to be of high intensity. When the particles of the incoming light collide with the mirror, those that are reflected are instantly brought to a halt. This produces a tremendous disturbance of the ethers which results in the creation of new photons which are added to the photons which are reflected. In addition, many of the photons reflected and created, combine to form soft electrons, and so the reflected light has a higher percentage of soft electrons than the incoming light beam.

It follows that repeated reflections of a light source such as the Sun, would result in a highly lethal laser-like beam. This has been demonstrated on numerous occasions. Perhaps the most notable demonstration occurred near White Sands, New Mexico in the early 1950s. It was witnessed by an acquaintance of a personal friend of Mr Cater’s, and it was something which he wasn’t supposed to have seen. About thirty-five four foot diameter mirrors were arranged so that the resulting beam was directed at the rock wall of a mountain. It immediately created a neat hole through 200 feet of solid rock.

An associate of Mr Cater’s found that by putting a strong negative charge on the mirrors that their reflective power is considerably increased. He charged a series of metallic mirrors to 20,000 volts and found that after 10 repeated reflections from the Sun, the resulting beam was very lethal. This shows that it is the negative charges deposited on a mirror surface which enables it to reflect most of the light that falls on it. Incoming light immediately deposits negative charges on the surface and those charges repel the rest of the light. The more intense the incoming light, the higher the concentration of negative charges placed on the surface. This accounts for the fact that highly lethal beams reflecting from the surface do not destroy the mirror. The mirrors must be metallic and preferably concave. Glass mirrors do not work as much of the incoming light is lost before it reaches the reflecting surface and much of the shock effect of the light reflection is lost due to the glass slowing down the incoming beam. The incoming light must strike the mirror in as nearly a perpendicular direction as is possible. If soft electrons associated with colours known to be highly beneficial could be concentrated using this method to produce rapid healing

15. The question arises: Why is the velocity of light independent of it’s frequency? This is implicit in Maxwell’s equations but it still isn’t explained. When the ethers are disturbed to produce a photon, a fraction of them are compressed and a great number are forced close enough together to adhere to one another. The higher the ethers affected, the more rapidly and suddenly this displacement has to occur in order for a photon to be produced, otherwise, the ether particles will escape this compression since they are very active. This momentary compression quickly returns to normal, rather like a compressed spring being released. This rebound hurls the aggregate photon forward at the speed of light. The distance of this rebound is equal to the so-called wavelength, or distance over which the photon is accelerated to the speed of light.

This is exactly what happens when lower ethers are disturbed to form lower frequency photons, except that the rebound takes place over a greater distance with a lower average acceleration of the photon. Since the warped pattern is identical in both cases, both photons reach the same velocity, which is independent of the actual wavelength produced. As both photons receive the same thrust, it can be seen that lower frequency photons must have a greater mass, that is, the frequency of light is inversely proportional to the mass of the protons which form that light.

The behaviour of electrons and protons in a particle accelerator shows that at the speed of light, all of their electrostatic potential has been transformed into magnetic energy. This shows that the velocity of light relative to it’s source is the ratio of it’s Electromagnetic Unit of charge (“EMU”) and it’s Electrostatic Unit of charge (“ESU”). The ratio EMU / ESU is equal to the speed of light “C”. Calculating from these details, shows that the total pressure exerted on a single electron by the surrounding ethers is 14.4 dynes which represents a pressure beyond normal comprehension when the minute size of an electron is considered.

16. We now need to consider the role of soft electrons in promoting chemical changes and maintaining life. It has been repeatedly confirmed that magnetic fields have considerable healing properties and will stimulate plant growth. What has not been realised is that it is not the magnetic fields themselves which are responsible for this effect, but it is the soft electrons which they capture and concentrate. One pole of a magnet has beneficial effects for certain ailments, while the opposite pole is not as effective.

One of the most significant properties of soft electrons is their ability to promote chemical changes. A change in a molecule is not likely to take place without lessening the chemical bond or attraction among it’s constituent atoms. Soft particles interpenetrating the molecule will bring about this condition by carrying harder electrons in with them, which in turn weakens this bonding by offsetting the positive charge effects of the nucleus. Soft particles tend to camouflage a variety of harder particles. This is a vitally important property because in this manner, other atoms which are going to take part in the chemical change, also have their zonal effects temporarily altered so that they can come into more intimate contact during the reaction. The soft particles tend to act as catalysts for the reacting particles and the soft particles tend to get disintegrated in the process, releasing additional energy which expedites the reaction and allows the normally powerful electrostatic field effects within the atom to return to their original state. The release of the hard electrons contained within the soft particles which disintegrate is the source of much of the heat produced during chemical reactions.

17. The properties of water: water is a universal catalyst because of it’s unique ability to collect and concentrate an enormous quantity of soft electrons of all kinds. This is the reason why water has the highest specific heat of any know substance. The large amount of energy contained in water in the form of soft particles, has been demonstrated by experimenters on many occasions. For example, a number of reports show internal combustion engines running with water as the fuel. No reasonable explanation for this has been given as it appears to be contrary to all the rules of chemistry. However, the disintegration of the more unstable soft particles contained in the water when subjected to compression and ignition inside the engine, accounts for this seeming impossibility.

Water is a unique substance being comprised of two of the most chemically active elements, both of which are gaseous elements. The fact that three oxygen atoms can combine to form ozone, indicates that the oxygen atom is extremely magnetic, indicating that a higher percentage of it’s orbital electrons are moving in approximately the same plane. This leaves fewer orbital electrons tending to offset the positive charge of the nucleus and other portions of the atom. Consequently, two side of the oxygen atom possess an inordinately strong overall positive charge. When hydrogen atoms combine with an oxygen atom, the electro9ns on the side of the hydrogen atoms adjacent to the oxygen atom are brushed aside. This is on the segment of the oxygen atom where most of the electrons of the oxygen atom are orbiting. The normal flow of electrons around the proton of the hydrogen atom is diverted to become a flow which encircles the oxygen atom and the outer periphery of the hydrogen atoms. This results in a powerful magnetic and electrostatic bond between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom. The electron flow around the hydrogen atoms is extremely rapid, resulting in a very high overall positive charge on the hydrogen atoms. As there is a very strong mutual repulsion between the hydrogen atoms, they will line up on opposite side of the oxygen atom, giving water the structure H-O-H. This molecule has strong and extensive positive zones, so the attraction zone is a considerable distance from the molecules. This is why the specific gravity of water is low, despite the strong positive charge of the molecules.

The great affinity of water for soft electrons is now apparent. The large positive zones between molecules are havens for soft electrons, drawn there by the attenuated, but significant, attraction of the hard electrons captured by the soft electrons. Although soft electrons are large compared to hard electrons, they are still very small compared to an atom. Therefore, the spaces between water molecules can harbour large quantities of soft electrons, without them being bound to the water molecules.

Perhaps the most baffling feature of water is that it expands when it freezes. The high concentration of soft electrons greatly weakens the forces of attraction and repulsion between the molecules. As a result, the average kinetic energy of the molecules at the freezing point are still sufficiently large to allow the molecules to move in and out of the zones of attraction and repulsion, without being confined in the attraction zone. The cooling must continue until the soft electron concentration reaches the stage where the attractive forces become strong enough to confine the molecules to the attractive zone. When this occurs, the water becomes a solid. Since the attractive zone is an inordinate distance from the molecules, the average distance between molecules becomes greater than it was when the water was in a liquid state. At the freezing point, the molecular activity is low enough to permit soft electrons to enter or leave the substance without disintegrating. In order for the water to be transformed from a solid back into a liquid, the same quantity of soft electrons must be injected into it as were removed when it changed from a liquid to a solid.

The melting and freezing temperatures of water vary considerably due to the differing amounts of soft electrons contained in it. Another unusual feature is that in cold weather, hot water pipes have a greater tendency to freeze than cold water pipes do. This is because the heating of the water drove off many of the soft electrons normally contained in the water and due to the low temperature of the surroundings, these soft electrons were not replaced, and as a consequence, freezing to become a solid happens more easily.

One tends to think of colloids as ultra-small particles of solid matter. However, molecules of water can adhere to each other to form aggregates of water molecules, which are effectively, colloids as well. Colloids have strong electrical properties as indicated by the fact that they are not affected by gravity. The field zones around any such colloidal group will be much stronger than that around a single water molecule. Water with a high percentage of such colloidal groups can capture a very large number of soft electrons which are beneficial to health. Abnormal conditions in certain places can favour the formation of water colloids and that can account for the healing properties of water found in some places, such as Lourdes in France.

18. Hard particles can be captured by softer particles and this is deeply involved in a wide range of phenomena, from the transmission of heat and electricity, to the formation of clouds.

Ether particles have zones of attraction and repulsion. Since photons are composed of ether particles, they will in turn, possess zones of attraction and repulsion. In the case of ether particles, these zones will be correspondingly smaller in proportion to the diameter of photons. When protons combine to form electrons or protons, the same zones are present between these particles. However, the zones of attraction are minute when compared to the diameter of the electron or proton, and like particles, seldom if ever get close enough together at sufficiently low velocities for the attractive forces to become effective.

The situation is entirely different when two similar particles composed of photons but with widely differing frequencies, approach each other. Electrostatic attraction or repulsion is considerably lessened because each is associated with ethers which differ considerably from each other. When they are ion direct contact with each other, electrostatic repulsion tends to vanish, since there can be little or no bombardments on the sides facing each other. Since each particle associated with ethers is somewhat different, they will tend to interpenetrate. This means that they will be completely within the ether attraction zones of one another. As a result, the harder particle is captured by the softer one. In a similar manner, the captured harder particles will, in turn, capture still harder particles and this process continues until electrons normally associated with electricity are confined. This combination of particles tends to nullify the electrostatic forces which are normally produced by the confined particles, camouflaging the captured harder particles so that their presence is not readily apparent.

The ether particles normally bombarding the hard electrons and protons which produce electrostatic field effects, tend to be diverted from their normal paths by the presence of softer particles or media between the repelling like charges and/or the attracting unlike charges. These interpenetrating softer particles produce an ultra-high concentration of ether particles around the hard particles. The motion of these ether particles is greatly restricted. This offers a barrier to the higher ether particles which normally bombard the hard particles. This has a tendency to slow them down, and any which do collide with the hard particles, do so with considerably less impact than normal, therefore they tend to become electrically neutral and their motion slows to nearly a halt.

Soft particles permeate matter as well as the spaces between matter, yet they do not to any great extent, neutralise the electrostatic field effects of the fundamental particles, because they are more concentrated and their rapid motion tends to prevent capture. However, additional concentrations of soft particles of the right kind, injected into matter, can render the elementary particles within the atom, electrically neutral and the matter becomes what is known as “dematerialised”. This conglomeration of soft and hard particles renders the soft particles electrically neutral.

It should be noted that only hard particles or the fundamental particles of the atom, are hollow. All other particles, including photons, do not have this tendency because of the nature of their formation. If the softer particles were hollow, they would be unable to capture harder particles. Hard particles entering a hollow, soft particle, would maintain their charges and force a mutual repulsion. Therefore, they would escape immediately. Photons, if hollow, would tend to be less stable, and the probability of forming other particles would be lessened.

When a soft particle disintegrates, a chain reaction occurs. The disintegration releases the confined, harder particles. The energy released during the disintegration is generally sufficient to disintegrate the weaker hard particles which it originally captured. This, in turn, results in the disintegration of still harder particles, until the very hard and stable electrons of electricity are released. Highly interesting experiments performed in Poland by two scientists; Howsky and Groot, demonstrated the ability of soft electrons to house and camouflage harder electrons, and to release them under certain conditions. These experiments were also a great confirmation of other principles already mentioned here, especially those involved with levitation.

A small quartz crystal was attached to an oscillator which generated radio frequencies of several kilowatts. This caused the crystal to lose it’s transparency and increase it’s volume 800%. The crystal then levitated and carried the oscillator, as well as a 55 pound weight, to a height of two metres above the floor. An account of this was given in an issue of Science and Invention magazine and it included a photograph of the levitation.

19. The energies concentrated inside a pyramid have been shown to be extremely beneficial to humans. Soft particle bombardments from outer space and especially from the Sun, concentrate inside the pyramid. Some, passing through the surface of the pyramid are slowed down to such an extent that the Earth’s gravitational field, repelling the negative charges, tends to keep them inside until collisions with other particles drives them out.

Most of the particles collected by the pyramid, concentrate along the edges as would be expected, since electricity on any charged body tends to do much the same thing, with concentrations at points and along edges. In fact, pyramid frames have been found to be nearly as effective as the closed pyramid, if, and only if, there is a continuity in the framework and no breaks in any of the joining parts.

The soft electrons collected on a pyramid frame or closed pyramid, soon reach saturation point and continued bombardment causes the excess to drop down inside the pyramid. This, coupled with the gravity-repelling forces, causes a high concentration inside the pyramid. The proportions of the pyramid are apparently a factor in it’s performance. If the sides are too steep, many of the soft electrons will move along the edges into the ground outside instead of being forced inside the pyramid. If the sides are not steep enough, not many particles will be collected as they strike the material at nearly a right angle which causes only a small reduction in velocity. If they strike at a sharper angle, there is a greater tendency for them to be retained by the material.

If two sides of the base are aligned with magnetic North, it is allegedly more effective. Pyramids can be rendered more potent by lining the interiors of a non-metallic enclosed pyramid, with metal foil such as aluminium or copper. The foil allows a greater quantity of soft electrons to accumulate around the non-metallic outer portion because the soft particles do not pass through the metallic substance as easily, causing a back-up of soft particles. During the process, the foil absorbs large quantities of soft particles before many of them can enter the pyramid. pyramids also radiate soft electrons upwards from the peak.

Many of the soft particles which are stopped briefly on the outside of the pyramid, are repelled upwards by the Earth’s gravitational field, and as well, by soft electrons attached to the pyramid. This produces a funnelling effect which ejects soft electrons from the apex of the pyramid. The Earth’s gravity accelerates soft particles at a far greater rate than it does ordinary matter as soft particles are associated with ethers which are much closer to those of the gravity-inducing particles than is the case for ordinary matter. After the pyramid becomes saturated, a greater quantity of soft particles than ever, will concentrate inside. The foil will continue to radiate a high concentration of soft particles during the night when the number of particles bombarding the pyramid is considerably reduced.

It is found that pyramids work better during the summer than at any other time of the year. They are also more effective in the lower latitudes because most of the energy concentrated by the pyramid comes from the Sun. There are conflicting opinions as to the effectiveness of pyramids because of this as there is little understanding of the principles involved. For example, those who experiment with pyramids in Canada may claim that they don’t work while those in Southern California will contradict them. A pyramid does not increase the flow of soft particles through the area covered by the pyramid as the same concentration flows outside the area. What a pyramid does, is impede the general flow of soft particles and produce a back-up of particles inside and below the pyramid, and consequently, a higher concentration of soft electrons in these regions. The material used in a pyramid is of great importance. This was demonstrated when a wealthy man in the Midwest built a pyramid-shaped house five stories high, which was then covered with gold-plated iron. The phenomena produced were completely unprecedented. For example, ground water was forced to the surface and flooded the first floor. This was because the soft particle concentration inside and below the pyramid was so great that ground water was impregnated with such an abnormal concentration of negative charges that it was repelled upwards by the Earth’s gravity.

Gold atoms have extremely high positive electrostatic field effects, more so than any other atom. This is why gold is the most malleable of all substances. This means that soft electrons will have a greater affinity for gold than for any other metal. As a result, abnormally high concentrations of soft electrons will concentrate around gold. This effect is greatly enhanced when gold is in contact with iron. These dissimilar metals produce an EMF which is turn, causes a flow of electricity or eddy currents resulting in the iron being magnetised. The magnetic field produced, captures additional soft electrons. A higher concentration of soft electrons is created by this combination then could be produced by a similar thickness of gold foil alone. It follows that by far the most effective material that could be used for pyramids is gold-plated sheet iron (galvanised iron should not be used).

With everything else being the same, the greater the size of a pyramid, the better the performance. The reason for this is that the thicker the layer of concentrated soft electrons through which the incoming soft particles must pass, the more they are slowed down when passing. This results in a greater back-up of soft electrons and an increase in the concentration inside the pyramid. Another reason is that a large pyramid has a greater ratio of volume to surface area. Soft electrons are continuously leaking away from the surface of the pyramid, the larger the pyramid, the lower the percentage of soft electrons which is lost. Consequently, very small pyramids are ineffective.

20. Viktor Schauberger of Austria was puzzled by the fact that large mountain trout could remain motionless for as long as they liked in the fastest flowing water in streams. When disturbed, they escape upstream with fantastic speed. He also noticed that water gets charged up through swirling vortex action as it flows around obstructions. As the water is highly agitated, it gives up large quantities of hard and soft electrons to the fish, causing the entire outer surface of the fish to get a high negative charge. This charge repels the outer electrons of the water molecules, totally eliminating drag and as a result, the water exerts almost zero force on the fish. This effect is even more enhanced as the fish moves upstream, much more so than if the fish went downstream. The negative charge also helps the fish jump as the Earth’s gravity boosts it upwards.

21. Brown’s gas, produced by one form of the electrolysis of water has properties which seem bewildering to most scientists. Using it, allows steel to be welded to a clay brick and the flame is not harmful to human flesh. The flame temperature depends entirely on what it is applied to. It can also reduce nuclear radiation by 96%. The properties of Brown’s gas confirm the information above. Water has a very large capacity to store soft electrons in addition to those already present in the structure of water. Brown did not separate water into hydrogen and oxygen. Instead, he added additional soft electrons to the water molecules. These additional charges greatly weakened the cohesive forces between the molecules, converting the water to an unstable gas. All of the properties of Brown’s Gas follow naturally from this. Under welding conditions, the vast concentrations of soft electrons supply the release of sufficient quantities of hard electrons to produce the needed heat. In addition, the soft electron concentrations enable iron atoms to partially interpenetrate brick molecules to produce a bond between brick and iron. Also, with the ultra-high concentration of soft electrons, the gas can readily neutralise the positive charges of nuclear radiation.

22. We need to examine the source of the Sun’s radiant energy. One thing that all suns seem to have in common is their great size. The astrophysicists speak of white dwarf suns of planetary size or less. It is clear that any claims made by astronomers or astrophysicists concerning celestial determinations, have about the same degree of merit as the other scientific claims which have already been mentioned. There is nothing to justify the existence of a white dwarf. For one thing, due to it’s allegedly small size and limited gravitational influence, it could only hold very small bodies of asteroid size in orbit around it and those would have to be only a short distance away from it. According to the fallacious theories of orthodox science, a white dwarf consists of atoms with practically all of their electrons stripped away, giving it enormous gravity. It will be shown that astrophysicists have no way of accurately determining the distance or the size of any celestial body.

The larger the body, the greater it’s mass or volume in proportion to it’s surface area. This means that as the size increases, it is less probable that the energies produced by the normal activity of the atoms in the body’s interior will escape from the surface without a resulting increase of temperature at the surface. The energy radiated from the surface will be in the form of photons and other particles of all types. Below a critical size, the surface area is sufficient to allow all of the radiant energy created in it’s interior, to escape without an increase in temperature. In fact, such a body will lose heat unless it receives sufficient energy from it’s surroundings.

As a body increases in size, it’s surface area becomes increasingly inadequate to allow the radiated energy in it’s interior to escape without a build up of heat at, and below, the surface. The surface will not radiate the heat or energy outwards as quickly as it is created in the interior. The rate at which energy is radiated from a surface increases rapidly with a resulting increase in surface temperature. This varies as the fourth power of it’s absolute temperature. For example, within a certain temperature range, if the temperature is doubled, the rate at which energy is radiated in the form of photons and soft particles, increases by a factor of 16.

The critical size of such a body will depend on it’s composition. For example, if it contains a high concentration of mildly radioactive substances, this critical size will be less. If the body is hollow, then the dimensions would have to be greater. The red giants, if they are even close to the dimensions claimed, would have to be hollow and have relatively thin shells, otherwise, they would not be red as their surface temperatures would be astronomical.

The actual source of the energy which is finally radiated out into space is the soft particles and photons which are normally radiated by the atoms of the material inside a sun. This is due to the activities of the fundamental particles. Because of the great mass of a sun, an abnormal concentration of these soft particles is always present in the interior. This concentration is greatest near the surface. There is a steady increase in intensity, from the centre toward the outside. This results in a continuous disintegration of a high percentage of those particles near the surface, accompanied by a great increase in temperature, which in turn, results in a greater rate of disintegration, with the release of harder particles which produce the higher temperatures. At the same time, there is an increase in the rate at which the soft particles are created. The temperature will decrease steadily as the centre is approached and any sun will have a relatively cool interior.

The principle that size is the major factor in a celestial body’s ability to radiate is confirmed by the behaviour of very large planets such as Jupiter and Saturn. An application of this principle indicates that bodies of such size should start radiating more energy than they receive from outside sources. Recent determinations indicate that Jupiter and Saturn do, in fact, radiate more energy than they seem to receive from the Sun. A probe showed a surprisingly higher temperature in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than was formerly believed to exist.

It now becomes apparent that the conventional theory which states that the radiant energy of the Sun is produced by thermonuclear reactions is complete nonsense. One thing to consider is that if this were the case, the Sun’s radiation would be so lethal that no life could exist on any of the planets in the solar system.

Occasionally, throughout the universe, the gradual build up of heat in the interior of suns becomes very much greater, possibly due to the quantity of radioactive elements in the interior caused by transmutation. In such cases, relief valves in the form of sunspots, no longer take care of the excess energy increases and large portions blow apart, releasing astronomical quantities of radiation. After the explosion, the supernova becomes a burnt out body in comparison to it’s former state. Considering the countless billions of stars within our field of vision, and since only a few supernovas have been observed down through history, it is logical to conclude that it is not the fate of the great majority of stars.

One of the phenomena concerning the Sun, which completely baffles all of the scientists, is that it seems to rotate faster at the equator than it does in the higher latitudes. Sunspots in the vicinity of the equator make a revolution about the Sun in less time than those in the higher latitudes. This is an annoying paradox which can’t be pushed aside by these scientists as it is out there for all to observe.

The part of the Sun which we see is a highly fluidic blanket. The region around the Sun’s equator could rotate faster if, and only if, a steady external pull is exerted on that region. Otherwise, internal friction would eventually produce a uniform motion. This means that bodies in orbit near the equator and close to the surface, are generating a high concentration of gravity-inducing radiations. It becomes evident that such bodies could not consist of normal matter and are probably composed of atoms and molecules made up of softer particles which are little affected by the Sun’s radiation. Such bodies could generate a concentration of gravity radiations considerably out of proportion to their masses. Being constructed of this kind of material, they would be practically invisible.

23. Errors have been made in determining the size and distance of planetary bodies. Charles Fort cited many instances of fiascos which belied astronomers’ claims of extreme accuracy in determining stellar and astronomical distances. His revelations did little to enhance their reputations as paragons of integrity.

The principles employed by astronomers in their measurements are essentially the same as those used by surveyors in measuring distances and elevations. However, some surveyors admit that they are unable to determine the height of mountains with any degree of precision and their measurements may be off by as much as 10%. Mr Cater has tested this using an altimeter which was set to zero at sea level and then driven to the top of a mountain at 42O 30’ North latitude, which is supposed to have an elevation of 9,269 feet. The altimeter reading agreed closely with the established elevations of towns along the route ranging from 1,000 to over 4,000 feet. However, at the top of the mountain, the reading was only 8,800 feet. Mr Cater then reset the altimeter to the 9,269 feet attributed to the mountain and retraced his route. At every spot on the return trip, the altimeter consistently indicated elevations more than 400 feet higher than before. Even after several months, the altimeter reading was still more than 400 feet higher than it should be. A similar test was carried out on a mountain with a recorded elevation of 4,078 feet and at the top, the altimeter showed 3,750 feet although it agreed with other established elevations much lower down.

The fact that the altimeter was accurate at all places except the top of the mountain (whose official height was found by triangulation) shows that the methods employed by surveyors and astronomers are far from being accurate. The heights of mountains determined by triangulation will always be considerably more than the true value. There are two factors involved. First, the atmosphere becomes steadily denser as one descends from the top of the mountain. Second, the orgone concentration becomes greater closer to the ground. This means that light rays from a mountain top will be refracted and so appear to be originating from a point well above the top of the mountain. This was also confirmed by a barometric test at the top of Mount Everest which indicates that it is actually 27,500 feet in elevation and not the 29,000 feet previously supposed.

A friend of Mr Cater had his property surveyed to determine the acreage. Afterwards, he checked some of the distances determined by triangulation, using a tape measure, and found significant errors. Refraction of light is clearly throwing triangulation results off. The bulk of refraction effects are caused by orgone concentration. The measurement of mountain elevations taken at different times give different values and this is due to fluctuations in orgone concentrations, which are higher on hot sunny days than on cool cloudy days. Also, they are generally higher during summer months rather than at other times of the year.

The examples above show the unreliability of results obtained by triangulation. Astronomers are faced with additional factors when they try to apply triangulation, such as the Van Allen Radiation Belt, varying concentrations of orgone throughout space, etc. It is not realistic to assume that astronomers can determine planetary and astronomical distances with great precision.

There are several factors which astrophysicists and astronomers have not taken into consideration in their calculations. Perhaps the most important of these is the fact that all electromagnetic radiations including gravity in free space, suffer an attenuation effect which is well above that of the inverse square law. Everywhere in the universe is permeated with soft and hard particles of all kinds. These particles have been radiated by planetary systems for countless ages. This principle is demonstrated by fluctuations in the velocity of light and gravity attenuation.

There is a steady decline in the velocity of light as it travels through space. The reasons for this can be seen from the following considerations. Normal light, or light which has travelled a relatively short distance from it’s source, immediately resumes it’s original velocity after passing through a dense medium such as glass or water. As shown earlier, this is due to the close bunching of photons and soft electrons in any given ray. The concentrations of particles in a ray of light tends to decrease after travelling great distances. The father it travels, the more attenuated the ray becomes. This means that its ability to increase it’s velocity after passing from a medium of a given density to one of a lesser density, will be reduced. This is, of course, due to the scattering and dissipation of particles within the ray as it encounters the conglomeration of particles moving in random directions throughout space.

Since conglomerations of soft particles permeate all known space, and the distribution is not uniform, it follows that light will experience refraction effects, even when passing through free space. Therefore, even under the best conditions, with observations being made beyond the atmosphere, astronomical observations cannot be made with any degree of accuracy. The difficulty is, of course, compounded when the observations are made inside the atmosphere. It is small wonder that Charles Fort found a wealth of evidence that completely debunked the astronomer’s claims of great precision.

The fluctuation in soft particle distribution, along with the refraction effects of the atmosphere, rules out the possibility of averaging out errors by making many observations and applying the mathematical method of least squares. Conventional statistical theory obliterates actual small variations and distorts data by such averaging out processes. The gross errors which crop up despite these methods speak for themselves.

In order to measure the orbital distance of various planets, it was necessary to find the distance of the Earth from the Sun. Originally, this was allegedly found by measuring the angles that two widely separated observation points on the Earth made with the Sun. This is known as the parallax method. The distance to the Sun was calculated from these angles and the distance between the observation points. The size of the Sun could then be determined, and knowing the orbital period of the Earth around the Sun, the Sun’s mass and surface gravity were calculated by applying the false Newtonian concept of gravitation.

More recently, the distance to the Sun, known as the “astronomical unit” was supposedly determined to a high degree of “precision” by measuring the distance of the body Eros by the parallax method when it was closest to the Earth. Knowing the period of Eros’ orbit, the distance to the Sun was calculated by the use of Kepler’s law which states that “the square of the periods of any two planets are proportional to the cube of their mean distances from the Sun”. Since the orbital periods of the planets are known to a reasonable degree of accuracy, most of the other unknowns within the solar system could be calculated by knowledge of the Sun’s alleged mass and surface gravity. By now, it should be apparent that it would be a miracle, or at least, one of the strangest coincidences ever, if the actual distances coincided even approximately with the calculated values.

If the Newtonian concept were valid and the planets were held in orbit by only the effects of the Sun’s surface gravity, then the orbital periods of the planets would be a reliable means of determining planetary distances. Since it has been proven that the concepts on which these calculations were made are false, it can be safely concluded that the size of the orbits is considerably different from what the astronomers claim. As a result of the dissipation effects of radiation, well beyond that which can be expected from the inverse square law, it follows that planetary distances are very much different from the accepted values.

This excessive attenuation of the gravity effects of the Sun is reflected in the alleged rapid increase of orbital distances of the outer planets. The supposed orbital distances are as follows:

Earth: 1.0 astronomical units.

Mars: 1.52 (difference 0.52)

The asteroids: 2.76 (difference 1.24)

Jupiter: 5.2 (difference 2.44)

Saturn: 9.58 (difference 4.38)

Uranus 19.16 (difference 9.68) and

Neptune 30.24 (difference 11.08)

It does not follow that the longer the orbital period, the greater the planetary distance. For example, within certain limits, the larger and more massive the planet is beyond a certain critical amount, the slower it must move in order to stay in a given orbit. This is because the total gravity effects of the Sun are unable to permeate and affect the entire mass to the extent that they would with a smaller planet. For example, a planet like Saturn could be placed in a stable orbit inside Earth’s orbit. Yet it would have to move so slowly in it’s orbit that it’s orbital period would be much greater than that of Earth. This means that orbital periods are not a reliable gauge for relative orbital distances.

Although planetary and stellar distances are completely unknown as far as astronomers are concerned, and at this time there are no reliable means available of determining them, the diameters of some of the inner planets, including Jupiter and Saturn, can be calculated far more accurately than any of the other values in the realm of astronomy. The orbital distances of the planetary satellites in proportion to planetary diameters as well as their periods can be accurately determined. The determination of these constants is not affected to any significant degree by the dissipating factors of light already mentioned since a planet and it’s satellites are about the same distance from the Earth. The main factor which makes it possible to approximate the diameter of any of these planets is the knowledge that they have practically the same surface gravity as Earth does.

If a satellite is very small as is the case with the satellites of Mars, a planetary diameter can be calculated with a high degree of accuracy. In fact, Mars is the only planet in the solar system whose diameter can be reliably determined. Astonishingly, Mars turns out to have a diameter of about 11,300 miles. Using unusual methods, Mr Cater has estimated the diameter of the Sun as over 2,500,000 miles and at a distance of about 277,000,000 miles from Earth. The Moon diameter at 5,200 miles at an average distance of 578,000 miles, shell thickness 115 miles and surface gravity 98% that of Earth. With a lesser degree of accuracy, the diameter of Venus is assessed at 23,000 miles and Mercury at over 8,000 miles. Jupiter diameter about 230,000 miles and Saturn about 200,000 miles. It is most unlikely that the accepted distances to the stars are even approximately correct.

24. Hard electrons travel through metals more readily than through non-metals. This indicates that they encounter more extensive positive electrostatic fields between atoms and molecules than in non-metals. At the same time, the atoms in metals are usually more mobile or free to move around than is the case with solid non-metals. This is why the best conductors of electricity are also the best conductors of heat. It is significant that all of the heavier atoms are metals, with the exception of radon which is a gas. This means that such atoms have a higher net positive charge, which causes a stronger mutual repulsion for greater distances on atoms which are not directly connected to each other. This greater extension of the positive zone around such atoms gives them more freedom without breaking the bond which holds them together. The repulsive forces of nearby atoms, increases the mobility of any given atom.

The heavier atoms contain more protons and neutrons bunched together. The outside pressure needed to hold a group of mutually repulsive particles together is independent of the number of particles present.

One might conclude that the heaviest atoms make the best conductors, but this is not the case. Silver, copper and aluminium are the best conductors although their positive field zones are not as extensive, they have less inertia and so are more easily pushed out of the path of a flow of hard electrons. Electrons which flow along conductors are continually colliding with atoms in motion. Therefore, it require a steady application of electromotive force at the ends of the conductor in order to keep them flowing. The atoms of non-metals are more firmly locked into position and therefore do not have that much of a tendency to move out of the way and this is why they make good insulators. Electrons follow the lines of least resistance and so they tend to move on the surface of the conductor where there is less tendency to collide with atoms.

The rules governing the conductivity of soft electrons are somewhat different from those of hard electrons. Soft electrons are enormous when compared to hard electrons. This can be seen when considering that the average diameter of a particle is directly proportional to it’s so-called wavelength of the light comprising it (or inversely proportional to the frequency). The ethers associated with atoms and their fundamental particles are much higher in frequency than those associated with soft particles. This means that atoms will offer little resistance to the passage of soft electrons. However, the magnetic fields resulting from thermal agitation of certain atoms and molecules are involved with ethers which are closer in frequency to the ethers directly associated with soft electrons. Consequently, soft electrons will interact with these fields. This explains why metals in general offer greater resistance to the passage of soft electrons than do non-metals.

The ordinary electrical transformer presents an enigma. The secondary of the transformer continues to pour out or eject electrons from a seemingly unlimited source. There is a limited quantity of free electrons in conductors which should be exhausted quite quickly. The standard argument used to account for the source of current is that free electrons in the circuit supply the electrons and are used over and over again. A simple calculation demonstrates that free electrons in conductors are not the source of electricity.

Consider a wire two millimetres in diameter which carries about 10 amps of current. The electron flow is concentrated near the surface of the wire. Since the electricity in a conductor travels at about the speed of light, such a wire 186,000 miles long would have 10 coulombs of electricity distributed over it’s surface at any instant. The surface area of this wire is 1,840,000 square metres. A parallel plate capacitor having this plate area and a separation of one millimetre, would have a capacity of 0.016 farads. Even with a potential across it’s plates of 100 volts, it would still only be able to concentrate an equivalent of 1.6 coulombs, and a good part of this electrostatic charge would be due to the displacement of the electrons and protons of the atoms. This voltage is more than enough to concentrate all of the free electrons on the surface of the plates. Similarly, all of the free electrons in the wire example would be involved if the current were maintained with 100 volts. Of course, a wire this long would have too much resistance to carry any appreciable current with 100 volts, but this has nothing to do with the argument just given. As a matter of fact, even 6 volts is far more than enough to produce a current of 10 amps in a wire of 2 mm diameter. Therefore, there aren’t enough free electrons in any conductor to supply any appreciable current. This means that the source of electrons in current flow is not coming from free electrons in the conductor. The conclusion is therefore that the hard electrons somehow manage to get through the insulation of the conductor and flow into the wire from outside.

By the law of action and reaction, since a current has inertia, any change in the primary current of a transformer produces a force in the opposite direction in the secondary. This reactive force produces a disturbance of the ethers which produce the voltage or Electromotive Force as a result of increased ether bombardment. The EMF induced in the secondary winding of the transformer, creates a temporary electric void in the wire which draws all kinds of negative charges to the wire. The softer electrons quickly penetrate the insulation and stop at the surface of the wire as they do not travel as readily through a hard electron conductor. These softer electrons absorb most of the electrostatic forces in the insulation which impede the flow of hard electrons, allowing the hard electrons to pass through the insulation and enter the wire.

Electrical charges, composed of photons in nearly all the frequency ranges, permeate all space, since they are continually radiated by stars throughout the universe. They are no easily detected as they are in the form of conglomerates with the harder particles residing inside the softer ones. The resulting combinations are highly penetrating and it takes something like a voltage induced in a conductor to separate the harder particles from the softer ones. The performance of a transformer can be greatly impaired by completely shielding the secondary winding with a good conductor of electricity such as copper or pure aluminium. This is because the shield tends to impede the flow of soft particles to the secondary. This effect has been verified by experiment.

The terms “EMF” and “voltage” need clarification. The true nature of the phenomena associated with these terms has never been fully understood. All that has been known is that if a conductor is exposed to an EMF, a flow of electricity is produced. Also, voltage is associated with the amount of energy or work which a current is capable of producing. An EMF of a given value can induce a current with a definite voltage. The voltage produced is directly proportional to the EMF impressed on the conductor. Also, the energy of the current is directly proportional to the voltage. The amperage of a current is a measure of the number of electrons passing through each segment of a conductor per second. Since wattage, or the total kinetic energy of this current flow is equal to the amperage multiplied by the voltage, it follows that the amperage is also directly proportional to the energy of the current flow. Therefore, Voltage is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the electrons flowing along the conductor. This in turn, is directly proportional to the square of the average velocity of the electrons. This simple definition of voltage is sadly lacking in all standard textbooks.

An EMF induces an accelerating force on an electron. What is the nature of this force? Basically, there are two methods of producing an EMF. One is by subjecting the conductor to a fluctuating magnetic field, and the other is by exposing the conductor to a difference of potential, such as connecting it between the opposite poles of a battery. In that instance, one battery pole has a negative charge while the opposite pole is positive. The flow of electrons is the result of an electron concentration at one point tending to flow to an area where there is a shortage.

The EMF is produced by direct electrostatic force, which in turn, has a dual nature. There is the tendency for negative charges to be attracted to positive charges, and then there is also the mutual repulsion between negative charges. The voltage attained is directly proportional to the difference of potential existing between the poles of that battery. The difference of potential is equal to the kinetic energy gained by the electrons in moving from one potential to the other.

The EMF produced by a fluctuating magnetic field gives the same results but the process is different. When a conductor is subjected to a fluctuating magnetic field, as with the secondary winding of a transformer, the “free” electrons of the conductor and the outer electrons of the atoms which are not as intimately associated with the atoms, are exposed to differential ether bombardments. It is equivalent to an electrostatic force. When a magnetic field changes, the change does not take place simultaneously throughout that volume of space occupied by the field but it progresses from one portion to another. This creates differential electrostatic ether particle bombardments on electrons within the field. When a conductor cuts magnetic lines as with an AC generator, the electrons are subjected to the same conditions experienced by electrons moving between the poles of a magnet. The accelerating force will be in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the electrons in the conductor are found to move.

If there were even a small fraction of the free electrons existing in the matter as is believed by our physicists, the negative charge effects of matter would be so great that these bodies would be unable to get close to each other. Much of the charge on capacitors comes from outside the capacitor, as is the case with the flow of electricity in conductors. Actually, free electrons in a conductor are practically non-existent. Hard electrons which are not a part of the atoms are captured by soft particles which permeate matter. The soft particles release hard electrons when subjected to the EMF in a current, or the voltage across the plates of a capacitor.

The current in a straight wire is evenly distributed along the surface where the electron flow encounters the least resistance. The released hard electrons which are directly affected by the EMF, tend to move as a unit partially held together by mutual magnetic attraction. This unit leaves a temporary void behind it which is quickly filled by surrounding hard electrons. Many such groups are started almost simultaneously in a conductor at about the speed of light, although the electrons themselves travel at a much lower velocity. When an EMF is applied to a conductor, something akin to the domino effect is set up in the ethers. This effect travels at the speed of light since it is produced in a similar manner.

That the source of electricity flowing in power lines as well as that produced by generators, comes from soft particles which permeate and surround the area, has been proven during auroral displays. When aurora activity is unusually high, transformers in Canada have been known to burn out and even explode. At the same time, increase of current flow in power lines has been great enough to trip circuit breakers as far south as Texas. As explained earlier, the concentration of soft electrons in the atmosphere is greatly increased during auroral phenomena. Some areas receive higher concentrations than others at the same latitude.

A loop of wire or a coil offers impedance to alternating current. This property is known as “inductance”. Since a single loop of wire has inductance, it follows that the effect can be explained in terms of one loop. Electrons tend to travel along the surface of a conductor as that is the path of least resistance. The major source of this electricity is the high concentration of soft electrons which gather around a conductor and permeate the material. This is due to the relatively high positive charge of the conductor. The greatest concentration is found at the surface and a short distance below the surface. When an EMF is applied to the conductor, free electrons are set in motion. During this process, soft electrons concentrated at and just below the surface tend to disintegrate and release more hard electrons. This is enhanced by the concentration of the soft electrons, which is turn causes an agitation of the soft particles, causing them to become highly unstable.

In a straight wire, most of this disintegration and nearly all of the electron flow takes place below the surface. This condition greatly shortens the mean free path of the electrons and the flow stops immediately after the applied EMF is shut off. Consequently, an alternating current will encounter the same ohmic resistance in a straight wire as will a direct current. However, the situation is different when the conductor is looped.

When an EMF is applied to a loop, the free or released hard electrons below the surface are forced to the outside by centrifugal force, whence a still greater disintegration of soft electrons occurs because the greatest concentration is at the surface. The mean free path of the electrons is greatly increased and the flow continues for a brief period after the EMF travelling in the direction of the current flow ceases. When the EMF continues in the opposite direction as in the case of an alternating current, the force must oppose the momentum of the electron flow still continuing in the opposite direction to that of the new EMF direction. It follows that this impedance will be directly proportional to the number of turns and to the frequency of the AC. It is logical to assume that the deceleration rate of the electron flow is a constant when the EMF is zero. This means that the more quickly that the EMF is applied in the opposite direction, the higher the velocity of flow that will be encountered. It will be a linear function.

It would now seem evident that when the AC is rectified of has been changed to a pulsed DC, the coil will produce an increase in amperage where a straight wire will not. Experiments have confirmed this. It was found that the input amperage of a current was greatly increased after it passed through a coil. The increase was greatest during the initial stage of the applied EMF and soon dropped to a lower value as the concentration of soft electrons around the wire was reduced. It follows that a coil will offer impedance only to an AC current. It follows that pulsed DC has numerous advantages over AC. It can be used to operate transformers as well as AC without suffering impedance.

A steady direct current experiences the same resistance in a coil as it does in a straight wire of the same length. The fluctuating EMF produces extreme agitation of the soft electrons around and inside the wire, resulting in the disintegration of a large percentage of them, and the release of a high concentration of hard electrons. This does not occur during the steady flow of direct current. During the initial application of DC there is a surge of additional current during the build-up of the EMF. When the current is shut off, there will be a momentary surge of current in the opposite direction. The excess of electrons on the surface of the conductor and in the coil will naturally flow towards the void outside the coil and in the opposite direction to which the current was flowing. The concepts just outlined can be applied when building a self-sustaining electric generator.

When an alternating current is applied to a coil, the EMF must overcome the impedance each time the EMF changes direction. The greatest amount of resistance occurs at the beginning of each change and then steadily decreases as the current builds up. The resistance will be at a minimum when the current reaches it’s maximum. With AC, the EMF changes direction very frequently and so the maximum resistance is encountered for a high percentage of the time.

The flow of electrons in a wire results in a circular magnetic flow around that wire. As mentioned previously, the magnetic effects between electrons moving together tend to cancel each other out. They are drawn together and the resulting ethers encompass the entire group. This also occurs between adjacent wire segments in a coil. The magnetic effects are cancelled out between the segments and a continuous ether flow, encompassing the entire coil, perpendicular to the direction of the current flow, will occur. The solenoid will then behave like a bar magnet with continuous lines of force.

The Earth’s atmosphere produces geomagnetism in much the same way that a solenoid produces a magnetic field. Changes in the atmosphere move along with the Earth in a circular motion. Although there is little motion of the charges relative to the surface, a magnetic field is still created. Magnetic lines, or ethers, flow from the South magnetic region to the North magnetic region as a result of these rotating charges.

25. Despite the fact that our illustrious physicists have managed to develop as highly a destructive device as a nuclear bomb, they still have no concept of the nature and source of the energy released after a detonation. As with all other well-known phenomena, they try to create the illusion that they comprehend and have explained it. As a matter of fact, academic science has not yet supplied satisfactory explanations for any of the simplest and most common everyday phenomena. The energy released by nuclear devices is explained away by stating that it is a conversion of matter into energy in accordance with the false Einstein relation E = mc2. Many readers, especially those steeped in orthodoxy, may be shocked to learn there is no conversion of mass into energy during such a process, nor by any process in which energy is released! The tremendous heat produced in a nuclear blast means that an abnormal quantity of hard electrons were suddenly released by the complete disintegration of all the soft electrons within the area of the explosion. The intense light that accompanies the blast is the result of the photons set free by the disintegration of those soft electrons.

The key to the triggering of the reaction is the neutron. As indicated earlier, a neutron is equivalent to a collapsed hydrogen atom, and yet it is more than this. A hydrogen atom has a strong net positive charge, while the neutron has no net charge. This means that a neutron has collected far more hard electrons than a hydrogen atom. Since a neutron has no charge, it cannot add to the weight of an atom, as is commonly believed.

The concepts introduced in this treatise render all of the old beliefs concerning atomic structure invalid. The weight of an atom is dependent almost entirely on the number of orbital electrons and the number of protons in it’s nucleus. This will be discussed in more detail later. There is an exception or two to the above rule in the case of certain radioactive elements where the presence of neutrons can actually reduce the weight of an atom. An interchange of excess electrons between protons and neutrons within the nucleus, and thus transformations of protons into neutrons and vice versa, can occur. The neutrons greatly outnumber the protons in the heavier atoms, especially those that are radioactive. During the interchanges between neutrons and protons, excess neutrons disintegrate into protons and hard electrons are ejected from some of the atoms. This results in a transformation of such atoms. Simultaneously, the tremendous interactions between electrons released in this manner as well as from the disintegration of soft electrons in the vicinity cause the higher ethers to be disturbed, ultimately resulting in the production of gamma rays.

The isotope of the more common uranium 238 atom known as U235 is lighter yet it is fissionable and more radioactive than the uranium 238. It is lighter because it supposedly has fewer neutrons than the ordinary uranium atom. The opposite is actually the case. The U235 having more neutrons is more radioactive. The greater interactions within the nucleus result in more hard electrons being released, which reduces the overall positive charge of it’s nucleus.

There is a continuous interchange of ejected protons transforming back into neutrons and vice versa among the U235 atoms. A similar but less violent interchange takes place among the atoms of U238. A low percentage of the U238 atoms receive more than their share of these interchanges and thus transform into U235 atoms. Most of the hard electrons released which contribute to such interchanges and transformations is the result of the disintegration of soft electrons which permeate the atoms. It follows that the main contributing factor of radioactivity is the presence of soft electrons which house the hard electrons! Therefore, if the soft electron concentration throughout the vicinity of a radioactive substance is reduced, it will lose much of it’s radioactivity. By now, it has no doubt occurred to the reader, that a Reich cloud-buster pointed at a radioactive material would cause it to lose it’s radioactivity! This has been proven to be the case. For example, a glowing piece of radium stops radiating when it is placed in front of a cloud-buster.

The source of the energy released during a nuclear blast is now becoming clear. When a fissionable material like U235 or plutonium is bombarded with additional neutrons, the increased activity in the nuclei causes even the most stable soft electrons in the vicinity to disintegrate. A chain reaction of soft electron disintegration in areas well beyond the confines of the fissionable material results. All of the hard electrons and protons originally camouflaged by the soft particles are suddenly released. A tremendous gamma ray production also occurs. Adequate quantities of fissionable materials suddenly brought together can result in a sufficient increase of neutron bombardment of the interior atoms to produce such a result. It is known as the ‘critical mass’. The proper fusion of hydrogen atoms can also cause enough soft electron disintegration to produce a similar result. It is now apparent there is no conversion of mass into energy during the process. All of the fundamental particles of the atoms involved remain intact. In fact, there is even more mass following a blast than there was previously, as a result of the additional hard electrons and protons released. Once again, it is obvious that the Theory of Relativity is in no way concerned.

The monstrous hoax fostered on the public by the Defence Department of the Government, now becomes more than obvious. A Reich cloud-buster can completely deactivate nuclear devices for great distances by drawing away the soft electron concentration from the vicinity of such device. In fact, a cloud-buster can be used for downing fleets of planes carrying nuclear weapons. Combustion is also dependent on soft electron concentrations which of course includes jet engines. Therefore jet engines or missiles cannot function in an area affected by a cloud-buster. The fact that a simple cloud-buster can deactivate a nuclear reactor from a great distance has been proven on numerous occasions. For example, during the time Reich was carrying out intensive experiments with a cloud-buster in Arizona in the early 1950s, a large reactor several hundred miles to the southeast quit functioning. This means that hundreds of billions of tax dollars are being funnelled every year to support a multibillion dollar nuclear industry and other related industries which are rendered obsolete by the device used by Reich.

It is evident that the proper use of the cloud-buster could throw modern warfare back to the stone age. Obviously the drawing of soft particles away from any group would completely enervate each individual and even turn him into a block of frozen flesh. Although a cloud-buster could not completely deactivate a particle beam weapon it could bring down any craft carrying such a device before it could get into position. The potential of the cloud-buster is perhaps greater than even Reich himself realised. Since heat is transferred from one body to another by soft electrons which release harder electrons, the cloud-buster can be used as a highly efficient refrigeration system by drawing soft electrons away from a body. It has been made apparent that this simple device can render present fire fighting techniques obsolete. By use of the cloud-buster in the proper manner, the loss of life and property from fire and storms could become a thing of the past. It also provides dramatic proof of the validity of many of the new concepts introduced in this treatise.

Radioactivity was the subject of a ridiculous, if not amusing, fiasco more than two decades ago when two physicists, Lee and Yang, received the Nobel Prize in 1957. The incident, which was given wide publicity, concerned an error in the parity principle. The parity principle has been defined as "a mathematical concept impossible to define in physical terms". How such a concept could have any bearing on physical reality is not made clear. Generally, anything relating to reality can be defined in terms of reality, which is in conformity with the Law of Cause and Effect.

Incredibly, an experiment was devised to test the validity of this great revelation. It was based on the idea that a radioactive substance should eject more particles in one preferred direction, than in any other. Radioactive cobalt was chosen. It was cooled down to near absolute zero and exposed to a powerful magnetic field produced by a solenoid, in order to align the nuclei. Another physicist, a Dr. Wu, had devoted six months of hard work setting up the experiment. Indeed, it was found that more particles were ejected out of one pole of the solenoid than the other. Which pole was it? Of course, it was the pole out of which the magnetic lines flowed. Naturally, the experiment merely demonstrated that particles tend to travel down magnetic lines of force. The excess of particles that came out of the pole were those barely ejected from the atom. They had such a low initial velocity that, regardless of what direction they happened to be travelling initially, the magnetic field would dictate their final direction of travel.

Lee and Yang were accorded every scientific honour, including the Nobel Prize, as a result of this experiment. Instead of giving them the Nobel Prize, the awarding of an Oscar would have been more appropriate. Accompanying the extensive publicity given this comedy act was a photo appearing in a prominent magazine showing one of the recipients pointing to a grotesque mathematical equation containing over 100 terms! He was allegedly explaining the reasoning behind their great revelation.

The great nuclear scare scam should rate as the biggest lie of the century. This fabrication is so colossal even Mr Cater is somewhat embarrassed to admit he was also taken in by it, as everyone else was, except those directly involved in the conspiracy but Mr Cater never questioned it as he had other universally accepted beliefs. The long-hidden truth is this: radiation from radioactive substances is relatively harmless! One can actually swim in water from so-called high level nuclear waste, drink the water and actually thrive on it. Also one can handle pure U235 and even plutonium (the fuel for A-bombs) with bare hands all day long, and suffer no ill effects. Of course excessive exposure to this radiation can be inimical, as can occur from any other type of radiation such as sunlight. The effects, however, are immediate and not long-lasting if the source of the trouble is removed. The popular belief that mutations can result from this radiation that effects future generations, is complete nonsense. A study of the effects on the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki bear this out. The only mutations are immediate damage to cells and subsequent malfunctions from ultra-high concentrations.

For the above revelations we are indebted to a courageous and dedicated individual who worked for 35 years in the nuclear industry. He was intimately involved in every aspect of the production of nuclear fuels and the building of reactors. He is Galen Windsor, of Richland, Washington. The so-called lethal nuclear radiations are relatively harmless, with very limited penetration. In 1987, Galen had already lectured in 77 different cities over a two-year period. His credentials are impressive. He has worked in every major reactor decommissioning project in America. He was involved in the analytical process inventory control, which was responsible for measuring and controlling the nuclear fuel inventory for these projects. He has few peers in this field and all of them agree with him but are afraid to speak out. He is one of the world's greatest authorities of nuclear radiation measurement.

He and others did plutonium processing using their bare hands until radiation monitors were installed at every reactor. Rules were laid down as to the amount of exposure to radiation that must not be exceeded. If the rules were not followed, the worker disappeared and was never seen again by anyone. The reason is obvious. If word leaked out that radioactive materials below critical mass were harmless, then there would be widespread pilfering of such products. The Iie that radioactive materials can be handled only with extreme safety precautions must be maintained at all costs. The high-level disposal act of 1982 calls for the permanent disposal of the so-called high level waste 3,000 feet underground. This high level waste consists of reusable uranium fuel and contains useful metal isotopes. Every ton of it is worth about 10 million US dollars.

Enough has been collected to pay off the National Debt. Portland General Electric owns the Trojan reactor and had a storage basin problem. Windsor offered to take all of their spent fuel off their hands. He would ship it, store it, and do everything that needed to be done at no expense to them, if they would give it to him. They told him "Go to Hell, Galen Windsor - we value it more than plutonium or gold. We are going to play the plutonium future ourselves".

Windsor was taken to California in 1965 to help design and build a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. After it was built in 1973, a presidential order was issued which said the plant was not to be run. At that time, they had 170 metric tons of spent fuel stored in the basin. Also, the maximum allowed exposure was further reduced by a factor of 10. This was the beginning of Windsor's rebellion against "The Establishment". He began swimming in a 660,000 gallon pool containing the spent fuel. The radioactive materials it contained were enough to maintain a water temperature of 100° F and the water would glow with a bluish light in the dark. He discovered that the tank provided good drinking water.

Windsor was also asked about what was in the burial sites of so-called low-level nuclear waste. The answer was that there are no nuclear wastes, only materials produced in a reactor to be recovered and used beneficially. Low-level waste is an excuse for a Federally-mandated non-inspectable disposal system, so that organised crime can get rid of any evidence they want, and that it can never be dug up again. Also, so that no one finds out whose bodies are in those drums. This is what is contained in barrels that are dropped in the ocean.

Windsor also stated, (and he was in a position to know), that in 1947 the United States sent to the USSR all the necessary materials and technology to build A-bombs! This was under the approval of President Truman. In 1949, they exploded their first A-bomb. Later, the Rosenbergs were executed for allegedly turning over nuclear "secrets" to the Russians.

According to Windsor, by 1975 large reactors no longer had a future. They are being phased out. The notorious Three-Mile Island incident was no accident. It did no damage and no one was harmed. But, it did impress upon the public the alleged danger of reactors. Windsor advocated the use of many small reactors systematically distributed. They could be not only used for producing adequate quantities of electricity, but for obviating refrigeration of packaged foods. When briefly exposed to the radiation from such reactors they will keep indefinitely. A Federal energy cartel is the reason that the effective use of many smaller reactors is not implemented. They control the amount of electricity, the availability and the price. Windsor stated that no reactors have been built correctly. In any event, reactors can in no way, match the use of self-sustaining electric generators for electricity, but their use in preserving food is intriguing.

From the above, it becomes obvious that recent publicity concerning the danger of radon gas in homes is another monstrous hoax! It could be mixed with oxygen in sizeable quantities and breathed for long periods without damage.

The question now arising is why are the radiations from radioactive sources relatively harmless? Three types of radiation emanate from them: alpha, beta and gamma rays. Alpha rays consist of helium nuclei or a small group of protons, neutrons and electrons. The number of neutrons and protons are still unknown despite the vaunted claims of nuclear physicists. Since they are totally ignorant as to their true nature, the nature of gravity and soft particle physics, they have no means of determining such values. Beta particles are the hard electrons of ordinary electricity, and gamma rays are negative charges comprised of ether particles in the same range as that of hard electrons. As such, they have no more penetrating ability than a stream of hard electrons and are no more damaging than the hard electrons when they do penetrate. Since they are comprised of the same ethers as atoms and molecules, it follows that they will not penetrate matter as readily as softer particles. This leaves the alpha rays. It has already been shown that positive charges are inimical to living tissues since they tend to absorb the negative charges living organisms require. However, alpha particles also have little penetrating ability for the same reasons as given above, and quickly absorb electrons to become harmless helium gas. Windsor gave demonstrations of such facts at his lectures by use of a Geiger counter.

The capture of large quantities of alpha particles by high concentrations of orgone energy is another matter. Reich termed it deadly orgone energy. The orgone enters the body and releases alpha particles throughout vital organs and produces what is known as radiation sickness. Reich and his assistants had this experience. When the source of the trouble was removed they quickly recovered. Occasionally, deadly orgone can remain in the body and at later periods, release the positive charges at various times, thus causing severe after-effects. This problem can be alleviated by treatments inside orgone accumulators or pyramids after being exposed to the deadly orgone. This is what Reich and his helpers did.

Galen Windsor also stated that the bomb dropped on Hiroshima contained 20 pounds of U235. The one exploded over Nagasaki had 2.5 kilograms or about 5 pounds of plutonium. This values were jealously guarded secrets for a long time. Windsor is likely the first one who has dared reveal it to the public. The author was acquainted with the late Stanislaw Ulam, a mathematician who had calculated the critical mass of these elements for bombs while working on the Manhattan project. It was a deep, dark secret and he would have parted with his life before he would reveal anything so sacred. The degree of the hang-up officialdom has on secrecy is of a magnitude difficult to comprehend, and the steps they have taken to insure it is even more mind-boggling. It is so infantile and childish that there are no words in the English language to describe it adequately.

Radioactive substances such as plutonium, produce their own heat and the larger the mass, the higher the temperature of the mass. This follows identically, the same principle by which the Sun generates it’s energy or the ratio between mass and surface area. The essential difference is that plutonium can do in a few cubic inches what ordinary matter does in a ball 2,500,000 miles in diameter!

Interestingly enough, Windsor looks about 30 years younger than his chronological age would indicate. He also stated he always sustained a healthy tan from his work with radioactive substances. It is significant that Reich and his assistant had a similar experience in their work with orgone energy. It is clear Windsor and Reich were exposed to the same energies, high concentrations of soft electrons. The constant exposure to high orgone concentrations during his working hours is what has kept Galen Windsor young. Of course the high orgone concentrations was produced by soft electrons clustering around the radioactive substances which produced a constant flow of positive charges.

You may wonder why Windsor and certain others could handle radioactive substances with impunity while others have either died or suffered from serious physical problems after being exposed to the radiation. As mentioned earlier, radioactive materials radiate highly positively charged particles which are extremely inimical. Some are absorbed by soft electrons and become DOR (deadly orgone energy). They can enter the body and remain for long periods before disintegrating and releasing the deadly particles. These particles are very sluggish when compared to negative particles including soft electrons.

The victims of radioactive fallout are not exposed for any significant period to high concentrations of positive charges. Also, the area of exposure is very large; consequently, the Coanda effect does not come into play and there is no rush of orgone energy to alleviate the situation as was the case with Windsor when he was directly exposed to ultra high concentrations of radioactive materials. Any victim of radioactive contamination can be cured by being exposed to high concentrations of orgone for extended periods as was Reich and his assistants after experiencing radioactive sickness. They had received a heavy dose of DOR as mentioned earlier. Being exposed to high concentrations of radioactivity is equivalent to being placed in an orgone accumulator.

-------------------------

This is only a summary of part of Mr Cater’s book which has 586 pages. A number of topics are not even mentioned here. Mr Cater also speaks of:

Superconductivity.

The properties of Helium at low temperatures.

Mystery spots on Earth, including the famous Oregon Vortex.

Gravitational anomalies.

The origin of the Van Allen Radiation Belt.

The research of William Reich.

Orgone energy.

The Oranur Experiment.

The Reich Cloud Buster (which is also a weapon of major power).

Atmospheric phenomena.

Three practical Free-Energy devices.

The great potential of crystals in the obtaining of Free-Energy.

The work of Nikola Tesla with Free-Energy.

The Searle Effect and many other topics.

If you wish to buy a copy of his book, it is supposedly available at these two outlets:

http://www.healthresearchbooks.com/ or in the UK from http://www.amazon.co.uk . I have ordered and paid for a copy of this book on three occasions and every time, the supplier claimed to be unable to supply what was advertised for sale

So, having absorbed some of what Mr Cater has to say, do you feel that you have been treated fairly, and that the true scientific details were presented to you as part of your general education?

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-devices.110mb.com

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 12: Basic Electronics

Introduction

This document is not an in-depth presentation of the subject of electronics. Instead, it is intended to give you sufficient (empirical) knowledge of the subject to be able to understand, design and build simple circuits such as the control circuits used with the ‘Free Energy’ devices described in the later parts of this eBook.

Disclaimer

This material is provided for information purposes only. Should you decide to attempt construction of some device based on information presented here and injure yourself or any other person, I am not liable in any way. To clarify this; should you construct something in a heavy box and drop it on your toe, I am not liable for any injury you may sustain (you should learn to be more careful). If you attempt to construct some electronic circuit and burn yourself with the soldering iron, I am not liable. Also, I strongly recommend that unless you are expert in electronics, you do not construct any device using, or producing more than 30 Volts - high voltage circuits are extremely dangerous and should be avoided until you gain experience or can obtain the help and supervision of a person experienced in constructing high voltage circuits.

Voltage.

Voltage is the key to understanding electronics. Without voltage, nothing happens in electronics. What is it? Nobody knows. We know how to generate it. We know what it does. We know how to measure it, but nobody knows what it actually is.

It is also called “Electro Motive Force” or “EMF” which is no help whatsoever in knowing what it is. That, is roughly equivalent to saying “the thing that pushes is the thing that pushes” - very true but absolutely no help whatsoever. OK, having admitted that we really don't know what it is, we can start to say the things we do know about it:

A new battery has a voltage between its terminals. This voltage is said to cause a current to flow through any complete electrical circuit placed across it. The current flowing through the circuit can cause various things to happen such as creating light, creating sound, creating heat, creating magnetism, creating movement, creating sparks, etc., etc.

By using the current caused by a voltage, a device called a ‘Voltmeter’ can indicate how big the voltage is. The bigger the voltage, the bigger the current and the bigger the display on the voltmeter. The voltmeter can have a numerical display where you read the voltage directly from the display, or it can be an ‘analogue’ voltmeter where the voltage is shown by the position of a needle on a scale. The size of the voltage is stated in ‘Volts’ which is a unit of measurement named after the man Volta who introduced voltage to the world (it was always there, we just did not know about it).

Voltages add up if they are connected the same way round, i.e. with the + terminals all facing the same way:

The physical size of the battery usually determines the length of time it can supply any given current - the bigger the battery, the longer it can provide any given current. A battery is constructed from a number of ‘cells’. The number of cells in the battery controls the voltage of the battery. For example, an ‘AA’ size battery (what used to be called a ‘penlight’ battery) has a single ‘cell’ and so produces 1.5 Volts when new. The very much larger and heavier ‘D’ battery also has just one cell and so it also produces 1.5 Volts when new. The difference (apart from the higher cost of the ‘D’ cell) is that the larger cell can provide a much higher current if both batteries are discharged over the same period of time.

There are several different types of battery construction. A rechargeable NiCad battery has a single cell but its construction method means that it produces about 1.35 Volts when fully charged. In passing, NiCad batteries have a ‘memory’ characteristic which means that if they are recharged before they are fully discharged, then the next time they are discharged they run out of power at the voltage level it had when the last charging was started. Consequently, it is a good idea to fully discharge a NiCad battery before charging it again.

Car and motorcycle batteries are described as Lead/Acid batteries. This type of construction is not very convenient being large, heavy and potentially corrosive. The big advantages are the ability to provide very high currents and giving 2.0 Volts per cell. These batteries are normally produced as 6 Volt or 12 Volt units. The Amp-Hours for lead/acid car batteries is usually quoted for a 20 hour discharge period, so a fully charged, new, 20 AHr battery can provide 1 Amp for 20 hours of continuous use. That battery loaded to give 5 Amps, will not provide that current for 4 hours but might only last 2 hours, or perhaps a little better. The manufacturers literature should give an indication of the performance, but if it is important, run your own test to see how the battery actually works in practice.

“Mains units” are known in the electronics world as “Power Supply Units” or “PSUs” for short. These convert the mains voltage (220 Volts in UK, 110 Volts in USA) to some convenient low voltage; 12 Volts, 9 Volts, 6 Volts, or whatever is needed. A mains unit can provide several different voltages simultaneously.

Resistance.

Being familiar with Voltage and Resistance is the key to understanding electronic circuitry. Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through something. Some materials such as glass, ceramics, wood and most plastics do not easily carry a current and so are considered to be ‘insulators’. That is why you will see power lines hung from their pylons by a series of ceramic discs. Current flows easily through metals, especially along the surface of the metal, so cables are made from metal wires surrounded by a layer of plastic insulation. The higher grade cables have wire cores made up of many small-diameter strands as this increases the surface area of the metal for any given cross-sectional area of the metal core (it also makes the cable more flexible, and generally, more expensive).

There is a very important, third group of materials, silicon and germanium in particular, which fall between conductors and insulators. Not surprisingly, these are called ‘semi-conductors’ and the amount of current they can carry depends on the electrical conditions in which they are placed. Much, much more about this later on.

While a metal wire carries current very well, it is not perfect at the job and so has some ‘resistance’ to current flowing through it. The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance. The shorter the wire, the lower the resistance. The first researchers used this characteristic to control the way circuits operated. Sometimes, as higher resistances were needed, the researcher used to need long lengths of wire which would get tangled up. To control the wire, a board with nails along each side was used and the wire wound backwards and forwards across the board like this:

When drawing a circuit diagram, the researcher would sketch the wire on the board giving a zig-zag line which is still used today to represent a ‘resistor’ although different methods of construction are now used. An alternative symbol for a resistor is a plain rectangle as shown above.

If a resistor is connected across a battery, a circuit is formed and a current flows around the circuit. The current cannot be seen but that does not mean that it is not there. Current is measured in ‘Amps’ and the instrument used to display it is an ‘ammeter’. If we place an ammeter in the circuit, it will show the current flowing around the circuit. In passing, the ammeter itself, has a small resistance and so putting it in the circuit does reduce the current flow around the circuit very slightly. Also shown is a bulb. If the current flowing around the circuit is sufficiently high and the bulb chosen correctly, then the bulb will light up, showing that current is flowing, while the ammeter will indicate exactly how much current is flowing:

Shown on the right, is the way that this circuit would be shown by an electronics expert (the ‘Resistor’, ‘Ammeter’ and ‘Lamp’ labels would almost certainly not be shown). There are several different styles of drawing circuit diagrams, but they are the same in the basic essentials. One important common feature is that unless there is some very unusual and powerful reason not to do so, every standard style circuit diagram will have the positive voltage line horizontally at the top of the diagram and the negative as a horizontal line at the bottom. These are often referred to as the positive and negative ‘rails’. Where possible, the circuit is drawn so that its operation takes place from left to right, i.e. the first action taken by the circuit is on the left and the last action is placed on the right.

Resistors are manufactured in several sizes and varieties. They come in ‘fixed’ and ‘variable’ versions. The most commonly used are the ‘fixed’ carbon ‘E12’ range. This is a range of values which has 12 resistor values which repeat: 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82 and then: 100, 120, 150, 180, 220, 270, 330, 390, 470, 560, 680, 820 and then: 1000, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2200, 2700, 3300, 3900, 4700, 5600, 6800, 8200, etc. etc. Nowadays, circuits often carry very little power and so the resistors can, and are, made in very small physical sizes. The higher the resistance value of a resistor, the less current will flow through it when a voltage is placed across it. As it can be difficult to see printing on small resistors clustered together on a circuit board and surrounded by other larger components, the resistor values are not written on the resistors, instead, the resistors are colour-coded. The unit of measurement for resistors is the ‘ohm’ which has a very small size. Most resistors which you encounter will be in the range 100 ohms to 1,000,000 ohms. The higher the resistance of any resistor, the smaller the current which will flow through it.

The colour code used on resistors is:

0 Black

1 Brown

2 Red

3 Orange

4 Yellow

5 Green

6 Blue

7 Purple (Violet if your colour vision is very good)

8 Grey

9 White

Each resistor has typically, three colour bands to indicate its value. The first two bands are the numbers and the third band is the number of noughts:

Green: 5 Yellow: 4

Blue: 6 Purple: 7

Red: 2 noughts Green: 5 noughts

Value: 5,600 ohms or 5.6K or 5K6 Value: 4,700,000 ohms or 4.7M or 4M7

The colour bands are read from left to right and the first band is close to one end of the body of the resistor. There is often a fourth band which indicates the manufacturing tolerance: you can ignore that band.

Examples:

Red, Red, Red: 2 2 00 ohms or 2K2

Yellow, Purple, Orange: 4 7 000 ohms or 47K

Brown, Black, Brown: 1 0 0 ohms or 100R

Orange, Orange, Orange: 3 3 000 ohms or 33K

Brown, Green, Red: 1 5 00 ohms or 1K5

Brown, Green, Black: 1 5 no noughts, or 15 ohms

Blue, Grey, Orange: 6 8 000 ohms or 68K

Brown, Green, Green: 1 5 00000 ohms or 1,500,000 ohms or 1M5

Yellow, Purple, Brown: 4 7 0 ohms

As there are only 12 standard resistor values per decade, there are only 12 sets of the first two colour bands:

10: Brown/Black,

12: Brown/Red,

15: Brown/Green,

18: Brown/Grey

22: Red/Red,

27: Red/Purple

33: Orange/Orange,

39: Orange/White

47: Yellow/Purple

56: Green/Blue

68: Blue/Grey

82: Grey/Red

The details above give you all the basic information on resistor colour codes but there are a few additional refinements. There is an extra colour band further down the body of the resistor as shown here:

This extra band is used to indicate the manufacturing tolerance of the construction of the resistor. Resistor values are never exact and this rarely has any significant effect on their use in circuits. If some circuit needs very accurate resistor values in it, then buy several resistors of the same nominal value and use an ohm-meter to measure that actual value of each particular resistor and if none are perfect, then use two or more resistors to give the exact value wanted.

The tolerance band has the following codes:

Silver is ± 10% (i.e. a 10K resistor of this type should be between 9K and 11K)

Gold ± 5% (i.e. a 10K resistor of this type should be between 9.5K and 10.5K)

Red ± 2% (i.e. a 10K resistor of this type should be between 9.8K and 10.2K)

Brown ± 1% (i.e. a 10K resistor of this type should be between 9.9K and 10.1K)

Green ± 0.5% (i.e. a 10K resistor of this type should be between 9.95K and 10.05K)

Blue ± 0.25% (i.e. a 10K resistor of this type should be between 9.975K and 10.025K)

Purple ± 0.1% (i.e. a 10K resistor of this type should be between 9.99K and 10.01K)

This type of resistor in the 10% and 5% ranges are the most common as they are the cheapest to buy and so tend to be the most popular. Recently, however, two additions to the coding have been introduced in order to allow for very high specification resistors which the average constructor may never come across. Each of these additions involves one additional colour band. The first additional colour band allows an extra digit in the resistor value, and looks like this:

As before, the colour coding is exactly the same, with the fourth colour band specifying the number of zeros after the digits indicated by the colour bands in front of it. So, in the example shown above, the first band being Red indicates a "2". The second colour band being Purple indicates a "7". The third colour band being Green indicates a "5" and the fourth colour band being Red indicates "2 zeros", so putting those together it produces the value of 27,500 ohms, which can also be written as 27.5 K or more briefly as 27K5.

Another example of this is:

The fourth colour band coding has also been extended to include two other colours:

Gold: meaning "no zeros and divided by 10" so if the band in the example above had been gold, then the value would be 56.4 ohms.

Silver: meaning "no zeros and divided by 100" and if the example band had been silver then the value would have been 5.64 ohms.

So, for example, if the resistor had a fourth colour band which was silver, then the value would be:

Finally, for very high-quality applications (typically military applications), there can be a sixth colour band positioned outside the tolerance band, and that final colour band states how much the resistance value can be expected to alter with changes in temperature. This is not something which is likely to be of any interest to you, but the codes for that final colour band are:

Brown: 0.01% of the resistor value for each degree Centigrade change in temperature.

Red: 0.005% of the resistor value for each degree Centigrade change in temperature.

Yellow: 0.0025% of the resistor value for each degree Centigrade change in temperature.

Orange: 0.0015% of the resistor value for each degree Centigrade change in temperature.

To put this in context, the worst of these represents a change of 1% in the resistor value when moving from the temperature of ice to the temperature of boiling water. Is this something which you really care about? I don't.

Leaving the details of identifying individual resistors, we now come to the interesting part: what happens when there are several resistors in a circuit. The important thing is to keep track of the voltages generated within the circuit. These define the currents flowing, the power used and the way in which the circuit will respond to external events. Take this circuit:

What is the voltage at point ‘A’? If you feel like saying “Who cares?” then the answer is “you” if you want to understand how circuits work, because the voltage at point ‘A’ is vital. For the moment, ignore the effect of the voltmeter used to measure the voltage.

If R1 has the same resistance as R2, then the voltage at ‘A’ is half the battery voltage, i.e. 4.5 Volts. Half the battery voltage is dropped across R1 and half across R2. It does not matter what the actual resistance of R1 or R2 is, as long as they have exactly the same resistance. The higher the resistance, the less current flows, the longer the battery lasts and the more difficult it is to measure the voltage accurately.

There is no need to do any calculations to determine the voltage at point “A” as it is the ratio of the resistor values which determines the voltage. If you really want to, you can calculate the voltage although it is not necessary. The method for doing this will be shown you shortly. For example, if R1 and R2 each have a value of 50 ohms, then the current flowing through them will be 9 volts / 100 ohms = 0.09 Amps (or 90 milliamps). The voltage drop across R1 will be 50 ohms = Volts / 0.09 amps or Volts = 4.5 volts. Exactly the same calculation shows that the voltage across R2 is exactly 4.5 volts as well. However, the point to be stressed here is that it is the ratio of R1 to R2 which controls the voltage at point “A”.

If R1 has half as much resistance as R2, then half as much voltage is dropped across it as is dropped across R2, i.e. 3 Volts is dropped across R1, giving point ‘A’ a voltage of 6 Volts and that is what the voltmeter will show. Again, it does not matter what the actual value of R1 is in ohms, so long as R2 has exactly twice the resistance (shown by a higher number on the resistor).

If R1 has twice as much resistance as R2, then twice as much voltage is dropped across it as is dropped across R2, i.e. 6 Volts is dropped across R1, giving point ‘A’ a voltage of 3 Volts. Here are some examples with different resistors:

The same division of the supply voltage can be produced by positioning the slider of a variable resistor at different points by rotating the shaft of the device:

This determination of the voltage levels is the key factor to understanding electronic circuitry. The voltage levels control what currents flow and how every circuit will perform, so it is essential to understand what is happening. Stick with this section until you understand it, and if necessary, ask questions about what you find difficult.

First, please understand that a good battery is an unlimited source of voltage and that voltage does not get “used up” when a resistor or whatever is connected across it:

There can be some difficulty in understanding the “0-volt” connection in a circuit. All this means is that it is the return line for current flowing from the battery. Most conventional circuits are connected to both sides of the battery and that allows a current to flow around a closed “circuit” from one terminal of the battery to the other terminal.

It is normal practice to draw a circuit diagram so that the Plus terminal of the battery is at the top and the minus terminal is at the bottom. Many circuit diagrams show the negative line at the bottom connected to the ground or an “earth” connection, which is literally a metal rod driven into the ground to make a good electrical connection to the ground. This is done because the Earth is literally a vast reservoir of negative electricity. However, in reality, most circuits are not connected directly to the Earth in any way. The standard circuit diagram can be visualised as being like a graph of voltage, the higher up the diagram, the higher the voltage.

Anyway, when there is a circuit connected across the battery, the negative or “0V” line just indicates the return path to the battery for the current flow:

This principle applies immediately to the following circuit:

Here we encounter two new components. The first is ‘VR1’ which is a variable resistor. This device is a resistor which has a slider which can be moved from one end of the resistor to the other. In the circuit above, the variable resistor is connected across the 9 Volt battery so the top of the resistor is at +9 Volts (relative to the battery Minus terminal) and the bottom is at 0 Volts. The voltage on the slider can be adjusted from 0 Volts to 9 Volts by moving it along the resistor by turning the shaft of the component (which normally has a knob attached to it).

The second new device is ‘TR1’ a transistor. This semiconductor has three connections: a Collector, a Base and an Emitter. If the voltage on the base is below 0.7 volts, then the transistor is said to be “OFF” and in that state it has a very high resistance between the collector and the emitter, much higher than the resistance of resistor “R2”. The voltage dividing mechanism just discussed means that the voltage at the collector will therefore, be very near to 9 Volts - caused by the ratio of the transistor’s Collector/Emitter resistance compared to the resistor “R2”.

If the voltage on the base of the transistor is raised to 0.7 volts by moving the slider of the variable resistor slowly upwards, then this will feed a small current to the base which then flows out through the emitter, switching the transistor ON causing the resistance between the collector and the emitter to drop instantly to a very low value, much, much lower than the resistance of resistor ‘R2’. This means that the voltage at the collector will be very close to 0 Volts. The transistor can therefore be switched on and off just by rotating the shaft of the variable resistor:

If a bulb is used instead of R2, then it will light when the transistor switches on. If a relay or opto-isolator is used, then a second circuit can be operated:

If a buzzer is substituted for R2, then an audible warning will be sounded when the transistor switches on. If a light-dependent resistor is substituted for VR1, then the transistor will switch on when the light level increases or decreases, depending on how the sensor is connected. If a thermistor is used instead of VR1, then the transistor can be switched on by a rise or fall in temperature. The same goes for sound, windspeed, water speed, vibration level, etc. etc. - more of this later.

We need to examine the resistor circuit in more detail:

We need to be able to calculate what current is flowing around the circuit. If the circuit contains only resistors, then this can be done using “Ohms Law” which states that “Resistance equals Voltage divided by Current” or, if you prefer:

Ohm’s Law (resistive Circuits only).

“Ohms = Volts / Amps” which indicates the units of measurement.

In the circuit above, if the voltage is 9 Volts and the resistor is 100 ohms, then by using Ohm’s Law we can calculate the current flowing around the circuit as 100 Ohms = 9 Volts / Amps, or Amps = 9 / 100 which equals 0.09 Amps. To avoid decimal places, the unit of 1 milliamp is used. There are 1000 milliamps in 1 Amp. The current just calculated would commonly be expressed as 90 milliamps which is written as 90 mA.

In the circuit above, if the voltage is 9 Volts and the resistor is 330 ohms, then by using Ohm’s Law we can calculate the current flowing around the circuit as 330 = 9 / Amps. Multiplying both sides of the equation by “Amps” gives: Amps x 330 ohms = 9 volts. Dividing both sides of the equation by 330 gives:

Amps = 9 volts / 330 ohms which works out as 0.027 Amps, written as 27 mA.

Using Ohm’s Law we can calculate what resistor to use to give any required current flow. If the voltage is 12 Volts and the required current is 250 mA then as Ohms = Volts / Amps, the resistor needed is given by: Ohms = 12 / 0.25 Amps which equals 48 ohms. The closest standard resistor is 47 ohms (Yellow / Purple / Black).

The final thing to do is to check the wattage of the resistor to make sure that the resistor will not burn out when connected in the proposed circuit. The power calculation is given by:

Watts = Volts x Amps. In the last example, this gives Watts = 12 x 0.25, which is 3 Watts. This is much larger than most resistors used in circuitry nowadays.

Taking the earlier example, Watts = Volts x Amps, so Watts = 9 x 0.027 which gives 0.234 Watts. Again, to avoid decimals, a unit of 1 milliwatt is used, where 1000 milliwatts = 1 Watt. So instead of writing 0.234 Watts, it is common to write it as 234 mW.

This method of working out voltages, resistances and wattages applies to any circuit, no matter how awkward they may appear. For example, take the following circuit containing five resistors:

As the current flowing through resistor ‘R1’ has then to pass through resistor ‘R2’, they are said to be ‘in series’ and their resistances are added together when calculating current flows. In the example above, both R1 and R2 are 1K resistors, so together they have a resistance to current flow of 2K (that is, 2,000 ohms).

If two, or more, resistors are connected across each other as shown on the right hand side of the diagram above, they are said to be ‘in parallel’ and their resistances combine differently. If you want to work out the equation above, for yourself, then choose a voltage across Rt, use Ohm’s Law to work out the current through Ra and the current through Rb. Add the currents together (as they are both being drawn from the voltage source) and use Ohm’s Law again to work out the value of Rt to confirm that the 1/Rt = 1/Ra + 1/Rb + .... equation is correct. A spreadsheet is included which can do this calculation for you.

In the example above, R4 is 1K5 (1,500 ohms) and R5 is 2K2 (2,200 ohms) so their combined resistance is given by 1/Rt = 1/1500 + 1/2200 or Rt = 892 ohms (using a simple calculator). Apply a common-sense check to this result: If they had been two 1500 ohm resistors then the combined value would have been 750 ohms. If they had been two 2200 ohm resistors then the combined value would have been 1100 ohms. Our answer must therefore lie between 750 and 1100 ohms. If you came up with an answer of, say, 1620 ohms, then you know straight off that it is wrong and the arithmetic needs to be done again.

So, how about the voltages at points ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the circuit? As R1 and R2 are equal in value, they will have equal voltage drops across them for any given current. So the voltage at point ‘A’ will be half the battery voltage, i.e. 6 Volts.

Now, point ‘B’. Resistors R4 and R5 act the same as a single resistor of 892 ohms, so we can just imagine two resistors in series: R3 at 470 ohms and R4+R5 at 892 ohms. Common-sense rough check: as R3 is only about half the resistance of R4+R5, it will have about half as much voltage drop across it as the voltage drop across R4+R5, i.e. about 4 Volts across R3 and about 8 Volts across R4+R5, so the voltage at point ‘B’ should work out at about 8 Volts.

We can use Ohm’s Law to calculate the current flowing through point ‘B’:

Ohms = Volts / Amps, (or Amps = Volts / Ohms or Volts = Ohms x Amps)

(470 + 892) = 12 / Amps, so

Amps = 12 / (470 + 892)

Amps = 12 / 1362 or

Amps = 0.00881 Amps (8.81 milliamps).

Now that we know the current passing through (R4+R5) we can calculate the exact voltage across them:

Resistance = Volts / Amps so

892 = Volts / 0.00881 or

Volts = 892 x 0.00881

Volts = 7.859 Volts.

As our common-sense estimate was 8 Volts, we can accept 7.86 Volts as being the accurate voltage at point ‘B’.

The Potentiometer.

Just before we leave the subject of resistors and move on to more interesting subjects, we come across the term ‘potentiometer’. This term is often shortened to ‘pot’ and many people use it to describe a variable resistor. I only mention this so that you can understand what they are talking about. A variable resistor is not a potentiometer and really should not be called one. You can skip the rest of this part as it is not at all important, but here is what a potentiometer is:

A fancy name for voltage is ‘potential’, so a circuit powered by a 12 Volt battery can be described as having a ‘potential’ of zero volts at the negative side of the battery and a ‘potential’ of plus twelve volts at the positive side of the battery. Ordinary folks like me would just say ‘voltage’ instead of ‘potential’.

When a voltmeter is used to measure the voltage at any point in a circuit, it alters the circuit by drawing a small amount of current from the circuit. The voltmeter usually has a high internal resistance and so the current is very small, but even though it is a small current, it does alter the circuit. Consequently, the measurement made is not quite correct. Scientists, in years gone by, overcame the problem with a very neat solution - they measured the voltage without taking any current from the circuit - neat huh? They also did it with a very simple arrangement:

They used a sensitive meter to measure the current. This meter is built so that the needle is in a central position if no current is flowing. With a positive current flowing, the needle deflects to the right. With a negative current flowing, the needle moves to the left. They then connected a variable resistor ‘VR1’ across the same battery which was powering the circuit. The top end of VR1 is at +12 Volts (they called that ‘a potential of +12 Volts’) and the bottom end of VR1 is at zero volts or ‘a potential of zero volts’.

By moving the slider of VR1, any voltage or ‘potential’ from zero volts to +12 Volts could be selected. To measure the voltage at point ‘A’ without drawing any current from the circuit, they would connect the meter as shown and adjust the variable resistor until the meter reading was exactly zero.

Since the meter reading is zero, the current flowing through it is also zero and the current taken from the circuit is zero. As no current is being taken from the circuit, the measurement is not affecting the circuit in any way - very clever. The voltage on the slider of VR1 exactly matches the voltage at point ‘A’, so with a calibrated scale on the variable resistor, the voltage can be read off.

The slick piece of equipment made up from the battery, the variable resistor and the meter was used to measure the ‘potential’ (voltage) at any point and so was called a ‘potentiometer’. So, please humour me by calling a variable resistor a ‘variable resistor’ and not a ‘potentiometer’. As I said before, this is not at all important, and if you want to, you can call a variable resistor a ‘heffalump’ so long as you know how it works.

Semiconductors.

This section deals with discrete semiconductors. A later section deals with ‘Integrated Circuits’ which are large-scale semiconductor devices.

ORP12 Light-dependent resistor. This device has a high resistance in the dark and a low resistance in bright light. It can be placed in a circuit to create a switch which operates with an increase in light level or a decrease in light level:

In this version, the voltage at point ‘A’ controls the circuit. In darkness, the ORP12 has a resistance ten times greater than that of R1 which is 12,000 ohms. Consequently, the voltage at point ‘A’ will be high. As the light level increases, the resistance of the ORP12 falls, dragging the voltage at point ‘A’ downwards. As the variable resistor ‘VR1’ is connected from point ‘A’ to the ground rail (the -ve of the battery), its slider can be moved to select any voltage between 0 Volts and the voltage of ‘A’. A slider point can be chosen to make the transistor switch off in daylight and on at night. To make the circuit trigger when the light level increases, just swap the positions of R1 and the ORP12.

The transistor shown is a BC109 although most transistors will work in this circuit. The BC109 is a cheap, silicon, NPN transistor. It can handle 100mA and 30V and can switch on and off more than a million times per second. It has three connections: the Collector, marked ‘c’ in the diagram, the Base, marked ‘b’ in the diagram and the Emitter, marked ‘e’ in the diagram.

As mentioned before, it has a very high resistance between the collector and the emitter when no current flows into the base. If a small current is fed into the base, the collector/emitter resistance drops to a very low value. The collector current divided by the base current is called the ‘gain’ of the transistor and is often called ‘hfe’. A transistor such as a BC109 or a BC108 has a gain of about 200, though this varies from actual transistor to actual transistor. A gain of 200 means that a current of 200mA passing through the collector requires a current of 1mA through the base to sustain it. Specific information on the characteristics and connections of semiconductors of all kinds can be obtained free from the excellent website www.alldatasheet.co.kr which provides .pdf information files.

The BC109 transistor shown above is an NPN type. This is indicated by the arrow of the symbol pointing outwards. You can also tell by the collector pointing to the positive rail. There are similar silicon transistors constructed as PNP devices. These have the arrow in the transistor symbol pointing inwards and their collectors get connected, directly or indirectly, to the negative rail. This family of transistors are the earliest transistor designs and are called ‘bi-polar’ transistors.

These silicon transistors are so efficiently constructed that they can be connected directly together to give greatly increased gain. This arrangement is called a ‘Darlington pair’. If each transistor has a gain of 200, then the pair give a gain of 200 x 200 = 40,000. This has the effect that a very, very small current can be used to power a load. The following diagram shows a Darlington pair used in a water-level detector. This type of alarm could be very useful if you are asleep on a boat which starts taking on water.

Here, (when the circuit is switched on), transistor TR1 has so little leakage current that TR2 is starved of base current and is hard off, giving it a high resistance across its collector/emitter junction. This starves the buzzer of voltage and keeps it powered off. The sensor is just two probes fixed in place above the acceptable water level. If the water level rises, the probes get connected via the water. Pure water has a high electrical resistance but this circuit will still work with pure water.

The odds are that in a practical situation, the water will not be particularly clean. The resistor R1 is included to limit the base current of TR1 should the sensor probes be short-circuited. Silicon bi-polar transistors have a base/emitter voltage of about 0.7V when fully switched on. The Darlington pair will have about 1.4V between the base of TR1 and the emitter of TR2, so if the sensor probes are short-circuited together, resistor R1 will have 6 - 1.4 = 4.6V across it. Ohms Law gives us the current through it as R = V / A or 47,000 = 4.6 / A or A = 4.6 / 47,000 amps. This works out at 0.098mA which with a transistor gain of 40,000 would allow up to 3.9A through the buzzer. As the buzzer takes only 30mA or so, it limits the current passing through it, and TR2 can be considered to be switched hard on with the whole battery voltage across it.

NPN transistors are more common than PNP types but there is almost no practical difference between them. Here is the previous circuit using PNP transistors:

Not a lot of difference. Most of the circuit diagrams shown here use NPN types but not only are these not critical, but there are several ways to design any particular circuit. In general, the semiconductors shown in any circuit are seldom critical. If you can determine the characteristics of any semiconductor shown, any reasonably similar device can generally be substituted, especially if you have a general understanding of how the circuit works. Either of the two previous circuits can operate as a rain detector. A suitable sensor can easily be made from a piece of strip board with alternate strips connected together to form an interlacing grid:

Here, if a raindrop bridges between any two adjacent strips, the circuit will trigger and sound a warning.

The transistors in the circuit above are connected with their emitter(s) connected to the ground rail (the lower battery line shown in any circuit is considered to be “ground” unless it is specifically shown elsewhere). This connection method is called ‘common emitter’. The following circuit uses the transistor connected in ‘emitter follower’ mode. This is where the emitter is left to follow the base voltage - it is always 0.7V below it unless the base itself is driven below 0.7V:

This is almost the same as the light-operated circuit shown earlier. In this variation, the transistors are wired so that they work as an ‘emitter-follower’ which follows the voltage at point ‘A’ which rises as the light level drops and the resistance of the ORP12 increases. This causes the voltage across the relay to increase until the relay operates and closes its contacts. A relay is a voltage-operated mechanical switch which will be described in more detail later on.

The disadvantage of the above circuit is that as the light level decreases, the current through the relay increases and it may be a significant amount of current for some considerable time. If it was intended to power the unit with a battery then the battery life would be far shorter than it need be. What we would like, is a circuit which switched rapidly from the Off state to the On state even though the triggering input varied only slowly. There are several ways to achieve this, one of them being to modify the circuit to become a ‘Schmitt Trigger’:

Here, an additional transistor (‘TR2’) has changed the circuit operation significantly, with transistor TR3 switching fully on and fully off, rapidly. This results in the current through the relay being very low until the circuit triggers.

The circuit operates as follows. When the voltage at the base of TR1 is high enough, TR1 switches on, which causes the resistance between its collector and emitter to be so low that we can treat it as a short circuit (which is a nearly-zero resistance connection). This effectively connects the 10K and 1K8 resistors in series across the battery. The voltage at their connecting point (both the collector and emitter of TR1) will then be about 1.8 Volts. The two 18K resistors are in series across that voltage so the voltage at their junction will be half that; 0.9 Volts.

This puts the Base of TR2 at about 0.9 Volts and its emitter at 1.8 Volts. The base of TR2 is therefore not 0.7 Volts above its emitter, so no base/emitter current will flow in TR2, which means that TR2 is switched hard off. This means that the TR2 collector/emitter resistance will be very high. The voltage at the base of TR3 is controlled by the 1K8 resistor, the TR2 collector/emitter resistance (very high) and the 3K9 resistor. This pushes the base voltage of TR3 up to near the full battery voltage and as it is wired as an emitter-follower, its emitter voltage will be about 0.7 Volts below that. This means that the relay will have most of the battery voltage across it and so will switch hard on.

Some practical points: The current flowing into the base of TR3 comes via the 3K9 resistor. A 3K9 resistor needs 3.9 Volts across it for every 1 mA which flows through it. If the relay needs 150 mA to operate and TR3 has a gain of 300, then TR3 will need a base current of 0.5 mA to provide 150 mA of current through its collector/emitter junction. If 0.5 mA flows through the 3K9 resistor, there will be a voltage drop across it of some 2 Volts. The TR3 base/emitter voltage will be a further 0.7 Volts, so the voltage across the relay will be about 12.0 - 2.0 - 0.7 = 9.3 Volts, so you need to be sure that the relay will work reliably at 9 Volts.

If you used a Darlington pair of transistors, each with a gain of 300, instead of TR3, then their combined base/emitter voltage drop would be 1.4 Volts, but they would only need a base current of 150 mA / (300 x 300) = 1/600 mA. That current would only drop 0.007 Volts across the 3K9 resistor, so the relay would receive 10.6 Volts.

So, how do you work out the gain of any particular transistor? The main working tool for electronics is a multimeter. This is a digital or analogue meter which can measure a wide range of things: voltage, current, resistance, ... The more expensive the meter, generally, the greater the number of ranges provided. The more expensive meters offer transistor testing. Personally, I prefer the older, passive multimeters. These are looked down on because they draw current from the circuit to which they are attached, but, because they do, they give reliable readings all the time. The more modern battery-operated digital multimeters will happily give incorrect readings as their battery runs down. I wasted two whole days, testing rechargeable batteries which appeared to be giving impossible performances. Eventually, I discovered that it was a failing multimeter battery which was causing false multimeter readings.

Transistor Testers.

For the moment, let us assume that no commercial transistor tester is to hand and we will build our own (or at least, discover how to build our own). The gain of a transistor is defined as the collector/emitter current divided by the base/emitter current. For example, if 1mA is flowing through the collector and 0.01mA is flowing into the base to sustain that collector flow, then the transistor has a gain of 100 times at 1mA. The transistor gain may vary when it is carrying different current loads. For the circuits we have been looking at so far, 1mA is a reasonable current at which to measure the transistor gain. So let’s build a circuit to measure the gain:

With the circuit shown here, the variable resistor is adjusted until a collector current of 1mA is shown on the milliammeter and the gain of the transistor is then read off the scale on the variable resistor knob. The circuit is built into a small box containing the battery and with a socket into which the transistor can be plugged. The question then is, what values should be chosen for the resistor R1 and the variable resistor VR1?

Well, we might choose that the minimum gain to be displayed is 10. This would correspond to where the variable resistor slider is taken all the way up to point ‘A’ in the circuit diagram, effectively taking the variable resistor out of the circuit. If the transistor gain is 10 and the collector current is 1mA, then the base current will be 0.1mA. This current has to flow through the resistor R1 and it has a voltage of (9.0 - 0.7) Volts across it as the base/emitter voltage is 0.7 Volts when the transistor is on. Ohms Law gives us Ohms = Volts / Amps, which for the resistor R1 means Ohms = 8.3 / 0.0001 or 83,000 ohms, or 83K.

Rule of thumb: 1K provides 1mA if it has 1V across it, so 10K will give 0.1mA if it has 1 Volt across it. With 8.3 Volts across it, it needs to be 8.3 times larger to hold the current down to the required 0.1mA so the resistor should be 83K in size.

As 83K is not a standard size, we need to use two or more standard resistors to give that resistance. Nearest standard size below 83K is 82K, so we can used one 82K resistor and one 1K resistor in series to give the required 83K.

Suppose that we say that we would like to have 500 as the highest gain shown on our tester, then when VR1 is at its maximum value, it and R1 should provide 1/500 of the collector current of 1mA, i.e. 0.002mA or 0.000002 Amps. From Ohms Law again we get VR1 + R1 = 4,150,000 ohms or 4M15. Unfortunately, the largest value variable resistor available is 2M2 so the circuit as it stands, will not be able to cope.

Suppose we were to just use a 2M2 variable resistor for VR1, what transistor gain range could we display? Well Ohms Law ... lets us calculate the base current with 8.3 Volts across (83,000 + 2,200,000) ohms and from that the maximum transistor gain which would be 277.77 (at 1mA). You would buy a ‘linear’ standard carbon track variable resistor so that the change in resistance is steady as the shaft is rotated. The scale which you would make up would be in even steps and it would run from 10 at the minimum setting, to 278 at the highest setting.

But that is not what we wanted. We wanted to measure up to 500. But they don’t make variable resistors big enough, so what can we do? Well, if we wanted, we could lower the battery voltage, which in turn would lower the resistor values. As a 9V battery is very convenient for this kind of circuit, lets not go down that route. We could add extra circuitry to drop the 9V battery voltage down to a lower value. The most simple solution is to add an extra resistor and switch to give two ranges. If we switched in an extra 2M2 resistor above VR1 then the circuit would measure transistor gains from 278 to just over 500 and all we would need to do would be to add a second scale for the VR1 pointer knob to move over. We could, provide extra ranges which overlap and which have more convenient scales to mark. The design is up to you.

The design covered above is not the only way to measure the transistor gain. A second way, which accepts that it is not so accurate, picks a set base current and measures the collector current as a guide to the gain. In this simple method, one or more resistor values are chosen to give gain ranges, and the milliammeter used to read the corresponding gain:

Here, resistor R1 might be chosen to give a collector current of 1mA (which is a full-scale deflection on the meter) when the transistor gain is 100. Resistor R2 might be picked to give a full-scale deflection for a gain of 200, R3 for a gain of 400, R4 for a gain of 600, and so on. Generally speaking, it is not essential to know the exact gain but any reasonable approximation to it is sufficient. You are normally selecting a transistor where you need a gain of 180, so it is not important if the transistor you pick has a gain of 210 or 215 - you are only avoiding transistors with gains below 180.

How do you work out the values of the resistors R1 to R4? Well, you probably won’t expect this, but you use Ohms Law. Voltage drop is 8.3 Volts and the base current is given by the full-scale deflection’s 1mA divided by the transistor gain for each range, i.e. 1/100 mA for R1, 1/200 mA for R2,... 1/600 mA for R4,...

The Diode.

One component which has been shown but not described is the diode or ‘rectifier’. This is a device which has a very high resistance to current flowing in one direction and a very low resistance to current flowing in the opposite direction. The base/emitter junction of a transistor is effectively a diode and, at a push, can be used as such. A proper diode is cheap to buy and has far greater voltage and current handling capacities than the base/emitter junction of a transistor.

Diodes are mainly made from one of two materials: germanium and silicon. Germanium diodes are used with very small alternating currents such as radio signals coming from an aerial. This is because a germanium diode needs only 0.2 Volts or so to carry a current while silicon needs 0.6 to 0.7 Volts (same as a silicon transistor base/emitter junction). Germanium diodes (and transistors) are very sensitive to temperature change and so are normally restricted to low power circuits. One very neat application for a silicon diode is as an ‘un-interruptible power supply’ where mains failure is caught instantly:

In this circuit, the mains voltage drives the Power Supply Unit which generates 12 Volts at point ‘A’. This provides current to the Load. The diode has +12 Volts at ‘A’ and +12 Volts at point ‘B’ so there is no voltage drop across it and it will not carry current in either direction. This means that the battery is effectively isolated when the mains is functioning. If the Power Supply Unit output were to rise above its design level of +12 Volts, then the diode would block it from feeding current into the battery.

If the mains fails, the Power Supply Unit (‘PSU’) output will fall to zero. If the battery and diode were not there, the voltage at point ‘A’ would fall to zero, which would power-down the Load and possibly cause serious problems. For example, if the load were your computer, a mains failure could cause you to lose important data. With a battery back-up of this type, you would have time to save your data and shut your computer down before the battery ran out.

The circuit operates in a very simple fashion. As soon as the voltage at point ‘A’ drops to 0.7 Volts below the +12 Volts at point ‘B”, the diode starts feeding current from the battery to the Load. This happens in less than a millionth of a second, so the Load does not lose current. It would be worth adding a warning light and/or a buzzer to show that the mains has failed.

Light-Emitting Diodes.

There is a widely used variation of the diode which is extremely useful, and that is the Light Emitting Diode or ‘LED’. This is a diode which emits light when carrying current. They are available in red, green, blue, yellow or white light versions. Some versions can display more than one colour of light if current is fed through their different electrical connections.

LEDs give a low light level at a current of about 8 or 10 mA and a bright light for currents of 20 to 30 mA. If they are being used with a 12 Volt system, then a series resistor of 1K to 330 ohms is necessary. LEDs are robust devices, immune to shock and vibration. They come in various diameters and the larger sizes are very much more visible than the tiny ones.

Thyristors (“SCR”s) and Triacs.

Another version of the diode is the Silicon Controlled Rectifier or ‘Thyristor’. This device carries no current until its gate receives an input current. This is just like the operation of a transistor but the SCR once switched on, stays on even though the gate signal is removed. It stays on until the current through the SCR is forced to zero, usually by the voltage across it being removed. SCRs are often used with alternating voltages (described below) and this causes the SCR to switch off if the gate input is removed. SCRs only operate on positive voltages so they miss half of the power available from alternating power supplies. A more advanced version of the SCR is the ‘Triac’ which operates in the same way as an SCR but handles both positive and negative voltages.

Opto-Isolators.

Another very useful variation on the LED is the Opto-Isolator. This device is a fully enclosed LED and light-sensitive transistor. When the LED is powered up, it switches the transistor on. The big advantage of this device is that the LED can be in a low voltage, low power sensing circuit, while the transistor can be in a completely separate, high voltage, high power circuit. The opto-isolator isolates the two circuits completely from each other. It is a very useful, and very popular, low-cost device.

Alternating Current.

A battery provides a constant voltage. This is called a Direct Current or ‘DC’ source of power. When a circuit is connected to a battery, the positive rail is always positive and the negative rail is always negative.

If you connect a battery to a circuit through a double-pole changeover switch as shown here:

When the changeover switch is operated, the battery is effectively turned over or inverted. This circuit is called an ‘inverter’ because it repeatedly inverts the supply voltage. If the switch is operated on a regular, rapid basis, the graph of the output voltage is as shown on the right. This is a ‘square wave’ voltage and is used extensively in electronic equipment. It is called alternating current or ‘AC’ for short. SCRs and Triacs can be used conveniently with supply voltages of this type. Mains voltage is also AC but is rather different:

Mains voltage varies continuously in the form of a sine wave. In Britain, the mains voltage is described as ‘240 Volts AC’ and it cycles up and down 50 times per second, i.e. 50 positive peaks and 50 negative peaks in one second. It would be reasonable to assume that each voltage peak would be 240 Volts but this is not the case. Even though the supply is described as 240 Volts, it peaks at the square root of 2 times greater than that, i.e. 339.4 Volts. The actual supply voltage is not particularly accurate, so any device intended for mains use should be rated to 360 Volts. In America, the supply voltage is 110 Volts AC and it cycles 60 times per second, peaking at plus and minus 155 Volts. Later on, you will see how one or more diodes can be used to convert AC to DC in a unit which is sold as a ‘mains adapter’ intended to allow battery operated equipment be operated from the local mains supply.

Coils (“Inductors”) and Solenoids.

If you take a cardboard tube, any size, any length, and wind a length of wire around it, you create a very interesting device. It goes by the name of a ‘coil’ or an ‘inductor’ or a ‘solenoid’.

This is a very interesting device with many uses. It forms the heart of a radio receiver, it used to be the main component of telephone exchanges, and most electric motors use several of them. The reason for this is if a current is passed through the wire, the coil acts in exactly the same way as a bar magnet:

The main difference being that when the current is interrupted, the coil stops acting like a magnet, and that can be very useful indeed. If an iron rod is placed inside the coil and the current switched on, the rod gets pushed to one side. Many doorbells use this mechanism to produce a two-note chime. A ‘relay’ uses this method to close an electrical switch and many circuits use this to switch heavy loads (a thyristor can also be used for this and it has no moving parts).

A coil of wire has one of the most peculiar features of almost any electronic component. When the current through it is altered in any way, the coil opposes the change. Remember the circuit for a light-operated switch using a relay?:

You will notice that the relay (which is mainly a coil of wire), has a diode across it. Neither the relay nor the diode were mentioned in any great detail at that time as they were not that relevant to the circuit being described. The diode is connected so that no current flows through it from the battery positive to the ‘ground’ line (the battery negative). On the surface, it looks as if it has no use in this circuit. In fact, it is a very important component which protects transistor TR3 from damage.

The relay coil carries current when transistor TR3 is on. The emitter of transistor TR3 is up at about +10 Volts. When TR3 switches off, it does so rapidly, pushing the relay connection from +10 Volts to 0 Volts. The relay coil reacts in a most peculiar way when this happens, and instead of the current through the relay coil just stopping, the voltage on the end of the coil connected to the emitter of TR3 keeps moving downwards. If there is no diode across the relay, the emitter voltage is forced to briefly overshoot the negative line of the circuit and gets dragged down many volts below the battery negative line. The collector of TR3 is wired to +12 Volts, so if the emitter gets dragged down to, say, -30 Volts, TR3 gets 42 Volts placed across it. If the transistor can only handle, say, 30 Volts, then it will be damaged by the 42 Volt peak.

The way in which coils operate is weird. But, knowing what is going to happen at the moment of switch-off, we deal with it by putting a diode across the coil of the relay. At switch-on, and when the relay is powered, the diode has no effect, displaying a very high resistance to current flow. At switch-off, when the relay voltage starts to plummet below the battery line, the diode effectively gets turned over into its conducting mode. When the voltage reaches 0.7 Volts below the battery negative line, the diode starts conducting and pins the voltage to that level until the voltage spike generated by the relay coil has dissipated. The more the coil tries to drag the voltage down, the harder the diode conducts, stifling the downward plunge. This restricts the voltage across transistor TR3 to 0.7 Volts more than the battery voltage and so protects it.

Solenoid coils can be very useful. Here is a design for a powerful electric motor patented by the American, Ben Teal, in June 1978 (US patent number 4,093,880). This is a very simple design which you can build for yourself if you want. Ben’s original motor was built from wood and almost any convenient material can be used. This is the top view:

And this is the side view:

Ben has used eight solenoids to imitate the way that a car engine works. There is a crankshaft and connecting rods, as in any car engine. The connecting rods are connected to a slip-ring on the crankshaft and the solenoids are given a pulse of current at the appropriate moment to pull the crankshaft round. The crankshaft receives four pulls on every revolution. In the arrangement shown here, two solenoids pull at the same moment.

In the side view above, each layer has four solenoids and you can extend the crankshaft to have as many layers of four solenoids as you wish. The engine power increases with every layer added. Two layers should be quite adequate as it is a powerful motor with just two layers.

An interesting point is that as a solenoid pulse is terminated, its pull is briefly changed to a push due to the weird nature of coils. If the timing of the pulses is just right on this motor, that brief push can be used to increase the power of the motor instead of opposing the motor rotation. This feature is also used in the Adams motor described in the ‘Free-Energy’ section of this document.

The strength of the magnetic field produced by the solenoid is affected by the number of turns in the coil, the current flowing through the coil and the nature of what is inside the coil ‘former’ (the tube on which the coil is wound). In passing, there are several fancy ways of winding coils which can also have an effect, but here we will only talk about coils where the turns are wound side by side at right angles to the former.

1. Every turn wound on the coil, increases the magnetic field. The thicker the wire used, the greater the current which will flow in the coil for any voltage placed across the coil. Unfortunately, the thicker the wire, the more space each turn takes up, so the choice of wire is somewhat of a compromise.

2. The power supplied to the coil depends on the voltage placed across it. Watts = Volts x Amps so the greater the Volts, the greater the power supplied. But we also know from Ohm’s Law that Ohms = Volts / Amps which can also be written as Ohms x Amps = Volts. The Ohms in this instance is fixed by the wire chosen and the number of turns, so if we double the Voltage then we double the current.

For example: Suppose the coil resistance is 1 ohm, the Voltage 1 Volt and the Current 1 Amp. Then the power in Watts is Volts x Amps or 1 x 1 which is 1 Watt.

Now, double the voltage to 2 Volts. The coil resistance is still 1 ohm so the Current is now 2 Amps. The power in Watts is Volts x Amps or 2 x 2 which is 4 Watts. Doubling the voltage has quadrupled the power.

If the voltage is increased to 3 Volts. The coil resistance is still 1 ohm so the Current is now 3 Amps. The power in Watts is Volts x Amps or 3 x 3 which is 9 Watts. The power is Ohms x Amps squared, or Watts = Ohms x Amps x Amps. From this we see that the voltage applied to any coil or solenoid is critical to the power developed by the coil.

3. What the coil is wound on is also of considerable importance. If the coil is wound on a rod of soft iron covered with a layer of paper, then the magnetic effect is increased dramatically. If the rod ends are tapered like a flat screwdriver or filed down to a sharp point, then the magnetic lines of force cluster together when they leave the iron and the magnetic effect is increased further.

If the soft iron core is solid, some energy is lost by currents flowing round in the iron. These currents can be minimised by using thin slivers of metal (called ‘laminations’) which are insulated from each other. You see this most often in the construction of transformers, where you have two coils wound on a single core. As it is convenient for mass production, transformers are usually wound as two separate coils which are then placed on a figure-of-eight laminated core.

Transformers.

Transformers are used to alter the voltage of any alternating current power source. If the alteration increases the output voltage, then the transformer is called a ‘step-up’ transformer. If the output voltage is lower than the input voltage then it is called a ‘step-down’ transformer. If the voltages are the same, it is called an ‘isolation’ transformer. A common construction looks like this:

The Coil bobbin sits on the section of the laminations marked ‘A’ above. The coil is wound on its bobbin former, first one winding and then the second winding. The bobbin is then placed on the central part of the ‘E’ shaped laminations and then completely surrounded by the laminations when the crossbar is placed on the top. The mounting strap is used to hold the two sets of laminations together and provide mounting lugs for attaching the transformer to a chassis. There are typically, twenty laminations in each set and every lamination is insulated from the adjoining laminations.

If you want to change the voltage of a battery supply, it is possible to build an electronic circuit to generate an alternating voltage and then use a transformer to change that alternating voltage to whatever voltage you want. The most common form of this, is for generating mains voltage from a 12 Volt car battery, so that mains equipment can be run in remote locations, such as boats, caravans, etc. These circuits are called ‘inverters’ and they are very popular pieces of equipment. The voltage in the secondary coil of any transformer is determined by the ratio of the turns in the primary and secondary windings.

For example; if there is a 10 Volt alternating voltage available and you have a transformer which has 100 turns in the primary coil and 1000 turns in the secondary coil. If you connect the 10 Volts across the primary, there will be 100 Volts generated across the secondary coil.

Instead, if you connect the 10 Volts across the secondary coil, a voltage of 1 Volts will be generated across the primary winding. This is because there is a 10:1 ratio between the two windings. The Law of Conservation of Energy applies to transformers as it does to everything else. The power input to the primary winding will be the same as the power in the secondary winding minus the losses. The losses, in this case, will be a temperature rise of the whole transformer. If the current passed through the transformer is well below its rated capacity, then the losses will be small. The important point is that 10 Volts at 1 Amp into the primary winding will generate 100 Volts in the secondary, but at somewhat less than 0.1 Amps: Power Input is 10 Watts and Power Output is almost 10 Watts. The voltage has been raised to 100 Volts but the potential current draw has been reduced from 1 Amp to 0.1 Amps (100 mA).

In practice, the thickness of the wire used in the windings is very important. If the voltage to be placed across the winding is high, then the wire diameter will be small. Coil windings have fairly low resistances but this is not critical in circuits as coils operate in a peculiar way. Coils have AC ‘impedance’ in addition to their DC ‘resistance’. While Direct Current (from a battery, say) can flow quite easily through a coil with low resistance, Alternating Current may have a hard job getting through the coil due to its high ‘impedance’. Sometimes, coils are used to choke off any AC ripple (interference) coming along a DC power cable. When a coil is used for this purpose it is called a ‘choke’. Each coil has its own resonant frequency and at that frequency it is very difficult for AC to get through the coil. Crystal set radios work on that principle:

Here, the aerial picks up every radio station broadcasting in the area. These are all at different frequencies and they all head down the aerial wire, looking for the easiest path to the earth connection. Most of them run through the coil with no problem whatsoever. If the resonant frequency of the coil matches the frequency of one of the radio stations, then that radio signal (and only that signal) finds it very hard to get through the coil and looks for an easier path to earth. The next easiest path is through the diode and the headphones, so the signal goes that way. The diode blocks part of the signal which generates the sound of the radio broadcast in the headphones.

This system works very well indeed if there is a good radio signal. A germanium diode is used as the radio signal voltage is very small and a germanium diode operates on 0.2 Volts while a silicon diode needs 0.7 Volts to operate. That difference is significant at these very low voltages. The resonant frequency of the coil depends on the number of turns in the coil. In this design, the coil has a slider which allows the number of turns to be altered and so, different radio stations to be tuned in.

Rectification and Power Supplies.

We now have the question of how do we turn an alternating voltage into a constant ‘direct’ voltage. The crystal radio set operates by chopping off half of the alternating radio signal. If we were to do this to the output from a mains transformer with an output of say, 12 Volts AC, the result is not very satisfactory:

Here, we have the situation shown in the upper diagram. The output consists of isolated pulses at 50 per second. You will notice that there is no output power for half of the time. The negative part of the waveform is blocked by the high resistance of the diode while the positive part of the waveform is allowed through by the low resistance of the ‘forward-biased’ diode. It should be remembered that the diode drops 0.7 Volts when conducting so the output of the half-wave rectified transformer will be 0.7 Volts lower than the transformer’s actual output voltage.

If four diodes are used instead of one, they can be arranged as shown in the lower diagram. This arrangement of diodes is called a ‘bridge’. Here the positive part of the waveform flows through the upper blue diode, the load ‘L’ and on through the lower blue diode. The negative part flows through the left hand red diode, the load and then the right hand red diode. This gives a much better output waveform with twice the power available. The output voltage will be 1.4 Volts less than the transformer output voltage as there are two silicon diodes in the supply chain.

The output from even the full-wave rectifier is still unsatisfactory as there is a voltage drop to zero volts 100 times per second. Only a few devices operate well with a power supply like that, an incandescent bulb as used in a car can use this output, but then, it could use the original AC supply without any rectification. We need to improve the output by using a reservoir device to supply current during those moments when the voltage drops to zero. The device we need is a Capacitor which used to be called a ‘condenser’. The circuit of a mains unit using a capacitor is shown here:

This produces a much better result as the capacitor stores some of the peak energy and gives it out when the voltage drops. If the load on the unit is light with not very much current taken from it, the output voltage is quite good. However, if the current drain is increased, the output voltage gets dragged down 100 times per second. This voltage variation is called ‘ripple’ and if the unit is supplying an audio system or a radio, the ripple may well be heard as an annoying hum. The larger the capacitor for any given current draw, the smaller the ripple.

To improve the situation, it is normal to insert an electronic control circuit to oppose the ripple:

This circuit uses one new component, a new variety of diode called a ‘Zener’ diode. This device has an almost constant voltage drop across it when its current-blocking direction breaks down. The diode is designed to operate in this state to provide a reference voltage. The circuit merely uses a tiny current from the top of the zener diode to drive the Darlington pair emitter-follower transistors used to provide the output current.

With this circuit, when the output current is increased, the resistance of the transistor pair automatically reduces to provide more current without varying the output voltage. The 1K resistor is included to give the transistors a completed circuit if no external equipment is connected across the output terminals. The zener diode is chosen to give 1.4 Volts more than the required output voltage as the two transistors drop 1.4 Volts when conducting.

You should note that the output transistor is dropping 6 Volts at the full supply current. Watts = Volts x Amps so the power dissipated by the transistor may be quite high. It may well be necessary to mount the transistor on an aluminium plate called a ‘heat sink’ to keep it from overheating. Some power transistors, such as the 2N3055, do not have the case isolated from the active parts of the transistor. It is good practice to use a mica gasket between the transistor and the heat-sink as it conducts then heat without making an electrical connection to the metal heat-sink.

A capacitor, being an electrical reservoir, can be used as part of a timer circuit. If the current flow into it is restricted by passing it through a resistor. The length of time between starting the flow on an empty capacitor, and the voltage across the capacitor reaching some chosen level, will be constant for a high-quality capacitor.

As the voltage increase tails off, it becomes more difficult to measure the difference accurately, so if the capacitor is to be used for generating a time interval, it is normal to use the early part of the graph area where the line is fairly straight and rising fast.

The Voltage Doubler.

It is possible to increase the output voltage of a transformer although this does reduce its ability to supply current at that voltage. The way that this is done is to feed the positive cycles into one storage capacitor and the negative cycles into a second reservoir capacitor. This may sound a little complicated, but in reality, it isn't. A circuit for doing this is shown here:

With this circuit, the transformer output is some voltage, say "V" volts of AC current. This output waveform is fed to capacitor "C1" through diode "D1" which lops off the negative part of the cycle. This produces a series of positive half-cycles which charge up capacitor "C1" with a positive voltage of "V".

The other half of the output is fed to capacitor "C2" through diode "D2" which cuts off the positive part of the cycle, causing capacitor "C2" to develop a voltage of -V across it. As the two capacitors are 'in series' and not placed across each other, their voltages add up and produce twice the transformer output voltage.

A word of warning here. The transformer is producing an AC waveform and these are marked with the average voltage of the waveform, which is usually a sine wave. The peak voltage of a sinewave is 41% greater than this, so if your transformer has an AC output of 10 volts, then the peaks fed to the capacitors will be about 14.1 volts. If there is no current draw from the capacitors (that is, with the load switched off), then each capacitor will charge to this 14.1 volts and the overall output voltage will be 28.2 volts and not the 20 volts which you might expect. You need to understand that as this is only a half-wave supply, there will be considerable ripple on the output voltage if the current draw is high.

Using one additional smoothing capacitor and paying attention to the voltage ratings of the capacitors, the 28 volts supply circuit might be like this:

Multivibrators: The Bistable.

The number of electronic circuits which can be built with basic components such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, coils, etc. is limited only by your imagination and needs. Here is a circuit where two transistors operate as a pair:

This circuit has two stable states and so it is called a “bi” “stable” or “bistable” circuit. It is important to understand the operation of this simple and useful circuit.

If press-button switch ‘A’ is pressed, it short-circuits the base/emitter junction of transistor TR1. This prevents any current flowing in the base/emitter junction and so switches TR1 hard off. This makes the voltage at point ‘C’ rise as high as it can. This leaves transistor TR2 powered by R1 and R2 which have 11.3 Volts across them and switches TR2 hard on.

This pulls point ‘D’ down to about 0.1 Volts. This happens in less than a millionth of a second. When the press-button switch ‘A’ is released, transistor TR1 does not switch on again because its base current flows through resistor R3 which is connected to point ‘D’ which is far, far below the 0.7 Volts needed to make TR1 start conducting.

The result is that when press-button ‘A’ is pressed, transistor TR2 switches on and stays on even when press-button ‘A’ is released. This switches transistor TR3 off and starves the Load of current. This is the first ‘stable state’.

The same thing happens when press-button ‘B’ is pressed. This forces transistor TR2 into its ‘off’ state, raising point ‘D’ to a high voltage, switching transistor TR3 hard on, powering the Load and holding transistor TR1 hard off. This is the second of the two ‘stable states’.

In effect, this circuit ‘remembers’ which press-button was pressed last, so millions of these circuits are used in computers as Random Access Memory (‘RAM’). The voltage at point ‘C’ is the inverse of the voltage at point ‘D’, so if ‘D’ goes high then ‘C’ goes low and if ‘D’ goes low, then ‘C’ goes high. In passing, the output at ‘D’ is often called ‘Q’ and the output at ‘C’ is called ‘Q-bar’ which is shown as the letter Q with a horizontal line drawn above it. This is shown on the next circuit diagram.

A minor variation of this circuit allows a load to be energised when the circuit is powered up:

When powered down, the capacitor ‘C1’ in this circuit is fully discharged through resistor ‘R6’. When the 12 Volts supply is connected to the circuit, capacitor C1 does not charge instantly and so holds the base of TR2 down below 0.7 Volts for much longer than it takes for transistor TR1 to switch on (which, in turn, holds TR2 hard off). Mind you, if it is not necessary to have the Load held powered on indefinitely, then an even more simple circuit can do this:

Here, when the switch is closed, both sides of the capacitor C1 are at +12 Volts and this causes the 1K8 resistor to conduct heavily, driving the transistor and powering the load. The capacitor charges rapidly through the transistor and reaches the point at which it can no longer keep the transistor switched on. When the battery is switched off, the 1M resistor discharges the capacitor, ready for the next time the battery is connected.

the Monostable Multivibrator.

The monostable has one stable state and one unstable state. It can be flipped out of its stable state but it will ‘flop’ back into its stable state. For that reason, it is also known as a ‘flip-flop’ circuit. It is similar to a bistable circuit, but one of the cross-link resistors has been replaced by a capacitor which can pass current like a resistor, but only for a limited amount of time, after which, the capacitor becomes fully charged and the current flow stops, causing the ‘flop’ back to the stable state once more.

In this circuit, the ‘R’ resistor and the ‘C’ capacitor values determine how long the monostable will be in its unstable state. The circuit operates like this:

1. In the stable state, transistor TR1 is off. Its collector voltage is high, pushing the left hand side of capacitor ‘C’ to near +12 Volts. As the right hand side of capacitor ‘C’ is connected to the base of TR2 which is at 0.7 Volts, the capacitor gets charged to about 11.3 Volts.

2. The press-button switch is operated briefly. This feeds current through its 10K resistor to the base of transistor TR1, switching it hard on. This drops the collector voltage of TR1 to near 0 Volts, taking the left hand side of the capacitor with it.

3. As the voltage across a capacitor can’t change instantly, the right hand side of the capacitor drives the base of transistor TR2 down below 0.7 Volts, causing TR2 to switch off.

4. The circuit can’t hold TR2 in its ‘off’ state for ever. The resistor ‘R’ feeds current into the capacitor, forcing the voltage at the base of TR2 steadily upwards until the voltage reaches 0.7 Volts and transistor TR2 switches on again, forcing TR1 off again (provided that the press-button switch has been released). This is the stable state again. If the press-button switch is held on, then both transistors will be on and the output voltage will still be low. Another output pulse will not be generated until the press-button is let up and pressed again.

This circuit could be used to switch a microwave oven on for any chosen number of seconds, create a delay on your home-built burglar alarm, to give you time to switch it off after walking through your front door, operate a solenoid valve to feed a pre-determined quantity of beverage into a bottle on a production line, or whatever...

The Astable Multivibrator.

The astable circuit is the monostable with a second capacitor added so that neither state is stable. This results in the circuit flopping backwards and forwards continuously:

The rate of switching is controlled by the R1/C1 and R2/C2 combinations. The load’s ON time to its OFF time is called the ‘mark-space’ ratio, where the ON period is the ‘mark’ and the OFF period is the ‘space’. If you choose to use electrolytic capacitors which have their own polarity, then the +ve end of each capacitor is connected to the transistor collector.

While it is good to understand how these multivibrator circuits operate and can be built, nowadays there are pre-built circuits encased in a single package which you are much more likely to choose to use. These are called Integrated Circuits or ‘ICs’ for short. We will be discussing these shortly. Before we do, notice that in the circuit above, transistor TR3 has been changed to a new variety called a Field Effect Transistor (‘FET’). This type of transistor is newer than the ‘bipolar’ transistors shown in the earlier circuits. FETs come in two varieties: ‘n-channel’ which are like NPN transistors and ‘p-channel’ which are like PNP transistors.

FETs are more difficult to make but have now reached a level of cost and reliability which makes them very useful indeed. They require almost no base current (called ‘gate’ current with this type of transistor) which means that they have almost no effect on any circuit to which they are attached. Also, many of them can handle large currents and boast major power handling capabilities. Because of this, it is usual to see them packaged with a metal plate mounting, ready to be bolted to an aluminium heat-sink plate to help dissipate the heat generated by the large amount of power flowing through them. The ‘RFP50N06’ shown above can handle up to 50 Volts and carry up to 60 Amps, which is serious power handling.

Inverters and Truth Tables.

Consider the following circuit:

If neither of the press-button switches are operated, the transistor has no base/emitter current flow and so it is off. This places the collector voltage at ‘C’ near the positive rail (+5 Volts).

If press-button switch ‘A’ is operated, the base voltage tries to rise to half of the battery voltage but doesn’t make it because the transistor base pins it down to 0.7 Volts. This feeds base current to the transistor, switching it hard on and causing the output at ‘C’ to drop to nearly 0 Volts.

If press-button switch ‘B’ is operated (don’t do this when switch ‘A’ is closed or you will get a very high ‘short-circuit’ current flowing directly through the two switches) it has no effect on the output voltage which will stay high.

If we re-draw the circuit like this:

We can see that if the voltage at the input ‘A’ is taken high, then the output voltage at ‘C’ will be low. If the voltage at the input ‘A’ is taken low, then the output voltage at ‘C’ will be high. A circuit which does this is called an ‘Inverter’ because it ‘inverts’ (or ‘turns upside down’) the input voltage.

We can summarise this operation in a table. Personally, I would call the table an ‘Input/Output’ table, but for no obvious reason, the standard name is a ‘Truth’ table. The purpose of this table is to list all of the possible inputs and show the corresponding output for each input.

Another standard, is to substitute ‘1’ for ‘High Voltage’ and ‘0’ for ‘Low Voltage’. You will notice that many items of electrical and electronic equipment have these symbols on the ON / OFF switch. In computer circuitry (hah! you didn’t notice that we had moved to computer circuits, did you?), the ‘0’ represents any voltage below 0.5 Volts and the ‘1’ represents any voltage above 3.5 Volts. Many, if not most, computers operate their logic circuits on 5 Volts. This Inverter circuit is a ‘logic’ circuit.

A criticism of the above circuit is that its input resistance or ‘impedance’ is not particularly high, and its output impedance is not particularly low. We would like our logic circuits to be able to operate the inputs of eight other logic circuits. The jargon for this is that our circuit should have a ‘fan-out’ of eight.

Let’s go for a simple modification which will improve the situation:

Here, The input impedance has been increased by a factor of 100 by using a Darlington pair of transistors which need far less base current, and so can have a much higher input resistor.

Unfortunately, the output impedance is still rather high when the transistors are in their OFF state as any current taken from the positive line has to flow through the 1K8 (1800 ohm) resistor. But we need this resistor for when the transistors are in their ON state. We really need to change the 1K8 resistor for some device which has a high resistance at some times and a low resistance at other times. You probably have not heard of these devices, but they are called ‘transistors’.

There are several ways to do this. We might choose to use PNP transistors (we normally use NPN types) and connect these in place of the 1K8 resistor. Perhaps we might use a circuit like this:

This circuit is starting to look complicated and I don’t like complicated circuits. It is not as bad as it looks. The NPN transistors at the bottom are almost the same as the previous circuit. The only difference is that the collector load is now two 100 ohm resistors plus the resistance of the two transistors. If the PNP transistors are OFF when the NPN transistors are ON, then the circuit loading on the NPN transistors will be negligible and the whole of the NPN transistors output will be available for driving external circuits through the lower 100 ohm resistor (a large ‘fan-out’ for the ‘0’ logic state). To make sure that the PNP transistors are hard off before the NPN transistors start to switch on, the resistor ‘R1’ needs to be selected carefully.

The PNP transistors are an exact mirror image of the NPN side, so resistor R2 needs to be selected carefully to ensure that the NPN transistors are switched hard OFF before the PNP transistors start to switch ON.

You need not concern yourself unduly with that circuit, because you will almost certainly use an Integrated Circuit rather than building your own circuit from ‘discrete’ components. An Integrated Circuit containing six complete inverters is the 7414 which is shown above. This comes in a small black case with two rows of 7 pins which make it look a bit like a caterpillar. Because there are two row of pins, the packaging is called “Dual In-Line” or “DIL” for short.

Now, consider the following circuit:

This circuit operates the same way as the Inverter circuit, except that it has two inputs (‘A’ and ‘B’). The output voltage at ‘C’ will be low if either, ‘A’ OR ‘B’ or both, of the inputs is high. The only time that the output is high, is when both Input ‘A’ and Input ‘B’ are low. Consequently, the circuit is called an “OR” gate. Strictly speaking, because the output voltage goes Down when the input voltage goes Up, it is called a “Not OR” gate, which gets shortened to a “NOR” gate. In this context, the word “not” means “inverted”. If you fed the output ‘C’ into an inverter circuit, the resulting circuit would be a genuine “OR” gate. The digital circuit symbols for an AND gate, a NAND gate, an OR gate and a NOR gate are:

Gating.

These common chips are usually supplied with 2, 4 or 8 inputs. So, why is it called a “Gate” - isn’t it just a double inverter? Well, yes, it is a double inverter, but a double inverter acts as a gate which can pass or block an electronic signal. Consider this circuit:

Here, transistors ‘TR1’ and ‘TR2’ are connected to form an astable (multivibrator). The astable runs freely, producing the square wave voltage pattern shown in red. Transistor ‘TR3’ passes this voltage signal on. TR3 inverts the square wave, but this has no practical effect, the output being the same frequency square wave as the signal taken from the collector of TR2.

If the press-button switch at point ‘A’ is operated, a current is fed to the base of TR3 which holds it hard on. The voltage at point ‘C’ drops to zero and stays there. The square wave signal coming from the collector of TR2 is blocked and does not reach the output point ‘C’. It is as if a physical ‘gate’ has been closed, blocking the signal from reaching point ‘C’. As long as the voltage at point ‘A’ is low, the gate is open. If the voltage at point ‘A’ goes high, the gate is closed and the output is blocked.

There is no need for a manual switch at point ‘A’. Any electronic switching circuit will do:

Here, a slow-running astable is substituted for the manual switch. When the output voltage of ‘Astable 2’ goes high, it switches the gate transistor ‘TR3’, holding it hard on and blocking the square-wave signal from ‘Astable 1’. When the output voltage of ‘Astable 2’ goes low, it frees transistor ‘TR3’ and it then passes the ‘Astable 1’ signal through again. The resulting gated waveform is shown in red at point ‘C’ and it is bursts of signal, controlled by the running rate of ‘Astable 2’. This is the sort of waveform which Stan Meyer found very effective in splitting water into Hydrogen and Oxygen (see Chapter 10).

This circuit could also be drawn as:

The small circle on the output side of logic devices is to show that they are inverting circuits, in other words, when the input goes up, the output goes down. The two logic devices we have encountered so far have had this circle: the Inverter and the NAND gate.

If you wish, you can use a NAND gate chip which has the circuitry also built as a Schmitt trigger, which as you will recall, has a fast-switching output even with a slowly moving input. With a chip like that, you can get three different functions from the one device:

If the two inputs of a NAND gate are connected together, then the output will always be the opposite of the input, i.e. the gate acts as an inverter. This arrangement also works as a Schmitt Trigger due to the way the NAND gate circuitry is built. There are several packages built with this type of circuitry, the one shown here is the “74132” chip which contains four “dual-input” NAND gates. Gates can have almost any number of inputs but it is rare to need more than two in any given circuit. Another chip with identical pin connections is the 4011 chip (which is not a Schmitt circuit). This ‘quad dual-input’ NAND gate package uses a construction method called “CMOS” which is very easily damaged by static electricity until actually connected into a circuit. CMOS chips can use a wide range of voltages and take very little current. They are cheap and very popular

The number of devices built into an Integrated Circuit is usually limited by the number of pins in the package and one pin is needed for one connection to ‘the outside world’. Packages are made with 6 pins (typically for opto-isolators), 8 pins (many general circuits), 14 pins (many general circuits, mostly computer logic circuits), 16 pins (ditto, but not as common) and then a jump to large numbers of pins for Large Scale devices such as microprocessors, memory chips, etc. The standard IC package is small:

Prototype circuits are often built on ‘strip board’ which is a stiff board with strips of copper running along one face, and punched with a matrix of holes. The strips are used to make the electrical connections and are broken where necessary. This strip board is usually called “Veroboard”:

Nowadays, the strip board holes are spaced 2.5 mm (1/10”) apart which means that the gaps between the copper strips is very small indeed. I personally, find it quite difficult to make good solder joints on the strips without the solder bridging between two adjacent strips. Probably, a smaller soldering iron is needed. I need to use an 8x magnifying glass to be sure that no solder bridging remains in place before a new circuit is powered up for the first time. Small fingers and good eyesight are a decided advantage for circuit board construction. The narrow spacing of the holes is so that the standard IC DIL package will fit directly on the board.

Circuits built using computer circuitry, can experience problems with mechanical switches. An ordinary light switch turns the light on and off. You switch it on and the light comes on. You switch it off and the light goes off. The reason it works so well is that the light bulb takes maybe, a tenth of a second to come on. Computer circuits can switch on and off 100,000 times in that tenth of a second, so some circuits will not work reliably with a mechanical switch. This is because the switch contact bounces when it closes. It may bounce once, twice or several times depending on how the switch is operated. If the switch is being used as an input to a counting circuit, the circuit may count 1, 2 or several switch inputs for one operation of the switch. It is normal to “de-bounce” any mechanical switch. This could be done using a couple of NAND gates connected like this:

The NAND Latch.

Here, the mechanical switch is buffered by a ‘latch’. When the ‘Set’ switch is operated, the output goes low. The unconnected input of gate ‘1’ acts as if it has a High voltage on it (due to the way the NAND gate circuit was built). The other input is held low by the output of gate ‘2’. This pushes the output of gate ‘1’ high, which in turn, holds the output of gate ‘2’ low. This is the first stable state.

When the ‘Set’ switch is operated, the output of gate ‘2’ is driven high. Now, both inputs of gate ‘1’ are high which causes its output to go low. This in turn, drives one input of gate ‘2’ low, which holds the output of gate ‘2’ high. This is the second stable state.

To summarise: pressing the ‘Set’ switch any number of times, causes the output to go low, once and only once. The output will stay low until the ‘Reset’ switch is operated once, twice or any number of times, at which point the output will go high and stay there.

This circuit uses just half of one cheap NAND gate chip to create a bistable multivibrator which is physically very small and light.

Gate Circuits.

NAND Gates can be used as the heart of many electronic circuits apart from the logic circuits for which the package was designed. Here is a NAND gate version of the rain alarm described earlier. The ‘4011B’ chip is a CMOS device which has a very high input impedance and can operate at convenient battery voltages (3 to 15 Volts):

This circuit is comprised of a rain sensor, two astable multivibrators and a power-driver feeding a loudspeaker:

1. The rain sensor is a wired-up strip board or similar grid of interlaced conductors, forming a voltage-divider across the battery rails.

2. The output voltage from this, at point ‘A’ in the circuit diagram, is normally low as the strip board is open-circuit when dry. This holds the first NAND gate locked in the OFF state, preventing the first astable from oscillating. This first astable is colour-coded blue in the diagram. Its frequency (the pitch of the note it produces) is governed by the values of the 47K resistor and the 1 microfarad capacitor. Reducing the value of either of these will raise the frequency (note pitch). If rain falls on the sensor, the voltage at point ‘A’ goes high letting the astable run freely. If the voltage at ‘A’ does not rise sufficiently when it rains, increase the value of the 1M resistor.

3. The output of the first astable is a low voltage when the sensor is dry. It is taken from point ‘B’ and passed to the gating input of the second astable, holding it in its OFF state. The speed of the second astable is controlled by the value of the 470K resistor and the 0.001 microfarad capacitor. Reducing the value of either of these will raise the pitch of the note produced by the astable. The rate at which this astable operates is very much higher than the first astable.

When it rains, the voltage at point ‘A’ rises, letting the first astable oscillate. As it does so, it turns the second astable on and off in a steady rhythmic pattern. This feeds repeated bursts of high speed oscillations from the second astable to point ‘C’ in the diagram.

4. The Darlington-pair emitter-follower transistors cause the voltage at point ‘D’ to follow the voltage pattern at point ‘C’ (but 1.4 Volts lower voltage due to the 0.7 Volts base/emitter voltage drop for each transistor). The high gain of the two transistors ensures that the output of the second oscillator is not loaded unduly. These power-driver transistors place the output voltage across an eighty ohm loudspeaker, padded with a resistor to raise the overall resistance of the combination. The voltage pattern produced is shown at point ‘D’ and is an attention-grabbing sound.

So, why does this circuit oscillate?:

The circuit will not oscillate if the gating input is low, so assume it to be high. Take the moment when the output of gate 2 is low. For this to happen, the inputs of gate 2 have to be high. As the output of gate 1 is wired directly to the inputs of gate 2, it must be high, and for that to be true, at least one of its inputs must be low. This situation is shown on the right.

There is now a full voltage drop between point ‘A’ and point ‘B’. The 47K resistor and the capacitor are in series across this voltage drop, so the capacitor starts to charge up, progressively raising the voltage at point ‘C’. The lower the value of the resistor, the faster the voltage rises. The larger the value of the capacitor, the slower the voltage rises.

When the voltage at point ‘C’ rises sufficiently, the 100K resistor raises the input voltage of gate 1 far enough to cause it to change state. This creates the following situation:

Now, the voltage across ‘A’ to ‘B’ is reversed and the voltage at point ‘C’ starts to fall, its rate governed by the size of the 47K resistor and the 1 microfarad capacitor. When the voltage at point ‘C’ falls low enough, it takes the input of gate 1 low enough (via the 100K resistor) to cause gate 1 to switch state again. This takes the circuit to the initial state discussed. This is why the circuit oscillates continuously until the gating input of gate 1 is taken low to block the oscillation.

Now, here is a NAND gate circuit for a sequential on/off switch:

This circuit turns the Light Emitting Diode on and off repeatedly with each operation of the press-button switch. When the on/off switch is closed, capacitor ‘C1’ holds the voltage at point ‘A’ low. This drives the output of gate 1 high, which moves the inputs of gate 2 high via the 100K resistor ‘R1’. This drives the voltage at point ‘B’ low, turning the transistor off, which makes the LED stay in its off state. The low voltage at point ‘B’ is fed back via the 100K resistor ‘R2’ to point ‘A’, keeping it low. This is the first stable state.

As the output of gate 1 is high, capacitor ‘C2’ charges up to that voltage via the 2M2 resistor. If the press-button switch is operated briefly, the high voltage of ‘C2’ raises the voltage of point ‘A’, causing gate 1 to change state, and consequently, gate 2 to change state also. Again, the high voltage at point ‘B’ is fed back to point ‘A’ via the 100K resistor ‘R2’, keeping it high, maintaining the situation. This is the second stable state. In this state, point ‘B’ has a high voltage and this feeds the base of the transistor via the 4.7K resistor, turning it on and lighting the LED.

In this second state, the output of gate 1 is low, so capacitor ‘C2’ discharges rapidly to a low voltage. If the press-button switch is operated again, the low voltage of ‘C2’ drives point ‘A’ low again, causing the circuit to revert to its original stable state.

We could, if we wished, modify the circuit so that it would operate for three or four minutes after switch-on but then stop operating until the circuit was turned off and on again. This is accomplished by gating one of the gates instead of just using both as inverters. If we gated the second gate, then the LED would be left permanently on, so we will modify the first gate circuit:

This circuit operates exactly the same way as the previous circuit if, and only if, the voltage at point ‘C’ is high. With the voltage at point ‘C’ high, gate 1 is free to react to the voltage at point ‘A’ as before. If the voltage at point ‘C’ is low, it locks the output of gate 1 at the high level, forcing the output of gate 2 to the low level and holding the LED off.

When the circuit is first powered up, the new 100 microfarad capacitor ‘C3’ is fully discharged, which pulls the voltage at point ‘C’ to nearly + 9 Volts. This allows gate 1 to operate freely, and the LED can be toggled on and off as before. As time passes, the charge on capacitor ‘C3’ builds up, fed by the 2M2 resistor. This causes the voltage at point ‘C’ to fall steadily. The rate of fall is governed by the size of the capacitor and the size of the resistor. The larger the resistor, the slower the fall. The larger the capacitor, the slower the fall. The values shown are about as large as are practical, due to the current ‘leakage’ of ‘C3’.

After three or four minutes, the voltage at point ‘C’ gets driven low enough to operate gate 1 and prevent further operation of the circuit. This type of circuit could be part of a competitive game where the contestants have a limited time to complete some task.

The NAND Gate as an Amplifier.

Gates can also be used as amplifiers although they are not intended to be used that way and there are far better integrated circuits from which to build amplifiers. The following circuit shows how this can be done:

This circuit operates when there is a sudden change in light level. The previous light-level switching circuit was designed to trigger at some particular level of increasing or decreasing level of lighting. This is a shadow-detecting circuit which could be used to detect somebody walking past a light in a corridor or some similar situation.

The voltage level at point ‘A’ takes up some value depending on the light level. We are not particularly interested in this voltage level since it is blocked from the following circuitry by capacitor ‘C1’. Point ‘B’ does not get a voltage pulse unless there is a sudden change of voltage at point ‘A’, i.e. there is a sudden change in light level reaching the light-dependent resistor ORP12.

The first gate amplifies this pulse by some fifty times. The gate is effectively abused, and forced to operate as an amplifier by the 10M resistor connecting its output to its input. At switch-on, the output of gate 1 tries to go low. As its voltage drops, it starts to take its own inputs down via the resistor. Pushing the voltage on the inputs down, starts to raise the output voltage, which starts to raise the input voltage, which starts to lower the output voltage, which ...... The result is that both the inputs and the output take up some intermediate voltage (which the chip designers did not intend). This intermediate voltage level is easily upset by an external pulse such as that produced by the ORP12 through capacitor ‘C1’. When this pulse arrives, an amplified version of the pulse causes a voltage fluctuation at the output of gate 1.

This voltage change is passed through the diode and variable resistor to the input of gate 2. Gates 2 and 3 are wired together as a makeshift Schmitt trigger in that the output voltage at point ‘D’ is fed back to point ‘C’ via a high value resistor. This helps to make their change of state more rapid and decisive. These two gates are used to pass a full change of state to the output stage transistor. The variable resistor is adjusted so that gate 2 is just about to change state and is easily triggered by the pulse from amplifier gate 1. The output is shown as an LED but it can be anything you choose. It could be a relay used to switch on some electrical device, a solenoid used to open a door, a counter to keep track of the number of people using a passageway, etc. etc. Please note that an operational amplifier chip (which will be described later) is a far better choice of IC for a circuit of this type. A gate amplifier is shown here only to show another way that a gate can be utilised.

The NE555 Timer Chip.

There is an exceptionally useful chip designated by the number 555. This chip is designed to be used in oscillator and timer circuits. Its use is so widespread that the chip price is very low for its capability. It can operate with voltages from 5 Volts to 18 Volts and its output can handle 200 mA. It takes 1 mA when its output is low and 10 mA when its output is high. It comes in an 8-pin Dual-In-Line package and there is a 14-pin package version which contains two separate 555 circuits. The pin connections are:

This device can operate as a monostable or astable multivibrator, a Schmitt trigger or an inverting buffer (low current input, high current output).

Here it is wired as a Schmitt trigger, and for variation, it is shown triggering a triac which will then stay on until the circuit is powered down (an SCR could be used just as well with this DC circuit):

And here, a monostable:

And here are two astables, the second of which has fixed, equal mark/space ratio and the first a high output voltage time determined by Ra + Rb and a low voltage output time determined by Rb (2:1 in this case):

Astable Frequencies

100

470

1K

4.7K

10K

47K

100K

470K

1M

0.1 μF

72,000

Hz

15,319

Hz

7,200

Hz

1,532

Hz

720

Hz

153

Hz

72

Hz

15

Hz

7.2

Hz

0.47 μF

15,319

Hz

3,259

Hz

1,532

Hz

326

Hz

153

Hz

33

Hz

15

Hz

3.3

Hz

1.5

Hz

1.0 μF

7,200

Hz

1,532

Hz

720

Hz

153

Hz

72

Hz

15

Hz

7.2

Hz

1.5

Hz

1.4

secs

2.2 μF

3,272

Hz

696

Hz

327

Hz

70

Hz

33

Hz

7

Hz

3.3

Hz

1.4

secs

3

secs

4.7 μF

1,532

Hz

326

Hz

153

Hz

33

Hz

15

Hz

3.3

Hz

1.5

Hz

3

secs

6.7

secs

10 μF

720

Hz

153

Hz

72

Hz

15

Hz

7.2

Hz

1.5

Hz

1.4

secs

6.7 secs

14

secs

22 μF

327

Hz

70

Hz

33

Hz

7

Hz

3.3

Hz

1.4

secs

3

secs

14

secs

30

secs

47 μF

153

Hz

33

Hz

15

Hz

3.3

Hz

1.5

Hz

3

secs

6.7 secs

30

secs

65

secs

100 μF

72

Hz

15

Hz

7.2

Hz

1.5

Hz

1.4

secs

6.7 secs

14

secs

65

secs

139

secs

220 μF

33

Hz

7

Hz

3.3

Hz

1.4

secs

3

secs

14

secs

30

secs

139

secs

307

secs

470 μF

15

Hz

3.3

Hz

1.5

Hz

3

secs

6.7 secs

30 secs

65

secs

307

secs

614

secs

1,000 μF

7.2

Hz

1.5

Hz

1.4

secs

6.7 secs

14

secs

65

secs

139

secs

614

secs

2,200 μF

3.3

Hz

1.4

secs

3

secs

14

secs

30 secs

139

secs

307

secs

4,700 μF

1.5

Hz

3.3 secs

6.7 secs

30 secs

65

secs

307

secs

614

secs

10,000 μF

1.4

secs

6.7 secs

14

secs

65

secs

139

secs

614

secs

Note: The high leakage of large value electrolytic capacitors prevents them being used with high value resistors in timing circuits. Instead, use a smaller capacitor and follow the timing circuit with a “divide-by-N” chip to give accurately timed long periods. Not all 555 chips have a manufacturing quality sufficient for them to operate reliably above 20,000 Hz, so for the higher frequencies the chip needs to be selected after testing its actual performance.

We can also wire the 555 to give a variable mark/space ratio while holding the frequency of the oscillation fixed:

The output waveform changes drastically as the variable resistor is adjusted, but the frequency (or pitch of the note) of the output stays unaltered.

A variable-frequency version of this circuit can be produced by changing the 33K resistor to a variable resistor as shown here:

Here, the 33K resistor has been replaced by two variable resistors and one fixed resistor. The main variable resistor is 47K in size (an almost arbitrary choice) and it feeds to a second variable resistor of 4.7K in size. The advantage of this second variable resistor is that it can be set to it’s mid point and the frequency tuning done with the 47K variable. When the frequency is approximately correct, the 4.7K variable can be used to fine tune the frequency. This is convenient as the small variable will have ten times more knob movement compared to the main variable (being just 10% of its value).

Obviously, it is not necessary to have the fine-tuning variable resistor, and it can be omitted without changing the operation of the circuit. As the 47K variable resistor can be set to zero resistance and the 4.7K variable resistor can also be set to zero resistance, to avoid a complete short-circuit between output pin 3 and the 50K Mark/Space variable resistor, a 3.3K fixed resistor is included. In this circuit, the frequency is set by your choice of the resistor chain 47K + 4.7K + 3.3K (adjustable from 55K to 3.3K) and the 100nF (0.1 microfarad) capacitor between pin 6 and the zero volt rail. Making the capacitor larger, lowers the frequency range. Making the resistors larger, also lowers the frequency range. Naturally, reducing the size of the capacitor and/or reducing the size of the resistor chain, raises the frequency.

One 555 chip can be used to gate a second 555 chip via its pin 4 ‘Reset’ option. You will recall that we have already developed a circuit to do this using two astables and a transistor. We also generated the same effect using four NAND gates. Here, we will create the same output waveform using the more conventional circuitry of two 555 chips:

Both of the 555 circuits can be bought in a single 14-pin DIL package which is designated ‘556’.

There are many additional circuit types which can be created with the 555 chip. If you wish to explore the possibilities, I suggest that you get a copy of the book “IC 555 Projects” by E.A. Parr, ISBN 0-85934-047-3.

All right, suppose that we want to design and build a circuit to do the same as Bob Beck’s pulser circuit mentioned in chapter 11. The requirements are to produce a square wave output pulsing four times per second using a 27 volt power supply, the circuit being powered by three small PP3 size batteries. An obvious choice for the circuit seems to be a 555 timer chip which is small, robust and cheap and a suitable circuit would appear to be:

This leaves us with choosing a value for the capacitor and the resistor. We need to pay attention to the fact that the circuit will be running on 27 volts and while the capacitor will not charge up to anything like that voltage, we still will pick one which will survive 27V. Looking on the local eBay shows that a pack of ten capacitors of 1 microfarad rated at 50V can be bought for just £1 including postage, so take that as the value for “C”. Looking at the 555 table of frequencies above shows:

Which indicates that to get the circuit switching four times per second (4 Hz) the resistor “R” will need to be somewhere between 100K and 470K. With my capacitor, 120K is about right.

While the switching frequency does not have to be exact, let’s aim at getting it correct. Most reasonably priced components have a tolerance of around 10% so we need to select our resistor/capacitor combination for the exact values of the actual components which we will use. For this, it is worth building the circuit on a solder-less ‘breadboard’, so looking on eBay again we find that a suitable small plug-in board can be bought and delivered for £3. It looks like this :

These type of boards allow ICs to be plugged in spanning the central divide, leaving up to five extra connections on every pin. Short lengths of solid-core wire can be used to connect between any two socket holes. This will allow us to plug in one of our capacitors and find what resistor (or what two resistors) make the circuit switch forty times in ten seconds.

However, if we go to http://www.alldatasheet.co.kr/ and download the data pdf for the NE555 chip, we find that the maximum 555 chip voltage is quite limited:

This means that the chip is liable to burn out instantly if it is fed more than 16 volts. As we need to run our circuit on 27V this is a problem. As the 27V is being provided by three separate batteries, we could supply the 555 chip from just one of the batteries and run it on 9V which would be ok from the point of view of the chip as the table above shows that it can operate correctly with a supply voltage as low as 4.5 volts. The disadvantage of that arrangement is that one of the batteries will run down more quickly than the others and it would be nice to avoid that.

The table also shows that the current draw just to keep the 555 running can be anything from 6 to 15 milliamps. That is not a large current but the PP3 batteries have been chosen for their small size, allowing the whole circuit to be strapped to a person’s wrist. A quick search on the internet shows that cheap PP3 batteries have a capacity of 400 milliamp-hours and the very expensive alkaline types 565 milliamp-hours. These ratings are the “C20” values, based on the battery being discharged at a constant current over a period of twenty hours, which would be ten days of use if Bob Beck’s two hours per day protocol is followed.

This means that the ‘cheap’ batteries should not be discharged at more than one twentieth of their 400 mAHr rating, which is 20 mA. The expensive alkaline batteries should be able to be discharged at 28 mA for twenty hours.

Our current draw is made up of two parts. The first part is supplying the circuit with the current which it needs to run. The second part is the current flowing through the body of the user. This second part is limited by the 820 ohm resistor in the output line which limits that part of the current to a maximum of 33 milliamps (Ohm’s Law: Amps = Volts /Resistance). This neglects the body resistance and assumes that the output control variable resistor is set to minimum resistance, which is unlikely.

Checking these values shows that the 555 chip is liable to draw as much current as the circuit supplies through the output electrodes. However, let’s go ahead with the circuit, after all, we might decide to use rechargeable PP3 batteries which would overcome the need to buy new batteries every few days.

The first essential requirement is to provide the 555 chip with a voltage of, say, 10 volts when it is running in the completed circuit. That could be done with one of the voltage-stabiliser integrated circuits:

That is not a particularly expensive option, but those chips draw a current in order to provide the voltage stabilisation and an absolutely steady voltage is not needed by the 555 chip. Alternatively, we could use a resistor and a 10V zener diode:

But that method does waste some current flowing through the zener in order to provide the wanted voltage. The most simple method is to use a resistor and a capacitor:

Considerable care is needed when selecting the resistor value “R”. If the value is too low, then the voltage passed to the 555 chip will be too high and the chip will burn out. When selecting the resistor “R”, start with a higher value than expected and then substitute slightly lower value resistors while monitoring the voltage across the capacitor to make sure that it stays low enough. The resistor value can be assessed using Ohm’s Law. Assuming a current of about 6 mA, the voltage drop across the resistor being (27 – 10) = 17 volts, then a resistor of about 2.83K (as Ohms = Volts / Amps) which suggests that starting with a 4.7K resistor is likely to be ok, and then picking each lower standard resistor in turn until a satisfactory voltage across the capacitor is reached.

The capacitor could be 12V or 15V rated, but if one rated at a higher voltage is used, then if it is accidentally connected across the full 27V it will not be harmed in any way. The larger the capacitance, the better, say 220 microfarads which can be got for a few pence on eBay. If you want to play safe, you could connect a 12V zener diode across the capacitor. It will not draw any current under normal working conditions, but if anything should cause the voltage on the capacitor to rise, then it will fire up and hold the voltage down to a safe 12V level. I would be inclined to see the zener as being unnecessary, but the choice is always yours.

So what resistor power rating is needed? Well, if the resistor turns out to be a 2.7K and the capacitor voltage ends up as 9.5 volts, then the average voltage across the resistor is 17.5V which makes the current through it 6.48 mA and as Watts = Volts x Amps, the power rating needs to be 113 milliwatts, so the typical quarter-watt (250 mW) resistor should be perfectly ok. If two (nearly equal value) resistors in parallel are used to get some intermediate value of “R” then that increases the overall resistor wattage.

The output of the 555 chip is then used to drive the remainder of the circuit which operates at 27V. A BC109C transistor costs only a few pence, can handle the voltage and has a minimum gain of 200 although the gain can be anything up to 800 and a BC109 can handle the current quite easily. If you need to find out any of these things, then download a datasheet for the transistor from the internet.

The output of the 555 timer is on pin 3 and it can easily supply 200 mA which is far, far more current than we would ever need for this circuit. We can feed the 555 square-wave output to the 27V electrodes using a transistor:

As the transistor is made of silicon, the switch-on voltage is when the base voltage is about 0.7 volts above the emitter voltage. That means that when the transistor is switched on, the top of resistor “R1” will be at around 10 volts and the bottom of “R1” will be at about 0.7 volts, which means that the voltage across “R1” will be (10 – 0.7) = 9.3 Volts. When that voltage is present across “R1” we want it to feed sufficient current to the transistor to switch it on fully. The transistor supplies a 100K resistor (which will carry 0.27 mA when 27 volts is across it) and the electrodes which will have a minimum resistance of 820 ohms across them (causing a current of 33 mA through them). So, the transistor might have to supply about 33 mA maximum. The BC109C transistor has a minimum gain of 200 so the current flowing into the base needs to be 33 / 200 = 0.165 mA and the resistor which will carry that current when it has 9.3 volts across it is 56.3K. A somewhat smaller resistor will suit.

A commonsense check that the resistor calculation is correct is:

A 1K resistor carries 1 mA per volt and so will carry 9.3 mA with 9.3 volts across it.

A 10K resistor will carry one tenth of that amount, or 0.93 mA with 9.3 volts across it.

A 100K resistor will carry one tenth of that again, or 0.093 mA with 9.3 volts across it.

This indicates that for a current of 0.165 mA which is about twice the 100K current, a resistor of about half of 100K should be about the right value, so 56.3K looks correct.

Considering that the gain of 200 is the minimum and three or four times that is typical, we could perhaps choose to use a 47K resistor for “R1”

As the electrode current is likely to be considerably less than 33 mA and as the BC109C gain is likely to be very high, it could be quite difficult to get the transistor to switch off as it can operate on very tiny amounts of input current. To get it to switch on and off cleanly when the 555 output voltage is say, about 5 volts, (at which point the NE555 voltage will be changing very rapidly), “R2” is included. With it in place, the output voltage of the NE555 is divided between “R1” and “R2” in the ratio of their resistances. The situation we want is:

When The transistor is not switched on, it draws almost no current and so looks like a very high value resistor to the circuit. This allows the “R1” and “R2” resistors to act as a voltage-divider pair. This causes the voltage at point “A” to be determined by the ratio of “R1” to “R2” and the transistor can be ignored provided that the voltage at point “A” is below 0.7 volts. If the voltage at that point rises to 0.7 volts then the situation changes dramatically and Ohm’s Law no longer holds as the transistor is not a passive resistor but instead, is an active semi-conductor device. If the voltage at point “A” tries to rise further it can’t because the transistor base clamps it solidly there by appearing to be an ever lower resistor between the base and the emitter of the transistor. So for higher input voltages, resistor “R2” might as well not be there for all the difference it makes.

So, what value do we need for “R2” in order for the voltage at point “A” to be 0.7V when pin 3 of the NE555 reaches 5V? Well, that part of the circuit is acting in a resistive fashion and so Ohm’s Law can be used. The resistor “R1” is 47K and has 4.3 volts across it, which means that the current through it must be 0.915 mA. That means that “R2” has 0.7V across it and 0.915 mA flowing through it which means that it has a value of 7.65K. A standard 8.2K or 6.8K resistor could be used as there is nothing dramatically important about the 5V switching point. If you were fussed about getting exactly 7.65K (and you shouldn’t be), then you can get that value by combining two standard resistors, either in series or in parallel.

A common sense method of working out the value of “R2” is to use the fact that as the same current flows through them (no matter what that current happens to be), then the ratio of the voltage will be the same as the ratio of the resistors. That is: 0.7V / 4.3V = “R2” / 47K or “R2” = 47K x 0.7 / 4.3 which is 7.65K.

We have now reached the point where we can determine the resistor value needed to provide a reasonable voltage for the NE555 timer chip, the circuit being:

The “Rx” value is going to be fairly close to 270K so you can use that value when testing to find a suitable value for “R” (2.2K in my case). The capacitor across the NE555 chip should be as large a capacitance as is convenient, bearing in mind that the entire circuit, batteries, etc. is to fit into a small case to be strapped to a wrist. One way that the components could be positioned on the plug-board is:

Remember that when trying various resistors for “R” you need to start high at about 4.7K and the resulting voltage on the capacitor shows the voltage drop across your first resistor choice and so, the actual current being drawn by your particular NE555 chip. That calculated current will allow you to calculate the resistor value needed to give 10 volts or so, allowing your next resistor to be tested to be almost exact in value.

For checking the frequency produced by the circuit, any ordinary LED can be used as a temporary measure. It can be connected across the 100K ‘load’ resistor between the transistor collector and the +27V positive supply line. A current-limiting resistor is essential to stop the LED burning out instantly. If we allow a current of 5 mA to flow through the LED then since the current-limiting resistor has some 26.3 volts across it, then it’s value will be about 5.4K (1K would give 26 mA, 2K would give 13 mA, 3K would give 9 mA, 4K would give 6.5 mA) and so a 4.7K resistor works well. This LED and resistor are shown in the layout above. Please remember that if your BC109C transistor has a metal case, then that case is normally connected internally to the collector and so, care must be taken that the case does not short-circuit to anything else.

If it is considered important to maximise battery life by reducing the current draw to a minimum, then perhaps using an astable circuit might be a good choice. In common with most electronic circuits, there are many different ways to design a suitable circuit to do the required job. The BC109C transistor can handle the 27V and so we might aim at a current draw for the circuit of just 3 mA. If 2 mA were to flow through the astable transistors when they are switched on, then with 27V across them, the resistors would be 13.5K which is not a standard value. We might select 12K to give a 2.25 mA current, or 15K to give 1.8 mA. Either should be satisfactory. The circuit might then be:

As the voltage swing feeding the output transistor has now risen from 10V to 27V the voltage-divider resistors can now increase in value by 2.7 times, giving around 127K and 22.1K for these resistors. However, the situation is not the same as for the NE555 chip which can supply at least 200 mA at the voltage-high output level. Instead, the transistor becomes such a high resistance that it can be ignored, but the 12K remains in the path which supplies the base current for the output transistor and it will in fact, add to the upper resistor of the voltage-divider pair. So while a 100K resistor is shown, it is effectively 112K due to that extra 12K resistor between it and the +27V supply line. The astable transistors will be switching fast at the point where the output transistor changes state, so the output square wave should be good quality. The BC109C transistor can switch on and off a hundred million times per second, so it’s performance in this circuit should be very good. A test breadboard layout might be:

We now need to choose the timing components. For an even 50% duty cycle where each transistor is ON for half the time and OFF for half the time, the two timing capacitors can be the same size and then the two timing resistors will have the same value, in my case, 330K but it depends on the actual capacitors used.

Bob Beck’s design calls for the LED display to be running when the unit is switched on and then be disconnected when the electrodes are plugged into a 3.5 mm socket mounted on the case containing the circuit. The switched socket looks like this:

When the plug is not inserted into the socket, pin 1 connects to pin 2 and pin 3 is not connected to anything. When the plug is inserted, then pin 1 is isolated, pin 2 is connected to plug pin 4 and pin 3 is connected to plug pin 5.

The Beck circuit is connected to the output socket like this:

This arrangement will give a 27V 4Hz square wave output through the jack socket. But, Bob Beck’s original circuit did not do that. Instead, it was like this:

Here, a relay operates two change-over switch contacts which are used to reverse the battery bank contacts four times per second. That is different from just producing a positive-going square wave voltage between the two output terminals. If you were to consider a resistor connected across the output socket, then with the relay switching, the direction of the current reverses four times per second, but with the square wave, while it starts and stops four times per second, the direction of the current is always the same and there is no reversal of direction.

As Bob wanted to avoid using a relay which clicks four times per second all the way through the two-hour treatment described in chapter 11 and in the “Take Back Your Power” pdf on the www.free-energy-info.com web site, he redesigned the circuit using the very impressive LM358/A integrated circuit:

This chip draws only half of one milliamp, has two very high-gain operational amplifiers and can operate with a wide range of supply voltages. It is also inexpensive.

Bob displays the circuit as:

Bob states that the first section acts as a 4Hz square-wave signal generator, the frequency being controlled by the 2.4M resistor “R1” and the 100nF capacitor “C1”. The data sheet for the LM358 states that the output voltage swing is between zero volts and 1.5V less than the supply voltage “Vcc” (which is +27V in this case). That implies that, as would be expected, the pin 1 output voltage from the first stage will switch sharply from 0V to +25.5V and sharply back again, four times per second.

It is difficult to follow the circuit as it is drawn, so it might be a little easier to follow when drawn like this:

The output from the first amplifier inside the LM358 package is on pin 1 and it can supply a large amount of current (if a large current is ever needed). That output goes straight to one of the jack socket connections. It also goes the pin 6 input of the second amplifier inside the chip and that causes the high-power output of that amplifier on pin 7 to be the opposite of the pin 1 voltage. When pin 1 goes high to +25.5 volts, then pin 7 goes low, to about zero volts. That output is also fed to the other jack socket connection, placing 25.5 volts across the electrodes when they are plugged in to the jack socket.

When the oscillator circuitry connected to the first amplifier causes the voltage on pin 1 to go low, then the output on pin 7 inverts it and so it goes to +25.5 volts. You will notice that while the overall voltage of 25.5 volts is applied again to the jack socket, the polarity is now reversed, achieving what the relay circuit does (although 1.5 volts is lost in the process). This is a neat solution.

Bob uses a two-colour LED to confirm that the circuit is working correctly before the electrodes are plugged in. He chooses to do it this way:

The two 18V zener diodes drop off 18.7 of the 25.5 volts as one will be forward biased dropping 0.7 volts and the other reversed biased, dropping off 18 volts. That leaves a 7V drop for the LED, which is a bit excessive, so Bob says that he uses a capacitor to limit the current. As there is already an 820 ohm resistor in the LED current path through the socket, the capacitor is not needed. The variable resistor need to be set to it’s minimum resistance by rotating it’s shaft fully clockwise so that it does not affect the LED brightness as the zeners also show when the battery voltage has dropped as there will no longer be sufficient voltage to light the LED brightly, indicating that the batteries need to be replaced (or recharged if they are rechargeable batteries). When testing the circuit, an alternative to the two zeners is to use a 4.7K resistor and if a bi-colour LED is not to hand, then two ordinary LEDs can be used back to back like this:

With this arrangement, the two LEDs flash alternately. In any circuit, a capacitor with a higher voltage rating can always be used if the capacitance values are the same. The Beck external circuit is completed through the body of the user, so there is just one electrode connected to each side of the output jack socket. A possible plug-board layout is:

The 4.7K resistor and LEDs are only on the board for testing purposes and when the circuit is built in permanent form, then the LED chain connects to pin 1 of the jack socket so that the LEDs are disconnected during the two hours of daily treatment recommended when using the device.

One stripboard layout using the standard 9-strip 25-hole board and incorporating the two 18V zener diodes for voltage sensing is:

When using a Beck device, it is very important to pay attention to the precautions which Bob sets out. These are in his “Take Back Your Power” pdf document: http://www.free-energy-info.com/Beck.pdf which includes the following, which, while it refers to treatment to deal with HIV, presumably applies to all treatments with his device:

EXPANDED INSTRUCTIONS FOR EXPERIMENTAL /

THEORETICAL HIV BLOOD NEUTRALIZATION

HYPOTHETICAL PROTOCOLS FOR EXPERIMENTAL SESSIONS

Revision March 20, 1997. Copyright 8 1991/1997 Robert C. Beck

PRECAUTIONS: Do NOT use wrist to wrist current flow with subjects who have cardiac pacemakers. Any applied electrical signals may Interfere with 'demand' type heart pacers and cause malfunction. Single wrist locations should be acceptable. Do NOT use on pregnant women, while driving or using hazardous machinery.

Users MUST avoid Ingesting anything containing medicinal herbs, foreign or domestic, or potentially toxic medication. nicotine, alcohol, recreational drugs. laxatives, tonics. and certain vitamins etc., for one week before starting because blood electrification can cause electroporation which makes cell membranes pervious to small quantities of normally harmless-chemicals in plasma. The effect Is the same as extreme overdosing which might be lethal. See Electroporation: a General Phenomenon for Manipulating Cells and Tissues; J.C. Weaver, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 51:426-435 (1993). Effects can mimic increasing dosages many fold. Both the magnetic pulsar and blood purifier cause electroporation.

Do NOT place electrode pads over skin lesions, abrasions, new scars, cuts, eruptions, or sunburn. Do NOT advance output amplitude to uncomfortable levels. All subjects will vary. Do NOT fall asleep while using. The magnetic pulser should be safe to use anywhere on body or head.

Avoid ingesting alcohol 24 hours before using. Drink an 8 oz. glass of distilled water 15 minutes before and immediately following each session end drink at least four additional glasses daily for flushing during 'neutralization' and for one week thereafter. This Is imperative. Ignoring this can cause systemic damage from unflushed toxic wastes. When absolutely essential drugs must be ingested, do so a few minutes after electrification then wait 24 hours before next session.

If subject feels sluggish, faint, dizzy, headachy, light-headed or giddy, nauseous. bloated or has flu-like symptoms or rashes after exposures, reduce pulsing per session and/or shorten applications of electrification. Drink more water-preferably ozonized -to speed waste oxidation and disposal. Use extreme caution when treating patients with impaired kidney or liver function. Start slowly at first like about 20 minutes per day to reduce detoxification problems.

To avoid shock liability, use batteries only. Do NOT use any line-connected power supply, transformer, charger, battery eliminator, etc. with blood clearing device. However line supplies are OK with well-insulated magnetic pulse generators (strobe lights).

Health professionals: Avoid nicotine addicts, vegans, and other unconsciously motivated death-wishers and their covert agendas of 'defeat the healer'. Tobacco, the most addictive (42times more addictive than heroin) and deadly substance of abuse known, disrupts normal cardiovascular function. True vegetarian diets are missing essential amino acids absolutely necessary for the successful rebuilding of AlDS-ravaged tissues. Secondary gains (sympathy / martyrdom, work avoidance, free benefits, financial assistance, etc.) play large roles with many AIDS patients. “Recovery guilt” as friends are dying has even precipitated suicide attempts masked as 'accidents'. Avoid such entanglements, since many have unconscious death wishes.

SUPERIOR ELECTRODES: Excellent, convenient and vastly superior electrodes, reusable indefinitely can be made by butt-soldering lead wires to ends of 1” long by 3/32” dia. blanks cut from type 316 stainless steel rods available from welding supply stores (Cameron Welding Supply. 11061 Dale Ave., Stanton, CA 90680). Use 'Stay Clean' flux before soldering (zinc chloride/hydrochloric acid). Shrink-insulate TWO tight layers of tubing over soldered joints to prevent flexing/breaking and lead/copper ions from migrating. Wrap three or four turns of 100% cotton flannel around rods. Spiral-wrap with strong thread starting from wire side to end, tightly pinch cloth over the rod’s end so as to leave no metal exposed by wrapping 6 or 7 turns of thread TIGHTLY just off end of rod, then spiral wrap back to start and tie tightly with four knots then cut off excess cloth at end close to pinch -wraps. Treat end windings and knots with clear fingernail polish or Fray Check®(fabric & sewing supply stores) to prevent ravelling. Soak in a strong solution of sea salt (not table salt) containing a little wetting agent like Kodak Photo Flow, ethylene glycol, or 409 kitchen cleaner. Add a few drops of household bleach, sliver colloid, etc., for disinfectant. Store solution for reuse. Tape soaking-wet electrodes tightly over pulse sites with paper masking or Transpore™ tape or with 1”wide stretch elastic bands with tabs of Velcro ® at ends to fasten. Electrodes should closely conform precisely along blood vessels, not skewing ever so slightly over adjacent flesh. This insures better electrical conductivity paths to circulating blood and insures very low internal impedance. (~2000W). Rinse and blot-dry electrodes and skin after each use. NEVER allow bare metal to touch skin as this will cause burns manifested as small red craters that heal slowly. The objective is to get maximum current into blood vessels, not leak it over to adjacent tissue. Therefore never use any electrode wider that about 1/8 inch (3 mm).

ELECTRODE PLACEMENTS: Locate maximum pulse position (NOT to be confused with acupuncture, reflexology, Chapman, etc. points) on feet or wrists by feeling for maximum pulse on inside of ankle ~1”below and to rear of ankle bone, then test along top centre of instep. Place electrode on whichever pulse site on that foot that feels strongest. Scrub skin over chosen sites with mild soap and water or alcohol swab. Wipe dry. Position the electrodes lengthwise along each left and right wrists blood vessel. Note: with subjects having perfectly healthy hearts and not wearing pacers, it is convenient to use left wrist to right wrist exactly over ulnar arterial pulse paths instead of on feet. Recent (Dec. 1995) research suggests that placing both electrodes over different arteries on the same wrist works very well (see pg. 7), avoids any current through heart, and is much more convenient and just as effective. An 8” long, 1” wide elastic stretch-band with two 1.5” lengths of 3/4” wide Velcro ® sewn to ends of opposite sides makes an excellent wrist band for holding electrodes snugly in place. With electrode cable unplugged, turn switch ON and advance amplitude control to maximum. Push momentary SW. 2 'Test' switch and see that the red and green light emitting diodes flash alternately. This verifies that polarity is reversing about 4 times per second (frequency is NOT critical) and that batteries are still good. When LED's don't light replace all three 9V batteries. Zener diodes will extinguish the LEDs when the three 9V battery’s initial 27V drops below 18V after extended use. Never use any electrode larger than 1.125” (28 mm) long by 1/8” wide to avoid wasting current through surrounding tissue. Confine exactly over blood vessels only. Apply drops of salt water to each electrode’s cotton cover ~every 20 minutes to combat evaporation and insure optimum current flow. Later devices are solid-state, use only three batteries and no relays, and are much smaller.

Now rotate amplitude control to minimum (counter-clockwise) and plug In electrode cable. Subject now advances dial slowly until he feels a “thumping” and tingling. Turn as high as tolerable but don’t advance amplitude to where It is ever uncomfortable. Adjust voltage periodically as he adapts or acclimates to current level after several minutes. If subject perspires, skin resistance may decrease because of moisture, so setting to a lower voltage for comfort is indicated. Otherwise it is normal to feel progressively less sensation with time. You may notice little or no sensation at full amplitude immediately, but feeling will begin building up to maximum after several minutes at which time amplitude must be decreased. Typical adapted electrode-to-electrode impedance is on the order of 2000W. Typical comfortable input (to skin) is ~3mA, and maximum tolerable input (full amplitude) is ~7mA but this 'reserve' margin although harmless is unnecessary and can be uncomfortable. Current flowing through blood Is very much lower than this external input because of series resistance through skin, tissue and blood vessel walls, but 50 to 100 µA through blood is essential.

Apply blood neutralizer for about 2 hours daily for ~2 months. Use judgment here. The limiting factor is detoxification. Carefully monitor subject’s reactions (discomfort, catarrh, skin eruptions, weeping exudites, rashes, boils, carbuncles, coated tongue, etc.). With very heavy infections, go slower so as not to overload body’s toxic disposal capability. With circulation-impaired diabetics, etc., you may wish to extend session times. Again, have subject drink lots of water. Recent changes in theoretical protocol being currently tested suggest following up the three weeks of treatments with a 24 hours per day (around the clock) continuous electrification of blood for two days to deal a knockout blow to the remaining HIV’s 1.2 day life cycle. (A. Perelson; Los Alamos Biophysics Group, Mar. 16, 1996 “Science” Journal.) Remember to remoisten electrodes regularly. If you absolutely must ingest prescription drugs, do so immediately after turning off instrument and allow 24 hours before next treatment to let concentrations in blood plasma decay to lower levels.

Remember, if subjects ever feel sleepy, sluggish, listless. nauseous, faint, bloated, or headachy, or have flu-like reactions they may be neglecting sufficient water intake for flushing toxins. We interpret this as detoxification plus endorphin release due to electrification. Let them rest and stabilize for about 45 minutes before driving if indicated. If this detoxing becomes oppressive, treat every second day. Treating at least 21 times should ‘fractionate' both juvenile and maturing HIV to overlap maximum neutralization sensitivity windows and interrupt 'budding' occurring during HIV cells' development cycles. Treatments are claimed to safely neutralize many other viruses, fungi, bacteria, parasites, and microbes in blood. See patents US 5,091,152 US 5,139,684 US 5,188,738 US 5,328,451 and others as well as numerous valid medical studies which are presently little known or suppressed. Also. ingesting a few oz. of about 5 parts per million of silver colloid solution daily can give subjects a 'second intact immune system' and minimise or eliminate opportunistic infections during recovery phase. This miracle substance Is pre-1938 technology, and unlike ozone is considered immune from FDA harassment. Silver colloid can easily be made at home electrolytically in minutes and in any desired quantities and parts per million strength for under 14 cents per gallon plus cost of water. It is ridiculous to purchase it for high prices. Colloid has no side effects, and is known to rapidly eliminate or prevent hundreds of diseases. Sliver colloids won’t produce drug resistant strains as will all other known antibiotics. No reasonable amount can overdose or injure users either topically, by ingestion, or medical professional injection.

The 741 Operational Amplifier.

An important and very useful group of Integrated Circuits is the “Operational Amplifier” or “op-amp” group. These devices have a very high gain, an ‘inverting’ input and a ‘non-inverting’ input. There are many op-amps but we will look at just one popular type called the “741” which has an ‘open-loop’ gain of 100,000 times. All operational amplifiers work in the same way in theory. The way they operate in a circuit is controlled by the external components attached to them. They can operate as inverting amplifier, a non-inverting amplifier (i.e. a ‘buffer’), a comparator, an astable multivibrator, and various other things. The symbol and connections for a 741 op-amp are:

We can connect the 741 chip to act as an amplifier with any set gain level that we choose:

Here, the gain is set by the ratio of the 220K resistor to the 22K resistor. This circuit has a gain of 10 times, so the input signal at point ‘B’ will generate an output signal at point ‘C’ which is ten times larger, provided that the output signal does not approach the battery voltage. If it does, then clipping will occur with the top and the bottom of the output waveform chopped off at about a volt away from the battery voltage levels, approximately 1 Volt and +11 Volts in this example.

Operational amplifiers are generally designed to operate from a dual power supply. In the above example, the supply would be created by using two 6 Volts batteries instead of one 12 Volt battery. To avoid the inconvenience of this, a mid-point voltage is generated at point ‘A’ by using two equal resistors in series across the battery. This gives a central voltage of +6 Volts which is fed to the IC.

This circuit can be used in many applications. Here is a circuit for a meter to measure sound intensity:

This circuit is two copies of the previous circuit. Each 741 chip has a reference voltage of half the supply voltage created by a voltage-divider pair of 1K resistors. This voltage is fed to pin 3 of the chip, which is the non-inverting input.

At point ‘A’, a microphone or small loudspeaker is used to generate a signal voltage when sound reaches it. This voltage is fed to the 741 op-amp via a 1 microfarad blocking capacitor. This passes the audio signal through while blocking the +4.5 Volts DC on pin 3. The first 741 has a gain of 22, set by the 10K and 220K resistors (220/10 = 22).

Point ‘B’ then receives an audio signal 22 times larger than the signal produced by the microphone. This signal is still quite small, so the second 741 boosts it further. The gain of the second 741 is variable and depends on the resistance set on the 1M variable resistor. If the variable resistor is set to zero ohms, then the gain of the second 741 will be controlled by the 4K7 resistor at point ‘C’ alone and so will be 1 (4.7/4.7 = 1). If the variable resistor is set to its maximum value, then the gain of the second 741 will be some 214 (1,004,700/4,700 = 213.8).

The two op-amps together have a combined gain which ranges from 22 to 4702. The amplified audio signal arrives at point ‘D’ and it can be adjusted to a respectable value. This alternating voltage is now rectified via the diodes at point ‘E’ and it builds up a DC voltage across the 47 microfarad capacitor there. This voltage is displayed on a voltmeter. The result is that the voltmeter shows a reading directly proportional to the sound level reaching the microphone.

The 741 can be wired as a buffer. This is the equivalent of an emitter-follower circuit when using transistors. The set up for the 741 is:

Difficult circuit - huh! Are you sure you can afford all the extra components? This circuit utilises the full gain of the 741 chip. The output follows the input waveform exactly. The input requires almost no current, so the circuit is described as having a ‘high input impedance’. The output can drive a serious load such as a relay, so the circuit is described as having a ‘low output impedance’.

The 741 chip can be wired to act as a comparator. This is the circuit:

Are you sure you are up to such a difficult circuit? Bit complicated - huh! This is the basic operational form for an operational amplifier.

If the voltage at point ‘A’ is higher than the voltage at point ‘B’ then the output goes as low as it can go, say 1 or 2 volts.

If the voltage at point ‘A’ is lower than the voltage at point ‘B’ then the output goes as high as it can go, say 10 volts or so.

Having seen how transistor circuits work, you should be able to understand why the 741 chip circuitry (which is a transistor circuit inside the 741 package) needs some voltage inside the supply rails to provide an efficient high-current output drive.

Here is a 741 version of the light-operated switch:

This circuit is set up as evening falls. We want the relay to have minimum voltage across it in daylight, so the voltage at point ‘A’ needs to be higher than the voltage at point ‘B’. As the 1K variable resistor is across the supply voltage, its slider can be set to any voltage between 0 Volts and +12 Volts. To make this easy to do, we choose a ‘linear’ variable resistor as the logarithmic variety would be hard to adjust in this application. With the ‘linear’ version, each 1 degree of rotation of the resistor shaft causes the same change in resistance, anywhere along the range. This is not the case for the logarithmic variety.

Anyhow, we adjust the variable resistor downwards until the relay voltage drops to a minimum. When the light level has fallen to the level at which we wish the circuit to trigger, we adjust the variable resistor to make the relay click on. The 741 chip has a very rapid output voltage swing when the input voltages swap over, so the relay switching will be decisive. The switching can be made even more positive by adding a resistor between the output and point ‘B’. This acts like a Schmitt trigger when switching occurs by providing some additional positive feedback, lifting the voltage at point ‘B’.

If you wish the circuit to trigger on a rising light level, just swap the positions of the 10K resistor and the ORP12 light-dependent resistor. The same circuit will operate as a temperature sensing circuit by substituting a ‘thermistor’ (which is a temperature-dependent resistor) for the ORP12.

If we would like the circuit to act as a burglar alarm, we could use the same circuit like this:

The circuit is still controlled by the voltage at point ‘A’. Under normal circumstances, this voltage will be near +6 Volts (produced by the two 10K resistors and the 100K resistor). The upper switch marked ‘NC’ for ‘Normally Closed’, represents a chain of, say, magnetic switches attached to doors and windows. If any of these are opened, then the voltage at point ‘A’ will be dictated by the lower 10K resistor in series with the 100K resistor. This will cause the voltage at ‘A’ to fall instantly to a low value, triggering the circuit.

The ‘NO’ switch (‘Normally Open’) represents one or more pressure-operated switches under carpets or rugs and/or switches which get brushed when doors are swung open, etc. These switches are wired in parallel across each other and if any of them is closed for even a millionth of a second, the voltage at point ’A’ will be pulled down by the 1K resistor and the circuit will be triggered.

The circuit can be latched on in any one of a variety of ways. One relay contact can be used to hold the relay on or hold the voltage at ‘A’ low. A transistor can be wired across the relay to hold the circuit on, etc. etc. If this is done, the circuit will remain in its triggered state until the supply voltage is interrupted. You might prefer to use a 555 chip to limit the length of time the alarm sounds to three minutes or so.

The SCR and Triac.

An alternative to using a relay or semiconductor latch is to use a Silicon Controlled Rectifier usually referred to as an ‘SCR’ or ‘Thyristor’. This device is normally “off” with a very high resistance to current flow. If it is switched on by applying a voltage to its Gate connection, it stays continuously on until some external device stops current flowing through it. The following circuit shows how it operates:

When the voltage is first applied to the circuit by closing switch S2, the SCR is in its OFF state so no current is supplied to the load. If the press-button switch S1 is pressed, a current is fed into the Gate of the SCR, turning it ON. When switch S1 is allowed to open, the SCR remains in its ON state and it will stay that way until the current through it is cut off. Opening switch S2 cuts off the current to the load and the SCR returns to its OFF state. A very valid question would be: “Why have an SCR at all and just turn the load on and off with switch S2?”. The answer is that switch S1 might be the under-carpet pressure pad of a burglar-alarm and it might be operated some hours after switch S2 was closed to activate the alarm system. Stepping off the pressure pad does not stop the alarm sounding.

While this sort of DC latching action is useful, it is more common for an SCR to be used in an AC circuit. For example, take the circuit shown here:

The 120 volt AC supply coming in from the right hand side, is converted to positive-going sine-wave pulses by the diode bridge. This pulsing voltage is applied to the Load/SCR path. If the voltage at pin 3 of the 555 chip is low, then the SCR will remain OFF and no current will be fed to the load device. If the voltage on pin 3 goes high and the voltage applied to the Load/SCR chain is high, then the SCR will be switched ON, powering the load until the pulsing voltage drops to its zero level again some 1/120 of a second later.

The 555 chip is connected to form a monostable multivibrator and the timing components (the 120K resistor and the 10nF capacitor) cause it to output a 1 millisecond pulse which is long enough to trigger the SCR into its ON state, but short enough to have finished before the mains pulse reaches its zero-voltage level again. The 555 chip is triggered by the rising mains voltage being passed to its pin 2 through the voltage-divider 100K and 120K pair of resistors, and that synchronises it with the AC waveform. Pin 4 of the 555 chip can be used to switch the load power on and off.

In the circuit shown above, the diode bridge is needed to convert the incoming AC waveform to pulsing DC as shown in red in the diagram, as the SCR can only handle current flowing in one direction. The AC load equipment works just as well with the pulsing DC as with a full blown AC waveform. A better semiconductor construction is the ‘Triac’ which acts like two SCR devices back-to-back in a single package. It is shown like this in circuit diagrams:

There are three connections to the device: Main Terminal 1, Main Terminal 2 and the Gate. When switch ‘S’ shown in the diagram is closed, the triac conducts on both positive and negative voltages applied to its MT1 and MT2 terminals. When the switch is open, the device does not conduct at all.

If the external circuit containing switch ‘S’ is placed inside the device as a permanently closed circuit, then the device becomes a ‘Diac’ which can be used to trigger a Triac and give a very neat circuit for controlling the power to an item of AC mains equipment as shown here:

Here, the variable resistor/capacitor pair controls the point on the AC waveform that the Triac is triggered and so controls how much of each sinewave cycle is passed to the mains equipment, and so it controls the average power passed to the equipment. A very common use for a circuit of this type is the ‘dimmer-switch’ used with household lighting.

To return now to the 741 chip. The 741 can also be used as an astable multivibrator. The circuit is:

The rate of oscillation of this circuit is governed by the Resistor marked ‘R’ in the diagram and the capacitor marked ‘C’. The larger the resistor, the lower the rate of oscillation, the larger the capacitor, the lower the rate of oscillation.

When the output goes high, capacitor ‘C’ charges up until the voltage on it exceeds the mid-rail voltage on pin 3, at which time the 741 output goes low. The capacitor now discharges through resistor ‘R’ until the voltage on it drops below the voltage on pin 3, at which time the output goes high again. The 10K resistor connecting the output to pin 3 provides some positive feedback which makes the 741 act quite like a Schmitt trigger, sharpening up the switching.

The same arrangement of resistor and capacitor applied to a Schmitt inverter or Schmitt NAND gate causes exactly the same oscillation:

If you would like to see additional ways of using 741 and 555 chips, I can recommend the excellent book “Elementary Electronics” by Mel Sladdin and Alan Johnson ISBN 0 340 51373 X.

A Hex Inverter Signal Generator.

Here is a very well tested and highly thought of, low-cost oscillator circuit, using a 74HC14 Schmitt inverter chip. It allows fine tuning control of the frequency and the pulse width produced. Three of the inverters are connected together to give a more powerful output current drive:

The 4022 Divide-by-Eight Chip.

One very useful CMOS integrated circuit is the ‘4022’ chip which is a 16-pin ‘divide by 8’ chip with built-in decoding. The connections are:

If pin 14 is provided with the output from some variety of astable multivibrator, on the first pulse, this chip sets the “0” output on pin 2 to High while the other outputs are Low. On the next pulse, the “0” output goes Low and the “1” output on pin 1 goes High. On the next pulse, output “1” goes Low and the “2” output on pin 3, goes High. And so on until on the eighth pulse, output “7” on pin 10 goes Low and output “0” goes high again.

The chip can also divide by lower numbers:

For ‘Divide by 7’ operation, connect pin 10 to pin 15 (this resets the output to ‘0’)

For ‘Divide by 6’ operation, connect pin 5 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 5’ operation, connect pin 4 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 4’ operation, connect pin 11 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 3’ operation, connect pin 7 to pin 15

For ‘Divide by 2’ operation, connect pin 3 to pin 15

If you want a ‘Divide by 1’ circuit, I suggest you cut down on the amount of alcohol you drink.

Here is an illustration of a ‘Divide by 4’ setup:

There are a number of things to notice in the above diagram. Firstly, the practical arrangements for circuitry have not been stressed before. If the circuitry has a pulsing circuit drawing heavy current, as shown by the thick red arrows, then it should be physically connected to the battery and any low-current circuitry should be further away from the battery. The supply from the battery should have a fuse or circuit breaker and a switch in the line before anything else is connected, so that if any component develops a fault and goes short-circuit, the fuse will blow and prevent any significant problems.

Secondly, it is a good idea to provide the other circuitry with a smoothed power supply as shown by the blue components in the diagram. This minimises the effect if the battery voltage gets pulled down by the pulsing of the high-current circuitry. The diode (silicon, 1 Amp, 50 V) stops the heavy current circuit drawing current from the large smoothing capacitor. The 100 ohm resistor limits the current into the large capacitor on switch-on and provides a little more smoothing. This circuitry is called “de-coupling” as it de-couples the low current circuitry from the high current circuitry.

Thirdly, notice capacitor “C1” which is wired physically as close to the power supply pins of the integrated circuit as is possible. If a spike is superimposed on the battery supply, then this capacitor soaks it up and prevents it damaging or triggering the integrated circuit. A spike could be caused by a very strong magnetic pulse nearby as that can induce an extra voltage in the battery wires.

The lower part of the diagram shows the output voltages produced as the clock pulses reach pin 14 of the chip. The positive-going part of the clock signal triggers the change in state of the outputs. If necessary, a positive-going pulse on the reset pin, pin 15, causes output “0” to go high and the other outputs to go low.

The 4017 Divide-by-Ten Chip.

Now, to take this output sequencing a little further. For example, the Charles Flynn magnet motor shown in Chapter 1 needs coils to be powered up, one after the other and only one should be on at any one time. This calls for a circuit which has a large number of outputs. The CD4022BC chip gives up to eight outputs one after the other. The CD4017B chip gives up to ten outputs one after the other but there is no need to be limited by these numbers as more than one chip can be used. If you find this section difficult to understand, then just skip past to the next section as it is not important for you to understand these larger circuits.

The pin connections for the divide-by-ten CD4017B chip is shown here:

While this shows outputs 1 to 10, the manufacturers and some people who draw circuits, prefer to label the outputs as “0 to 9” which correspond to digital displays. In our style of operation, it is easier to think of the ten outputs as being from 1 to 10.

You will notice that there are two pin labels which we have not come across before, namely, the “Carry-out” pin and the “Clock Enable” pin. These allow us to use several of these chips in a row to give a much larger “divide-by” number. The “Clock Enable” pin can be used to block the clock input. The operation is like this:

In this example, the sequence is started by the Reset pin being given a high voltage as shown by the green shading. This pushes the output pin 1 to a high voltage and all of the other outputs to a low voltage and holds those voltages as long as the reset voltage is high.

When the Reset voltage drops, the next rising edge of the clock pulse (marked “1” in the diagram) causes the output 1 to go low and output 2 to go high. Each of the successive clock pulses “2” to “9” moves the high voltage steadily along the outputs until output pin 10 is high.

The next clock pulse rising edge (marked “10” in the diagram) starts the sequence again with output 10 going low and output 1 going high again. If nothing changes, then that sequence of output voltage changes will continue indefinitely.

However, in the diagram above, the Clock Enable pin voltage is driven high on clock pulse “11”. Output 2 has just gone high and would have gone low when the rising edge of clock pulse “12” occured, but in this case, the Clock Enable feature blocks the clock pulse and prevents it reaching the rest of the circuitry. This causes the output 2 voltage to stay high as long as the Clock Enable remains high. In this example, the Clock Enable voltage stays high for just one clock pulse, causing the output 2 voltage to be high for twice it’s usual length, and then the sequence continues as before.

A Divide-by-Twenty-five Circuit.

Here is one way to get a large “divide-by” number. This example is divide-by-25 because there is only one ‘intermediate stage’ but there can be any number and each additional one adds another eight outputs to the total:

At startup, output 10 of the first stage (which is physical pin 11 of the chip) is at a low voltage. This holds the Clock Enable (pin 13) low, allowing the clock pulses to enter the first stage. Because the output 10 voltage is low, one input to the first AND gate is held low, preventing it from letting the clock pulse flow through it, i.e. the “gate” is closed to through traffic.

The first stage chip then operates as normal, producing outputs 1 to 9 in order as you would expect. The next clock pulse stes the first stage output 10 high, allowing the clock pulses through the first AND gate and holding the Clock Enable (pin 13) high, which in turn locks the output 10 high, dropping the first stage chip out of the operation.

As the output 1 of the first stage is connected to the Reset (pin 15) of the second chip, it will have been cleared and it’s output 1 set high, which in turn Resets the third chip and closes the second AND gate. So, when the first pulse gets through to the second chip, it pushes it from state 1 to state 2 where the output 2 goes high. For that reason, output 1 of the second chip is not one of the outputs which can be used by whatever following circuitry you choose to connect to this system. Consequently, only eight of the ten outputs of the second chip are available as counter outputs. That is, outputs 1 and 10 are taken up in passing the switching sequence between the various chips in the chain.

The same applies to all following chips in the chain, each extra chip adding up to eight extra sequential outputs. On the final stage chip, if you connect the red Reset wire (which goes back to fire up the first chip again) to output 9 instead of output 10 of the final chip, then you get a divide-by-24 result.

If the Reset is taken from output 8 of the final chip, then you get a divide-by-23 result, and so on. Using this method, you can have a divide-by circuit for any number you want. These chips are very popular and so their cost is low, making the entire circuit cheap to make. The pin connections for the AND gates is shown here:

The PIC Revolution.

Over the years, there have been advances in the way that circuitry can be put together, prototypes built and tested. Initially, "valves" or "vacuum tubes" were used and circuits required a good deal of electrical power in order to operate. Mechanical vibrators or "reeds" were used to generate the switching needed to convert DC into AC. Then the transistor became widely available and the transistor replaced the mechanical vibrator reed, the circuit being called an "astable multivibrator" and comprising of two transistors wired back to back (as described in chapter 12). Then came the digital integrated circuit with it's "NOR gates" which could also be wired back to back to make a multivibrator. This was done so often that a special integrated circuit called the "555 chip" was designed to do the job all on its own. That chip has been a tremendous success and is now found in all sorts of different circuits, being very easy to use, very robust and very cheap. Surprisingly, the dominant position of the "555" chip is being challenged by a completely different type of chip, one which is essentially, a computer on a single chip, and which is called a "PIC controller".

This new type of chip is not expensive, is easy to use, and can be changed to perform a different task in just a few seconds. It can perform timing tasks. It can act as a multivibrator. It can act as a "Divide-by-N" chip. It is a very impressive chip which is very useful. The reason that I mention it here is because it is at the heart of the fastest working Tesla Switch research forum around (the "energetic forum" group). The chip is something you need to know about as it will certainly take over more and more circuit applications in the coming years.

There is a whole family of these processor chips, but I will select just one for this description, and that will be the one being used by the "energetic forum" members, and I have to thank Jeff Wilson for his help in describing this circuitry, the programming and the methods which he uses.

First, however, some information on this new design of chip and the methods used with it. The one used by Jeff is called the "PICAXE-18X" and it looks like the chip shown here. From which you can see, it looks just like any other chip, although with eighteen pins. The powerful performance comes from the way that it operates. You are probably familiar with the "555" chip and understand that it operates by changing the voltage on just one of it's pins (pin 3) the output pin, from a low voltage to a high voltage. The PIC chip can do that as well, but even better still, it has more than one output pin and it can alter the voltage on any of those pins to either a high or a low voltage and it can do that in any order and with any timing that you choose. This makes it a very versatile chip indeed and one which is very well suited to be the central controller for a Tesla Switch test environment.

The chip is used by wiring it into a circuit in the same sort of way that a 555 chip would be used, except that the PIC has it's own internal timing clock and can operate in intervals of one thousandth of a second, that is, one millisecond.

The top eight pins are for making the chip work. The next two are for providing the chip with electrical power. The bottom eight pins are separate outputs, any one of which can operate switches, timers, etc., just as the output from a 555 chip can. Having been named by computer people, instead of the eight output pins being numbered from 1 to 8 as any rational person would do, they have numbered them from 0 to 7.

The voltage on those output pins will be either High or Low. PIC switching can be used with a wide range of different free-energy designs. The PIC chip is generally supplied with a socket, a connecting cable and a program for feeding instructions into the chip. The feed is generally from an ordinary PC. The programming instructions are very simple and anyone can learn how to use them in just a few minutes.

So let's look at a circuit which has been used by Jeff when he tests prototype circuitry. The first part of the circuit is for connecting the standard PC socket to the PIC chip and it looks like this:

A standard 9-pin computer socket has it's pin 2 connected to the PIC's pin 2, pin 3 connected to the PIC's pin 3 via a 10K / 22K voltage divider resistor pair (which lowers the incoming signal voltage), and pin 5 is connected to the PIC's pin 5. That is all that's needed to feed information into the PIC chip.

The chip is supplied from a 12-volt battery but as it needs a 5-volt supply, the 100 / 150 ohm (2 watt) resistor pair is used to drop the 12 volts down to about 7 volts and then the 5.1-volt zener diode clamps the voltage at 5.1 volts, which is just what the chip needs. The tiny 10 nF (0.01 microfarad) capacitor is there to trap any voltage spikes should any be picked up from some outside influence. Finally, the press-button switch used to short between pins 4 and 5 is used to wipe out the program inside the PIC, ready for a new program to be loaded.

The actual programming is not difficult and the feed into the chip is handled by the program supplied with the chip and which is run on your home computer. Let's take an example. Suppose we want the output on pin 10 to act as a clock signal. The people who made the chip expect that pin to be called "Output 4" in the program. Please don't ask me why it isn't called "10" in the program as I have no answer for you other than "it takes all sorts of people to make a world".

All right, suppose we want to produce an output signal like a 555 chip running at 50 Hz. We choose one of our output pins, say, the physical pin 10, that being the bottom right hand pin on the chip. As you can see from the pin diagram of the chip shown above, pin 10 is called "Output 4" in a set of commands, or just "4" to save typing. The program might be:

Main:

high 4

pause 10

low 4

pause 10

goto Main

Wow - really difficult stuff !! Only a genius could manage to program! Well, we'll see if we can struggle along with this "difficult" stuff.

The "Main:" at the start is a "label" which can be jumped to and that is done by the "goto Main" command which sends the chip back to repeat the commands in the loop indefinitely (or until the chip is powered down).

The second line "high 4" tells the chip to put the maximum possible voltage on the "Output 4" which is the physical pin 10 of the chip. The chip does this immediately, with no time delay.

If we want the output to give a 50 Hz output signal, then the voltage on our chosen output pin will have to go high, pause, go low, pause and go high again, 50 times each second. As there are 1,000 milliseconds in one second, and the chip's clock runs with 1 millisecond ticks, then we need our complete cycle of "up, pause, down, pause" to happen 50 times in those 1,000 clock ticks. That is, once every 20 ticks, so each delay will be 10 clock ticks long.

The third line "pause 10" tells the chip to sit on it's hands and do nothing for the next 10 ticks of it's internal clock (which ticks 1,000 times per second).

The fourth line "low 4" tells the chip to lower the output voltage on it's "Output 4" (pin 10 in real life) to it's minimum value.

The fifth line "pause 10" tells the chip to wait for 10 milliseconds before doing anything else.

The last line "goto Main" tells the computer to go back to the label "Main:" and continue with whatever instructions follow that label. This puts the chip into an 'infinite loop' which will make it generate that output waveform continuously. The output will look like this:

This gives an even waveform, that is, one with a Mark/Space ratio of 50:50 or a Duty Cycle of 50%. If we want the same rate of pulsing but a Duty Cycle of just 25% then the program would be:

Main:

high 4

pause 5

low 4

pause 15

goto Main

which produces this waveform:

If you wanted "Output 7" (physical pin 13) to do the reverse of this at the same time - that is, when Output 4 goes high we want Output 7 to go low, and vice versa, then, for a 20% Duty Cycle the program would be:

Main:

high 4

low 7

pause 4

low 4

high 7

pause 16

goto Main

These output voltages are then used in exactly the same way as the output voltages on pin 3 of a 555 chip, or any of the outputs of NAND gates, Hall-effect sensor chips, Schmitt triggers, or whatever. If the device to be powered requires very little current, then the easiest method is to connect the load directly to the output pin.

If, as is most often the case, the device to be powered needs a large current to make it work, then the output voltage is used to power a transistor, perhaps like this:

Here, the resistor "R1" limits the current fed into the base of the transistor when pin 10 goes high, but allowing enough current for the transistor to switch on fully, powering the load. The resistor "R" makes sure that the transistor switches off fully when the output on pin 10 goes low. The circuit as shown restricts the load to some piece of equipment which can operate on just five volts, so an alternative circuit could be:

This allows whatever voltage the load needs to be applied to the load, while the PIC chip remains running on it's normal 5-volt supply. However, the equipment to be powered may not be able to have a common zero voltage connection with the PIC. To deal with this, an optical isolation chip can be used like this:

Here a high output voltage on pin 10 of the PIC chip lights up the LED inside the opto-isolator chip, causing a major drop in the resistance between the other two pins. This causes a current controlled by the resistor "R" to be fed into the base of the transistor, switching it on and powering the load.

Capacitors.

We have avoided mentioning capacitors in any detail as it has not been necessary for understanding the circuitry covered so far. Capacitors come in many sizes, types and makes. Their size is stated in ‘Farads’ but as the Farad is a very large unit, you are unlikely to encounter a capacitor marked in anything larger than a microfarad, which is a millionth of a Farad. The symbol for a microfarad is mu-F where ‘mu’ is the letter of the Greek alphabet. This is a pain for normal text production as Greek letters do not occur in your average font. Some circuit diagrams give up on ‘mu’ and just write it as uF which looks like mu-F slightly mis-printed where the descender of the mu has not printed.

Anyway, very large capacitors which you may encounter range from 5,000 microfarads to maybe as much as 20,000 microfarads. Large capacitors range from 10 microfarads to 5000 microfarads. Medium sized capacitors run from 0.1 microfarad to about 5 microfarads and small capacitors are those below 0.1 microfarad.

1000 nanofarads (‘nF’) = 1 microfarad.

1000 picofarads (‘pF’) = 1 nanofarad

So:

0.01 microfarad can be written as 10nF

0.1 microfarad can be written as 100nF

0.1nF can be written as 100pF

Capacitors larger than 1 microfarad tend to be ‘polarised’. In other words, the capacitor has a ‘+’ connector and a ‘-’ connector, and it does matter which way round you connect it. The larger capacitors have a voltage rating and this should not be exceeded as the capacitor can be damaged and possibly even totally destroyed. Capacitors can be added together, but surprisingly, they add in the reverse way to resistors:

If two capacitors are wired in series, as shown in Example 1 above, the overall capacity is reduced while the voltage rating increases. The reduction in capacitance is given by:

1/Ct = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + .....

In Example 1, then, 1/total capacitance = 1/100 + 1/100 or 1/Ct = 2/100 or 1/Ct = 1/50

so the overall capacitance reduces from 100 microfarads to 50 microfarads. The advantage in wiring the capacitors like this is that the voltage rating has now increased to 32V (16V across each of the capacitors).

In Example 2, the overall capacitance has reduced to a third of 100 microfarads but the voltage rating has tripled.

In Example 3, the capacitors are wired in parallel. The voltage rating is unchanged but the overall capacitance is now the sum of the three capacitors, namely 300 microfarads.

There is no need for the capacitors to have similar values, there are merely shown that way in the examples to make the arithmetic easier and not distract you from the ways in which the capacitors interact together.

Occasionally, a circuit needs a large capacitor which is not polarised. This can be provided by placing two polarised capacitors back-to back like this:

When the capacitors are connected this way, it does not matter which end of the pair is connected to the positive side of the circuit and which to the negative side.

The time has come for a serious warning: High voltages are very, very dangerous. Do not become so familiar with them that you treat them casually. High voltages can kill you. Capacitors are capable of building up high voltages and some good makes can hold the charge for several days.

In particular, do not try to make adjustments to, or take parts from, the inside of a TV set. A black and white TV set uses 18,000 Volts on the magnetic coils used to create the moving picture on the tube. A capacitor inside the set may well have that voltage on it three days after the set was last used. Don’t fool around inside a TV set, it could kill you quick, or if you are really unlucky, it could injure you for life. A colour TV set uses 27,000 Volts to operate the coils inside it and that will fry you in jig time if you touch it.

Also, please don’t think that you are safe if you don’t quite touch it; 27,000 volts can jump across a gap to your hand. If you try to discharge a TV capacitor using a metal screwdriver with a wooden handle, please ensure that you medical insurance is up to date before you do it. You can receive a hefty shock through the screwdriver handle.

Voltages up to 24 Volts should be quite safe. However, some circuits will generate very high voltages even though the battery driving the circuit is low voltage. A standard off-the-shelf inverter circuit produces 240 Volts AC from a 12 Volt battery. Just because the battery is only 12 Volts does not mean that the circuit is not dangerous. Circuits which have inductors in them can produce high voltages, especially if they contain large capacitors. The voltage which produces the spark in your car engine is very high and it comes from the 12-volt car battery. You know enough about this by now, so pay attention!

The more advanced stuff:

You do not need to bother with this section if you are just starting out with some basic switching circuits of the type already described in this tutorial, so please feel free to skip this section and move on to the “Prototype Construction” section which you will find immediately useful.

This section is a lightweight introduction to Alternating Current circuits and pulsed DC circuits. Let me stress again that I am mainly self-taught and so this is just a general introduction based on my present understanding.

AC Power Factors.

Alternating Current, generally called “AC” is called that because the voltage of this type of power supply is not a constant value. A car battery, for instance, is DC and has a fairly constant voltage usually about 12.8 volts when in it’s fully charged state. If you connect a voltmeter across a car battery and watch it, the voltage reading will not change. Minute after minute it says exactly the same because it is a DC source.

If you connect an AC voltmeter across an AC power supply, it too will give a steady reading, but it is telling a lie. The voltage is changing all the time in spite of that steady meter reading. What the meter is doing is assuming that the AC waveform is a sine wave like this:

and based on that assumption, it displays a voltage reading which is called the “Root Mean Square” or “RMS” value. The main difficulty with a sine wave is that the voltage is below zero volts for exactly the same length of time as it is above zero volts, so if you average it, the result is zero volts, which is not a satisfactory result because you can get a shock from it and so it can’t be zero volts, no matter what the arithmetical average is.

To get over this problem, the voltage is measured thousands of times per second and the results squared (that is, the value is multiplied by itself) and then those values are averaged. This has the advantage that when the voltage is say, minus 10 volts and you square it, the answer is plus 100 volts. In fact, all of the answers will be positive, which means that you can add them together, average them and get a sensible result. However, you end up with a value which is far too high because you squared every measurement, and so you need to take the square root of that average (or “mean”) value, and that is where the fancy sounding “Root Mean Square” name comes from – you are taking the (square) root of the (average or) mean value of the squared measurements.

With a sine wave like this, the voltage peaks are 41.4% higher than the RMS value which everyone talks about. This means that if you feed 100 volts AC through a rectifier bridge of four diodes and feed it into a capacitor the capacitor voltage will not be 100 volts DC but instead it will be 141.4 volts DC and you need to remember that when choosing the voltage rating of the capacitor. In that instance I would suggest a capacitor which is made to operate with voltages up to 200 volts.

You probably already knew all of that, but it may not have occurred to you that if you use a standard AC voltmeter on a waveform which is not a sine wave, that the reading on the meter is most unlikely to be correct or anywhere near correct. So, please don’t merrily connect an AC voltmeter across a circuit which is producing sharp voltage spikes like, for instance, one of John Bedini’s battery pulsing circuits, and think that the meter reading means anything (other than meaning that you don’t understand what you are doing).

You will, hopefully, have learned that power in watts is determined by multiplying the current in amps by the voltage in volts. For example, 10 amps of current flowing out of a 12 volt power supply, represents 120 watts of power. Unfortunately, that only holds true for circuits which are operating on DC, or AC circuits which have only resistors in them. The situation changes for AC circuits which have non-resistive components in them.

The circuits of this type which you are likely to come across are circuits which have coils in them, and you need to think about what you are doing when you deal with these types of circuit. For example, consider this circuit:

This is the output section of a prototype which you have just built. The input to the prototype is DC and measures at 12 volts, 2 amps (which is 24 watts). Your AC voltmeter on the output reads 15 volts and your AC ammeter reads 2.5 amps and you are delighted because 15 x 2.5 = 37.5 which looks much bigger than the 24 watts of input power. But, just before you go rushing off to announce on YouTube that you have made a prototype with COP = 1.56 or 156% efficient, you need to consider the real facts.

This is an AC circuit and unless your prototype is producing a perfect sine wave, then the AC voltmeter reading will be meaningless. It is just possible that your AC ammeter is one of the few types that can accurately measure the current no matter what sort of waveform is fed to it, but it is distinctly possible that it will be a digital meter which assesses current by measuring the AC voltage across a resistor in series with the output, and if that is the case, it will probably be assuming a sine wave. The odds are that both readings are wrong, but let’s take the case where we have great meters which are reading the values perfectly correctly. Then the output will be 37.5 watts, won’t it? Well, actually, no it won’t. The reason for this is that the circuit is feeding the transformer winding which is a coil and coils don’t work like that.

The problem is that, unlike a resistor, when you apply a voltage across a coil the coil starts absorbing energy and feeding it into the magnetic field around the coil, so there is a delay before the current reaches it’s maximum value. With DC, this generally doesn’t matter very much, but with AC where the voltage is changing continuously, it matters a great deal. The situation can be as shown in this graph of both voltage and current:

At first, this does not look like any great problem, but it has a very significant effect on the actual power in watts. To get the 37.5 watts output which we were talking about earlier, we multiplied the average voltage level by the average current level. But these two values do not occur at the same time and that has a major effect.

As this can be a little difficult to see, let’s take the peak values rather than the averages as they are easier to see. Let’s say that in our example graph that the voltage peak is 10 volts and the current peak is 3 amps. If this were DC we would multiply them together and say that the power was 30 watts. But with AC, this does not work due to the timing difference:

When the voltage is peaking, the current is nowhere near it’s peak value of 3 amps:

As a result of this, instead of getting our expected peak power at the top of the voltage peak, the actual power in watts is very much lower – less than half of what we were expecting. Not so good, but it gets worse when you look at the situation more closely. Take a look at what the voltage is when the current crosses the zero line, that is, when the current is zero. The output power is zero when the current is zero but this occurs when the voltage is at a very high value:

The same goes for when the voltage is zero. When the voltage is zero, then the power is also zero, and you will notice that this occurs when the current is at a high value:

The power is not the average current multiplied by the average voltage if there is a coil involved in the circuit – it will be less than that by an amount known as the “power factor” and I’ll leave you to work out why it is called that.

So, how do you determine what the power is? It is done by sampling the voltage and current many times per second and averaging those combined results:

Both the voltage and the current are sampled at the times indicated by the vertical red lines and those figures are used to calculate the actual power level. In this example, only a few samplings are shown, but in practice, a very large number of samples will be taken. The piece of equipment which does this is known as a wattmeter as it measures watts of power. The sampling can be done by windings inside the instrument, resulting in an instrument which can be damaged by overloading without the needle being anywhere near full deflection, or it can be done by digital sampling and mathematical integration. Most digital sampling versions of these meters only operate at high frequencies, typically over 400,000 cycles per second. Both varieties of wattmeter can handle any waveform and not just sine waves.

The power company supplying your home measures the current and assumes that the full voltage is present all of the time that the current is being drawn. If you are powering a powerful electric motor from the mains, then this current lag will cost you money as the power company does not take it into account. It is possible to correct the situation by connecting one or more suitable capacitors across the motor to minimise the power loss.

With a coil (fancy name “inductor” symbol “L”), AC operation is very different to DC operation. The coil has a DC resistance which can be measured with the ohms range of a multimeter, but that resistance does not apply when AC is being used as the AC current flow is not determined by the DC resistance of the coil alone. Because of this, a second term has to be used for the current-controlling factor of the coil, and the term chosen is “impedance” . The wire in any coil has a resistance and that opposes current flow through the coil irrespective of whether the voltage applied to the coil is DC or AC. The capacitance between the neighbouring turns of wire in a coil, introduces a feature of the coil which “impedes” AC current flow through the coil and the amount of that impedance depends on the frequency of the AC voltage being applied to the coil.

The impedance of a coil depends on it’s size, shape, method of winding, number of turns and core material. If the core is made up of iron or steel, (usually thin layers of iron which are insulated from each other), then it can only handle low frequencies. You can forget about trying to pass 10,000 cycles per second (“Hz”) through the coil as the core just can’t change it’s magnetisation fast enough to cope with that frequency. A core of that type is ok for the very low 50 Hz or 60 Hz frequencies used for mains power, which are kept that low so that electric motors can use it directly.

For higher frequencies, ferrite can be used for a core and that is why some portable radios use ferrite-rod aerials, which are a bar of ferrite with a coil wound on it. For higher frequencies (or higher efficiencies) iron dust encapsulated in epoxy resin is used. An alternative is to not use any core material and that is referred to as an air-core coil. These are not limited in frequency by the core but they have a very much lower inductance for any given number of turns. The efficiency of the coil is called it’s “Q” (for “Quality”) and the higher the Q factor, the better. The resistance of the wire lowers the Q factor.

A coil has inductance, and resistance caused by the wire, and capacitance caused by the turns being near each other. However, having said that, the inductance is normally so much bigger than the other two components that we tend to ignore the other two. Something which may not be immediately obvious is that the impedance to AC current flow through the coil depends on how fast the voltage is changing. If the AC voltage applied to a coil completes one cycle every ten seconds, then the impedance will be much lower than if the voltage cycles a million times per second.

If you had to guess, you would think that the impedance would increase steadily as the AC frequency increased. In other words, a straight-line graph type of change. That is not the case. Due to a feature called resonance, there is one particular frequency at which the impedance of the coil increases massively. This is used in the tuning method for AM radio receivers. In the very early days when electronic components were hard to come by, variable coils were sometimes used for tuning. We still have variable coils today, generally for handling large currents rather than radio signals, and we call them “rheostats” and some look like this:

These have a coil of wire wound around a hollow former and a slider can be pushed along a bar, connecting the slider to different winds in the coil depending on it’s position along the supporting bar. The coil connections are then to the slider and to one end of the coil. The position of the slider effectively changes the number of turns of wire in the part of the coil which is in the circuit. Changing the number of turns in the coil, changes the resonant frequency of that coil. AC current finds it very, very hard to get through a coil which has the same resonant frequency as the AC current frequency. Because of this, it can be used as a radio signal tuner:

If the coil’s resonant frequency is changed to match that of a local radio station by sliding the contact along the coil, then that particular AC signal frequency from the radio transmitter finds it almost impossible to get through the coil and so it (and only it) diverts through the diode and headphones as it flows from the aerial wire to the earth wire and the radio station is heard in the headphones. If there are other radio signals coming down the aerial wire, then, because they are not at the resonant frequency of the coil, they flow freely through the coil and don’t go through the headphones.

This system was soon changed when variable capacitors became available as they are cheaper and more compact. So, instead of using a variable coil for tuning the radio signal, a variable capacitor connected across the tuning coil did the same job:

Resonance.

While the circuit diagram above is marked “Tuning capacitor” that is actually quite misleading. Yes, you tune the radio receiver by adjusting the setting of the variable capacitor, but, what the capacitor is doing is altering the resonant frequency of the coil/capacitor combination and it is the resonant frequency of that combination which is doing exactly the same job as the variable coil did on it’s own.

This draws attention to two very important facts concerning coil/capacitor combinations. When a capacitor is placed across a coil “in parallel” as shown in this radio receiver circuit, then the combination has a very high impedance (resistance to AC current flow) at the resonant frequency. But if the capacitor is placed “in series” with the coil, then there is nearly zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the combination:

This may seem like something which practical people would not bother with, after all, who really cares? However, it is a very practical point indeed. In Chapter 3, some of the very high-power devices produced by Don Smith are described. Typically, he uses an off-the-shelf neon-tube driver module as an easy way to provide a high-voltage, high-frequency AC current source, typically, 6,000 volts at 30,000 Hz. He then feeds that power into a Tesla Coil which is itself, a power amplifier. The arrangement is like this:

People who try to replicate Don’s designs tend to say “I get great sparks at the spark gap until I connect the L1 coil and then the sparks stop. This circuit can never work because the resistance of the coil is too low”.

If the resonant frequency of the L1 coil does not match the frequency being produced by the neon-tube driver circuit, then the low impedance of the L1 coil will definitely pull the voltage of the neon-tube driver down to a very low value. But if the L1 coil has the same resonant frequency as the driver circuit, then the L1 coil (or the L1 coil/capacitor combination shown on the right, will have a very high resistance to current flow through it and it will work well with the driver circuit. So, no sparks, means that the coil tuning is off. It is the same as tuning a radio receiver, get the tuning wrong and you don’t hear the radio station.

Choosing components which are not specified.

Some people find it difficult to select a suitable component where the exact component is not specified or where an alternative has to be selected, so perhaps a few general pointers might be helpful. The reason why component values are omitted may well be because a very wide range of alternative values can be used and if one particular is specified, the newcomers to electronics feel that they have to use that one value or the circuit will not work, (which is almost never the case). For example, I have been asked if a capacitor rated at 25V could be used instead of the same value capacitor rated at 16V shown in the circuit, to which the answer is ‘yes, most definitely’. The lower voltage rating is adequate and the component cheaper to buy, but if one of a higher voltage rating is available, then it can be used.

With capacitors, you need to consider the physical size and wire connections, the capacitance, the voltage rating, and the leakage. The cost and size of a capacitor is directly related to it’s voltage rating, and once the voltage rating exceeds that normally used, the price shoots up rapidly as the sales volume reduces rapidly, which in turn, discourages further sales. This sometimes causes circuit builders to connect chains of cheaper capacitors together to make a smaller-capacity high-voltage capacitor. In the case of Tesla Coil builders, they then may connect several of these chains in parallel to boost the capacitance.

If the voltage rating is exceeded (usually by a very large amount), the capacitor will be damaged and become either a short-circuit, or more likely, an open circuit. Either way, it will never work as a capacitor again. In a household circuit, where the capacitor is being used as part of the power supply to the circuit, the voltage rating does not need to be much higher than the supply voltage, with say, 16V being used for a 12V circuit. You could use a capacitor rated at 25V, 40V, 63V, 100V or 400V and it would work perfectly well, but it will be much larger and have cost much more. But, if you have one sitting around and not being used, there is no reason why you should not use it rather than paying to buy another one.

If the capacitor is being used in a timing circuit where a high-value resistor is feeding current to it, then the leakage current of the capacitor becomes very important. Electrolytic capacitors are seldom suitable for such an application as they have a small, unpredictable leakage current which will vary with the age of the capacitor. For accurate timing with a capacitor, ceramic, polypropylene, mylar or tantalum should be used.

The voltage rating for an electrolytic capacitor is for DC, so if you use it for limiting current in an AC power supply, that is, where the current flows through the capacitor rather than the capacitor being placed across the supply and is acting to combat ripple, then great care is needed. The capacitor will heat up due to the power flowing through it, and it is possible for an electrolytic capacitor used in that way to rupture or ‘explode’ due to the electrolyte boiling. Instead, you need to use the very much more expensive oil-filled can capacitors (as shown near the end of chapter 10). That style of usage is unusual for home constructors.

With bi-polar transistors, you need to use commonsense. Suppose a 555 timer chip is required to power a transistor which controls a relay:

For the moment, we will ignore the fact that the 555 could drive the relay directly without the need for a transistor. let’s say that the relay draws a current of 30 mA when connected to a 12V supply. Therefore, the transistor needs to be able to handle a current of 30 mA. Any small switching transistor such as the BC109 or 2N2222 can easily handle that current. The transistor also needs to be able to handle 12 volts. If in doubt, look up the characteristics of your choice of transistor at http://www.alldatasheet.co.kr/ by entering the transistor name ‘BC109’ or whatever in the entry box at the top of the screen and clicking on the button to the right of it. Eventually, it will let you download a pdf document specifying the transistor, and that will show you the voltages which the transistor can handle. Both of the above transistors can handle far more than 12V.

The next question is, ‘can the transistor switch fast enough to work in this circuit?’ and the data sheet will show that they can switch on and off a million times per second. As the relay can only switch on and off a few times per second, the transistor can easily operate fast enough to handle the switching.

Next, we need to know what size of resistor would be suitable. The data sheet will also show the DC current gain of the transistor. This is usually marked as “hfe” and for these transistors is likely to be a minimum of, say, 200. This means that the current flowing into the base of the transistor needs to be one two-hundredth of the relay’s 30 mA which is 0.15 mA. The resistor will have about +11 volts at pin 3 of the 555 timer and around +0.7 volts at the base of the transistor when it is switched fully on. That means that the resistor will have about 10.3 volts across it when the relay is switched on:

So, what size of resistor will have 0.15 mA flowing through it when there is a 10.3-volt drop across it? We know that a 1K resistor passes 1mA per volt and so would pass 10.3 mA with 10.3 volts across it. That is far more than we need. A 10K resistor would pass 1.03 mA which is still far too much but certainly could be used. As it is a resistor, we can use Ohm’s Law: R = V / A (Ohms equals Volts over Amps), or R = 10.3 / 0.00015 which is 68K. So, any resistor between 68K and perhaps 15K should work well.

The diode is there to protect the transistor from excessive voltage caused by the coil of the relay. When a coil is switched off suddenly, it generates a reverse voltage which can be hundreds of volts, pulling the collector of the transistor far above the +12V power supply line. When that starts to happen, it effectively reverses the diode direction, allowing it to conduct and short-circuit that big voltage spike:

Due to the short-circuiting, the voltage can’t get any higher and the current through the diode is not large, so most diodes such as the popular and cheap 1N4001 or 1N4007 types can be used.

When a transistor is connected like that and switched on, it is effectively a short-circuit between it’s collector and emitter, and that places the full 12 volts across the relay, powering it very solidly. This connection method is called a “common-emitter” circuit because all of the transistors used have their emitters all wired in common to the 0V line. An alternative arrangement is the “emitter-follower” circuit:

With this circuit arrangement, the emitter of the transistor “follows” the voltage on pin 3 of the 555 timer. It is always a constant voltage below it, typically about 0.7 volts. The output of the 555 timer has a maximum of about 0.7V below the supply voltage, and so it’s maximum value is about 11.3V in this circuit. The transistor drops that by a further 0.7V, which means that the relay only gets about 10.6V across it instead of the full 12V of the supply, which means that it should be a 10-volt relay rather than a 12-volts relay.

Those are the easy cases because the 555 timer can supply at least 200 mA through it’s output pin, while keeping the output voltage steady. That is not the case with simple transistor circuits. Take a situation like this:

For audio work - microphone pre-amplifiers and the like – the rule of thumb is that the current flowing through the first transistor should be at least ten times the current required by the base of the second transistor in order not to drag down and distort the audio waveform.

Relay switching is not so critical but the same general principle applies and attention needs to paid to the collector resistor of the preceding transistor. For example, if the current flowing through the preceeding transistor is small, say, 0.5 mA and the output transistor needs 1.5 mA flowing into it’s base, then there can be a problem. In this circuit, for example:

Here, the voltage at point “A” goes high because the first transistor switches off and so becomes the same as a resistor of 1Meg or more. Normally, that resistance is so much greater than the 27K of it’s resistor, that the voltage at point “A” would be nearly +12V, but if you were to connect the resistor “R” of just 1K in value, then the situation is changed completely. the base of “Tr” can’t rise above 0.7V. The first transistor can be ignore due to its very high resistance. That leaves a voltage-divider pair of resistors, the 27K and the 1K, with 11.3 volts across them, stopping the voltage at point “A” from rising above 1.13V instead of the original 12V and transistor “Tr” will only get 0.43 mA instead of the 1.5 mA which was wanted. The transistor “Tr” has effectively a 28K resistor feeding it current from the +12V rail.

One solution would be to raise the current through the first transistor by using a resistor a good deal smaller than the present 27K. Another option is to lower the input current requirement of transistor “Tr” by making it a Darlington pair or by using a transistor with a much higher gain.

Constructing Prototypes.

The main options for building a prototype circuit are:

1. A (plug-in) breadboard

2. Electrical screw connector strips.

3. Stripboard

4. A printed circuit board.

1. The typical breadboard unit consists of a matrix of clip holes wired in strips, into which component leads can be pushed to make a circuit. In my opinion, they are best avoided as it takes quite some effort to implement any significant circuit using them, some components do not fit well in the sockets which are small enough to take DIL IC packages, and when you do get a circuit working well on the breadboard, there is no guarantee that it will work well when you attempt to move it to a permanent soldered board:

While a plastic board of this type looks as if it should be quick and easy to use, I have never found it to be so ever since the boards were scaled down in size to take the closely-spaced pins of integrated circuits ("chips"). It is generally difficult to lay the components out in the same pattern as the circuit diagram, and if they are not, then it becomes slow to follow the circuit through on the breadboard layout.

2. The local hardware shop has cheap screw connectors which can be very effective. These come in several sizes and the smaller ones are very convenient for constructing transistor circuitry. They look like this:

Circuits can be assembled very easily, using these connectors and an example might be one of the John Bedini battery pulsing circuits which might have a layout like this:

I have built this circuit using this style of construction and it was very successful indeed, being very quick and easy to construct and it proved to be very tough and effective over a long period of use. The plastic strip has a hole between each connector strip and that allows you to bolt the strip to a base board on which you mount other components, in this case, the pulsing coil and the rotor with the magnets attached. Each connection block can take two or three wires. The wires need to have the insulation removed and the wires scraped clean and shiny if they are not already in that state. If more than one multi-strand wire is being put into one side of a connector, then it is usually best to twist the wires together before tightening the clamping screw. If you want, you can give the twisted wires a thin coat of solder, but this has to be done neatly to avoid producing a joint which is too large to fit into the connector. One connector can be cut out of the strip quite easily, using a pair of scissors or a craft knife. Single connectors can join two wires very effectively without the need to solder them.

3. Stripboard, usually called ‘Veroboard’ even if it is not made by Vero, is a quick and satisfactory method, although you have to make very tiny solder joints. Please be aware that the fumes from the burning resin when soldering are most definitely not good for your health and should be avoided by making sure that the ventilation is adequate.

4. A printed circuit board is feasible for a one-off prototype and making one will increase your production skills, so it is also a reasonable option if you have the etching and drilling equipment to hand. Buying all of the necessary equipment if you do not have any, can cost a fair amount, but the skills gained are significant and the finished boards looks very professional.

There are several other methods of construction, and many varieties of construction board and stripboard. Simple stripboard will be used in the following descriptions, although the method does apply to many different styles of construction.

The first step is to produce a layout for the components on the board. When designing the layout provision should be made for drilling holes to allow the completed board to be bolted to its case using bolts and insulating pillars to keep the soldered joints clear of all other surfaces.

The circuit diagram of the circuit to be built is the starting point. You might wish to draw a light grid of lines to represent the matrix of holes in the strip board. This helps to visualise the run of the copper strips and the sketch can be made to show the exact number of holes available on the piece of strip board to be used. The strip board looks like this:

So you might wish to produce a layout sketch re-usable drawing like this:

where the horizontal strips are numbered and the vertical lines of holes are also numbered. In this sketch, where the lines cross, represents a hole in the board. The sketch of a possible physical layout can then be prepared and it might look like this when seen from the top although the copper strips on the underside of the board are shown in the sketch:

It is very important when producing a sketch like this, that the copper strips making up the circuit are not accidentally used to connect components further along the board, without breaking the copper strip between the two sections of the board. It helps to mark a copy of the circuit diagram when you are sketching a possible physical layout on the strip board. It might be done like this:

Here, the components just below the diode are ringed to show that they have been marked on the layout sketch and, if necessary, the copper strip broken to isolate the components. A component worth mentioning in passing, is the capacitor marked with red in the circuit diagram. This is a decoupling capacitor, fed from the 12V battery via a resistor and a diode (a diode is not normally used in this part of the circuit).

The decoupling is to provide the 555 chip and drivers with a supply which is reasonably isolated from the heavy current-draw circuit not shown in this small section of the circuit diagram. The pulsating heavy current draw of the rest of the circuit is capable of pulling the battery voltage down slightly many times per second. This creates a voltage ripple on the positive supply line from the battery and to smother the ripple, the resistor and diode are used to feed a large reservoir capacitor which smoothes out the ripple.

The circuit itself is not beyond criticism. Transistor ‘TR2’ and its associated components are redundant since pin 3 of the 555 chip already supplies the required signal (and with higher drive capacity) so the second output line should be taken directly from pin 3 of the 555 chip. This snippet of circuit is only shown here as an example of marking up a circuit diagram when making a components layout sketch.

As the layout sketch is produced, the circuit diagram should be marked off with a highlighting pen to make sure that every part of the circuit diagram has been successfully copied to the sketch. In the example below, not all of the highlighted strip is shown, since it runs off the small section of the board being shown here:

Many electronic components can be damaged by the high temperatures they are subjected to when being soldered in place. I personally prefer to use a pair of long-nosed pliers to grip the component leads on the upper side of the board while making the solder joint on the underside of the board. The heat running up the component lead then gets diverted into the large volume of metal in the pair of pliers and the component is protected from excessive heat. On the same principle, I always use a DIL socket when soldering a circuit board, that way, the heat has dissipated fully before the IC is plugged into the socket. It also has the advantage that the IC can be replaced without any difficulty should it become damaged.

If you are using CMOS integrated circuits in any construction, you need to avoid static electricity. Very high levels of voltage build up on your clothes through brushing against objects. This voltage is in the thousands of volts range. It can supply so little current that it does not bother you and you probably do not notice it. CMOS devices operate on such low amounts of current that they can very easily be damaged by your static electricity. Computer hardware professionals wear an earthing lead strapped to their wrists when handling CMOS circuitry. There is no need for you to go that far. CMOS devices are supplied with their leads embedded in a conducting material. Leave them in the material until you are ready to plug them into the circuit and then only hold the plastic body of the case and do not touch any of the pins. Once in place in the circuit, the circuit components will prevent the build up of static charges on the chip.

Soldering is an easily-acquired skill. Multi-cored solder is used for electronic circuit soldering. This solder wire has flux resin contained within it and when melted on a metal surface, the flux removes the oxide layer on the metal, allowing a proper electrical joint to be made. Consequently, it is important that the solder is placed on the joint area and the soldering iron placed on it when it is already in position. If this is done, the flux can clean the joint area and the joint will be good. If the solder is placed on the soldering iron and then the iron moved to the joint, the flux will have burnt away before the joint area is reached and the resulting joint will not be good.

A good solder joint will have a smooth shiny surface and pulling any wire going into the joint will have no effect as the wire is now solidly incorporated into the joint. Making a good solder joint takes about half a second and certainly not more than one second. You want to remove the soldering iron from the joint before an excessive amount of heat is run into the joint. It is recommended that a good mechanical joint be made before soldering when connecting a wire to some form of terminal (this is often not possible).

The technique which I use is to stand the solder up on the workbench and bend the end so that it is sloping downwards towards me. The lead of the component to be soldered is placed in the hole in the strip board and gripped just above the board with long-nosed pliers. The board is turned upside down and the left thumb used to clamp the board against the pliers. The board and pliers are then moved underneath the solder and positioned so that the solder lies on the copper strip, touching the component lead. The right hand is now used to place the soldering iron briefly on the solder. This melts the solder on the joint, allowing the flux to clean the area and producing a good joint. After the joint is made, the board is still held with the pliers until the joint has cooled down.

Test Equipment.

When developing new circuitry, it may be convenient to try different values of resistor in some position in the circuit (the resistor value may be dependent on the gain of a transistor or the actual resistance of an ORP12, or some such other situation). For this, it is very convenient to have a resistor-substitution box which allows you to select any standard resistor at the turn of a switch.

These are not readily available on the market. In years gone by, it was possible to buy custom wafer switches, where the number of wafers could be built up to whatever switch size was required, but these do not seem to be available any more. A slightly less convenient method of construction is to use four of these, selected by a second wafer switch:

In the above diagram, all of the resistors in one range (100 ohms to 820 ohms, 1K to 8K2, 10K to 82K or 100K to 820K) are wired to a single 12-way switch. The output wires then have any of these standard resistors across them, depending on the setting of the switch. A second switch can then be used to select several of these groups, while still using the same output wires. When boxed, it might look like this:

It can also be useful to have a versatile signal generator. You can easily construct your own with variable frequency, variable mark/space ratio and optional variable gating. If you do, you might as well make it with a low output impedance so that it can drive devices under test directly rather than having to provide additional buffering. It might look like this:

The really essential item of equipment is a multimeter. These come in many shapes, sizes and varieties and the cost varies enormously. The reliability also varies a great deal. The most reliable and the cheapest is the analogue type which does not use a battery (other than for the occasional measurement of resistance). Although these types are looked down upon nowadays, they are 100% reliable:

The meter shown above is rated at 2,000 ohms per volt, so connecting it to a circuit to make a measurement on the 10V range is the same as connecting a 20K resistor to the circuit. The big brother of this style of equipment is about five times larger and has 30,000 ohms per volt performance, so connecting it on a 10V range is the same as connecting a 300K resistor to the circuit being measured. This one is battery driven, so if you get one of these, may I suggest that you check its accuracy on a regular basis:

The really excellent non-battery (ex-professional) Avo meter multimeters are still available through eBay at affordable prices. These have 30,000 ohms per volt performance and are robust and accurate, having been built to very high standards.

A multimeter uses a 1.5V battery to measure resistance. Ohm’s Law is used as the working principle and the operation is:

The meter shown in the diagram has a small resistance of its own. This has a small variable resistor added to it. This variable resistor will have a small knob mounted on the face of the multimeter, or it will be a thumbwheel knob projecting slightly from the right hand side of the multimeter case. The 1.5V battery will be positioned inside the multimeter case as is the 1K resistor. To use the resistance ranges, the multimeter probes are touched firmly together to form a short-circuit and the variable resistor adjusted so that the meter points to zero.

For the purpose of this discussion, let us assume that the internal resistance of the meter, when correctly adjusted, is exactly 1K. If the resistor under test is exactly 1K in value, then the current through the meter will be halved and the meter will show a needle deflection half way across the scale. If the resistor under test is 2K, then the current will be one third and the scale marking will be at the 1/3 position from the left. If the resistor is 4K, then there will be one fifth (1K+4K=5K) of the full-scale current and the 4K mark will be 20% from the left hand side of the scale.

Two things to notice: firstly, the scale has to read from right to left which can take some getting used to, and secondly, the scale is not linear, with the markings getting closer and closer together and consequently, more difficult to mark and read, the higher the value of the resistor being measured. The bunching up of the scale markings is why the more expensive multimeters tend to have more than one range.

A mains-operated oscilloscope is an excellent piece of equipment to own but they are expensive when new. It is possible to pick one up at a reasonable price second-hand via eBay. An oscilloscope is by no means an essential item of equipment. One of its most useful features is the ability to measure the frequency, and display the shape of a waveform. Most waveforms are of known shape so the frequency is the major unknown. The following meter is not expensive and it displays the frequency of a signal on a digital readout:

So, when you are deciding what multimeter to buy, consider the following points:

1. How reliable is it? If you are opting for a battery driven unit, what happens to the accuracy if the battery starts to run down. Does it display a warning that the battery needs to be replaced? Mains-operated digital multimeters are brilliant but are a problem if you want to make measurements away from the mains.

2. What DC voltage ranges does it have? If you are intending to work mainly with 12V circuits, it is inconvenient for the ranges to be 9V and 30V as successive ranges. Digital meters do not have this problem but the question then is, how accurate are they going to be in day to day use?

3. Transistor testing options you can ignore - you are better off making your own dedicated unit to check transistors if you think you will ever need to do this - you probably won’t.

4. Measuring current can be very useful so see what ranges are offered.

5. Measuring capacitance is very useful, especially since many capacitors are not well marked to indicate their value.

6. Measuring the frequency of a waveform could be a significant bonus but the question is; are you every likely to need it?

7. Measuring resistance is very useful. Every meter has it. There is no need to be over fancy on measurement ranges as you usually only need to know the approximate answer - is it a 1K resistor or a 10K resistor?

Look around and see what is available, how much it costs and what appeals to you. It might not be a bad idea to buy a really cheap multimeter and use it for a while to see if it has any shortcomings which are a nuisance, and if so, what improvements you personally want from a more expensive meter.

The ‘Bench’ Power Supply.

It might be worth getting a fancy bench power supply which allows you to set any voltage you want and which displays the current being drawn by your development circuit:

However, there is no need to spend money on a fancy unit when you can build an excellent unit of your own with voltage stabilisation, adjustable output, metered current, etc. etc. Personally, if developing a circuit to be used with a battery, I believe you are better off powering the development from a battery, that way the characteristics of the battery are included in any tests which you carry out.

If you wish, you can construct a very convenient development test bed power supply system. This has the advantage that you can make it in the most convenient style for your own use. You can also make the protection ultra-sensitive and build in additional circuitry such as transistor tester and resistor substitution box to produce an integrated test bed. You could perhaps use a circuit like this:

Here, the power is supplied by a pack of re-chargeable Ni-Cad batteries or possibly, a mains unit with voltage stabilisation. As in all actual circuits, the next thing in the circuit is always an on/off switch so that the power source can be disconnected immediately should any problem arise. Next, as always, comes a fuse or circuit breaker, so that should the problem be serious, it can disconnect the circuit faster than you can react. If you wish, you can build your own super-accurate adjustable circuit breaker to use in this position.

The two transistors and three resistors form an adjustable, stabilised output. The FET transistor has a high output power handling capacity and a very low input power requirement and so is good for controlling the output voltage. Resistor ‘VR1’ is padded with the 4K7 resistor solely to reduce the voltage across the variable resistor. VR1 is adjusted to control the output voltage. If the current draw is increased and the output voltage is pulled down slightly, then the voltage on the base of the BC109 transistor is reduced. This starts to turn the transistor off, raising the voltage at point ‘A’, which in turn, raises the output voltage, opposing the variation caused by the load.

The output is monitored, firstly by a large milliammeter to show the current draw and secondly, on the output side of the milliammeter, a voltmeter. This allows very close monitoring of the power supplied to the prototype, especially if the milliammeter is placed alongside the prototype. You can build this circuit into a wide flat box which provides a working surface beside the milliammeter.

At point ‘B’ in the above diagram, a method for altering the current range of the milliammeter by placing a ‘shunt’ resistor across it. When the switch is closed, some current flows through the resistor and some through the milliammeter. This resistor has a very low value, so you are better off making it yourself. Let’s say we wish to double the range of the meter. Solder the switch across the meter and for the resistor use a length of enamelled copper wire wound around a small former. Put a load on the output so that the meter shows a full-scale deflection. Close the switch. If the current displayed is exactly half of what it was, if not, switch off, remove some wire to lower the reading or add some wire to raise the reading and repeat the test until exactly half the current is displayed. The lower the value of the shunt resistor, the more current flows through it and the less through the meter, which then gives a lower reading.

Please note: it is very important to have a fuse or circuit breaker in the power being delivered to your test circuit. Any error in building the prototype can cause a major current to be drawn from the supply and this can be dangerous. Remember, you can’t see the current. Even if you have a meter on the current being delivered, you may not notice the high reading. The first sign of trouble may be smoke! You can easily fry the circuit you are building if you do not have a safety cut-off, so use a fuse or other device which limits the current to twice what you are expecting the circuit to draw.

So, after all that, what equipment do you really need? You need a small soldering iron and multicore solder, a pair of long-nosed pliers and a multimeter. One other thing is some tool to cut wires and remove the insulation prior to soldering. Personal preferences vary. Some people prefer one of the many custom tools, some people use a knife, I personally use a pair of straight nail scissors. You pick whatever you are comfortable with.

Not exactly a vast array of essential equipment. The other items mentioned are not by any means essential so I suggest that you start by keeping things simple and use a minimum of gear.

If you are not familiar with electronics, I suggest that you get a copy of the Maplin catalogue, either from one of their shops or via the http://www.maplin.co.uk web site. Go through it carefully as it will show you what components are available, how much they cost and often, how they are used. The specifications of almost any semiconductor can be found free at http://www.alldatasheet.co.kr in the form of an Adobe Acrobat document.

Finally, because it is not important, all of the circuitry shown so far has indicated current flowing from the + of a battery to the - terminal. The discovery of voltage was made by Volta but he had no way of knowing which way the current was flowing, so he guessed. He had a 50 - 50 chance of getting it right but he was not lucky and got it wrong. Electrical current is actually a flow of electrons, and these flow from the battery minus to the battery plus. So, who cares? Almost nobody, as it has no practical effect on any of the circuitry.

Some useful websites:

http//:www.users.zetnet.co.uk/esr for components

http//:www.maplin.co.uk for components

http//:www.alldatasheet.co.kr for semiconductor specifications

http//:www.cricklewoodelectronics.com for components

http//:www.greenweld.co.uk for components

The Oscilloscope.

If you do decide that you are going to research new equipment, design and possibly invent new devices, then an oscilloscope is useful. Let me stress again that this is not an essential item of equipment and most certainly is not needed until you are quite familiar with constructing prototypes. It is quite easy to misread the settings of an oscilloscope and the methods of operation take some getting used to. The low-cost book “How to Use Oscilloscopes and Other Test Equipment” by R.A. Penfold, ISBN 0 85934 212 3 might well be helpful when starting to use a ‘scope.

It is possible to get an oscilloscope at reasonable cost by buying second-hand through eBay. The best scopes are ‘dual trace’ which means that they can display the input waveform and the output waveform on screen at the same time. This is a very useful feature, but because it is, the scope which have that facility sell at higher prices. The higher the frequency which the scope can handle, the more useful it is, but again, the higher the selling price. Not all scopes are supplied with (the essential) ‘test probes’, so it might be necessary to buy them separately if the seller wants to keep his. Getting the manual for the scope is also a decided plus. A low cost scope might look like this:

Measuring Magnetic Field Strength.

People who experiment with permanent magnets, can make use of an instrument which displays the strength of a magnetic field. Professionally made devices to do this tend to be well outside the purchasing power of the average experimenter who will already have spent money on materials for his prototypes. Here is a design for a simple and cheap circuit, powered by four AA dry cell batteries, and utilising a Hall-effect semiconductor as the sensor:

This design uses an OP77GP operational amplifier chip to boost the output signal from the A1302 chip which is a Hall-effect device. The gain of the DC-connected operational amplifier is set by the ratio of the 1K and 1M fixed resistors shown shaded in the circuit diagram, giving a gain of 1,000.

The circuit operation is simple. The six-volt battery charges the 10 microfarad capacitor which helps iron out any supply line fluctuations caused by varying current draw by the circuit. The 10K variable resistor is used to set the output meter display to zero when the Hall-effect device is not near any magnet. The 1K variable resistor is there to make fine tuning adjustments easier.

When the A1302 chip encounters a magnetic field, the voltage on it’s output pin 3 changes. This change is magnified a thousand times by the OP77GP amplifier. It’s output on pin 6 is connected to one side of the display meter and the other side of the meter is connected to point “A”. The voltage on point “A” is about half the battery voltage. It would be exactly half the voltage if the two 4.7K resistors were exactly the same value. This is rather unlikely as there is a manufacturing tolerance, typically around 10% of the nominal value of the resistor. The exact value of the voltage on point “A” is matched by the OP77GP tuning and so the meter reads zero until a magnetic field is encountered. When that happens, the meter deflection is directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.

The Weird Stuff.

You don’t need to know the following information, so please feel free to skip it and move on to something else.

The presentation shown above is based on the conventional view of electronics and electrical power as taught in schools and colleges. This information and concepts works well for designing and building circuits, but that does not mean that it is wholly correct. Unfortunately, the world is not as simple as is generally made out.

For example, it is said that current is a flow of electrons passing through the wires of a circuit at the speed of light. While it is true that some electrons do actually flow through the metal of the wires, the small percentage of electrons which actually do that, do it quite slowly as they have to negotiate their way through the lattice of the molecules of metal making up the body of the wires.

In spite of this, when the On/Off switch of a circuit is flipped on, the circuit powers up immediately, no matter how long the wires are. The reason for this is that electrical current flows along the wires at very high speed indeed, but it flows rapidly along the outside of the wires, not rapidly through the wires. One thousandth of a second after switching on a circuit, the electrons flowing through the wires have hardly got started, while the current flowing along the outside of the wires has gone all around the circuit and back:

The above sketch does not show the proportions correctly, as the current flow spiralling along the outside of the wire should be hundreds of thousands of times longer than shown, which is not practical in a diagram.

The actual path taken by current flow makes the surface of the wire of particular importance, and the insulation material is also of great importance. In years gone by, wire manufacturers used to anneal (cool down) copper wires in air. This created a layer of cupric oxide on the outer surface of copper wires, and that layer gave the wire different characteristics than copper wire has today. William Barbat in his patent application claims that the cupric oxide layer can be utilised in making devices with greater power output than the power input from the user.

Unfortunately, the world is not quite as simple as that, as power flowing in a circuit has at least two components. The electrical current which we measure with ammeters is as described above and is sometimes referred to as “hot” electricity as when it flows through components, it tends to heat them up. But there is another component referred to as “cold” electricity, so named because it tends to cool components down when it flows through them. For example, if the output wires of Floyd Sweet’s VTA device were short circuited together, frost would form on the device due to the heavy flow of “cold” electricity, and getting a “shock” from it could give you frostbite instead of a burn.

“Cold” electricity is not something new, it has always been there as it is just one aspect of “electricity”. It has not been investigated much by conventional science because none of the instruments used to measure “hot” electricity, react to “cold” electricity at all. (Actually, “hot” electricity, “cold” electricity and magnetism are all features of a single entity which should really be called “electromagnetism”).

Now the spooky bit: “cold” electricity does not flow along or through the wire at all. Instead, it flows in the space around the wire, possibly riding on the magnetic field caused by the “hot” current. Thomas Henry Moray is famous for building a device which captured “cold” electricity and produced a massive power output capable of powering a whole host of ordinary electrical pieces of equipment. In his many public demonstrations before he was intimidated into silence and his equipment smashed, he invited members of the audience to bring a piece of ordinary glass with them. Then, when his circuit was powering a row of lights, he would cut one of the wires and insert the piece of glass between the cut ends of the wires. This had no noticeable effect on his circuit, with the power flowing happily through the glass and on through his circuit, powering the lights just as before. That does not happen with “hot” electricity, but as the “cold” electricity is not flowing through or along the surface of the wire, a break in the wire is not a major obstacle to it.

We still do not know very much about “cold” electricity. Edwin Gray snr. demonstrated light bulbs powered by “cold” electricity being submerged in water. Not only did the bulbs continue to operate unaffected by the water, but Edwin often put his hand in the water along with the lit bulb, suffering no ill effects from doing so. Neither of those two effects are possible with conventional electricity, so please don’t try them to check it out.

Another interesting item is the water-powered car system produced by an American man Nathren Armour. His system, (among other things) involves feeding extra electrical power to the spark plugs. One thing which has always puzzled him is that the engine will not run with just one wire going to the spark plug cap. He has to have a second wire running from his extra power supply to the body of the plug where it screws into the engine block. Take that wire away and the engine stops. Put it back again and the engine runs. But according to conventional electrics, that wire cannot possibly be needed, because the engine block is grounded and the power supply output is grounded, so in theory, there is no voltage difference between the ends of the wire, therefore no current can flow along the wire, hence the wire is not needed and has no function. Well, that is true for “hot” electricity, but it seems possible that the Nathren Armour system is using “cold” electricity as well as “hot” electricity and the “cold” electricity needs the extra wire as a flow guide to the spark plug.

Enough about that for now. Let’s go one step further into the “weirdness” of the actual world. If, three hundred years ago, you had described X-rays, gamma rays, nuclear energy and TV signals to the average well-educated person, you would have run a considerable risk of being locked up as being mad. If you do it today, your listener would probably just be bored as he already knows all this and accepts it as a matter of fact (which it is). Please bear that in mind when you read the following information. If it seems strange and far-fetched, that is only because conventional science today is lagging badly behind and still teaching things which have been conclusively proven to be wrong decades ago.

If you lived in a desert and every day a company drove in with a lorry-load of sand and sold it to you for a large amount of money, what would you think about that? Not a very good deal for you, is it? What’s that you say, you would never do that? But you already do, because you don’t realise that the sand is all around you ready for the taking at next to no cost at all. Several people have tried to publicise the fact, but the sand company has immediately silenced them by one means or another. The company does not want to lose the business of selling you the sand and definitely doesn’t want you to start picking it up for yourself for free.

Well... to be perfectly fair, it is not actually sand, it is energy, and it is all around us, free for the taking. Sound a bit like X-rays did three hundred years ago? Doesn’t mean that it is not true. It is perfectly true. The design of all computers made today is based on the equations of Quantum Mechanics, and while those equations are not yet perfect, they are easily good enough for practical purposes. The snag is that the world seen at the level of the quantum is not much like the world we think that we see around us and which we think that we understand fully. Examining the world at the quantum level shows that we live in a seething mass of incredible energy. Einstein is famous for stating that Mass equals a very large amount of Energy, a fact that is shown clearly when an atomic bomb is detonated. Put in different words, a small amount of matter is the equivalent of a very large amount of energy. Actually, Energy and Matter are two different aspects of a single thing (which could reasonably be called “Mass-Energy”).

At the quantum level, it can be seen that particles of matter pop into existence and drop out again into energy on a continuous basis, everywhere in the whole of the universe. The whole universe is seething with energy. That energy doesn’t bother us any more than water bothers a fish, as we evolved in this sea of energy and we just don’t notice it. It doesn’t harm us, but if we wanted, and knew how, we could use as much of that energy as we wanted for ever and ever. The amount of that energy is unbelievable. It has been calculated that one cubic centimetre anywhere in the universe contains enough energy to create all of the matter we can see in the whole of the universe. Think how many cubic centimetres there are in the Earth ... the Solar System ... our Galaxy ... If every person on Earth were to run their vehicles, power their homes, fly their planes, etc. etc. for the next million years, it would not make the slightest dent in the energy contained in one cubic millimetre of the universe. This is not a theory, it is a fact. (Would you like to buy a big pile of sand? - I’ve got a load just over here...). This big energy field has gone under different names over the years. A popular name at the present time is the “Zero-Point Energy Field” and it is responsible for everything that happens in the universe. It powers life itself. It balances out in equilibrium everywhere, which is one reason which makes it hard to realise that it is all around us.

Tom Beardon is an American man with very considerable abilities and considerable in-depth knowledge of how the world actually operates. His statements are generally based on laboratory-proven criteria backed up by his high level of mathematical skills which give him an additional grasp of things. He explains how electricity actually works in circuits, and it is nothing like the system taught in schools and colleges. We think that when we attach a battery to an electrical circuit, the battery forces a current through the wires of the circuit. Sorry Chief - it is actually nothing like that at all. The power in the circuit comes directly from the Zero-Point Energy Field and has very little to do with the battery at all. We tend to think of “using up” power, but that is just not possible. Energy cannot be destroyed or “used up” the most you can do to it is to change it from one form to another. It will perform “work” (power equipment, generate heat, generate cold...) when it changes from one form to another, but if you reverse the process and convert it back to it’s original form, it will perform another lot of “work” during the conversion and end up back in exactly the same state as it started out from, in spite of having performed two lots of “work” during the operation.

A battery does not provide energy to power a circuit. Instead, what happens is that the chemical action inside the battery causes negative charges to gather at the “minus” terminal of the battery and positive charges to gather together at the “plus” terminal of the battery. These two close-together “poles” of the battery are called a “dipole” (two opposite poles near each other) and they have an effect on the Zero-Point Energy Field which is everywhere. The “Plus” pole of the battery causes a massive cluster of Zero-Point Energy Field negative charges to cluster around it. In the same way, the “Minus” pole of the battery causes a massive gathering of ZPE (“Zero-Point Energy”) positive charges to gather around it. Not only do these charges gather around the poles of the battery, but an imbalance in the energy field is created and the ZPE charges continue to arrive at the poles and they radiate out in every direction in a continuous stream of incredible energy.

So, there is your shiny new battery sitting there, not connected to anything and yet it causes massive energy streams to radiate out from its terminals in every direction. We don’t notice it, because the energy flows freely through us and we can’t feel it and none of our conventional instruments, such as voltmeters, ammeters, oscilloscopes, etc. react to it at all.

The situation changes immediately if we connect a circuit to the battery. The circuit provides a flow path for the ZPE energy to flow along, and a significant amount of energy flows near the wires of the circuit, actually powering the circuit for a split second until it reaches the battery “pole” at the far end of the circuit. When it gets there it promptly wipes out the pole, destroying it completely. The ZPE field calms down and the energy flow ceases. But our trusty battery immediately does it all again, using it’s chemical energy to create the “dipole” once more, and the imbalance of the ZPE field starts again. It is because the battery has to use it’s chemical energy all the time, creating and re-creating, and re-creating it’s “dipole” that it runs down and eventually ceases to be able to create the dipole any more - result: no more power in the circuit.

Sorry to spoil the illusion, but the battery never did power the circuit itself, it merely acted as channelling device for the Zero-Point Energy Field. In passing, Direct Current (“DC”) is actually not a continuous current at all, but instead it is a stream of DC pulses at an incredibly high frequency - way higher than we can measure at present. The speed of the pulses is so great that it looks continuous to us, a bit like the individual still pictures which are the frames of a movie, appear to be a moving image to us if they are played one after the other at a rate of 25 per second - it looks like continuous movement to us, but in reality, it is a rapid series of still pictures.

The way that a battery “dipole” works on the Zero-Point Energy Field is rather like the way that a magnifying glass acts on sunlight. The rays of the sun get concentrated into a point, focused by the lens. You can start a fire with the lens, and it would be easy to think that the lens started the fire, when in actual fact, it is the rays of the sun that started the fire and the lens just influenced a local area of the large “field” of sunlight, raising the temperature at just one point.

While we tend to think of a “dipole” being generated by a battery, the same effect is also created by a magnet, whether an electromagnet or a permanent magnet - remember that electricity and magnetism are two faces of the same entity. It is possible, but not easy, to capture the energy streaming out from the interference with the ZPE field caused by the poles of a magnet. For example, Hans Coler managed to do this with a completely passive device which, when set up correctly, could produce electrical power, hour after hour from apparently “nothing” (well, actually, the ZPE field). Roy Meyers also did it with his patented array of magnets and zinc plates - completely passive, with no moving parts at all, no battery and no circuitry.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

http://www.free-energy-info.com

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 13: Doubtful Devices

This chapter covers a number of devices which either are unlikely to work, or which have too little practical information available to assist replication attempts. This selection, is of course, a matter of opinion.

Paul Baumann’s “Thestatika” Machine.

This device is a perfect example of a free-energy device as it powers itself and provides kilowatts of excess mains electrical power. It is in this section, not because its operation is "doubtful" in any way, but because the design has never been fully disclosed. It was developed by the late Paul Baumann who was part of a Swiss commune which is not willing to explain its operation. This “Thestatika” or “Testatika” machine works beautifully and has a very high quality of workmanship. It has two electrostatic discs which are initially rotated by hand and which then continue to rotate driven by the power produced by the device.

There are various ideas as to how the device operates. The Swiss commune no longer shows this device to people as they have the theory that "mankind" is not ready to have, or use free-energy. They have always refused to show what is inside the large cylinders mounted on each side of the device. D. A. Kelly's 1991 document provides some very perceptive comments on this device. He says:

The "Swiss M-L Converter" is a fully symmetrical, influence-type energy converter which is essentially based on the Wimshurst electrostatic generator with its twin counter-rotating discs where metallic foil sectors generate and carry small charges of electricity to be stored in matched capacitors. In Wimshurst units, diagonal neutralising brushes on each opposite disc distribute the correct charges to the sectors as they revolve, but in the M-L converter this is carried out by a crystal diode which has a higher efficiency.

Two brushes collect the accumulating charges and conduct them to the storage capacitor located at the top of this device. The device has two horseshoe magnets with matched coils and a hollow cylindrical magnet as part of the diode function, and two Leyden jars which apparently serve as the final capacitor function for the converter. The use of top grade components such as gold-plated contacts, control electrodes and dual capacitor stages, insure much higher conversion efficiencies than those available with a Wimshurst machine. The details of the operating prototype are:

1. Efficiency: The unit is started by hand and no other input power is required.

2. Constant power output: 300 volts at 10 amps = 3 kilowatts.

3. Dimensions: 43.31" (1100 mm) wide, 23.62" (600 mm) tall, 17.72" (450 mm) deep.

4. Weight: 44 lbs (20 Kg).

5. Operating speed: 60 rpm. (low speed - one revolution per second).

The twin discs are made of acrylic (plastic) and the metallic segments are steel, which causes the Searle Effect with electromagnetic conversion made at the rim of the discs through passive electromagnets. This is an ideal converter since both high voltage AC and moderate AC amperage can be generated simultaneously via two separate electrical circuits from the discs. The conventional conductive brushes pick off the high voltage AC while the rim electromagnet coils produce useful amperage. When permanent horseshoe magnets with coils are used, then the output power is enhanced to a considerable extent as shown by the above output specifications.

The self-propulsion after hand-starting the discs is achieved through the adoption of the Poggendorff principle (a German scientist of the 1870s) in which slanted conductive brushes produce self-rotation in electrostatic motors (not generators).

The special crystal diode module probably provides the dual functions of frequency regulation and capacitance amplifier - to the two Leyden jars - as part of the electrical resonance circuit, since it is connected with the horseshoe magnet coils.

This device is comprised of three separate electrical circuits:

1. The high voltage AC output from the twin electrostatic discs.

2. A moderate AC amperage circuit provided by the dual horseshoe magnet coils (Searle Effect) as the plus and minus discs pass by them. (Pulsed DC output at 50 Hz).

3. A resonant circuit in which the horseshoe magnet coils are connected to the diode capacitor so that frequency regulation is assured. The diode capacitor is then connected to the Leyden jar, transmitter unit.

The major physical principles involved in this outstanding composite unit are:

1. Electrostatic conversion using twin discs for positive output from one and negative output from the other.

2. The evidence of the Searle Effect from the use of multiple, identical steel segments inducing and EMF in electromagnets at the rim of the discs.

3. The Ecklin principle is also in evidence, since the steel segments pass by permanent horseshoe magnets, as in Ecklin's S.A.G. units.

4. The Poggendorff self-rotating electrostatic motor principle as described above.

5. The crystal capacitance function of the crystal diode module. The full operation of this unique component with its hollow cylindrical permanent magnet, is a composite component with the dual functions of distributing the correct charges to the sectors, and maintaining the output frequency at the desired value.

The M-L Converter is completely symmetrical with two acrylic discs, a light metal lattice, insulated copper wires, a secret crystal-diode rectifier, and gold-plated electrical connections. These machines have been developed over a period of twenty years.

In electrostatic generators, the air molecules between the two acrylic discs which counter-rotate closely side by side, become electrically activated by friction. This causes the discs to be continually charged until a flashover equalises the charge on them. To limit the voltage to the desired amount, the positively charged particles on one of the discs and the negatively charged particles on the other disc are each extracted by means of separately adjustable lattice-electrodes, and are fed into a Leyden jar which collects the energy. The speed of the discs which have 50 lattice electrodes, is 60 rpm which produces a 50 Hz pulsed DC output. This speed is synchronised by magnetic impulses.

The unit is hand started by revolving the two discs in opposite directions until the Converter is charged up enough to synchronise itself and continues to rotate smoothly and noiselessly without any external source of input power. A centrally mounted disc of about 4" (100 mm) in diameter glimmers with all the colours of the rainbow. After a few seconds the Leyden jars are ready for operation and 300 volts DC with a current of 10 amps can be drawn from the device for any desired length of time. On many occasions, demonstrations have been made of the power available from the device. Heating elements, lights and hand power tools can be run from the device.

This suggested explanation of the M-L Converter contains a number of very interesting points. It has seemed mysterious that the electrostatic discs continued to rotate on their own without any visible motor driving them. Mr Kelly, who has seen the device and its operation, suggests that there are sloping brushes pressing against the front and rear faces of the twin electrostatic discs and that these are supplied with electrical current from the horseshoe magnet coils and that acts as a motor which drives the discs onwards once they have been started. He also suggests that the fifty steel segments per second which pass between the poles of the horseshoe magnets cause a rapidly fluctuating magnetic field through the magnet coils, which makes them operate as an Ecklin electrical generator, as described elsewhere in this eBook.

Mr D. A. Kelly also suggests that the two cylinders seen on the M-L Converter, are Leyden jar capacitors and that they work together as described by Sir Oliver Lodge (whose book is on this website). This is a very interesting suggestion, but it does not explain why the people in the Swiss commune refuse point-blank to let anyone see what is inside those cylinders.

There is a video produced by Don Kelly (presumably, a different person) which puts forward another theory of operation. He suggests that each of the cylinders contains a bi-filar coil on a barium ferrite magnet:

However, he describes the barium ferrite magnet as being the same type as used in radio receivers, and they are standard "ferrite rods" which are not permanent magnets as far as I am aware. Don suggests that the output from the high-voltage electrostatic discs gets fed directly to these coils and then on via a series connection to the coils around the horseshoe magnets. He envisages the bi-filar coil amplifying the current and the electrostatic discs being rotated by a standard low-voltage DC motor.

Another possibility is that the jars also contain a spark gap and surrounding copper pick-up shells and as the machine operates silently, the jars have a vacuum inside them. That would provide silent operation and explain why the people in the commune could not open them for inspection. It seems very clear that we just don't know exactly how this device operates.

One very interesting fact which has been reported by the Swiss group is that if a series of copper, aluminium and Perspex sheets are placed in a magnetic field, they generate a high voltage. This is worth investigating. It is not clear if the magnetic field should be constant or oscillating. The sequence of plates is said to be: cpacpacpacpa (“c” being copper, “p” being ‘Perspex’ (acrylic or ‘Plexiglas’) and “a” being aluminium).

The following set-up might be worth investigating:

There is good information on the Testatika at http://peswiki.com/index.php/PowerPedia:Testatika but unfortunately, the bottom line is that nobody knows how to replicate Paul Baumann's excellent machine.

If you wish to understand the operation of electrostatic discs, then the McGraw-Hill book “Homemade Lightning” by R.A. Ford (ISBN 0-07-021528-6) gives full details of Wimshurst machines and plans for constructing your own, improved version. Ready-built Wimshurst machines are available from the web site:

http://scientificsonline.com/product.asp?pn=3070070&bhcd2=1154180654

The Homopolar or “N-Machine”.

This device was the brainchild of Michael Faraday in 1831 and has an intriguing method of operation and a remarkably large output.

The principle of operation is incredibly simple:

If a copper disc is rotated in a magnetic field, then power is developed between the shaft and the outer edge (or any intermediate position). It was then found that the device will still operate even if the magnet is attached to the copper disc and rotates with it - not something which is intuitively obvious. The power output is tremendous with the capability of extracting 1000 Amps but at a low voltage of less than 1 Volt. The power take-off can be from one face of the disc near the shaft rather than having to have a copper shaft integral with the copper disc. This device also works with a magnet just attached to the copper disc and rotating with it.

This looks like a very viable starting point to develop a device which can run itself and provide useful additional output, since a motor to rotate the disc will not require anything remotely like 1000A to drive it. The snag is, it is very difficult to provide reliable sliding contacts capable of handling large currents for extended periods of time. The second picture above shows the disc with its outer edge immersed in a bath of mercury. This is sufficient for a brief demonstration at low power but not realistic for a serious working device.

It might just be possible to get a reasonable working device by accepting that the current output is not going to be anything like 1000A. Long-life brushes could be made from solid copper bar and spring-loaded against the copper disc in matching pairs so that the brush thrusts oppose each other and so do not generate a sideways load. These could be made in multiple sets for each disc, say four or eight per disc, so that the effective electrical resistance between the brushes and the disc is reduced and the possible current draw increased.

Similar multiple brushes could be applied to the central shaft cylinder. Multiple discs could then be mounted on a non-conducting, non-magnetic shaft and their brushes wired in series as shown, to raise the output voltage:

However, when this is done, the brush drag is a serious problem. In 1987, three of the Borderlands Science team, Michael Know, Peter Lindemann, and Chris Carson experimented with this design and found that a much more satisfactory version could be produced. Their version produces sawtooth AC instead of DC and so the output could be fed directly into a step-up transformer. Their design has four ferrite magnets glued between two metal discs, and for additional mechanical strength, copper wire wound around the outer edges of the magnets in order to prevent magnets flying outwards if the glue bond should fail. Their arrangement is like this:

This appears to contradict the “laws” of conventional electricity as there is a very low resistance short-circuit directly across the brushes which pick up the AC voltage output. The output current from a small prototype was estimated at 100 amps. The frequency of the AC is directly proportional to the shaft speed of the motor, but the output voltage was almost independent of the shaft speed of the motor, increasing only very slightly with much greater speed. It was also found that putting the brushes at 90 degrees apart on the metal shaft of the motor gave the same output in spite of the contacts nearly touching each other. This design appears to have considerable potential for construction in a larger size and further investigation.

While the operation of these devices looks impossible at first glance, it needs to be understood that copper has some very unusual characteristics when interacting with magnetic fields. This is explained in the web site http://magnetism.vfedtec.com/SpinningCylinder.htm where it can be seen that a spinning copper cylinder exerts a large sideways force on a permanent magnet placed near it. This does not happen with spinning cylinders made from other metals.

Paramahamsa Tewari received an Indian patent (397/Bom/94) in 1994 for a COP=2.5 version, details of which can be seen at http://www.rexresearch.com/tewari/tewari.htm .

The ‘Romag’ and ‘Mini-Romag’ Generators.

These generators have been displayed on the internet for some considerable time now. They can be found on the Jean-Louis Naudin website:

http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/mromag.htm

The Mini Romag generator from Magnetic Energy uses the principle of moving magnetic flow named "the magnetic current" for generating electrical power. According to Magnetic Energy this generator is able to produce 3.5 volts, 7A DC (24 Watts) of free electricity plus sufficient power to sustain itself.

This generator needs to be started by using an external motor to rotate it at 2,100 rpm for some 42 seconds. After this, the energy flow is established in the Romag generator and the external motor can be removed and the free electrical energy output can be used.

The starting procedure generates magnetic energy within the six coils of copper wire, the copper tube supporting these coils and the copper coated steel wires wrapped around the magnets. This charging is accomplished while the six coil connection wires, (shown as 22 in the above drawing), are making contact and setting up their alternating magnetic poles. After the 42 second start-up time one of these coil connection wires is opened by switch (24 above) leaving the working load in its place. The load (23 above) can draw 7 amps. As current is drawn from the six coils, it sets up magnetic poles which react with the rotor magnets maintaining the rotation. The main shaft is rotated by the 12 permanent magnets as they attract and build a release field. Then the driver unit (hand crank or motor) is disconnected allowing the unit to continue rotating with the load being the activating driving force.

Construction:

If you decide to attempt to build one of these units we suggest using the stated materials:

1. Aluminium Base Plate

2. Sleeve Bearing of oil impregnated brass, 1" long, 0.5" inside diameter.

3. Brass Shaft, 4" long, 0.5" outside diameter

4. Rotor, brass 1.75" long, 2" diameter,

5. Six rotor slots, each 1.75" long, 0.26” deep, 0.72" wide. These slots are spaced exactly 60 degrees apart.

6. One slot cut in centre of Brass Rotor, 360 degrees around, 0.25" wide by 0.313" deep.

7. 12 slots (produced from the six slots when the 360 degree cut is made). Each slot is lined with mica insulation, 0.01” thick.

8. A total of 228 pieces of U-shaped copper coated steel wires, 0.04” thick. Each slot (7 above) has 19 pieces of these wires fitted into the Mica, thus these wires do not contact the Brass rotor. The leading edge of these wires is flush with the Rotor’s outer surface and the trailing edge protrudes 1/8" above the Rotor’s outer diameter.

9. Each of the 12 magnets receives eleven complete turns of 0.032” thick copper coated steel wire. These 11 turns or ‘wraps’ accumulate to 3/8" wide and the same pattern is placed around all 12 magnets. When placed into the bent wires (8 above), they form a snug fit making firm contact.

10. Twelve pieces of mylar insulation, 0.005" thick, are inserted into the cores of the wires (9 above).

11. The twelve permanent magnets, insulated with the mylar, must not contact wires of 9). These magnets measure 3/4" long, 5/8" wide, 3/8" thick and are made of a special composition and strength. Alnico 4, M-60; 12 AL, 28 Ni, 5 Cobalt Fe, Isotropic permanent magnet material cooled in magnetic field, Cast 9100 TS. 450 Brin, 2.2 Peak energy product. When inserted in the rotor the outer faces of these 12 magnets are not to be machined to a radius. The centre of these magnets pass the centre of the coils with 3/32" clearance. The edges, where the wires are wrapped, pass 1/32" away from the coils. This ‘changing magnet spacing’ aids in not only the release cycle but also contributes to rotational movement. (Sharp magnet edges which are facing the coils are to be sanded to a small smooth radius.)

12. Make sure that the magnets are placed in the Rotor with the polarity shown in the diagram.

13. The 12 magnet wire wraps are divided into two sections; 6 upper and 6 lower. There are no connections between these sections. The magnetic flow direction between the upper 6 wraps and the lower 6 wraps is attained by the ‘flow direction’. The wires are wrapped around the magnet starting at the top ‘north’ half and then after 11 complete turns the wire exits at the lower ‘south’ half. As this wire then goes to the next magnet it arrives at an attract wire which is its ‘north’ side. Thus all wires get interconnected from south to north magnet half or north to south magnet half. The actual connections should be crimped copper clips (not solder) with insulation tubing to prevent contact to the Rotor body.

14. A 0.03” thick copper tube (stiff material) 2" long by 2½" inside diameter.

15. Six slots are cut at the top of tube #14. These slots are 5/8" wide by 1/32" deep spaced at 60 degrees apart.

16. Six slots are cut at the bottom of tube #14. These slots are 5/8" wide by 5/16" deep and in line with the upper slots #15.

17. There are six copper tube mounting points.

18. An acrylic ring is used to hold Part #14, measuring 3.75" outer diameter and 2.25" inner diameter, 3/8" thick, bolted directly to Part #1. This ring has a 0.03” wide groove cut 0.25” deep to allow the six copper tube mounting points to be inserted (part 17).

19. Plastic insulation paper, 0.002" thick, is to be placed around the inside and outside of Part #14.

20. There are six coils of insulated copper wire, each coil having 72 turns of .014 thick wire. Each coil is wound with two layers, the bottom layer completely fills the 5/8" wide slot with 45 turns and the top layer spans 5/16" wide with 27 turns. To be sure each coil has the exact wire length of 72 turns, a sample length wire is wrapped then unwound to serve as a template for six lengths. A suggested coil winding method is to fill a small spool with one length then by holding the copper tube at the lower extension, then start at the plus wire in Figure 2 and temporarily secure this wire to the outer surface of the tube.

21. Next, place the pre-measured spool of wire inside the tube, wrapping down and around the outside advancing clockwise until the 5/8" slot is filled with 45 turns. Then, return this wire back across the top of the coil for 15/32" and winding in the same direction again advance clockwise placing the second layer spanned for 5/16" with 27 turns. This method should have the second layer perfectly centered above the first layer. After winding this coil, repeat the process, filling the small spool with another length of pre-measured wire. A very important magnetic response happens as all six coils have their second layers spaced in this way.

22. Item 22 above shows the connection pattern for six coils. When the unit is driven at start-up (hand crank) for 42 seconds at 2100 RPM, all six jumper wires must be together which means the plus wire goes to the minus wire connected by the start switch. After 42 seconds the load is added to the circuit and the start switch is opened. To double check your connections between the coils, note that the finish wire of coil #1 goes to the finish wire of coil #2, which is top layer to top layer. This pattern then has start of coil 2 (bottom layer) going to start of coil 3 (also bottom layer). When the copper tube with the coils is placed around the rotor, the distance from any magnet to any coil must be identical. If it measures different, acrylic holding shapes can be bolted to the aluminium base, protruding upward, and thus push the copper tube in the direction needed to maintain the spacing as stated.

23. Wires to load.

24. Wires to start switch.

25. Rotational direction which is clock—wise when viewing from top down.

26. Acrylic dome for protection against elements.

27. Coating of clear acrylic to solidify rotor. Do not use standard motor varnish. Pre-heat the rotor and then dip it into heated liquid acrylic. After removal from dip tank, hand rotate until the acrylic hardens, then balance rotor. For balancing procedure, either add brass weights or remove brass as needed by drilling small holes into rotor on its heavy side.

28. Insulation tubing on all connections.

29. Shaft for start purposes and speed testing (if desired).

The reason that this generator is included in this chapter is because the construction is quite complex. Also, the plans have been around for several years without my being aware of anyone constructing or operating one of these units other than J.L. Naudin.

Cold Fusion.

Cold fusion was initially accepted with great excitement. It then appeared to be discredited, primarily as a matter of fear of losing the funding for the decades old "hot" fusion research. At the present time, there are some two hundred labs. which have confirmed the findings and so there is no doubt as to the reality of the system. In essence, it is said that nuclear fusion can take place at room temperature, under certain conditions. However, a commercial working device is now reaching the market with details at Sterling Allan’s website: http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Andrea_A._Rossi_Cold_Fusion_Generator .

If you want the background details of cold fusion history, then there are several web sites which follow the progress in this field, including “Cold Fusion Times” at http://world.std.com/~mica/cft.html where considerable detail is available. However, although a cold fusion generator is unlikely to be something which you can knock together in your back yard, the process is edging steadily towards general use. In 2012, the Rossi “Ecat” cold fusion generator is expected to launch. The web site http://ecat.com/ is already taking orders and the home unit producing 10 kilowatts, is expected to sell for US $500 and have an annual running cost of just $20.

The Frolov / Moller Atomic Hydrogen Generator.

One already successful experiment has been shown at the J.L. Naudin website where many successful tests were performed. Alexander Frolov remarks that due to the water pump being externally powered, the results shown by J.L. Naudin are not quite accurate although the error is not significant for power levels below one kilowatt, and so the performance is actually very slightly less than that reported.

This system started with William Lyne’s concept which he published in his book “Occult Ether Systems” in 1997. In 1999, Nikolas Moller bought a copy of Lyne’s book and drew the attention of Alexander Frolov to the idea. Alexander then worked on the idea and produced both the present theory and design. A joint project was then started between Alexander’s Faraday Company Ltd. of St. Petersburg in Russia ( www.faraday.ru ) and Nikolas’ company Spectrum Ltd.

The prototype shown in the photograph below, was then built by Alexander and passed to Nikolas where it was tested extensively. The exact process involved in the energy gain has only recently been fully disclosed in Alexander’s book entitled “New Energy Sources”.

The technique used involves repeatedly converting a quantity of hydrogen gas from its diatomic state (H₂ where two hydrogen atoms are bonded together to form a stable molecule), to its monatomic state H-H (where two hydrogen atoms remain as separate atoms, not closely bonded together) and back again to it’s original form.

No hydrogen is consumed. No additional gas is required. The gas is just converted from one state to the other, repeatedly. The problem for conventional science is that the output power measured in tests is considerably greater than the input power in carefully measured tests which were run for periods of more than half an hour each. The additional power is flowing in from the Zero-Point Energy field due to an energy extraction mechanism caused by the collision of molecules which have very different atomic weights. This is explained by Dr Frolov in his paper: http://alexfrolov.narod.ru/mac.html where the energy imbalance is described in detail. In it, he observes that the theory shows clearly that an input of 1,400 watts is capable of producing an output of 7,250 watts due to the impact energy imbalance between high-mass and low-mass molecules when they collide.

Here is a photograph of the development assembly built by Alexander Frolov and then used in the testing phase of the system:

Muammer Yildiz’s “Ocean Star” Electrical Generator.

This is a purely mechanical device which is self-powered and which can provide electric current to drive other equipment. This device was designed and built in Turkey. It was demonstrated in Dortmund on 17th October 2005 where the demonstration was conducted by J. L. Duarte who ran an independent test and produced a report dated 17th July 2005 on behalf of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Electromechanics and Power Electronics of the Eindhoven Technische Universiteit. Muammer has obtained Patent Application WO2004091083 for his design. The demonstration was of his portable unit which outputs some 12 volts DC:

During the demonstration was used to light a car light bulb very brightly:

Muammer has also produced a larger version capable of powering a house:

The demonstration unit was started using a 16 AHr battery for a few seconds. Once the unit reaches its running speed, it becomes self-powered and capable of delivering substantial electrical power and the starting battery is then disconnected. In theory, no mechanical system can produce 100% efficiency, let alone more than 100%. This system where a motor spins several generators, is very much like the Raoul Hatem system described in Chapter 2.

The report by Dr. J. L. Duarte on the smaller unit provides the following information:

This technical note aims at describing a test which I personally conducted in Izmir, Turkey on 17th July 2005. The purpose of the experiment was to check the energy balance with respect to input and output of an apparatus which was the embodiment of the invention described in the international patent WO 2004/091083 A1 (shown below).

The apparatus was confined inside a metallic box sized 550 x 380 x 270 mm, weighing some 20 Kg, and I was allowed to inspect everything outside this box. However, in order to protect the core ideas of the invention, I was not supposed to check all the details of the internal parts. According to the inventor, the apparatus is predominantly a mechanical system, without any kind of energy storage inside the box (such as batteries, accumulators, flywheels, combustion motors, chemical or radioactive reactions). I believe the intentions of the inventor to be in good faith.

The experimental set-up was quite simple, as shown schematically in Fig.1. It consisted of placing the box with unknown contents, from which DC voltages and currents were expected to be generated, on a table in the middle of the room. A cable with two terminal contacts was run from the box and instruments were placed between the box and the load, which was a standard DC/AC inverter driving an incandescent lamp. The output power from the box was measured before the load connection as shown here:

The circuit connection method used is shown here:

After a short start procedure, the metallic box and the load were both fully isolated from the environment, ensuring that there was no physical contact or connection to external power sources such as the public electric mains supply, at any time during the whole duration of the measurements. As the start-up energy input to the apparatus was quite modest, the main issue was then to measure the delivered energy output.

I had prepared the power measurements with care, by using reliable instruments which I personally brought with me from my own University laboratory. In order to measure the DC voltage directly out of the positive and negative terminals, I used two different voltmeters connected in parallel. One voltmeter was an analogue type, constructed with permanent magnets and wires, while the other was a digital voltmeter. To measure the DC current I used two ammeters in series, one analogue and one digital. If electromagnetic waves should interfere with the measurements, then they would disturb one or other instrument, but not all four pieces at the same time and in the same way.

Before starting the test, no audible sound was being produced by the apparatus. The measured voltage and current at the terminals were zero. So, as far as I could observe, the apparatus was completely at rest.

The start-up procedure consisted of connecting a small 12V DC lead-acid battery to two contact points inside the box for a few seconds. I checked the time using my own watch and it was more than 5 seconds but less than 10 seconds. I consider it reasonable to consider the time to have been 8 seconds. After that time, no energy input was connected to the box by means of cables.

Immediately after the start-up procedure, I could hear noise such as would be produced by parts rotating inside the box. The inventor said that some ten minutes should be allowed to elapse before the load was connected. During that time, both of the voltmeters showed the output voltage dropping slowly from 12.9 volts to 12.5 volts. The two voltmeters matched accurately. In the following hours, I observed and recorded by hand, the voltage and current values displayed by the instruments. The displayed values were quite stable, so I initially decided to note them at 15 minute intervals, but later on at 30 minute intervals.

From time to time, using my hands, I attempted to find a temperature gradient inside the box, but I could not detect any variation or increase in the temperature compared to the room temperature. After five hours, I took the decision to stop the measurements. The results are shown in the following table:

Time

V1 (Digital)

V2 (Analogue)

A1 (Digital)

A2 (Analogue)

0:00

12:54

12.5

2.23

2.35

0:15

12.57

12.5

2.29

2.35

0:30

12.57

12.5

2.29

2.35

0:45

12.53

12.5

2.27

2.35

1:00

12.51

12.5

2.27

2.35

1:15

12.48

12.5

2.27

2.35

1:30

12.47

12.5

2.27

2.35

2:00

12.41

12.4

2.26

2.35

2:30

12.35

12.4

2.26

2.35

3:00

12.30

12.3

2.25

2.35

3:30

12.22

12.3

2.25

2.3

4:00

12.15

12.2

2.25

2.3

4:30

12.01

12.1

2.24

2.3

5:00

12.00

12.0

2.23

2.3

***********************

As far as I am concerned, the above table of results raises serious doubts. The voltage readings are absolutely typical of an inverter powered by a lead-acid battery. I have tested many batteries in exactly the same way and the table looks 100% familiar. If the box contained a genuine self-powered generator, then I would expect the output voltage to remain constant under the constant current drain. In my opinion, it was wholly irresponsible to have stopped the test after just five hours with the output voltage falling steadily. If the output voltage had been rock steady at 12.5 volts for the whole five hours, then that would not have been quite so bad but with it going down 12.3, 12.2, 12.1, 12.0 in the last four 30-minute intervals, and with a lead-acid battery voltage of 11.5 for a fully discharged battery, it was wholly unrealistic to stop the test. A further ten hours of testing should have been undertaken.

However, early in 2010, Muammer demonstrated a permanent magnet motor/generator of his own design. That type of device is notoriously difficult to get functional, let alone producing the 250 watts of power which Muammer demonstrated at Delft University. As part of the demonstration, Muammer took the motor apart completely to show that there was no hidden power source. This shows clearly that Muammer is a man of very considerable ability, and that lends considerable credibility to his earlier device shown here. Unfortunately, the patent application is not in English and some of the terms produced by a rough translation are not at all clear. Consequently, although the design appears quite simple, it can’t be rated as a design which could be confidently replicated from the information here and for that reason, the OceanStar information remains here, among the “Unlikely to Result in a Workable Device” section.

Here is the information from the Patent Application WO2004091083 although the quality of reproduction and the clarity of the wording is not particularly good:

A SYSTEM WHICH GENERATES ELECTRICAL POWER VIA AN

ACCUMULATOR THAT PROVIDES THE INITIAL MOTION FOR THE SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

This is a portable system that generates electrical power via an accumulator that provides the initial motion for the system. Two batteries are used in this system and the system is kept working via the initial motion provided by these batteries. There is no need for another transformer. This device works using its own mechanism and there is no need for additional devices. In this way, a continuous electrical power generation is possible. This device can work without connecting it to a network so it is possible to use it at places where electricity does not exist. Moreover, when connected to the entry of a building, the need for a network is avoided. This system generates electrical power independent of a network.

DESCRIPTION

A system which generates electrical power via an accumulator that provides the initial motion for the system This is a portable system that generates electrical power via an accumulator that provides the initial motion for the system. Already existing systems can generate electric power of whose duration depends on the lifetime of the battery. In these systems, the battery has to be reloaded in order to restart the system. 12V electrical power provided by the batteries used in cars is increased to 220 V via transformers.

Two accumulators are used in our invention. The system works on a continuous basis after the initial start up via these accumulators. There is no need for another transformer. Our system, which generates electrical power, does not need any other devices and it keeps on generating energy via its own mechanism. Also, the system works without connecting it to a network.

Thus, it can be used at any place where no electricity exists. Nevertheless, when this system is connected to the entry of the buildings, there is no need for an additional network. The system can produce electrical power independent of a network.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Below are the explanations of the figures that provide a better understanding about this invention.

Fig.1 is a schematic view of the system.

Numbers used on the schematic:

1- Accumulator

2- Regulator

3- Big Gear 3/1-Starter dynamo

4- Small gear 4/1-2-Feedback dynamo

5- Small gear 5/1-2-3-Feedback dynamo

6- Contactor

7/l and 7/2- Commitatris

8- 29 DC input

9- 24 DC output

10- 580 DC output

11-Switch

12- Shunt

13- Rectifier

14- Capacitor

15- 2.5 mm cable

16- Collector

17- Charcoal

18- Fixing clamps

19- Fixing clamps

20- Lamp

21- Conjector

22- Starter dynamo

23- Feedback dynamo

24- Alternating current dynamo

25- Magnetic switch

26- Pulley

27- Pulley

28- V pulley

29- 380V current output

30- 220 V current input

DESCRIPTION

This invention is a system that starts working via the motion of alternator. There exist two accumulators(1), and the first motion provided by the accumulator is carried to the regulator. Contactor (6) keeps the starter dynamo working by disconnecting the accumulator (1) once the regulator (2) is put in. The voltage coming from the accumulator (1) passes through the regulator and the start dynamo (3/1) starts working and thus the feedback alternators via the gears (4/1-2-5/1-23-3). Feedback dynamo start sending pure DC current to regulator via shunt (12), capacitor (14) and diode (13). It connects all the currents that reaches to the regulator in 4 seconds and sends to the contactor (6). Accumulator (1) is put out by this current that reaches to the regulator. This current is transformed to the started dynamo (3/1). There becomes a. transformation within the system. In case of electricity shortage, it keeps on working by using the current generated by the commitatris (7/1).

Via the starter dynamo(3/1), DC is generated in the alternators which are connected to the gears and this current is transformed to the commitatris (7/1 and 7/2) and DC voltage is generated at commitatris (7/1 and 7/2).

Second System: 3x24 DC voltage is transformed to the second starter dynamo (22). Once the start dynamo works (22), a feedback dynamo (23) having a pulley system and a feedback dynamo (24) generating alternating current starts working. The feedback dynamo (23) starts feeding back; the feedback dynamo (24) which generates alternating current is independently generating 6 KV, 18 Amp, 50Hz current. Moreover, first system produces 24 DC and 580 DC current on its own. The bigger the gears are, the more the generated current is.

This system, which is the subject of our invention, can be used at any place. You can use it at places where there exist no electricity, or at places such as villages, cities, buildings, greenhouses where there is no network. Moreover, network is no longer a must. Instead of a network, you can use our system. There is no need for gasoline when this system is used in vehicles.

Jesse McQueen’s System.

There is a US patent which was granted to Jesse McQueen in 2006. This system looks too good to be true and, on the surface, appears impossible, even taking into account that it has been said that ordinary vehicle alternators have a Coefficient Of Performance over one (i.e. output energy is greater than the energy that the user has to put into the device to make it operate). I am not aware of anybody who has tried this system, so I have no evidence that it doesn’t work - just a lack of belief in a system of this type being able to operate as described. As against that, it is not far from the proven system of Chas Campbell (chapter 4) and the US Patent office has granted this patent and they have a reputation of being highly opposed to admitting that there is any such thing as a “perpetual motion machine”, which this system appears to be. So, I leave it up to you to make up your own mind, and test the system if you wish, which should be easy to do as it involves no real construction, but instead, uses off-the-shelf manufactured products which are readily available and not particularly expensive. Here is the patent:

US Patent 7,095,126 22nd August 2006 Inventor: Jesse McQueen

INTERNAL ENERGY-GENERATING POWER SOURCE

ABSTRACT

An external power source such as a battery is used to initially supply power to start an alternator and generator. Once the system has started it is not necessary for the battery to supply power to the system. The battery can then be disconnected. The alternator and electric motor work in combination to generator electrical power. The alternator supplies this electrical power to the two inverters. One inverter outputs part of it’s power to the lamp, and part back to the electric motor/generator. This power is used to power the electric motor. The second inverter supplies power to the specific load devices which are connected to the system.

US Patent References:

5033565 July 1991 Abukawa et al.

5036267 July 1991 Markunas

5785136 July 1998 Falkenmayer et al.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electrical energy occurs naturally, but seldom in forms that can be used. For example, although the energy dissipated as lightning exceeds the world's demand for electricity by a large factor, lightning has not been put to practical use because of its unpredictability and other problems. Generally, practical electric-power-generating systems convert the mechanical energy of moving parts into electrical energy. While systems that operate without a mechanical step do exist, they are at present either excessively inefficient or expensive because of a dependence on elaborate technology. While some electric plants derive mechanical energy from moving water (hydroelectric power), the vast majority derives it from heat engines in which the working substance is steam. Roughly 89% of power in the United States is generated this way. The steam is generated with heat from combustion of fossil fuels or from nuclear fission.

In electricity, a machine is used to change mechanical energy into electrical energy. It operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor passes through a magnetic field, a voltage is induced across the ends of the conductor. The generator is simply a mechanical arrangement for moving the conductor and leading the current produced by the voltage to an external circuit, where it actuates devices which require electricity. In the simplest form of generator, the conductor is an open coil of wire rotating between the poles of a permanent magnet. During a single rotation, one side of the coil passes through the magnetic field first in one direction and then in the other, so that the induced current is alternating current (AC), moving first in one direction, then in the other. Each end of the coil is attached to a separate metal slip ring that rotates with the coil. Brushes that rest on the slip rings are attached to the external circuit. Thus the current flows from the coil to the slip rings, then through the brushes to the external circuit. In order to obtain direct current (DC), i.e., current that flows in only one direction, a commutator is used in place of slip rings.

A commutator is a single slip ring split into left and right halves that are insulated from each other and are attached to opposite ends of the coil. It allows current to leave the generator through the brushes in only one direction. This current pulsates, going from no flow to maximum flow and back again to no flow. A practical DC generator, with many coils and with many segments in the commutator, gives a steadier current. There are also several magnets in a practical generator. In any generator, the whole assembly carrying the coils is called the armature, or rotor, while the stationary parts constitute the stator. Except in the case of the magneto, which uses permanent magnets, AC and DC generators use electromagnets. Field current for the electromagnets is most often DC from an external source. The term dynamo is often used for the DC generator; the generator in automotive applications is usually a dynamo. An AC generator is called an alternator. To ease various construction problems, alternators have a stationary armature and rotating electromagnets. Most alternators produce a polyphase AC, a complex type of current that provides a smoother power flow than does simple AC. By far the greatest amount of electricity for industrial and civilian use comes from large AC generators driven by steam turbines.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an objective of the present invention to provide an energy source that generates more energy than the energy source requires in order to operate.

It is a second objective of the present invention to provide a system that uses the excess energy produced by the energy source to power other various devices.

It is a third objective of the present invention to provide an energy source for supplying power to various devices without the reliance on an external energy source for supplying power to the energy source of the present invention.

The present invention provides an energy source that is capable of producing more energy than it requires to operate. The excess energy is used to power devices. A feedback loop approach is used to channel a portion of the energy produce by the generator back to the generators power input port. This feedback loop approach enables the generator to use its own generated energy to operate. The additional energy generated by the generator is used to power other devices that can be connected to the generator.

In the method of the invention an external power source such as a battery is used to initially supply power to start an alternator and generator. Once the system has started it is not necessary for the battery to supply power to the system. The battery can then be disconnected. The alternator and electric motor work in combination to generate electrical power. The alternator supplies this electrical power to the two inverters. One inverter outputs part of its power to the lamp load device and part back to the electric motor/generator. This power is used to power the electric motor. The second inverter supplies power to the specific load devices that are connected to the system.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig.1 is a configuration of an implementation of the internal power generating system of the present invention.

Fig.2 is a configuration of an alternate embodiment of the internal power generating system of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention is an electric power-generating device that produces several times more power than it takes to operate this system. This invention comprises a first power source that is connected to a second power source. Referring to Fig.1, the system of the present invention comprises a battery source 10 (12 volt DC) that connects to an electrical alternator 20. The battery supplies the initial power to the system to initiate/start the operation of the alternator. The present invention can implement other power sources in addition to the illustrated battery to supply the initial power to the system. In the initial model of the present invention incorporated an alternator from a 1997 Isuzu Trooper. The invention incorporates an electric motor 30 (148 watt AC). The electric motor connects to an inverter 40 (400 watt AC). The system also comprises a second inverter 50. The battery 10 also connects to both inverters 40 and 50. Each inverter has two outputs. For the first inverter 40, one output feeds into the electric motor 30 to provide to the motor and alternator combination. The other output feeds into a lamp device 60. The lamp device is a 60-watt AC lamp. This lamp device alters the current travelling from the inverter 40 such that the current feeding into the electric motor 30 is not purely inductive.

Although, Fig.1 shows a lamp device, other loads can be used to accomplish this same a task. The inverter 40 has an input from which the inverter receives power from the alternator 20. The second inverter 50 also has an input that also receives power from the alternator.

In operation, initially, the battery 10 is used to supply power to start the alternator 20 and generator 30. Once the system has started, it is not necessary for the battery to supply power to the system. The battery can then be disconnected. Once started, the alternator 20 and electric motor 30 work in combination to generate electrical power. The alternator supplies this electrical power to the two inverters 40 and 50. Inverter 40 outputs part of this power to the lamp 60 and part to the electric motor 30. This power is used to power the electric motor. The second inverter 50 supplies power to the specific load devices which are connected to the system. These load devices can be any devices which operate by using electrical power.

The key aspect of the present invention is the loop between the alternator 20, electric motor 30 and the first inverter 40. A portion of the power generated by the electric motor is recycled and is used to power the electric motor. In this way the system produces the power internally that is used to power the system. This concept makes this system a self-power generating system.

Fig.2 shows an alternative embodiment of the power generating system of the present invention. This embodiment incorporates a gear box 70, a car starter 72, and a head brush generator 74, and buck booster 76. Initially, the car starter 72 works with the battery to supply power to the generator. This process is similar to the process of starting a car. The gearshift 70 increases the rpm of the generator. The Buck Booster 76 serves as the output to supply power to the various loads. This configuration also incorporates a DC converter 78.

The “Nitro” Cell.

This document was originally produced at the request of an Australian man who said that the cell worked well for him but that he was afraid to publish the details himself. This document was prepared, approved by him and published. It proved very popular and an enthusiast group was set up to build and test this “Nitro Cell”.

The results of this building and testing have been most unsatisfactory. As far as I am aware, not a single cell proved successful in powering an engine. I therefore, withdrew the document, since even though I believe it to be capable of working, the fact that many people failed to get it working indicates to me that this document should not be in a “practical” guide. I have been assured by two separate independent sources, both of which I rate as being reliable sources, that there are “hundreds” of these cells working in Australia and the USA. I have repeatedly been asked for copies of this document, so I am publishing it again, but requesting you, the reader, to be aware that should you make one of these devices, that it is unlikely that you will get it operational. Having said that, I understand that it may work very well as a booster.

Simple arithmetic applied to the claimed performance of this device, shows that much of the claimed mileage has to have been covered without using any fuel at all. While this sounds impossible, in actual fact it is not, but that sort of operation comes from the Joe Cell which is notoriously difficult to get operational, requiring at least a week of fiddling around to get the metalwork of the vehicle aligned with the energy field used to provide the motive power. Also, each person acts as a “dipole” which produces an energy field around that person. Most people have a polarity which opposes the Joe Cell energy, and they will never get a Joe Cell to operate as they can disrupt such a cell from several paces away from it. Chapter 9, which describes the Joe Cell, includes information on how to reverse your own personal polarity, to stop blocking the cell performance.

This definitely sounds unbelievable, but as it happens to be the way that things actually are, there is little point in pretending otherwise. Personally, I never recommend anybody to build a Joe Cell for powering a vehicle, as the likelihood of success is so low. However, having said that, a friend of mine in the USA has his Joe Cell connected to his truck in “shandy” mode where the carburettor is left connected to it’s normal fossil fuel supply. The vehicle is perfectly capable of drawing in fossil fuel to run the engine, but it just doesn’t. His fuel consumption is literally zero and he is driving around powered solely by the energy channelled into the engine by the Joe Cell. This is most unusual, and I do not recommend you spending time and money on building such a cell. I mention these cells so that you can know all about them, but I would leave it at that.

Here is the original “D18” document, which is followed by important update information:

A Different Fuel

In the early days of heavier than air flight, observations were made and based on those observations, practical operating rules were deduced. After a time, those rules became called the “laws” of aerodynamics. These “laws” were applied to the design, building and use of aircraft and they were, and are, very useful.

One day it was observed that if you apply those laws of aerodynamics to bumble bees, then according to those laws, it was not possible for a bee to fly since there was just not enough lift generated to get the bee off the ground. But simple observation shows that bees do in fact fly and they can rise off the ground when they choose to do so.

Does that mean that the “laws” of aerodynamics are no good? Of course not, as they have been shown to be of great practical use when dealing with aircraft. What it did show was that the existing laws did not cover every instance, so research was done and the laws of aerodynamics were extended to include the equations for lift generated by turbulent flow. These show how a bee can develop enough lift to get off the ground. Do bees care about this? No, not at all, they just go on flying as before. What has changed is that the understanding of scientists and engineers has been extended to better fit the world around us.

Today, people who are trained in science and engineering are fed the idea that internal combustion engines need to consume a fossil fuel in order to operate. That is not strictly true and at the present time, engines using hydrogen gas as a fuel are becoming commonplace. Unfortunately, most of the hydrogen produced for this use, comes from fossil fuels, so these vehicles are still running on a fossil fuel, though only indirectly.

The “laws” of engineering say that it is not possible for an internal combustion engine to run without consuming some sort of fuel. Unfortunately, Josef Papp has demonstrated an internal combustion engine which has had it’s intake and exhaust systems blanked off. Filled with a mixture of inert gasses, during one demonstration, that Volvo engine ran for half an hour, producing a measured 300 horsepower, and apparently consuming no fuel at all. Josef received US patent 3,680,432 for his engine and you can see a video of one of his engines running at http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2850891179207690407. Robert Britt designed a similar sealed motor filled with a mixture of inert gasses, and he received US patent 3,977,191 for it.

Does this mean that the current laws of engineering are of no use? Certainly not, they are vital for everyday life today. What it does mean, however, is that the present laws need to be extended to include the effects shown by these engines.

Another thing widely accepted today is that an internal combustion engine can’t use water as a fuel. Well.... let’s leave that to one side for the moment and look at it from a slightly different angle. Engines can definitely run using air and hydrogen as the fuel, there is no argument about that as there are many vehicle around which do just that. If you pass a current through water, the water breaks up into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, this mixture is called “hydroxy” gas and that can most definitely be used, along with air, as the fuel for an internal combustion engine. But... this gas came from water, so is it really correct to say that water cannot be used as the fuel for an internal combustion engine?

Ah, says somebody with relief, that is not the case, because you are using water and electricity to get the fuel for the engine. But... the average vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, has an alternator which produces electricity when the engine is running, so there is a source of electricity to do the electrolysis of the water and produce the gas to run the engine.

But the laws of engineering say that you can’t get enough electricity from the alternator to produce enough gas to run the engine. Engineers will point to the work of Faraday who examined the process of electrolysis in great detail and produced the “laws” of electrolysis. These laws show that you can’t get enough electrical power from an engine to make enough gas to run the engine.

Unfortunately, there have been several people who have done just that, so we have reached the point in time when these “laws” need to be extended to cover cases not covered by the work of Faraday. People have got from 300% to 1,200% of the gas output which Faraday considered to be the maximum possible. Several people have run vehicles on hydroxy gas produced by electrolysis of water using electricity generated by the vehicle’s alternator. This shows clearly that it can be done, and as a consequence, the “laws” need to be extended to include the newer techniques.

Leaving that aside for the moment, there have been at least two people who have managed to power an engine with water as the only fuel, and without using electrolysis. In this instance, a fine spray of water droplets inside the cylinder is acted on by the spark, and a secondary electrical supply from an inverter boosts the spark, forming a plasma discharge. The result is a power stroke nearly as powerful as using a fossil fuel. For the moment, let us also ignore that style of operation.

This document describes another system which uses water and air as the primary fuels, but again, does not use electrolysis to generate hydroxy gas for use in the engine. Instead, the objective is to create a continuous supply of Nitrogen Hydroxide (NHO₂) for use as the fuel. This system has worked well for a number of people but there has been considerable intimidation and most of these people are very reluctant to pass the information on. This document is an attempt to present those details clearly enough to allow the system to be replicated by anyone who wishes to do so.

So, how exactly is this fuel generated? The production method is described as the fuel gas being synthesised by a mixture of stream water and rock salt (the mineral "halite") in the presence of air, being acted on by engine “vacuum”, electrolysis and a strong magnetic field. This fuel is said to be more powerful than hydrogen and is a much more viable fuel source as less of it is needed to run an internal combustion engine.

This system may be used with any internal combustion engine, whether used in a vehicle or stationary when powering an electrical generator or other equipment. The additional equipment consists of one, or more, horizontal cylinders mounted near the engine. A single, horizontally mounted, cylinder can generate sufficient gas to power an internal combustion engine up to two litres in capacity. Larger engines will need two cylinders to generate enough gas for them to operate.

It must be stressed that this is not a hydroxy gas electrolysis cell. One test vehicle has been run on this system for a distance of 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) and the liquid fuel used was only 2 litres of water and 2 gallons of petrol. Two litres of water converted to hydroxy gas will definitely not power a vehicle engine for anything like 3,000 miles, so let me stress again that the fuel being generated in this cell is Nitrogen Hydroxide (NHO₂). It should be noted that if the cell described here is used as a booster for the original fossil fuel, then it will not be necessary to upgrade the engine by fitting stainless steel valves, piston rings, exhaust system, etc.

The person using this system which is shown in the following photograph, has opted for an exceptionally long generation tube attached to his stationary generator:

The versions of this cell design shown in the previous photograph and the following photograph, are early models which were in use before it was discovered that there was a considerable enhancement in gas production if a coil is wrapped around the cylinder.

For vehicle operation, it is more normal to have a shorter cylinder, (or pair of cylinders if the engine capacity is large) as can be seen in the following photograph of a 4-litre, 8-cylinder vehicle engine which uses this system. Engines of up to 2 litre capacity can be powered by a single horizontal cell, while two cells are used for larger engines.

The construction details are not difficult to follow and the materials needed are not particularly difficult to find nor expensive to buy. The main body of the device is constructed as shown in the following diagram. A chamber is constructed from a piece of 316L Grade (food quality) stainless steel pipe, 300 mm (12 inches) long and 100 mm (4 inches) in diameter. The length of 300 mm is chosen for convenience of fitting in the engine compartment of a vehicle. If there is plenty of room there, the length can be extended for better gas performance and water capacity. If that is done, keep the 100 mm cylinder diameter and all of the clearance dimensions mentioned below.

The chamber is sealed at each end with 12 mm (half inch) thick discs made from “Lexan” (a very strong polycarbonate resin thermoplastic). These discs have a 3 mm (1/8”) deep groove cut into their inner faces. The groove is there for the cylinder to fit into when the discs are clamped in place and held by stainless steel nuts tightened on a 10 mm (3/8”) stainless steel threaded rod. To combat engine vibration, a lock nut is used to clamp the retaining nuts in place. The threaded rod also provides the contact point for the negative side of the electrical supply and a stainless steel bolt is TIG welded to the outside of the cylinder to form the connection point for the positive side of the electrical supply.

This basic container is modified in a number of ways. Firstly, a small 3 mm (1/8 inch) diameter air intake pipe is provided in one of the Lexan discs. This air intake is provided with a needle-valve which is screwed tightly shut for the early stages of testing and only eased slightly open when the engine is actually running.

Also fitted is an 12 mm (1/2”) stainless steel pipe, attached to the stainless steel cylinder to form a gas supply feed to the engine. A one-way valve is placed in this pipe as the design calls for the cylinder to be maintained at a pressure which is less that the outside atmosphere. The lower the pressure inside the cell, the greater the rate of gas production. The one-way valve allows flow into the engine but blocks any flow from the engine into the cylinder. This valve is the same type as is used in the vehicle’s vacuum brake booster system.

The gas outlet pipe is continued from the one-way valve using plastic tubing for a few inches. This is to prevent an electrical connection between the stainless steel cylinder which is connected to the positive side of the electrical supply, and the engine manifold which is connected to the negative side of the electrical supply. If this pipe were metal all the way, then that would create a direct electrical short-circuit. The pipe running to the engine intake manifold needs to be made of metal in the area near the engine, due to the high engine temperature, so stainless steel pipe should be used for the last part of the gas supply pipe running to the engine. The gas supply pipe fitting is made to the most central of the bungs fitted to the manifold.

For the initial testing period, a filling port with a screw cap is mounted on the top of the cylinder, in order to allow the water inside to be topped up as necessary. Later on, if long journeys are made on a regular basis, then it is worth fitting a separate water tank, water-level sensor and water injection system using a standard vehicle windscreen washer water pump. The topping up is done with water alone as the rock salt additive does not get used in the process and so does not need to be replaced. With these additional features, the gas generation cell looks like this:

There is one further step, and that is to add an inner cylinder of 316L grade stainless steel. This cylinder is 274 mm (10.75 inches) long and 80 mm (3.15”) in diameter. Both cylinders have a wall thickness of 1 mm. The inner cylinder is supported on the central threaded bar and it is clamped in place with retaining nuts. A supporting lug is created by making two cuts at each end of the cylinder, drilling a hole and then bending the lug up inside the cylinder at right angles to its axis. This needs to be done accurately, otherwise the inner cylinder will not lie parallel to the threaded rod, or alternatively, not be centred on the threaded rod. The centre of the 10 mm (3/8”) hole is positioned 8 mm (5/16”) in from the end of the cylinder. Two 48 mm (1.9”) long cuts are made each side of the hole, positioned to be about 5 mm (3/16”) clear of the hole - this measurement is not critical. This is done at each end of the cylinder and the holes are positioned exactly opposite one another, along the axis of the cylinder, as shown here:

The inner cylinder is secured in position by two bolts as shown here:

The inner nuts are manoeuvred on inside on of the lugs by hand and then the threaded rod is rotated to move one nut to the inside of the other lug, while the nearer nut is held to prevent it rotating. When the rod is positioned correctly and the inner nuts are pressed up hard against the lugs, then a box spanner is used to lock the outer nuts tightly against the lugs, forming a strong mounting lock.

The inner cylinder is inserted inside the outer cylinder, the Lexan end discs are then added and the outer lock nuts added to produce this arrangement:

This gives a 9 mm clearance between the two cylinders and this gap stretches 360 degrees around the cylinders. The inner cylinder is located 10 mm clear of the Lexan end discs.

The units is completed by winding a coil of 2 mm diameter insulated copper wire tightly around the full length of the outer cylinder and filling the unit with electrolyte to a level of 3 mm (1/8 inch) above the top of the inner cylinder as shown here:

The wire used for the coil is heavy duty copper wire with an inner diameter of 2 mm, i.e. British 14 SWG wire or American 12 AWG wire. The coil is held in position at the ends of the cylinder, with plastic cable ties, as these are non-magnetic. This coil is of major importance in this design as the strong magnetic field produced by it has a very marked effect on the performance of the cell. The magnetic field produced by this coil, increases the gas production by anything from 30% to 50% and increases the production of Nitrogen Hydroxide by a factor of ten times. The electrical connection of the coil is in series with the cell, so the battery positive is not taken directly to the bolt welded to the outer cylinder, but instead it passes through the coil winding before being connected to the outer cylinder.

Installation and Use

The gas outlet pipe is connected directly to a vacuum port directly below the carburettor on the manifold of the engine. This connection is important as the cell relies on the “vacuum” (actually reduced air pressure) produced by the engine intake stroke, as part of it’s gas-forming process.

The exact method of mounting the cell in a vehicle depends on the vehicle, so this is something which you will need to think out for yourself. Be sure that you insulate the cell from the metal bodywork of the vehicle and I would suggest that you keep it away from the high-voltage electrical wiring (coil, distributor, spark plug leads, etc.).

The electrical connection arrangement is as shown here:

Or for larger engines:

The method of electrical connection is important. It is vital that the electrical supply is disconnected when the engine is not running. For that reason, the power to the cell(s) is taken via the vehicle’s ignition switch. In order not to load that switch unduly, a standard automotive relay is used to carry the main current, leaving just the relay current to be handled by the ignition switch. Also, a 30 amp circuit-breaker or fuse is placed in the circuit, immediately after the battery connection. In the unlikely event of some physical problem with the cell occurring, this device will disconnect the power instantly and avoid any possibility of a short-circuit causing a fire, or of excess gas being produced when it is not needed

The water to be used in this cell needs to be selected carefully. Tap water is not acceptable as it will be contaminated with several additives - fluorine, chlorine, etc. put in it when going through the purification process of the supply company and many other chemicals picked up along the way. It is considered very important that the water be taken from a stream, preferably from where it rises, as that is the point of greatest purity. May I also suggest that the water be transported in either glass containers or stainless steel containers as these help to maintain the purity. Avoid plastic containers, because while these appear to be completely inert, they frequently are most definitely not and chemicals from their manufacture can, and do, enter any liquid contained in them.

The cell is filled to a depth of 25 mm (1 inch) below the top of the outer cylinder and then (on the first occasion only) one or two grains of rock salt are added to the cell. This addition needs to be minimal as it controls the current draw from the electrical system and the strength of the magnetic field created by that current. After using the cell for at least a week, if the gas rate is not adequate, then add one more grain of rock salt.

Getting the cell attuned to the vehicle is likely to take at least a week of use. The cell is put in place and the vehicle run using it’s normal fuel. The needle valve on the cell’s air intake is kept completely closed during this period. The inventor opted to continue running his engine on very small amounts of petrol plus this new gas fuel - the result being 3,000 miles covered on just two gallons of petrol. If you consider this as still being a petrol powered vehicle, then getting 1,500 mpg is quite an achievement - I certainly would settle for that.

When the cell is first connected, you will notice that the engine ticks over faster and tends to rev more than it did before. It will take several days for the system to settle down. Part of this is believed to be the effect of the new magnetic coil in the engine compartment. It may be that the metal parts of the vehicle have to take up a magnetic alignment which matches the magnetic field produced by the cell. Whether that is so or not, it will take a few days before the system settles down into its final state.

It should be realised that if the vehicle has a fuel-control computer with an oxygen sensor mounted in the exhaust stream, then the oxygen sensor signal will need to be adjusted. The D17.pdf document of this series, shows in detail how to do this, should it be necessary. If the vehicle has a carburettor, then there is an advantage in fitting a one inch bore carburettor of the type found on lawnmowers, as this promotes lower pressure inside the manifold and promotes good cell operation as the lower the pressure (or the greater the “vacuum”), the higher becomes the rate of gas production.

Practical Details

The original end pieces were cut and grooved using a lathe. Most people do not own or have access to a lathe so an alternative method of cutting the discs needs to be used. The essential part of this operation is to cut an accurate groove to take the 100 mm stainless steel outer cylinder. The groove needs to be cut accurately as it needs to form an airtight seal on the end of the cylinder. Consequently, the end of the cylinder and the bottom of the groove, both need to be straight and true if they are to mate securely.

An alternative method is to use an adjustable hole-cutter drill attachment. If this is used with a drill press or a vertical stand adaptor for an electric hand drill, then if care is taken, an accurate groove of the correct dimensions can be cut. As an extra precaution, a thin layer of marine grade white “SikaFlex 291” bedding compound can be used in the bottom of the groove. Two things here. Firstly, only use the genuine Sikaflex 291 compound even though it is far more expensive than other products which claim to be equivalents - they aren’t, so pay for the genuine product. Secondly, we do not want the slightest trace of the Sikaflex contacting the electrolyte if we can avoid it, so be very sparing in the amount put into the groove, no matter what you paid for it. Make sure that the bedding compound is placed only in the very bottom of the groove and not on the sides. When the cylinder is forced into the groove, a very small amount of the compound will be driven into any gap between the cylinder and the sides of the groove.

What is needed is a result which looks like this:

The other important part of this joint is the end of the outer cylinder. It is recommended that the cylinder be cut by hand with a hacksaw to avoid generating excessive heat which can affect the structure of the metal. To get the end exactly square, use a piece of printer paper. This has straight edges and square corners, so wrap it flat around the cylinder and manoeuvre it into place so that the overlapping edges match exactly on both sides. If the paper is flat and tight against the cylinder and the edges match exactly, then the edge of the paper will be an exact true and square line around the cylinder. Mark along the edge of the paper with a felt pen and then use that line as a guide to a perfectly square cut. To avoid excessive heat, do not use any power tool like an angle grinder on the cylinder. Just clean the edges of the cut gently with a hand file.

In the diagrams shown earlier, the gas pipe, water-filler cap and the battery positive connection bolt have all been shown on the top of the cylinder. This is only to show them clearly, and there is no need to have them positioned like that. You will notice that they all get in the way of the wire coil, which is not an advantage.

It is necessary for the gas pipe to be positioned at the top as that gives the best clearance above the water surface. The clearance should be maintained at 25 mm (1 inch). The water-filler cap which was shown on top of the cylinder, would be better positioned on one of the end caps as that would keep it out of the way of the coil of wire:

This arrangement has the advantage that it does not require a filler hole to be drilled through the steel cylinder.

It is necessary for the electrical connection to be welded to the cylinder, but it is not necessary to have a head on the bolt as that just gets in the way of the electrical coil. The best strategy is to use a longer bolt of small diameter, remove the head and weld the shaft in place with spot welds which will not get in the way of the coil, as shown below. Spot welds are very quick to make, but even they generate a good deal of heat in the pipe. Some people prefer to silver-solder the bolt shaft to the cylinder as the heating is less.

The bolt is kept just clear of the end cap to avoid fouling it when it is clamped on to the cylinder. A lock nut is used to keep the solder tag assembly clear of the outer edge of the end cap. This allows the wire coil to be wound right up to the bolt. It does not matter which end of the coil is connected to the outer cylinder, but common sense suggests that the end nearest the bolt is connected to the bolt. It is, however, important that once connected, the electrical connections to the coil are maintained ever afterwards, to ensure that the magnetic field stays in the same direction. Remember that the surrounding metal parts of the vehicle will take up a magnetic orientation matching that of the coil’s magnetic field, so you do not want to keep changing the direction of the coil’s magnetic field.

When welding the bolt to the outer cylinder, be sure you use stainless steel wire. The joint needs to be made with a MIG or TIG welder. If you don’t have one and can’t hire one, then your local metal fabrication shop will make the spot welds for you in less than a minute and probably not charge you for doing them.

The grade of stainless steel in the cylinders is important. Grade 316L is nearly non-magnetic, so if you hold the cylinder with it’s sides vertical and place a magnet against the cylinder, the magnet should fall off under its own weight. Try this test no matter what grade the stainless steel is supposed to be, as some steels are not labelled correctly. There is a good chance that you will be able to find suitable tubing at your local scrap yard, but be careful on sizing. The 9 mm gap between the outer 100 mm diameter cylinder and the inner cylinder’s 80 mm diameter, is very important indeed. This gap needs to be 9 mm (11/32 inch) so if really necessary to vary the diameters slightly up or down, be sure to pick material which gives the correct gap between the cylinders. Seamless piping is usually preferred to pipes which have seams as the seam welding tends to generate a magnetic effect in the steel. However, if a seamed pipe passes the magnet test with the magnet falling off it, it is definitely good material for the cell.

If you can get it, a good material for the 12 mm (1/2 inch) pipe running to the carburettor manifold, is aluminium. Please remember that the one-way valve on the cell’s output pipe needs to be connected to this pipe with a material which insulates the two metal components. The suggested piping is therefore: the cell output is via a stainless steel pipe connector, connected directly to the one-way valve, which then has a plastic pipe connection to the aluminium tube which runs all the way to the manifold. Please remember to insulate the cell from the vehicle chassis and components to avoid a short-circuit.

An alternative to using the rather expensive “Lexan” for the end caps, is to use “UHMWP” - Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene which is cheap and easy to obtain as plastic food-chopping boards are usually made from it. The advantage of Lexan is that it is transparent and so the level of the electrolyte can be seen without the need for removing the water-filler cap.

It has been suggested that the topping up of water in the cell can be automatic if you wish it to be so. For this, a water-level sensor circuit is used to drive a standard windscreen-washer water pump when the level of the electrolyte falls below the design level. The sensor itself, can be a bolt running through one of the end caps as shown here:

When the electrolyte level drops below the upper bolt, the circuit contact to the control circuit is broken and the circuit responds by powering up the water pump, which injects a little water to bring the electrolyte level back up to where it should be. When the vehicle is moving, the surface of the electrolyte will not be steady as shown in the diagram, so the control circuit needs to have an averaging section which prevents the water pump being switched on until the circuit input has been missing for several seconds.

Circuitry suitable for this is shown in Chapter 12, and there is no reason why you should not design and build your own circuit for this.

In the initial stages of testing and installation, when adding rock salt, be very sparing indeed. Add just one grain at a time because the salt ions are very effective in carrying current through the electrolyte solution. Also, if too much is added, it is difficult to reduce the concentration as more water needs to be added, which involves draining off some of the water already in the cell. It is much easier to take your time and add very, very little salt. Give the salt grain plenty of time to dissolve and spread out throughout the electrolyte before checking the cell performance again.

Let me remind you that during the initial cell testing, the air intake needle valve is closed completely and it is not eased open until the engine is running satisfactorily. In the engine acclimatisation period, the engine should be run on it’s normal fuel and the cell just used as a booster. Remember that it will take at least a week for the vehicle to settle down to it’s new method of operation. There is no particular hurry, so take your time and don’t rush things.

If the vehicle is fitted with computer control of the fuel supply, it may be necessary to apply some control to the unit by adjusting the signal coming from the oxygen sensor placed in the vehicle’s exhaust system. The information on how to do this is shown in considerable detail in Chapter 10.

Some questions have been asked about this cell:

1. Does petrol have to be used or can the engine be run on the cell alone?

Answer: No, you can eventually eliminate petrol altogether but the engine runs so cleanly that old carbon deposits around the piston rings and elsewhere will get cleaned away and the components may rust. These parts can eventually be replaced with stainless steel versions or instead of that, it is probably possible to avoid replacements by the use of the oil additive called “Vacclaisocryptene QX and Molybdenum Disulfide” - see http://www.clickspokane.com/vacclaisocryptene/ for details. This additive reduces wear to such a degree that engine life may be doubled, no matter what fuel is being used.

2. Why is the unit 300 mm long?

Answer: Just for convenience in fitting it into the engine compartment. It can easily be longer if space allows it. The longer the unit, the greater the gas production and that is why two 300 mm cells are needed for engines over 2 litres in capacity.

3. Does the cell body need to be made from seamless pipe?

Answer: Seamless 316L-grade stainless steel is preferred.

4. How do you determine the amount of rock salt to add to the water in the cell?

Answer: The amount varies with the type and size of engine being dealt with. You want the minimum current through the coil so start with one grain and increase it only very gradually with tiny amounts. If the cell is being mounted in the engine compartment of a vehicle, then the make, model and size of the vehicle will affect the amount due to the magnetic effect of metal components near the cell.

5. Does it matter which end of the coil is attached to the outer cylinder?

Answer: No, it can be either end.

6. Is the pipe diameter shown from the cell to the engine the best size?

Answer: The 1/2 inch diameter is very good as it increases the "vacuum" inside the cell as the engine runs. When first testing the engine, remember that the needle valve is completely shut off, and when it is opened during tuning, it is only opened to a minimal setting.

7. Are the exhaust emissions damaging to the environment?

Answer: Some years ago, a Mercedes car dealer ran his own emissions test on a new Mercedes diesel, using his own equipment. He found that the emissions were reduced by 50% and the engine power increased by 12%. The engine ran better, cleaner and quieter. He was fired for doing this.

Other independent gas-analyser tests showed that there is an increase in water emissions and a drop in carbon emissions as less fossil fuel is used. It was also noted that the volume of gas produced by the cell was affected by where it was mounted in the engine compartment. This is thought to be due to the magnetic effect on the cell.

Update Information:

Question 1: Where do we connect the outlet hose from the D18 fuel system to the engine on a late model car with fuel injection system?

Response: There is a throttle body on the engine and it is connected to a rubber hose which goes to the air filter. Typically, the rubber hose attaches to the throttle body and is clamped in place. A hole needs to be punched through the rubber housing approximately two inches (50 mm) from the throttle body. A brass fitting needs to be put into this opening. It will have a flange on one end and the other end with be threaded to accept a nut to hold it in place. This brass fitting will be the attachment point for the incoming fuel line from the D18 system and/or any other booster. For the D18 horizontal system, the size of the fitting should be half-inch (12 mm) so as to be able to maintain the proper vacuum pressure to the D18 fuel system.

Important Note: Since the practice of using alternate fuels by the public is not widely accepted it would be expedient to locate the fuel inlet opening on the under side of the hose out of plain view. This will help the user pass vehicle inspections and keep inquisitive persons from asking too many questions.

Question 2: What do I do I have to do to make the on-board computer function properly with my new booster?

Response: You need to install an electronic mixer control system. Plans for such a system can be downloaded from www.better-mileage.com. This control system will fool the on-board ECU into thinking that all is okay and it will continue to work as normal with no problems. There are two corrections that need to be made to the system to make it work properly. They are outlined in red on this diagram:

Note: In this application the D18 cell is only being used as a booster. Therefore the engine still is using a hydrocarbon fuel. There are numerous systems available such as “megasquirt”, which allow for tweaking the amount of fuel being injected into the engine, and for making numerous other on-board computer adjustments to your Electronic Control Unit, for those of you who want to use nitrogen hydroxide as your only fuel and/or want to reduce the amount of petrol being injected into the engine.

Air Inlet Port: None required!

Ageing of Cell / Cell Break In: Use only the proper water as described below. The cell needs to be drained every day during the ageing process. Filter the water five to seven times through a cotton T-shirt. Collect the water only in glass jars, and do not touch it with your bare hands. Re-use the water and top the cell up with the proper water. Use absolutely no electrolytes (such as salt or potassium hydroxide). You can use natural water which has not seen light and that has not been charged such as, well, cave, or spring water at it’s source. Age the cell until it becomes a slight bronze in colour and does not generate any more gunk inside the cell. The purpose of the break-in period is to purge impurities from the cell.

Cell Current: The peak electrical current with the proper water is approximately 10 amps.

The Positive Electrode: the inner cylinder should be connected to the battery positive. This should be done via an automotive relay to assure proper shutdown of the cell when the engine has been switched off.

The Negative Electrode: This is the outer cylinder, which is connected via a metal strap to the chassis.

Construction: The inner cylinder is separated from the outer cylinder by spacers made out of ebonite or any other material which will not deteriorate within the cell. The objective is to keep the plates at an equal 9 mm spacing throughout the cell. The inner cylinder is connected to the threaded rod via a stainless steel wire strap, which is silver soldered in place at both ends of the cylinder. The threaded rod forms the battery positive connection point on the outside of the cell.

Drain: There should be a drain at the bottom of one of the end plates, so that you can drain the cell without having to remove it from the vehicle. The water will need to be drained and filtered at least once every three weeks. Drain the cell contents into a glass container. Do not touch the water with your bare hands. Filter the water at least five times (seven is better). Use a cotton T-shirt for filtering. Never throw the water away but just filter it. Put the water back in the cell and top the cell off using only pre-charged water.

Electrical Generation: The cell will continue to produce electricity after engine shutdown which will also lead to gas production, so take the precaution of discharging the cell.

Electrolyte: Use absolutely no electrolyte (including salt) at any time. This has been found to decrease the fuel output of the cell and also to have caused unnecessary damage to the plates of the cell.

Engine Timing: Yes, you have to adjust it to your engine. This is a very important aspect of getting high mileage with this system. Each engine is different and therefore each engine has a different adjustment.

Fuel Outlet Piping: Copper piping is recommended as unlike plastic or rubber, it will reduce condensation of water into the fuel lines and thereby reduce the level of water getting into the engine.

Fuel Outlet Ports: There are two of them positioned on opposing ends of the cell. If you are using a 12” cell, then they are positioned 3” in from each end of the cell. If you are using an 8” cell then they are positioned 2” in from each end of the cell. Make one outlet port half-inch (12 mm) in diameter and the other three-quarter of an inch (18 mm) in diameter. Make sure that the piping from the ports extends into the cell by at least an eight of an inch (3 mm). This is to prevent water vapour accumulating at the top of the cell from entering the fuel outlet ports. This measure has been found to reduce water reaching the engine.

Leak Prevention: Use rubber gaskets - these can be the type used for domestic plumbing.

One-way Valves: One-way valves are not used on the fuel outlet pipes.

Outlet Pipe Connections: The half-inch (12 mm) pipe is connected to the engine after the butterfly valve, while the three-quarters of an inch (18 mm) pipe is connected to the engine before the butterfly valve.

Cylinder Preparation: The inside of the 4” (100 mm) outer cylinder and the outside of the inner cylinder, which are the opposing cell plates should be sanded very well with medium grit sand paper to rough up the surface. Two sanding directions at right angles to each other should be used. This will insure better cell productivity later. It is important that there should be no direct contact between the cell plates and your bare hands, so wear rubber gloves when sanding and then assembling the cell.

Voltage: Only 12 volts is required to run the cell, a typical car battery is all you need to power the cell.

Water Selection: Use only natural water that has come out of the ground and not seen light such as well, cave, or spring water at it’s source. Important: Only add charged water to the cell. Water being used must have a pH of somewhere between 6.4 & 6.5 (slightly acidic). Do not use water with a pH of 7 or higher. The water is charged using a regular Joe Cell with electrodes separated by 3/16” (5 mm) for best results. The details of a Joe Cell can be found in D10.pdf which is a document in this series.

Water Level: Maintain the water level at approximately half full, that is, just covering the threaded rod.

E-mail from a contact:

Hi,

Thanks so much for shedding light into my cell cleaning concerns. I haven't been posting lately since right now the cell is already hooked up in my test car and I've been doing some tests with it day and night.

For once, I can personally tell you that the cell in fact works! However, with my results, it is hard to believe that the Nitrogen Hydroxide produced is enough to make the car get 1500 mpg. When the Nitrogen Hydroxide is allowed to enter the engine, the car starts to rev erratically for 2-3 minutes and then steadies itself thereafter. I noticed an increase of about 800-1400 rpm in my ECU data-logger once the Nitrogen Hydroxide cell is put into the equation. I then adjusted my Engine Management System and removed 15% of the petrol going into the system and drove around the block for a good 15 minutes or so. My exhaust gas temperature rose from 90 Celsius to 97 Celsius which is still fairly acceptable.

I went back to the garage and further adjusted the petrol to less 20% in total and at this point, the car began to vibrate erratically as if it was gasping for air. Upon noticing this, I concluded that not enough NOH must be getting into the ICE or something. The next thing I did was I mounted my old 304L cell alongside with the 316L currently installed. With two cells in the equation, petrol at 20% less did not cause vibrations at all, but mind you that even at 50% less petrol and without Nitrogen Hydroxide cells installed, the car will still run by petrol alone. It was getting dark and so I maxed out my engine management and removed 50% petrol from the equation with the two NOH cells running side by side. Again, there were vibrations and it was very evident but my brother and I drove the car around the block anyway. Within just five minutes of leaving the garage, the engine temperature rose from 97 Celsius to 111 Celsius and was still rising. I also noticed that the car was underpowered to say the least. We drove up and down a parking complex to test out the non-sloshing design and from my guess it performed pretty well.

To cut a long story short, the cell produced some kind of fuel (NOH or HHO), but it was not enough to power the car when 50% petrol was removed even with 2 cells running. I am currently getting 22 mpg with this test car so I assume that 50% less petrol should give me something like 44 mpg on city driving and probably 60 mpg for long trips. These number are very small as compared to the 1500 mpg that the inventor reported. Maybe the cell needs more time to acclimatise to the test car... but I've been getting same results for 3 days now.

I am currently building two new 316L cells which will incorporate my non-slosh design and which have a vacuum-powered water top up system. I also believe that the gap inside the 3" cell should be sealed off since there is no reaction happening in this part of the cell and it only increases the resistance of the water to electricity. I also included this in my new cell design. I will probably publish it if I find that it produces more gas that the D18 design.

By the way, I've contacted someone in my city who sells 914L stainless steel. However, he told me that 914L requires special handling and special tools and it is much much harder to work on with hand tools alone. He gave me a 1" diameter tube as a sample to see if I can work with it. It's really, really expensive. One cut of a 4" diameter 914L will cost just as much as 2 years worth of gasoline (around 70 FULL TANKS).

And: Bore water is water pump out of the ground. It is similar to well water, the only difference being in the way the water is gathered. Well water is dug from the ground while bore water is SUCKED out of the ground by means of an electric or manual pump.

What I noticed so far is that there is really a lot of steaming going on inside the cell. Converting steam into Hydroxy Gas requires less power than water, so I suspect that this steaming is good. The suggestion to only fill the cylinder half-way actually makes sense as this would allow a greater storage space for the steam and pretty much eliminates water sloshing problems. I have also tried switching the polarities on my 304L cell a couple of times but it did not make any noticeable difference. I will try to make a test run with a half-filled cell and tell you my results.

And: The outlet tubes are positioned at 3" on both ends as this might be the optimum position where less water will accidentally splash into the ports. I was also told that these tubes extend inwards into the cell for about 3 mm so that the water building up in the top surface will not be allowed to slide accidentally into the outlet tubes. It makes sense because with the tubes positioned at 3" away from the edge, it actually gives you about 30 degrees of angle before one of the ports are completely submerged in the water. Also, if the cell is just half-filled, this could actually give us 45 degrees which is relatively a very steep slope to say the least.

The 1/2" and the 3/4" remains a mystery for me. The only reason I can think of is that one of these tubes might be directed before the butterfly valve and the other one placed after the butterfly valve. I would suspect

that the smaller tube (1/2") was placed after the butterfly valve and the larger tube was placed before the butterfly valve. This will make sense because the negative pressure during idle is naturally constant would only require less NOH, while stepping on the accelerator will result in variable pressures which will require larger amounts of NOH. This is only my theory and I am in no position to declare that this is in fact the reason behind the different tube sizes.

I cannot measure the amount of air entering my cell because my end caps are not see-through plexiglass. I only open my Air Inlet Valve halfway through. At this position, I could see a difference in the rpm and at the same time no water could be seen creeping into the tubes. If I open the valve all the way, the rpm will continue to increase but at the same time so does the water in the tubes.

This is my third installation and probably the most successful one. It has been on my test car for five days now but it was not switched on all the time. I found too much water creeping in into the tubes and so I had to

shut it off and run the car normally just to make sure no rusting will occur in my engine. I estimate that I have the cell switched on and running for a total of maybe 12 to 14 hours as of today.

From another user:

Hi,

thanks for the info about the EFI thing! it worked on my wife's Passat. After a few weeks of searching we were able to find smaller injectors for the car as the variable resistor trick only gave us CEL errors. I do notice that the engine's rpm is changing somewhat with every turn of the variable resistor but the relationship is far from linear.

The cell will in fact continue to produce fuel for some time after the power source has been cut. This will tell you that you have the correct water in your cell and you should be happy! What you should do, is to mount a small 12V computer fan beside your cell so that this fan will feed on the power created by cell and reduce the fuel build-up. If you want to be totally safe, then you should put another outlet port on top of the cell and open this every time you park your vehicle. If you want to automate things to avoid constant accessing of the cell, then you can get an electronic valve which will also feed on the excess power produced by the cell. I will not explain further on how this can be achieved, but basically, the valve and fan should only be activated when the engine is off. A few switches here and there will do the trick.

Regarding outlet ports, you are correct to assume that you should have separate lines. One line before the butterfly valve and another line after it, is quite correct and this is what I am doing right now. You should however, have the means to regulate these lines as you will soon realise that too much fuel is actually bad for the engine's health. Also make sure to top up the water regularly as too much empty space inside the cell will make the cell into a bomb!

My concern right now is that if our cells were made half-filled, then it would mean that more than a litre of empty space would be left inside the cell. One litre of Hydroxy or Nitrogen Hydroxide will definitely turn our D18s into a bomb. We should therefore provide a means of venting the NOH build-up when the car is parked. My cell does not produce 13v when shut off as of this moment, which obviously explains the inefficiency I am getting.

Another person:

Hi,

I've seen your set-up pictures at photobucket and I am surprised at the level of professionalism that you are dedicating into this project. I am even more surprised that you claim that your current set-up doesn't work at all! What gives???

Now for my take on your set-up: it seems that the pipes you are using are too small... is it 1/4" ? If so, try to use 1/2" as the minimum. Your fuel output on the end caps should be placed on top of the cell, as I previously stated in my messages. Your water inlet valve should be placed lower. I think the main problem of your set-up is that the introduction of air is placed very near your fuel output. Try to keep these two as far away from each other as possible.

Do not rely on the inventor's set-up as shown on the famous picture on his V8. This picture circulated years ago and to my knowledge, this is not the current set-up that gave him extreme mileage. Last I heard about this guy was that he also used a petrol vaporiser and this was one of the key components in achieving unimaginable mileage on his truck. I for one am not getting even half the mileage that this guy claims. With years of tweaking an old carby truck, I was able to get 225 mpg and this was good enough for me because sometimes I get 300+ on long drives to the country. You should also bear in mind that the longer that petrol stays in your tank, the more evaporation will take place. Upon installing a high mileage device, I realised that most of the petrol is wasted by just sitting in the tank and evaporating.

The air inlet port should be kept as far away from the output ports as possible. It is the water that does the work and not the stainless steel. It should be possible to drain the water completely without removing the cell from the car. The air inlet is a dual purpose port which is placed on the dead bottom of the end caps. Tuning the car to work efficiently with the cell can take a very long time. Make sure that the cell is producing gas aggressively before mounting it on the car.

If you always have the fuel tank full at all times, it reduces fuel loss through evaporation, since on a hot summer day, you are probably losing 12-18% of the fuel through evaporation and what will be left inside the tank will be less volatile, with bigger molecule sizes which won't combust completely in the engine, which in turn, shortens the life of the catalytic converter and causes more pollution.

System Summary by Contact: I use two 8" cells on my truck with two gas ports on each cell for a total of four ports. Two Ports to Manifold and two Ports to air intake, and there are no one-way valves, instead I use small fuel filters to make sure that water entering the engine is minimised, and at the same time oil is prevented from going into the cell.

I drilled a small hole on the bottom of both fuel filters and sealed them with a small screw plus a rubber ring. From time to time, I remove the screw to drain the water from the filters. The water inside the filters is dirty and should not be recycled for use in the cell. No salt or KOH is used because once the cell is aged and ready, catalysts are no longer required as they will only produce more dirt inside the cells.

Now here comes the most controversial part... NO AIR INLET PORT OPENING!! I don't have an opening for air in my cells. I'm sorry that I've been keeping this from you since day one. I know I told you about properly proportioning your air to the amount of gas that your cell produces. This was the same information that I got from another guy years ago. Although this might be true, you can never be precise on how much gas your cell is producing as the temperatures and pressures you get in the engine vary from time to time... Right now you might be thinking that I may be using a different system all along... this is what I was wanting to avoid that is why I withheld this information from you. But don't worry, there's an explanation for everything...

Simple analysis of the cell design will tell you that it is plainly impossible to remove all the air inside the cell. Air will always enter the weakest point in your cell no matter how air-tight you think your cell is. Take your tires for example: air is continuously escaping your tires no matter how air-tight you may think they are. Needless to say, your cell is not air-tight to begin with so why the hell would you need another air opening? As controversial as I may sound, I found this design to the most efficient.

I use a Joe Cell to charge/clean my water. I don't have a working Joe Cell, I just use it for electrolysis to remove the junk out of the water before putting it in the cells in my car. I have a drain valve on the bottom of one cap and I usually drain and filter my cell water whenever I feel like it. If you have good water and an aged cell, you will produce hydroxy in no time. 304, 316, 317 stainless steel - it does not matter, just as long as you are able to produce gas and that it does not rust quickly. More expensive s/s will tend to outperform cheaper s/s but cheap s/s will still work!

I don't have a magnetic coil and I never heard of this until you pointed it out to me. It did not take me weeks to age the cell, the hard part is really the water. You can use plain old tap and maybe get some gas... hooray! You have just made a hydrogen booster! Or you can follow my lead, and use good water and make fossil fuel nearly obsolete. The water level inside the cell may not matter, but I find that the cell will produce more gas when there is less water is inside it. However, for safety reasons, I almost always make sure that the cell is 3/4 filled with water and 1/4 empty space. Another important thing to bear in mind is the steaming inside the cell. If you use plastic or rubber tubes, the steam might condense back into water before getting into the engine. Use copper tubes to make sure that steam will not condense. To my knowledge, the salt is just used to remove the protective layer on the s/s which actually prevents the bubbles from dislodging quickly. You can also age your cells in many other ways and this won’t be a problem.

That main idea is, get your cells to produce hydroxy without using catalysts. The nitrogen part will come as an accident and I cannot explain how this happens. I am still a little sceptical about the nitrogen actually bonding with the hydroxide. Sometimes I think that it is only the hydroxy and steam which are doing all the work... You are entitled to your own opinion.

The wife gets around twice her previous mileage on the Passat. The injector change can only do so much. I only installed one 10" cell to keep all the stock parts intact. She is happy with it and so my EFI project stops here.

Please let me stress again that many people have built this device and tried to get it to work without any success whatsoever, and that is why it is in this chapter.

However, having emphasised those concerns and provisos, I was informed early in 2010, that Jim Bundock in the UK has had considerable success using this design as a booster. He estimates that using this device has saved him about £500 over a two year period. Here is some detail from him:

These two cells have been in use in two different vehicles for more than a year now. The vehicles are Ford Transit vans with 2.5 litre diesel engines. One is sixteen years old and the other is seventeen years old and the Nitro Cells have given a 10 mpg improvement from the day that they were installed in spite of the vans being heavily loaded when being used. The original mpg was 25, so the resulting 35 mpg represents a 40% improvement over a long period.

Jim says: these cells were built from the plans shown above, the only variation being that instead of bending the tabs for the inner tube, tabs were silver-soldered at the end of the inner tubes as shown here:

These cells are run without salt and they work equally well without the wire wrap suggested in the design. The vertical cell is 18 inches tall and 4 inches in diameter and it has a rubber diaphragm on top which acts both as a seal and as an anti-slosh device. The inner cylinder gives a 9 mm gap between the inner and outer cylinders. The cell ends and spacers are made from plastic food-chopping board. The top spacers are about 30 mm long as it was found that vibration tended to dislodge shorter ones. This vertical “slow” cell is very easy to build.

On one of the “fast” horizontal units, there is a length of blue pipe:

This prevents water from entering the engine when a certain boy-racer tries to negotiate corners at the speed of light. The horizontal cell was plumbed in using a plastic 12mm pipe connected to the inlet manifold. Personally, I don’t think these cells like speed and they seem to respond best when driving around 50 mph – this is for a single cell on a diesel engine. The cell is wired in as standard, only on a diesel, the relay is connected to the fuel cut-off valve, making it very easy to wire, and when the engine is switched off, then the cell is turned off at the same time. Using a miniature version of the upright cell, the bore-hole water which I use, is pre-charged on the bench for as long as I feel it needs to be, just to remove some of the material suspended in it. Topping up with water is done every 750 miles or so and takes about an egg cup full of water. All in all, the Nitro Cell is a good honest working device, it is a simple drive-and-go piece of kit that has saved me around £500 in two years and will carry on doing that for ever.

The “HydroStar” and “HydroGen” Systems.

There are various sets of plans for car conversions and many of them are worthless and intended to waste the time and money of people who are interested in moving away from fossil fuel products. It is not possible for anyone to say with assurance that these plans do not work since even if you construct in exact accordance with the plans and your replication fails to come anywhere close to working, all that can be truthfully said is that your own replication was useless. We need to avoid this sort of comment, since for example, the Joe Cell does indeed work and can power a vehicle in a completely fuel-less mode, but, most people fail to get it operational. Consequently, it is completely wrong to write off the Joe Cell, but warnings on the difficulty of getting it working should always be given.

In the case of the HydroStar and HydroGen plans, I have never heard of anyone who has ever got either of them working. Also, experienced people are quite convinced that the design is seriously flawed and never worked in the first place. Still, it is up to you to make up your own mind on this, and so these plans are mentioned in this chapter.

The plans shown here can be downloaded free from http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk/P62.pdf and they are intended for free use by anyone who wants to use them. Please remember that should you decide to undertake any work of this nature, nobody other than yourself is in any way responsible for any loss or damage which might result. The full manual for an essentially updated version of the design is included under the name “HydroGen” and can be downloaded free from http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk/P61.pdf.

It is recommended that should experimental work be undertaken on a car, then the car chosen should be of little value and that all existing parts be kept so that the vehicle can be restored to its present fossil-oil burning status should you choose to do so. It is also suggested that you use a car which is not important to your present transport needs. It is claimed that the modified car will travel 50 to 300 miles per gallon of water depending on how well it is tuned. The system is set up like this:

Here, the car has an extra tank installed to contain a reserve of water. This is used to maintain the water level in the reaction chamber which contains the electrode plates. The electrodes are driven by the electronics which applies a pulsed waveform to them in the 0.5 to 5.0 Amp range. The electronics box is powered directly from the existing car electrics. The Hydrogen/Oxygen mix which is the output from the reaction chamber is fed directly into the existing carburettor or fuel-injection system.

The start-up procedure is to power up the electronics and wait for the gas pressure to reach the 30 - 60 psi range. Then the car ignition is operated as normal to start the engine. The accelerator pedal is wired into the electronics to give more power to the electrode plates the further the pedal is pressed. This increases the gas production rate as the throttle is operated.

Electronic Control Circuit

The diagrams show a simple circuit to control and drive this mini-system. You are going to make a 'square-pulse' signal that you can watch on an oscilloscope. The premise given by the literature is: the faster you want do go down the road, the 'fatter' you make the pulses going into the reaction chamber. Duty cycle will vary with the throttle from a 10% Mark/Space ratio (10% on and 90% off) with the pedal up, to a 90% Mark/Space ratio with the pedal fully down.

There are many ways to generate pulses. This circuit uses an “NE555” integrated circuit. The output switching transistor must be rated at 5 Amps, 12V for pulsed operation.

The output of the 741 integrated circuit is adjusted via its 2K variable resistor, to give an output voltage (at point ‘B’ in the circuit diagram) of 1 Volt when the car throttle is fully up, and 4 Volts when the throttle is fully down.

The CD4069 is just an IC containing six inverters. It can handle a supply voltage of up to 18V and is wired here as an oscillator. Its four capacitors are likely to be used in just four combinations: C1, C+C2, C+C2+C3, and C1+C2+C3+C4 as these are the most widely spaced tuning ranges. There are, of course, eleven other capacitor combinations which can be switched with this arrangement of four switches.

Important Note

Gary of G. L. Chemelec commenting on “The HydroStar” circuit which sounds to be based on the same style of circuitry, states that the circuit and design are riddled with serious errors, some of which are:

1. The use of the 741 WILL NOT WORK! Pin 5 is a Voltage Control pin that already has its own voltage of 2/3 of the Supply voltage so it requires a pull down resistor, not an IC to control it.

2. The 2K Pulse width adjust will blow the 555 timer if adjusted all the way down. It needs an additional resistor to limit current to those pins on the IC.

3. The output of the 555, Pin 3 is fed to the CD4059 as well as a TC4420CPA (Mosfet Driver). This driver is a waste of money as it is not needed.

4. The Output of the TC4420CPA is then fed to the IRF510 Mosfet which is now obsolete, however you can use an RFP50N06 (50V, 60A).

5. There is no schematic of the CD4059. They should have shown pin 1 as in, pin 23 as out, pins 3, 10, 13, 14, and 24 connected to 12 volts and pins 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 connected to ground.

6. The "Strength Adjust" Only Needs the variable resistor connected to Pin 5 and the Ground. The Connection of this control to the Supply Voltage Make Absolutely No Difference in the Output Waveforms, as the IC only needs a 2/3's voltage on this Pin and this is supplied internally, Within the IC.

7. The "Frequency Adjust", Connects to Pins 6 & 7 of This 555. Supply to the battery Will Destroy the 555. so another resistor is needed to prevent this from happening.

This is just a small list of what is wrong. There is MUCH MORE and even after the thing is built it does NOT WORK! If you want to experiment then please do, but I would suggest you just make your own Pulse Width Modulator.

There are also many problems with the design of the reaction chamber and simply put, even if you did get it to work you would need more of these units than you could ever fit in your car to even think about running the engine. Simply put, the unit will NOT create enough gas to run much of anything. Don't get me wrong, I do think that the idea is GREAT and that it can be done.

Reaction chamber:

The suggested reaction chamber arrangement is:

It is suggested that you use a section of 4" PVC waste pipe with a threaded screw-cap fitting on one end and a standard end-cap at the other. Make sure to drill-and-epoxy or tap threads through the PVC components for all fittings. Set and control the water level in the chamber so that the pipe electrodes are well covered and there is still ample headroom left to build up the hydrogen/oxygen gas pressure. Use stainless steel wires inside the chamber or otherwise use a protective coating; use insulated wires outside. Ensure that the epoxy seals are perfect or alternatively, lay down a bead of water-proof silicone sufficient to hold the pressure.

The screw fitting may require soft silicone sealant, or a gasket. Its purpose is to maintain the pressure in the cylinder and yet allow periodic inspection of the electrodes. Make sure that there are no leaks and you will have no problems. Make sure you get a symmetric 1.5 mm gap between the 2 stainless steel pipes. The referenced literature suggests that the closer to 1 mm you get, the better. Check that the chamber water-level sensor is working correctly before you epoxy its cap in place. Make your solder connections at the wire/electrode junctions nice, smooth, and solid; then apply a waterproof coating, e.g. the epoxy you use for joining the pipes to the screw cap. This epoxy must be waterproof and be capable of holding metal to plastic under pressure.

The suggested circuit for the reaction chamber water-level pump control is:

Hydrogen from Aluminium.

Since 2003 Rothman Technologies of Canada have been running a 12 HP petrol motor on hydrogen produced by a chemical process. This is a cheap process in which metal is consumed and so, although of great interest, this is not a ‘free-energy’ engine. A recent patent application by William Brinkley proposes a system where aluminium pipes are consumed by a 25% solution of Potassium Hydroxide heated to 180 degrees Fahrenheit. William remarks on the non-polluting nature of the system, but this is not really so in that a very large amount of energy has to be put into producing the aluminium metal in the smelting and refining process, and the pollution is just moved from the end user to the industrial plant, and much more importantly, the aluminium oxide produced is said to be highly toxic and cause a wide range of serious illnesses including Alzheimer’s, although I have seen this disputed. Francis Cornish of the UK has a system where electrolysis of water is combined with a chemical process consuming aluminium wire. The system works well, but I have reservations about using consumables which tie you to industrial manufacturing, also concerns about the reliability of mechanical feed systems when they are being used by non-technical people (most car drivers). There is also the issue of removing and recycling the chemical residue generated by the process.

I personally am not keen on chemical processes and I do NOT recommend that you construct anything based on the following description. However, it might be possible to adapt the Brinkley system so that it operates with no moving parts:

Here, there is a header tank containing a 25% mixture of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) in water. This tank is positioned higher than the pressure tank where the hydrogen gas is generated and the venting pipe is protected by a baffle. The venting pipe should provide an outlet to the air outside the vehicle or building which contains the system.

Initially, the KOH solution in the pressure tank is heated by the heating element, but when the process gets started, it generates heat to maintain the chemical reaction. The gas generation then builds up pressure in the strongly-built pressure tank. The raised pressure pushes some of the KOH solution back into the header tank, against gravity. This reduces the area of aluminium exposed to the KOH solution and reduces the rate of gas production. This effectively creates an automated gas production rate control which has no moving parts.

If the rate of gas taken by the engine increases, that lowers the pressure in the pressure tank, allowing more KOH solution to run into the pressure tank, increasing the rate of gas production. When the engine is stopped completely, then the KOH solution gets pushed into the header tank until all gas production stops, as shown here:

This looks as if the pressure tank is under considerable pressure, but that is not so, as the header tank is open to atmospheric pressure. I have concerns about controlling purely chemical processes rapidly enough for practical use. The above system would be more suited to a fixed engine, such as an electrical generator, where the gas requirement does not fluctuate greatly. The KOH tank shown above should be large enough to contain all of the KOH solution in case the gas production just does not stop when it should. The vent from the header tank should be capable of venting excess hydrogen with no possibility of it ponding on a ceiling and forming an explosive mixture with air. As far as I am aware, the above system has never been constructed and it is just shown here for discussion purposes.

Only 5 pounds per square inch of pressure is needed for electrolyser systems to feed a car engine satisfactorily, so a relatively low pressure is quite satisfactory, provided that the piping is of reasonable internal diameter. It should be remembered that the car engine will be applying a slight vacuum through the bubbler. As with all of these systems, it is vital that at least one bubbler is used between the gas production and the engine, to guard against flashback from the engine ignition if faulty ignition should occur. All bubblers should have a tightly fitting pop-off cap which can ease the effect of an explosion, and they should contain only a small amount of gas. The method of connection to the engine and the necessary timing adjustments are shown and explained in Chapter 10.

Francois Cornish Hydrogen System.

The method of using aluminium for a fuel in an on-demand hydrogen system for vehicle propulsion has been presented in detail by several people. One of the best known is the 1987 US Patent 4,702,894 by Francois Cornish, where he uses a feed mechanism for aluminium wire to maintain an underwater electrical arc which raises the water temperature high enough to make the aluminium react with the water. The rotating drum is made of aluminium but as it has a much larger thermal capacity than the aluminium wire being fed towards it, the drum temperature is much lower than that of the wire. As a result of this, the wire reaches the temperature required to make the aluminium react with the water. The chemical reaction releases hydrogen and converts the aluminium wire to aluminium oxide powder, which settles on the bottom of the tank, passing through a grid just above the bottom of the tank.

The bubbles of hydrogen gas released by the reaction tend to stick to the rotating aluminium drum, so a wiper blade is provided to sweep the bubbles off the drum. The bubbles then rise to the surface of the water and are directed into the gas collection chamber by a funnel located above the arc. If the engine demand drops and the pressure in the gas collection tank rises, a sensor located in the tank causes the wire-feed control electronics to stop the wire feed which cuts off the gas production.

At first glance, a system like this appears to have limited appeal. It uses aluminium wire which requires manufacturing by a process which uses substantial amounts of energy and while a vehicle using hydrogen produced by this method will generate very little pollution, the pollution occurs at the point of manufacture. Also, the device uses a mechanical wire feed and any device of that nature will need regular maintenance and may not be 100% reliable. In addition, the aluminium oxide powder will have to be cleaned out of the generating tank on a routine basis.

But, having said all that, the system has some very significant advantages. It does not use any fossil fuel (directly). It can be readily installed in a vehicle and the consumption of aluminium wire is surprisingly low. Figures quoted indicate that typical consumption is of the order of 20 litres of water, plus one kilogram of aluminium used to cover 600 kilometers distance (1 pound per 170 miles). This is probably a good deal cheaper than using fossil fuel to drive the vehicle. However, the aluminium oxide produced by this system is a serious pollutant as it is highly toxic, producing a wide range of serious illnesses, including Alzheimer’s. The system is set up like this:

Another system of interest is the self-powered electrolysis system of the 1992 US Patent 5,089,107 granted to Francisco Pacheco where sacrificial anode plates of magnesium and aluminium are placed in seawater opposite a stainless steel cathode. Electrical power is generated and hydrogen produced on demand. There is also surplus electrical power available to run a standard electrolyser if so desired.

An Ultrasonic System for Producing Hydrogen.

I have been told (by a rather doubtful source) of a very high-performance water-splitting system which produces enough hydroxy gas to power a vehicle engine while only drawing 3 milliwatts at 3 volts which is a mere 9 milliwatts of power. I have never seen one of these units, and I have no evidence that the system works, other than word of mouth, so please treat the following entry as just a suggestion rather than a matter of hard fact.

The system is so interesting and simple that it is very attractive. Basically, you have two stainless steel pipes placed in a bath of tap water:

The objective is to get two stainless steel tubes resonating together at the same frequency. That is, they should both produce the same “musical” note when suspended on a thread and tapped. As the inner tube is smaller diameter, it will have a higher note than the larger diameter tube if they are the same length, so for them to match, it would be necessary for the inner tube to be longer, or the outer tube have a slot cut in it as Stan Meyer did and which is discussed in Chapter 10.

The piezo transducers are presumably glued to the cylinders, perhaps as shown above, and they are fed with a 2.24 MHz signal. The tubes need to resonate with the electronics signal, so they are ground down very slowly and carefully until they do resonate. This will presumably be at a much lower harmonic of the electronics signal, one in the standard ultrasonics range. Presumably, there will be three spacers top and bottom, maintaining the gap between the tubes. If the frequency were down in the mains region of about 50 Hz or 60Hz, then the device would just act as a water heater of the type designed by Peter Davey. At ultrasonic frequencies, the result is quite different as cavitation bubbles form in the water. A highly respected textbook on ultrasonics points out that these cavitation bubbles have a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other side and these charges cause electrolysis of the water surrounding the bubbles. Lots of bubbles - lots of hydroxy gas produced. So, background theory supports the possibility of this device working, however, I am not aware of anyone who has attempted to replicate it.

What we have not been told is:

1. The size, length and thickness of tubes which work well.

2. The gap between the tubes.

3. The specific transducers used in the prototype.

4. What type of spacers were used.

5. Where and how the transducers were fixed to the cylinders.

However, even without this information, this could be an interesting investigation project using absolutely minimal power at trivial voltage levels.

Valeri Ivanov’s Motionless Generator.

There are other devices which are very close to the MEG construction. One of these was displayed on a Bulgarian website and it has been translated into English on the web page which is located at http://www.inkomp-delta.com/page7.html , put up by Valeri Ivanov in 2007. Valeri lives in Elin Pelin, Bulgaria and his motionless generator has COP=2.4 performance. Videos:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IP-buFHKKU and

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npFVaeSbk1Q are for his design, and the forum members at http://www.overunity.com/index.php?topic=4300.135 have been attempting to replicate his device.

It is shown that an effective device can be constructed from a permanent magnet, a toroid and a laminated iron yoke. The arrangement is displayed like this:

When the input coil is pulsed with an input voltage, it causes a flux reversal in the frame around which the output coil is wound, generating an electrical output.

There is another forum related to this and the better known MEG of Tom Bearden’s which can be found at http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/MEG_builders/message/1355 where that particular message states that Valeri’s device can be made to work at frequencies as low as 50 Hz and can use standard laminated iron frame components and produces Coefficient Of Performance figures up to 5.4 (that is, the output power is more than five times the input power). A demo video is at http://inkomp-delta.com/page10.html but not in English.

The “MEG” Motionless Electricity Generator.

Tom Bearden, Stephen Patrick, James Hayes, Kenneth Moore and James Kenny were granted US Patent 6,362,718 on 26th March 2002. This patent is for an electromagnetic generator with no moving parts. This device is said be self-powered and is described and illustrated on JL Naudin’s web site at http://jnaudin.free.fr/meg/megv21.htm where test results are shown. While this device has been claimed to have a greater output than its input and an output five times higher than the input has been mentioned, I am not aware of anyone who has attempted to replicate this device and achieved a COP>1 performance, and so, for that reason, it is described in this section describing devices which are unlikely to be worthwhile for the home-constructor to attempt to replicate.

The “Motionless Electromagnetic Generator” or “MEG” consists of a magnetic ring with output coils wound on it. Inside the ring is a permanent magnet to provide a steady magnetic flux around the ring. Superimposed on the ring are two electromagnets which are activated one after the other to make the magnetic flux oscillate. This is very much like Floyd Sweet’s “VTA” device.

The external power source shown above is intended to be disconnected when the circuit starts operating, at which time, part of the output from one of the pick-up coils is fed back to power the circuit driving the oscillator coils. The circuit then becomes self-sustaining, with no external input but with a continuous electrical output.

If you should construct one of these, please be warned that it should not be started up unless there is an external load across the pick-up coils, otherwise dangerous, potentially lethal voltages can be produced. Don’t get yourself killed or injured - please be very careful.

A re-worded excerpt from the patent for this system, is in the Appendix and it gives the construction details of the prototype: dimensions, number of turns, materials used, drive frequency, monostable pulse durations, etc. The prototype produced two outputs of 48 watts for one input of 12 watts. This allowed the input power to be taken from one of the outputs, while that same output was powering other loads.

This device is essentially, a custom-built transformer with two primary windings (the oscillator coils) and two secondary windings (the pick-up coils), with a permanent magnet inserted to create a standing magnetic field through the yoke (frame) of the transformer. However, a permanent magnet has two separate energy streams coming from it. The main field is the magnetic field which is very well known. It normally flows out in every direction, but in the MEG, a very good conducting path is provided by the frame of the device. This traps the magnetic energy flow and channels it around inside the frame. This prevents it masking the second energy field which is the Electrical energy field. With the magnetic field moved out of the way, it is now possible to tap this energy field for additional power output.

The MEG looks like a very simple device, but in actual fact, it is not. To act as a successful device with a Coefficient of Performance (COP) over 1, where the input power which is provided is less than the useful power output of the device, then Tom says that the frame needs to be made from a nanocrystalline material. This material has special properties which give the MEG it’s exceptional output.

Care has to be taken with this device as the output power can be so high that it can burn the insulation off the wires and destroy the device if the output power is not controlled carefully. The output power is normally limited to a COP of 5.4 for practical reasons. If the necessary input power is taken from the output power via a rigorous control circuit which prevents runaway, then the device can provide output power while no outside input power is needed.

The output power is controlled by the waveform being sent to the oscillator coils. The power is controlled by the exact shape of the “square wave” drive:

This waveform is adjusted carefully to keep the COP down to 5.4 for safety sake. The waveform is also adjustable for frequency and Mark/Space ratio.

As it is some years since this device was patented, the question can be asked as to why it is not in production and offered for sale everywhere. The reason is that the MEG is a laboratory prototype which needs careful adjustment and tweaking. It has been replicated by others and it’s performance verified as being COP>1, but it is not yet ready for production where it is necessary to have the design enhanced to the stage that it can be assembled in a factory and work immediately without the need for manual adjustments. That development is in hand and may be completed in the next year or two.

Some further explanation is in order. The MEG has an overall efficiency, well below 100% in spite of having a Coefficient Of Performance well in excess of 1. The COP of 5.4 mentioned earlier is an arbitrary figure selected by the designers to prevent the insulation being burnt off the output wires. The actual maximum output is almost unlimited, certainly a COP of 100 is perfectly possible, but quite unnecessary in practical terms.

If a standard laminated iron yoke is used for the MEG, it will never have a COP>1 as input power will be needed to make it operate. The magnetic flux from a permanent magnet consists of two components. One component is rotary and it spreads out in every direction. The second component is linear and it gets swamped and hidden by the rotary field. If a torroidal yoke wound with an input winding over its whole length is used, then that traps all of the rotating magnetic field inside the torroid. The snag is that this requires considerable input power to energise the torroidal winding. The big advance with the MEG is that the inventors have discovered some standard off-the-shelf nanocrystalline materials which have the property of trapping the rotational magnetic field inside a torroid formed from them, without the need for any energising coil. This is a major boost to the functioning of the device.

Now, with the rotational magnetic field trapped inside the torroid, the liner field becomes accessible, and it is a very useful field indeed. It is electrical in nature. In actual fact, magnetism and electricity are not two separate things, but instead, they are different aspects of the same thing, so both should really be referred to as “electromagnetism”. Anyway, the linear field is easy to access once the rotational field has been removed. All that is necessary is to pulse it sharply. When that is done, real electricity is introduced into the MEG from the surrounding environment. The sharper the waveform, the greater the additional electrical input becomes. This is what makes the MEG have a COP of say, 5.4 which is a practical working output. If the output is then manipulated to provide the input power needed for the pulsing, the COP effectively becomes infinite as you do not have to provide any power to make it work and you have a substantial power output. The power output divided by the power input you have to provide to make the device operate, gives the COP rating, so any output divided by zero input, always gives infinity.

Dave Lawton has experimented with the MEG arrangement, using a professionally constructed custom laminated iron yoke. He found that using the standard arrangement, he found no difference when he removed the permanent magnet. Testing various configurations, he found that the most effective set-up for his components is:

Here, the drive coils are both put asymmetrically on one side of the frame and wired so that their pulses complement each other. Then two pairs of button magnets are placed on the other side of the centreline, each side of the yoke, and bridged together with two straight vertical sections of laminated iron bar. This arrangement is sensitive to the exact position of these magnets and tuning is achieved by moving the group of four magnets and two bars (effectively two “horseshoe” magnets) slightly left or right to find the optimum position. Introducing or removing these magnets then made a considerable difference to the operation of the device.

While most people find it very difficult to get COP>1 operation from the MEG, I am reliably informed that WITTS have succeeded in producing self-powered replications. There is, on the web, an exceptionally well-written presentation by Jacco van der Worp entitled “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the ‘Free Energy’ MEG” at http://yowusa.com/scitech/2002/scitech-2002-06a/1.shtml and it explains how and why it can work. By kind permission, it is reproduced here:

A Hitchhiker's Guide to the "Free Energy" MEG

YOWUSA.COM, 25-June-02 Jacco van der Worp

Foreword by Marshall Masters

This article by Jacco van der Worp a Dutch physicist, explains the "free energy" Magnetic Energy Generator MEG simply, in layman's terms. I worked closely with Jacco on this project and sent a polite request to Lee Kenny, one of the MEG principals for assistance. His quick response was controlling and reeked of paranoia. "You are NOT AUTHORIZED by MEL to publish any information regarding the MEG." (Readers can view and comment on the full text via the YOWUSA message board post, MEG -- Masters and Kenny.) At first, his paranoid reply puzzled me, but as we further investigated the MEG we came to understand the paranoia and it chilled our blood. Perhaps this particular genie should be left in the bottle.

My first reaction to Kenny's suppressive controlling behavior was to shoot back a reply reminding him that there is a funny little piece of paper called The Constitution. After that, the urgent paranoia in Kenny's response continued to task me.

An obvious and simplistic explanation is that Bearden et al. are busy subscribing to Yachting Magazine and setting up bank accounts in offshore tax havens for their new to be wealth. The problem is that is too simplistic an explanation, because after working with engineers for twenty-five years I've learned to recognize a knee-jerk paranoid reaction when I see one. Kenny's reply was quintessential a knee-jerk paranoid reaction. Perhaps, I would have reached this conclusion early on, were I not so enamored with the MEG technology. But as dug deeper, I found more tangible reasons for Kenny's paranoia.

The process of invention is a passionate one. At the end of the process are the hopeful financial rewards, but for something as complex as the MEG there is an equally large reward -- peer recognition. "Damn your eyes, but you did it." In this heat of invention the post reality dimensions are discussed but at a lower level and with less emphasis. I believe this is what may have happened to the MEG inventors. They simply got so carried away with the passion of invention that it clouded their view beyond the moment they would receive their patent, which in turn would embrace their paradigm shifting theories with plausibility.

However, once the patent was issued, the types of articles one would expect to see in magazines like Popular Science and Popular Mechanics failed to materialize. Further, what was made available by Bearden et al. was such geeky technobabble that it usually sails over the head of the average man. I now believe there was a reason for this.

The MEG opens a doorway into a new future, filled with new applications that will build upon the fundamental concepts of the MEG. Like the nuclear genie America unleashed upon Japan, the MEG genie offers us both a new and better world as well as a dead world all in the same breath. I believe this explains Kenny's paranoia. Now that he and his fellow MEG/MEL partners are looking at the practical applications of their invention they are starting to see it from "outside the box" as they say in the computer business. So what could they be seeing that makes them want to control the flow of knowledge about this new invention?

While the focus now is on the "free energy" application of MEG technology, its ability to interact and deform the space time continuum offers an alarming new range of applications to include: Weapon of mass destruction, interstellar space drive and time machine engine. And that is only the beginning of the hypothetical possibilities that could emerge from this paradigm shifting invention.

However, before we this genie is let out of the bottle, our elected representatives and all of us in the mainstream need to understand the MEG a little better. That is the goal of this superb article by Jacco van der Worp.

YOWUSA.COM Marshall Masters, Publisher

A Hitchhiker's Guide to the "Free Energy" MEG

This fourth article in a YOWUSA series on the Motionless Electromagnetic Generator by Tom Bearden et al., now under patent, discusses this groundbreaking technology in non-technical layman's terms as opposed to delving deeply into the physical principles behind the MEG. Once you have finished reading the article, you will have a general idea of how the MEG works and why its inventors call it a "free energy" machine.

For those with bolder interests in the precise formulas and equations describing the MEG, those working on the project have already published several technical articles on the Internet. The best of these is a 69-page PDF file called The Motionless Electromagnetic Generator: Extracting Energy from a Permanent Magnet with Energy Replenishing from the Active Vacuum. This document lays out the most basic principles used for the MEG with some graphics added in.

Getting to know the MEG

The MEG represents a revolutionary approach to generating energy in our ever more demanding economy. However, it may also become a huge financial threat to big energy companies, as Marshall Masters outlined in his article Bearden's Free Energy MEG Destined For Chapter Eleven .

However, if the MEG grows into its destined role, it will conquer the market. It will do so by providing mankind with a durable and above all clean source of energy, which so far no other source of energy has achieved at an affordable price.

For the common person, the MEG is an obtuse technical wonder and understanding why it works requires one to dive headfirst into what seems to be a bottomless pool of technobabble. However, if we pare the issue down to five basic technological terms, we can create a basic understanding of the MEG.

In a MEG device there are five basic terms playing an important role in making it work. They are (energy) flux, efficiency, capacitance, magnetic field and shielding. This article will attempt to explain each MEG term simply, using everyday examples. After the basic explanation, we will explore a full analogy in the form of a rain barrel.

Flux

Flux, or energy flux to be more precise, is essentially a by-product of energy creation. For example, an automobile engine uses a mixture of gasoline and air to power the car. Older engines in particular were not extremely efficient in burning all of this mixture and the by-product is the smog that comes out the tailpipe of the car.

Modern car engines are more economical; less unburned gasoline goes out their tailpipes. However, even the most efficient cars on the road today still push unburned gasoline out the tailpipe. On top of that, part of the heat generated by the burning of the gasoline inside the engine also leaves that way. In a manner of speaking, the smog that comes out of your car's exhaust is like flux. It is a by-product of the process of creating the energy needed to make your car travel down the road.

Flux and Efficiency

Before the oil embargo of 1973, American car designers largely ignored the issue of flux by building cars with larger engines to go faster. Consequently, this fuel economy suffered from the embargo. However, in 1973 the price of fuel did not make this an important issue. Once the fuel price rose after 1973, American auto manufacturers began losing sales to foreign manufacturers who were building more fuel-efficient engines.

Efficiency

We define efficiency as the useful application of energy flow. This means that if we build a more fuel-efficient engine, it will send less unburned fuel out the tailpipe and thereby increase the number of miles we can go on the same amount of gasoline.

The part we call useful here is the energy of the burned gasoline whose heat is used to move our car. That is what we aimed for, that part divided by the total energy that could be produced from the amount of gas we used, is called efficiency.

Efficiency and Unity

Since 1973, the goal of auto manufacturers is to use the available energy in gasoline as much as possible. The most they can hope for is what is called unity. Unity means that a system can use 100% of the energy input into it. In this case, that would be the energy stored in the gasoline to generate the desired output, the output in this case is the horsepower our engine delivers to move our car down the road.

No matter how efficient the designs are in pushing toward unity, the most a system can hope to achieve with present technologies is around 30% efficiency, which is some 70% short of unity.

Unity and Closed Systems

When we commonly think of unity (100% efficiency), we also tend to think in terms of closed systems. A closed system is a system that is completely isolated from the rest of the world. In a manner of speaking, an automobile engine is a closed system. The energy released from the burning of the gasoline to extract its energy is either captured to power the car or blown out the tailpipe as wasted flux. Likewise, you continually reduce the amount of gasoline in your tank as you drive down the road. The total amount of energy that is either still stored in unburned gasoline or is moving your car along or is leaving the tailpipe as waste flux is constant.

The essential point to keep in mind about a closed system is that it does not draw energy from the environment around it. On the other hand, an open system does draw energy from its surroundings.

Closed Systems and Open Systems

If we were to create automobiles with open systems, what would they look like? They would have the same engine, but an automobile with an open system would for example have a mast and a sail.

In this case, the driver would use the automobile engine to raise and lower the sail. The raised sail completes an open system by capturing motion energy from the wind and using it to propel the car down the road (provided the wind is with you.)

Once you have raised the sail, you can make the car go forward by angling the sail to the wind. To slow you can position the sail in line with the direction of the wind thereby neutralizing it as an active, open power system. Once you raise the sail, you do not need the car's engine for propulsion.

The essential point to keep in mind about an open system is that it draws energy from the environment around it like the sail on our modified car. In addition, it is controllable in that you can turn it on and off, just like a closed system.

Open Systems and the Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Because the auto sail is not limited to the energy of the fuel in the gas tank (which can never exceed unity or 100% efficiency), an open system (portrayed here by the auto sail) can in fact exceed unity. In other words, it can obtain more than 100% efficiency from the energy system it is interacting with, which in this case is the wind. So how do we measure systems than can achieve more than unity?

The term Coefficient of Performance (COP) compares the amount of energy input into a system versus the usable amount of energy output by the same system. For example, if using the engine in our auto to raise the sail requires one unit of energy and that when the sail is raised it generates or gathers 8 units of wind motion energy, the Coefficient of Performance is 800%. Another way of expressing this is 8:1, where 8 is the useful energy available and 1 is the amount of energy inserted into the system to trigger the generation of usable energy.

Coefficient of Performance and Capacitance

In our car example we used a sail to propel our car to achieve an 8:1 COP. Could this work with larger systems? For example, could it work with trucks as well? We already know that sails were used to propel huge wooden sailing ships centuries ago.

Let's go back in time to sailing ships for a moment. The builders of these great ships knew that the more and bigger sails they added to their ships, the faster they would go. However, great expanses of water surround that ship on the ocean. With this in mind, let's see how this applies to using sail power to propel cars and trucks.

Because cars and trucks travel in close proximity to each other and in the same direction on a highway, the amount of wind energy available in the open system must be divided amongst the various vehicles. Consequently, those in closest proximity to the wind direction will bleed off wind power from those ahead of them. In essence, they literally steal each other's wind.

In terms of capacitance, the essential concept here is that open systems may not be unlimited systems. In the case of our auto and truck sails, the proximity and number of sails accessing the same open wind system for energy will drain the open system. In other words, even if an open system is free, capacitance tells us that there is only so much of it to go around.

At this point, we've discussed some general terms used with the MEG. Now we're ready to discuss terms that are more specific to the MEG, beginning with fields.

Fields

In very simple terms, a field is any mechanism that serves as a means to an end. In the car example, we used a sail as our field, in that it gathered energy from the open wind system.

Unlike the sails we use as fields to capture the energy we need to propel our cars, in terms of the MEG, we must use something called a magnetic field.

Magnetic Fields

In the case of the auto sail, we used our sail as a field to pull energy from the open wind system around us so that we can propel out autos. The energy we needed was stored inside the wind.

With the MEG, the energy source we need to tap is not the wind, but electromagnetic forces of the universe that are just as omnipresent as the wind is on Earth, if not more so.

What the sail and the MEG have in common concerning the fields is that they must control their fields in order to prevent undesirable side effects.

Looking at our auto sail example, we attach lines to the sail and boom to control the trim of the sail so that it captures as much energy as possible without overstressing the sail and causing damage. Hence the popular sailing term, trimming the sails. Likewise, untrimmed sails can be dangerous, presenting a hazard to systems such as the boom and mast, or to the sailor if the wind moves the sail and boom violently across the ship, upsetting the balance of the ship.

In a manner of speaking, the MEG uses something called shielding to achieve the same thing as controlling the trimming of the sail if you will. Without it, violent effects may damage its surroundings.

Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Shielding

With the MEG, the magnetic fields are very powerful and must be controlled tightly at all times in order to prevent them from creating havoc in the space around them. This is why the MEG needs to use magnetic shielding.

The most important concept of magnetic shielding is that it serves as a safety control for magnetic fields by containing and minimizing their negative effects.

The Rain Barrel Example

At this point, we've covered all the bases with the exception of the magnetic vector potential, which forms the crux of the MEG theory. To help you to understand the complexity of this concept, let's first review what we have covered up this point within the context of a simple rain barrel system. The reason for this is that one may understand the MEG magnetic vector potential more easily from a systemic viewpoint.

Flux

Some of us may have tried the following as kids or even later in life. If we take a barrel filled with water (or a gas tank filled with petrol) and we want to take some of that out, we do not have to suck it all out ourselves.

We take a piece of hose; simple garden hose will do, and stick it into the reservoir from which we want to take the liquid. On the outside, we lower one end of the hose a little lower than the opposite end sitting inside the tank. Then we gently suck on the hose (let's keep to water from here if only for the sake of taste) and the fluid will start to flow. Once it does, it will continue to flow until the other end of the hose inside the tank is no longer submerged. Therefore, with only a little effort we move a lot of fluid out.

The mechanism that makes this work is called the capillary effect. In other words, the weight of the column of fluid in the hose with a height equal to the difference in height of the two ends of the hose is providing the force that is needed to keep the fluid moving. However, what we do know is that the water barrel will run empty if we just pour it all out.

On the other hand, the MEG draws energy from a ‘barrel' that fills itself right back up! So it never runs empty! If you repeat the stimulated energy flow out of the MEG, energy flux will come out of it continually; it will not run dry like our rain barrel.

Therefore, a proper way to describe the MEG therefore in terms of this example would be a rain barrel into which more rain would fall the instant that that one draws water from it. Once you start the water flowing through the hose, the rain starts falling into the barrel and replaces the water you're pulling out at a similar pace.

For this reason, a MEG-style water barrel will never run empty and the water will flow forever out through the hose once you have brought it in motion because the MEG is an open system, which brings us to the next point of consideration, what efficiency vs. COP means for our rain barrel.

Efficiency and the Coefficient of Performance

For the purpose of our rain barrel example, the term "efficiency" can be defined by the amount of water we can pull from the barrel by drawing it into motion with the siphon hose.

With the closed system water barrel, we learned that a closed system is isolated from the rest of the world, so no rain comes falling in from above to replace what we're taking out. In this case the best we can do is position the hose at the very bottom of the barrel on the inside and while letting it hand even lower on the outside. By doing this, we can siphon all of the water out of the barrel, which gives us maximum of 100% of the water. This 100% of efficiency is called "unity."

Keeping the unity of our closed rain barrel system in mind, let's shift back to our open system variant.

The moment we begin to siphon water from the open system rain barrel, fresh rainwater falls in through the open top of the barrel. No matter how much water we siphon from our open system water barrel, enough new rain falls through the top to replace what we are taking about.

Therefore, put in motion a never-ending stream of water with our open system rain barrel we can obtain results greater than that of unity. This is what the Coefficient of Performance (COP) is about. We use it to express the output result, which is greater that what we put in. Ergo, the COP for the open system rain barrel can exceed unity (100% efficiency) whereas the close system rain barrel can only hope to achieve unity. So then, what happens if we increase the size of our rain barrel?

Capacitance

Aside from the direct effect of having more water by increasing the size of our water barrel and siphon hose, there are indirect effects as well and they need to be carefully considered.

For starters, if we make our barrel bigger as well as our siphon hose what will that mean for us? Given that we'll be using a bigger hose to siphon out more fluid, we'll need a stronger suction force to begin with. We can do that simply (provided we have the lung power) without requiring a scaling-up of the entire system.

However, if we drain more water per second from a bigger barrel (e.g. the size of a lake) and we want it to keep running, it will have to rain harder to replenish the water that we take out and rainfall is bound to a natural

At a certain barrel and hose size, not even a tropical storm will provide enough rain to keep the water level up and the system will start to collapse. On top of that, a normal barrel stands on a support structure. The bigger the barrel, the harder it will be to find a place for it to stand and remain standing. Otherwise it might fall over or break. So, how do we keep our bigger barrel from coming apart?

Fields and Shielding

If the barrel gets really big (let's assume for a moment it is the size of Lake Superior) and we start siphoning water out of it at the pace of four times the total water flux of the Sault Ste Marie Canals, then the water level will take time to readjust for the water poured out. The most important field in action here is the siphoning process, powered by gravity, which results in the water flow out of our bigger barrel lake. (Yes folks, now we're talking at a planetary scale.)

Normally, water level is horizontal (allowing of course for the curvature of Earth on a larger scale). However, if the pace of siphoning gets high enough, the normal water flow will become incapable of correcting the level quickly enough.

A permanent difference in height of the water level from one side of the lake to the other will arise. In that case stopping the siphoning action will not result in an immediate stop in water flowing towards the siphoning point. A sudden stop in pouring from a lake-sized barrel will cause at least a small tidal wave. The bigger the level difference across the lake, the worse the tidal wave will turn out. Although that looks like another field in action in the big barrel system, it isn't. It is a self-correcting mechanism for

In simplistic terms, what this all boils down to is that the flow energy like the flow water through our water barrel system represents a field. As a field increases in size it can likewise destabilize in greater amounts as well. Therefore, if we wish to increase the size of our fields we must find way

Fields and Shielding

If our normal-sized rain barrel overfilled with water it could start to leak. In such a case, we would need measures to prevent a gushing flow of rainwater from damaging the immediate surroundings in a flood.

On the other hand, with our lake-sized version of water barrel we would need dikes to surround our lake to keep it from overflowing onto the land around it.

This flooding finds its cause in a pace difference between the raining in and pouring out of the water. These dikes must of course be able to withstand small tidal waves that emerge due to the starting and stopping of the siphoning action. In very simple terms, this is called shielding.

Up to this point, we've covered the most essential concepts we'll need before we tackle the big one -- vector potential. This is an important yet complex concept but it goes to the very heard of what a MEG is why it can do what it does.

MEG Components and Layout

The picture below, taken from the abstract by Magnetic Energy Limited as it published on the Internet. (We've added the colored placeholders to make it easier to view.) This illustration shows the basic layout of a lab prototype of the MEG used to successfully demonstrate the theory.

• PERMANENT MAGNET (A): The most important element is the permanent magnet sitting in the middle of the schematic picture. The magnetic field lines come out of that bar magnet at the top and bottom side (in this picture). This magnet is what helps drive the entire machine.

• NANO-CRYSTALLINE FLUX PATH AND CORE MATERIAL (B): Instead of freely ‘circling' from the North Pole of the magnet to the South Pole they enter a ‘nano-crystalline flux path and core material.' That material captures all of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet, so that no magnetic field is present free in the air any more.

• COLLECTOR COIL (C): The collector coils are the points where energy can be tapped from the MEG.

• ACTUATOR (INPUT) COIL (D): The actuators are the points of input of energy to put the much larger amount into motion.

To compare it to the rain barrel, the actuators are your mouth drawing water through the hose. The collectors are the hose ends hanging out of the barrel that starts to pour once you've generated a capillary with your siphon hose. And finally, the magnet and the coil containing the magnetic field are the barrel reservoir containing the water.

How the MEG Works

Now we come to the crux of the whole system, the reason why it works in the first place. The driving force in our large, lake-sized rain barrel was the force of gravity. That made the water that falls at some distance away from our hose move towards the initial siphon point and in turn caused the water to run through the siphon. In this case, gravity is the restoring force of the water level of our lake-sized rain barrel as it makes the water level go horizontal again.

This force and the correction mechanism attached to it have an equivalent in the magnetic arena. That force is the magnetic vector potential. If we look at the MEG, we see that it converts an energy flux that was stored in such a vector potential outside a closed magnetic field path. (Whoa, wasn't that a mouthful. Let's break it down into more simpler terms.)

OK, So What is a Vector Potential Anyway?

To explain vector potential, we need to use something other than a rain barrel, but it must be familiar so why not the energy we use in our homes to run our computers, hairdryers, etc.

We all know about the electrical potential across the two wires of a wall outlet. This electrical potential is what makes a light bulb burn. If we're not careful with the outlet we could also find ourselves flat on our back as our family members frantically call for an ambulance. Thankfully though, the US, the electrical potential is 110 volts, which was chosen because it is not as lethal as the 220-240 volts standard found in most of the other countries in the world.

However, if we combine the numerical value of this electrical potential with a direction, we have a vector potential. In the case of our 110-volt outlet, if we change the direction from say the horizontal to the vertical, we can double our potential to 220 volts. Therefore, direction is important for the creation of any magnetic field; they all emerge from a magnetic vector potential where direction plays a critical role.

The following illustration compares the MEG with our rain barrel example for a very general layman's understanding of how the MEG works and why the magnetic vector potential is so important. (Please keep in mind a precise explanation would require an article several times the size of this one, so we'll just paint our picture with broad liberal brush strokes for now.)

• (A) An outside reservoir waits until the system is brought into motion and then starts to work to restore the balance that is broken by sucking the siphon hose. For the rain barrel it is the rain filling the barrel back up, for the MEG it is the vector potential converting its energy into magnetic field inside the closed path.

• (B) This adds an extra field to the magnet field inside the closed loop.

• (C) In essence the actuators work like the siphon hose in our rain barrel example and by changing the direction of the water it creates an outside vector potential.

• (D) Consequently, the closed path starts to interact with the magnetic field inside, to compensate for the change in the situation. It gives energy to the magnetic field inside the closed path.

• (E) We can then tap that energy from the collectors and we find that more electrical energy comes out the collectors than the amount we put in through the actuators. So energy from the vector potential field outside the closed path is ‘flowing towards the siphon' to correct the ‘field level' again. If we lead part of this energy back into the actuators again, the rest of it is free flux! Free flux?

With the MEG energy flux actually becomes the result product or output instead of a waste by-product as with fossil fuel powered systems like car engines What used to be waste is now useful output, just like today's electricity drawn from the net to light our houses.

In that respect, the MEG forms a new way of looking at energy flux and if you happen to install a MEG next to your home, it will require far less energy to provide you with far more electricity. Consequently, your energy costs will come down considerably.

Why the MEG is Commonly Misunderstood

The MEG uses an input energy flux to convert a far greater amount of thus far unusable energy flux into a controllable and more convenient form. This can leave some folks scratching their heads because this is a whole new twist on flux. For those who are familiar with the principles of conservation of energy this represents a paradigm shift in thinking that can defy years of heavily instructed thought about closed systems. And here is the rub. The rigid principles of conservation of energy apply only to closed systems such as automobile engines, whereas the MEG is an open system.

Because the MEG is an open system, it can turn flux into output because it is a system out of balance with the world around it and therefore constantly interacting with the environment around it! This way, it may result in a COP that is far greater than unity.

Another factor that makes it difficult for conventional thinkers to understand the MEG is that it does not use the Lorentz Gauge.

When Tom Bearden and his team of researchers discovered the principles behind the MEG when they chose to omit a commonly known calibration of an electromagnetic system, the so-called Lorentz Gauge.

The Lorentz Gauge is essentially a free choice of values for given parameters of an electrical system; this free choice makes mathematics simpler. At the same time however it discards a range of interesting (as it turns out now) solutions to a set of equations describing the same system. This range is the range of non-equilibrium states.

By keeping the MEG just off-equilibrium (out of balance) all the time, we can use it to pull a tremendous amount of energy out of a so far unusable reservoir into a convenient form. In essence, this is what the MEG is about.

Potential Problems with the MEG

We know that the MEG works, but it is also of interest to see just how much it can do. Most of you will likely be interested to know if a MEG can power a home. Can we scale it up without a limit, or could one such device even power a city?

The scale of many devices is only limited by practical design questions. The MEG needs a permanent magnet as well as a nano-crystalline material completely confining the magnetic field loops that leave this magnet. It also needs input and output coils. Electrical currents running through wires will produce heat, which will have to be dealt with at a high enough pace, but other than that, the potential size and productivity of the system is virtually unlimited. This type of generator should a priori be scalable to city-block level.

There are, however, possible side effects to its operation, which we want to take a closer look at before starting to operate a MEG for a city.

A few problems might exist for the MEG. Right now, it is uncharted territory, but we need to consider the possibility that above a certain level, the vector potential field cannot rearrange its energy fast enough for the working conditions to remain intact, thereby causing the MEG to fail. To fully illustrate this possibility, let's revisit some of the basic terms we discussed earlier in this article.

Magnetic Fields

The energy stored in the magnetic field and the vector potential field may interact with conducting materials outside the MEG as well, generating secondary magnetic fields and electric currents.

There's more. As energy leaves its surroundings, new energy comes flowing back in. We do not know if the pace of that is bound to a limit. It may have side effects that are currently unknown to us. Some pessimistic reactions have even spoken of an alteration of the space-time continuum surrounding the MEG. That would be a serious consequence indeed, but we have seen no proof of it so far.

Besides the argument presented above there is the coil material that is supposed to fully contain the permanent magnet's field and the additional field generated during interaction. A bigger MEG will also need a stronger magnetic field. Just how much can the coil material take before the field starts to break up the material itself? This bigger MEG may need superconducting materials to gain that stronger magnetic field. There will be additional conditions that are imposed by that material. We need to maintain that superconductivity to prevent damage to the material.

However, stronger magnetic fields do pose a health risk. For this reason, most people do not want to live under or very near high voltage power lines. They carry strong electromagnetic fields around them as well. It is however possible to shield magnetic fields.

Shielding

If someone were to switch off the input signal to a large MEG, the field may not die away instantly, which would result in a field spike as it follows suit to the signals. Then EM pulses may arise, which are (very) destructive to all electronic equipment. These EM pulses are so destructive in fact, that some nations have conducted extensive research into their possible application as a weapon.

A Faraday cage would form the "dike around the lake" for the MEG. This is a metal case enclosing the magnetic field plus the MEG completely. With the exception of strong EMP effects it will keep a semi-steady field contained so that no outside negative effects will occur. So in the course of normal operation, the MEG can be shielded quite easily. The worrisome moments occur when switching the MEG on or off. How will the shielding affect the ability of the vector potential field energy to replenish itself as energy leaves the unit?

We Need to Proceed With Caution

Concluding, we can say that the MEG is a means to pour energy from a tremendous reservoir with remarkable little effort. The result is almost limitless energy at practically no cost. The only drawback known in the current state of research is that on a large scale nasty, hard to control side effects may rear their ugly heads. Therefore while the MEG represents a ground breaking and innovative new technology it should not be rushed to market without exhaustive testing.

The Devices of Hans Coler

Hans Coler developed a device which he named the “Stromerzeuger” which consisted of an arrangement of magnets, flat coils and copper plates with a primary circuit powered by a small battery. The output from the secondary circuit was used to light a bank of lamps and it was claimed that the output power was many times the input power and to continue indefinitely.

The apparatus principally consists of two parallel connected spools which being bi-filar wound in a special way, are magnetically linked together. One of these spools is composed of copper sheets (the spool is called the ‘plate spool’). The other one is made of a number of thin parallel connected isolated wires (called ‘spool winding’), running parallel to the plates, at small intervals. Both spools can be fed by separate batteries (6 Volt, 6.5 AHr were used). At least two batteries are needed to get the apparatus operating, but subsequently, one battery can be removed.

The spools are arranged in two halves each by the bi-filar windings. The plate spool also contains iron rods with silver wire connections. These rods are magnetised by a special battery through exciter windings. Electrically, the exciter winding is completely isolated from the other windings. Hans said that the production of energy takes place principally in these iron rods and the winding of the spools plays an essential part in the process.

It should be mentioned that the spool circuit is powered up first. Initially, it took a current of 104 mA. The plates and exciter circuits are then switched on simultaneously. When this is done, the current in the spool circuit dropped from 104 mA to about 27 mA.

It is suggested that an electron be not only regarded as a negatively charged particle but also as a South magnetic pole. The basic Stromerzeuger element is that of an open secondary circuit, capacity loaded, inductively coupled to a primary circuit. The novel feature is that the capacities are connected to the secondary core through permanent magnets as shown here:

It is claimed that on switching on the primary circuit, “separation of charges” takes place with M1 becoming positively charged and M2 becoming negatively charged and that these charges are “magnetically polarised” when they formed, owing to the presence of the magnets. When the primary circuit is switched off, a “reversing current” flows in the secondary but the magnets “do not exert a polarising effect on this reversal”.

Two of the basic elements shown above are placed together making a double stage arrangement with the copper plates close together (presumably as capacitor plates):

The secondary windings are both exactly equal and wound in a direction such that, on switching the primary coil on, the electrons in the secondary coil flow from P1 to P2 and from F1 to F2. This is the basic working arrangement. More of these double stages can be added to provide higher outputs.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

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engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

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A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 14: Renewable Energy Devices

Heaters.

The devices described here are not “free-energy” devices as such, but in spite of that, it is an area of considerable interest to many people, and the subject is included here because of that.

If you do not live in an urban area, then a solid fuel stove can be an economic solution, especially if the fuel can be collected free from wooded areas. Stove design has advanced considerably and it is now possible to make a simple stove with very high efficiency and very low emissions as shown here:

Although this stove is a very simple construction, it’s efficiency is very high indeed. The best fuel is made of smaller pieces which rest on a simple shelf. Branches work better than large pieces of wood as the consumption is more complete. As the fuel is consumed, it is pushed further into the stove, which gives the user an appreciation of the rate of consumption. Having the fuel resting on a shelf has the major advantage of allowing air to flow both above it and below it, which gives improved combustion. The operation is said to be so good that there is virtually no residue and no emissions.

Again, if land space is available, a solar oven (or Stirling motor) can be used, either to store energy for later use or generate heat for cooking or home heating, as can hot-water solar panels. However, it is only realistic to consider the application to be during the night in a built-up area with little or no spare space for equipment.

The Wood-Gas Stove.

There is another very effective type of wood-burning stove. There are several commercial versions of this stove on sale, but most of them use an electric fan to get the effect which is produced automatically by this design. This design has been replicated by Alberto Feliciano and found to be very effective in operation. It causes a load of wood which would normally burn up in fifteen minutes to burn for a whole hour, putting out a much greater amount of heat. The design is very straightforward. There is an outer drum which has a solid base, and the opposite end removed entirely as shown here:

A ring of ventilation holes is drilled around the whole of the bottom edge of the drum and threaded rods are run through the drum. These support a circle of wire mesh which forms a supporting shelf.

A smaller drum then has both ends removed, to form a cylinder. This cylinder is to fit inside the outer drum. It rests on the mesh shelf of the outer drum. This cylinder has a ring of ventilation holes is drilled around the whole of it’s upper edge as shown here:

A third drum which is only slightly smaller than the outer drum is cut down to make a cap for the inner cylinder. This cap is not tight-fitting, but it effectively closes off the top of the gap between the sides of inner cylinder and the sides of the outer drum:

This cap has a circular hole cut in it, and this hole is only slightly smaller than the diameter of the inner cylinder. It is supported by the upper lip of the inner drum but the hole is large enough that it does not obstruct the flow of heat up through the top of the inner drum. These three pieces fit together like this:

Wood of any type, branches, sticks, firewood, etc. are placed inside the inner cylinder and set alight. Initially, the flames come out of the top of the stove as you would expect, but after a few minutes, the combustion alters completely. The burn now becomes that of wood-gas rather than of the wood itself. The wood is slowly converted to charcoal and the gas released by this process burns with greater heat than the wood would give as well as burning for a much greater length of time. This stove design can be made in any size. Small versions get a burn length of about three times that of the wood burning in the open air, while large versions can reach four times the burn length.

Flames no longer come out of the top of the stove, but instead, they come out of the ring of holes around the base of the outer drum. The process is like this:

A high-temperature gas burn takes place in the centre of the inner cylinder. This pushes heat out through the top and the bottom of the inner cylinder. The heat flowing out of the top is used for heating or cooking as before. The heat flowing out of the bottom gets diverted around the outside of the inner drum, flows upwards, is caught by the cap and fed back into the inner cylinder through the ring of holes at the top of the inner cylinder. This raises the temperature of the gas burn even further and it augments the heat coming out of the top of the stove. The result is a very hot burn which goes on far longer than would happen if the same wood was burnt on an open fire or in a single open drum. When the wood reaches the end of it’s burn cycle, it can be replaced by feeding new wood through the hole in the cap which rests on the inner cylinder. The stove will need to be emptied of ash from time to time.

Solid Fuel Producing Electricity

We then to think of small-scale solid-fuel burners as providing heat and perhaps a little light as well. The people in Siberia don’t think like that and they produce a range of (just) portable solid fuel stoves which provide heating, cooking and 12-volt electricity up to 50 watts. While 50 watts doesn’t sound like much, it is a major amount when there isn’t any at all available. A small inverter provides mains AC power for smaller appliances:

If it is still there, the video of this is at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Za98e7-Mxg&feature=related and the manufacturers ( http://www.termofor.ru/eng/products/for_heating/normal_pg/index.html ) show a video of this stove design being used in a snow-covered wood at -32 Centigrade temperatures, giving about +35 degrees Centigrade inside the tent. Mind you, weighing in at 54 kilograms which is a whopping 120 pounds or so, this is not a back-packing solution for camping trips. Sales outlets are in Siberia, New York, Australia, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Latvia at the present time.

The HHO Gas Option.

One significant advantage of this design is that less wood is needed for any give heating or cooking application and there is very little smoke or soot produced which is a distinct advantage for a person using the stove for cooking and standing nearby during the cooking process. This can cause a major medical improvement as smoke inhalation for women who need to undertake long periods of daily cooking using wood as a fuel, are liable to suffer serious breathing problems as a result.

Electrical heating, while very convenient, is usually expensive, and it often seems that the effectiveness of an electric heater is not directly related to its power consumption. In theory it definitely is, but in practice it just does not seem that way. There are other alternatives.

One of the other documents in this set, shows how to construct a Stanley Meyer style electrolyser which uses ordinary tap water and splits it into burnable fuel using just a low power electrical input:

The difficulty in creating a heating system which uses the gas produced by this unit, is in the very high temperature produced when the gas is burnt. Stan overcame this problem with by designing a special burner which mixes air and burnt gasses in with the gas before it is burnt. That lowers the flame temperature to a level which is suitable for heating and cooking:

While this looks a bit complicated, it’s construction is really quite simple. The combination of the Meyer electrolyser and Meyer burner form a system which has the potential of being operated from a solar panel and battery as shown here:

A system like this needs extreme care as the hydrogen / oxygen (“hydroxy”) gas produced is explosive. So:

1. It is very important that the electrolyser has the ability to provide sufficient gas to keep the flame(s) sustained.

2. The electrolyser must be fitted with a pressure switch, typically operating at 5 pounds per square inch or so. This is included so that should the gas usage drop, then the drive from the electronics is cut off to stop further gas production, and incidentally, stopping the current draw from the battery.

3. It is absolutely essential that there be a flame-operated valve on the gas supply line to the burner, so that should the flame go out for any reason whatsoever, then the gas supply will be cut off. This type of valve is common on town-gas operated fires for use in homes.

Henry Paine’s Patent.

There is an alternative method which it is claimed can convert the explosive hydroxy gas into a much more docile fuel, more suited to conventional burners and stoves. It must be stressed that this system is over 120 years old and it should not be used until you have carried out careful tests on it. Initial tests suggest that these claims have no basis in fact, so please be very careful and sceptical. The method was patented by Henry M. Paine in US Letters Patent No. 308,276 dated 18th November 1884 and it is very simple:

The idea is to bubble the hydroxy gas produced by electrolysis of water, through a liquid hydrocarbon such as turpentine. The bubbler should have a large number of small holes in the incoming tube, so that a very large number of small bubbles of hydroxy gas pass through the hydrocarbon. This brings the majority of the hydroxy gas into intimate contact with the hydrocarbon and the process is claimed to convert the hydroxy gas into a new variety of gas which is not explosive, can be stored for later use, and which burns with the same characteristics as coal-gas (“town gas”).

At this point in time, I do not know of any recent tests to confirm this, so the claim should be treated with caution and careful tests carried out in the open, lighting the gas remotely and taking refuge behind a robust protective object. Having said that, in my opinion, it is likely that Henry Paine’s claim is correct, but that is only my opinion and I have not confirmed it with any form of practical test.

The Heaters of Sang Nam Kim.

Mr Kim of Korea also proposes methods of using hydroxy gas for heating and using Henry Paine's hydrocarbon bubbling method. He has four patents on the subject of heating:

US 6,397,834 in June 2002 - Heating Furnace

US 6,443,725 in September 2002 - Energy Generation

US 6,761,558 in July 2004 - Heating Apparatus

US 7,014,740 in March 2006 - Electrolyser

The first of these shows his method of getting both beneficial radiant heat and convention heating from a stone construction like this:

This unit is intended as a seriously powerful heating source for a minimum of one room. Mr Kim quotes a hydroxy gas requirement of 30 litres per minute which is a very considerable amount, and if the gas is produced by electrolysis of water at Faraday efficiency, it would need a current draw of 4.2 kilowatts. There is every indication that Mr Kim's method of electrolysis is low efficiency as his latest patent shows a radiator and fan:

It is virtually certain that there will be a high proportion of hot water vapour mixed in with the gas which is being burnt and that will reduce the explosive nature of the gas to near zero. It also means that the actual volume of hydroxy gas is likely to be well below the 30 lpm quoted by Mr Kim.

Mr Kim also shows a burner intended for use with an existing furnace. He remarks that the outer casing gets to be red hot, running at 1,000OC or more, and so any replication of his design should be treated with care when mounting fixtures are being constructed. In this design, Mr Kim uses the Paine technique and recommends bubbling his hydroxy gas through hexane liquid (C6H14) where 0.3 litres of hexane per hour gets burnt as well as the hydroxy gas. He rates the hydroxy gas requirement of this burner as being 20 lpm, which at Faraday efficiencies, represents 2.8 kilowatts of electricity, although as mentioned before, it is likely that the actual amount of hydroxy gas in his 20 lpm volume is much lower than he thinks, and so will have a lower electrical requirement when using a more electrically efficient electrolyser. His burner is like this:

Mr Kim believes that the hexane prevents flashback ignition. He does not appear to specify the heating material inside the burner but it is probably stainless steel wool. He speaks of gas pressures of 1 Kg per sq. cm., which, if my calculations are correct is 14.22 psi. which is not possible for 100% hydroxy gas as it will explode spontaneously at 12 psi. due to its high energy state and electrical charge.

He states that the secondary flames at the top of the unit "burn with a blue flame colour" and that is different to the flame colour lower down. Mr Kim believes that the hydroxy burnt at the bottom of the burner forms water vapour which is then split into hydroxy gas again by the very high temperature and that is the reason for the blue flames at the top. Personally, I don't believe that this will take place and that the effect may have a good deal to do with the hexane liquid being burnt. However, this burner design appears to be a good one for lower grades of hydroxy gas.

If a higher grade of hydroxy gas is being used, please be aware that a hypodermic-size tiny burner orifice will be needed to avoid flashbacks and no commercial flashback arrester will work reliably with good quality hydroxy gas on every occasion and so a bubbler is absolutely essential.

Heating With Electric Power.

Electric power is very popular for heaters. However, with most appliances, it is a very expensive form of heating. There is a technique which is reputed to improve the efficiency and lower the cost of electric heating. This method involves rotating a cylinder inside an outer cylinder and filling part of the narrow space between the cylinders with some variety of light oil.

Eugene Frenette’s Patent.

This method has been patented more than once. In 1979, Eugene Frenette was granted patent 4,143,639 where a single motor is used to rotate the drum and power a fan to boost the motion of the hot air:

It is not immediately obvious why this arrangement should work well, but it appears that it does. As the inner drum spins around, the oil rises up between the two inner cylinders. It lubricates the bearing under the rotating drum and the rotation causes the oil to heat up. This heats the middle cylinder and air being drawn up around it by the action of the fan blade, is also heated before being pushed out of the top of the heater. After a few minutes, the outer housing becomes so hot that the thermostat attached to it, cuts off the electrical supply.

The heater does not stop heating at this time as air continues to circulate through the heater by ordinary convection. In my opinion, it would be more effective if the fan motor were operated independently and did not cut off when the heater reaches its operating temperature.

Eugene Perkins’ Patent.

Very similar systems were patented by Eugene Perkins: January 1984 patent 4,424,797, November 1984 patent 4,483,277, March 1987 patent 4,651,681, October 1988 patent 4,779,575, and in January 1989 patent 4,798,176.

His first patent shows a horizontal drum which is completely immersed in the liquid:

This calls for a much greater accuracy of construction in that the liquid has to be contained even though it has a rotating shaft running through the housing. This device pumps the heated liquid through central-heating piping and radiators.

In his later patent of the same year, he shows a modified version with two drums and an impeller:

The “heat exchanger” is a radiator or set of radiators.

He then progressed to a system where the shaft rotation forces the liquid to be expelled through the tips of arms radiating out from the centre of the impeller hub:

Here, the liquid is forced into a small space between the rotor and its drum housing. This system has been used very successfully for water heating and some measurements indicate that it is at least 100% efficient and some people believe that it is well over the 100% efficiency, though they don’t want get drawn into long discussions on methods of measurement. It is sufficient to say here, that this method is very effective indeed.

Frenette Variation: The Frenette heater design shown above with it’s two vertical cylinders, is not the easiest for the home constructor unless one of the cylinders (presumably the inner one) is constructed from steel sheet, as it is difficult to find two commercially available steel cylinders of just the right relative size to produce the wanted gap between them. A much easier variation replaces the inner cylinder with a stack of circular steel discs. As these can be cut from 20 gauge steel sheet fairly readily by the home constructor, or alternatively, cut by any local metalworking or fabrication company, any available size of outer cylinder can be used and the disc diameter chosen accordingly.

The discs are mounted about 6 mm (1/4”) apart on a central steel rod which is rotated in order to drive the discs through the oil contained inside the body of the heater. While this looks like a Tesla Turbine, it is not because the spacing of the discs creates a different effect. The wider disc spacing creates shear as they spin through the surrounding oil, and this shearing creates a high degree of heating. It must be remembered that this is a heater, and the outer canister gets very hot during operation (which is the whole point of the exercise in the first place). For that reason, oil is used as a filling and not water, which boils at a much lower temperature. The larger the diameter of the canister and the greater the number of discs inside it, the greater the heat developed.

To ensure that the discs do not come loose during prolonged operation, a hole can be drilled through them just outside the area covered by the locking/spacing nuts, and a stiff wire run through the holes and the ends either welded to the central rod or pushed through a hole drilled in it and bent over to hold it in place. The heat of the cylinder can be circulated by attaching a simple fan blade to the spinning shaft. This blows air down the hot sides of the canister, moving it towards the floor which is the most effective place for it circulate and heat the entire room.

As the discs spin, the oil is pushed outwards and moves upwards, filling the top of the canister and building up some pressure there. This pressure can be relieved by running an external pipe from the top of the cylinder back to the bottom, allowing the oil to circulate freely. This has the decided advantage the circulating oil can be passed through a radiator as shown in the following diagram:

The central rod can be rotated by any convenient motor, conventional, Adams type, pulse-motor, permanent magnet motor, or whatever. An alternative to this style of operation, is to use the rotating motor to spin a ring of permanent magnets positioned close beside a thick aluminium plate. The eddy currents cause very strong heating of the aluminium plate which then can have air blown across it to provide space heating.

Peter Davey’s AC Heater.

During World War II, Peter Daysh Davey, of Christchurch, New Zealand, a fighter pilot and musician, designed and built an unusual water heater. This design is not particularly well known and information is fairly thin on the ground although the basic principle and design details are known.

The device is intended to operate on New Zealand’s mains supply of 220 volts 50 Hz and a requirement of the apparatus is that it resonates at that 50 Hz frequency. Resonance is a frequent requirement of free-energy systems, and the need for it is often overlooked by people who attempt to replicate free-energy devices. Properly built and tuned, this heater is said to have a COP of 20, which means that twenty times as much heat is produced as would normally be expected from that level of input power. This power gain is caused by additional energy being drawn in from the surrounding environment, and this is very important as a very large percentage of the energy used in cool climates is used for heating, so any reduction would be very welcome.

Peter was granted a New Zealand patent for his heater on 12th December 1944 but he found that opposition from the utility companies was so great that it prevented him from going into commercial production with it and although Peter kept trying for fifty years, he never succeeded.

The device is comprised of a hemispherical resonant cavity, formed by two metallic dome shapes, both of which resonate at 50 Hz. Initially, Peter used two bicycle bells and he found that when submerged in water, the device brought the water to the boil in a very short time indeed. The construction is like this:

If construction were to use two identical hemispheres, then the cavity between them would be anything but even width throughout, but the resonance would be the same. On the other hand, if you want the resonant cavity between the two hemispheres to be of constant width, then the outer hemisphere needs to be markedly larger than the inner hemisphere. The outside of both hemispheres needs to be insulated unless mounted in such a way that it is not possible to touch the hemispheres as both are attached to the mains.

In the diagram shown above, the mains live wire 6, is fed through the connecting pipe 8, and clamped to the inner hemisphere 1, by nut 3 which screws on to the threaded section of tube 8. It is important that it is the live wire which is connected to hemisphere 1. The mains neutral wire 7, is also fed through the connecting tube 8, then exits through a small hole and is then clamped on to the outside of the outer hemisphere 2, by nut 5, also on the threaded section of tube 8. The two hemispheres are held apart by a spacing washer 4, which is made from a high-temperature non-conducting plastic. As the tube 8 connects electrically and mechanically to both mains wires through the two locking nuts 3 and 5, it is essential that this tube is constructed from an electrically non-conducting material such as plastic. as the tube will be in boiling water on a regular basis, it is also necessary that the tube material is able to handle temperatures over 100oC and so possible materials include nylon and Teflon.

The washer is a key component of the heater and it’s thickness is key to the efficiency of the whole device. This thickness L, is the tuning control for the cavity. The outer hemisphere is about 8 mm greater in diameter than the diameter of the inner hemisphere. Allowing for the thickness of the metal of the bowl, the resonant cavity will therefore be about 3 mm or one eighth of an inch.

The hemisphere 1 is also tuned to 50 Hz by grinding it carefully until it resonates freely at that frequency. Connecting a loudspeaker in series with a resistor of say, 100K ohms, will give a sound of the exact frequency with which this hemisphere needs to resonate. This tuning needs to be done with the unit fully assembled as the connections to the tube will alter the resonant frequency of the hemisphere. When this is being done, the resonance will be felt rather than heard, so hold the tube lightly so that it can resonate freely. The tuning is done by removing a small amount of metal from the face of hemisphere 1 and then testing for resonance again.

When hemisphere 1 resonates well at the mains frequency, (roughly G two octaves below middle C on a keyboard), the search for high-efficiency heating is carried out by very small adjustments of the gap L. The adjustment of the gap L is carried out by very careful grinding down of the separating washer 4 and the result is best determined by measuring the length of time needed to boil a known volume of water and the current taken to do that. Repeated tests and recorded results, shows when the best gap has been reached and the highest efficiency achieved. The heater can, of course, be used to heat any liquid, not just water.

This heater is unlike a standard kettle heating element. In the standard method, the water is not a part of the main current-carrying circuit. Instead, the mains power is applied to the heater element and the current flowing through the heater element causes it to heat up, and the heat is then conveyed to the water by conduction. In Davey’s heater, on the other hand, the current flow appears to be through the water between the two hemispheres. It seems likely that the actual heating is not produced by current flow at all, but from cavitation of the water caused by the resonating of the cavity between the two hemispheres. This technique is used in small jewellery cleaners where and audio frequency is applied to a cleaning fluid in a small container.

A small amount of electrolysis will take place with the Davey heater as it in effect also forms a single parallel-connected electrolyser. The amounts should be very small as only 1.24 volts out of the 220 volts applied will be used in the electrolysis process.

An early construction of the original heater is shown in the photograph below. The coin shown in the picture is 32 mm (1.25 inch) in diameter. The heater is submerged in water when it is being used, and it brings that water to the boil exceptionally quickly. The unit was tested by New Zealand scientists who were able to vouch for its performance, but who were unable to state exactly how its operation allowed it to output such a high level of heat for such a low level of electrical input. You will notice from the photograph, how carefully the electrical connections and outer bowl are insulated.

The original prototype which Peter made was constructed from the tops of two bicycle bells, only one of which was tuned to 50 Hz. This shows that the device will definitely work if the inner hemisphere is tuned correctly. You can find forum investigation at http://www.overunity.com/index.php?topic=4083.msg86151;topicseen and more recent information at http://merlib.org/node/5504 .

The Series-connected Heater.

While not a free-energy device, one simple arrangement which I use myself, is an adapted halogen heater. A standard, low-cost halogen heater consists of three separate 400-watt sections with a switching arrangement which allows one, two or three sections to be powered up:

I changed the connections inside my particular heater, so that all three halogen lamps are connected in a chain. This did not involve cutting any wires or making any new connections as the wires connecting to the lamps have push-on ‘spade’ connectors to allow for both simple manufacturing and easy replacement of a halogen lamp. The new arrangement is like this:

This arrangement ‘under-runs’ the lamps as each lamp only gets one third of the voltage which it was designed for. This has the effect of increasing the working life of the lamp enormously. You would expect the heat output to be very poor, and perhaps it is. But it gives the impression of being quite effective and with all of the three sections working, it provides a gentle heat and light which seems very effective in keeping a room warm.

The Home Power, Home-Build Wind-Powered Electrical Generator.

Here is an interesting article from the Home Power web site. If you are interested in renewable power, then I strongly recommend that you visit their web site http://www.homepower.com and consider subscribing to their magazine as they cover many practical topics using simple wording. Here is an example of the high quality material from Home Power – a 100 watt wind generator built from scratch in just one day:

The link for this is: http://homepower.com/article/?file=HP88_pg22_Bartmann .

William McDavid’s Wind-Powered Generator.

William McDavid junior remarks that a horizontal axis windmill of that type creates an area of slow-moving air behind the blades and that restricts the flow of air past the blades. A way to overcome that is to project the outgoing air in a direction which does not impede the incoming air. He shows how this can be done in his patent US Patent 6,800,955 of 5th October 2004. In this design, the wind blows into the generator housing and is deflected upwards through the fan blades of a turbine which spins an electrical generator:

One clever feature common to both of these designs is the use of a stationary circular housing with deflectors which uses the wind flow no matter what the wind direction happens to be at any given moment. Looking down from above, the housing looks like this:

This view shows two important features which enhance the performance of the device. The first is that hinged flaps allow the (horizontal) inflow of air but block the air from flowing straight out of the other side of the central section. This forces the wind to turn and flow upwards, and not only that, but this arrangement causes the air to spin, creating a miniature tornado vortex which amplifies the power of the wind as can be seen from the devastation caused by full-size tornadoes in the environment. As can be seen from the upper diagram, an upward-curving conical piece on the base of the housing assists the airflow to turn upwards as it spins. The spinning air helps to spin the generator blades faster, giving additional power.

A major additional feature is the fact that the dimension “A” is considerably less than the dimension “B” due to the reduced diameter of the housing nearer the centre. This means that the air flowing past the vanes of housing gets squeezed into a smaller space as it flows. This forces the air to speed up, causing the flow inside the central housing to be higher than the wind-speed outside and that boosts the performance of the device. This wind-powered generator looks like a straightforward project for home construction and with the air being deflected vertically, there does not appear to be any reason why several should not be located near each other. William’s full patent can be seen in the appendix of this eBook.

Frank Herbert’s Wind-Powered Generator.

As has been carefully explained by the above article, if a windmill of the blade variety is mounted low down then it is dangerous, and people on sailing boats have been killed by them. Also, if the blade arrangement is designed to operate well in low wind conditions, then it is not unusual for there to be a problem if the wind rises to gale force or higher, with some generator designs giving up and switching off entirely, even though the available free energy is at its highest level.

This design by Frank Herbert is perfectly capable of being home-built and yet it overcomes these problems as well as being a high-efficiency wind turbine. It has an outside cage which prevents human access to the moving parts inside and the ‘cage’ is not just for protection but is there to enhance the performance of the device. In passing, windmills can be used to compress air and compressed air cylinders can be used to power vehicles and/or power electrical generators during periods of heavy power requirements. The following information is from Frank Herbert’s US Patent 4,142,822 of 1979:

The vertical housing 22 shown dotted here, surrounds the vertical power take-off shaft 26. The wind is allowed to flow through this housing at any angle, so there is no need for the housing to move. In the diagram above small discs 44 are shown at each end of the vertical shaft. These discs have arms 42 extending outwards to support a series of vertical vanes or pressure surfaces 24. For clarity, just one vane is shown through there will actually be many of these (rather like the cutting blades on a cylinder lawnmower). In reality, there will be no arms on the discs 42 as it is much easier just to have a full-width solid disc supporting the vanes.

The outer housing has a series of vertical slats which are angled to direct the incoming wind on to the vanes at the best possible angle:

This top view of part of the device, shows the main mounting shaft 26 on which the top and bottom rotor discs are mounted. The red dots show the pivot points where the vanes 24 can turn to take the greatest advantage of the wind pressure. The incoming wind 36, is deflected by the slats of the housing 32, to give it a good angle when flowing through the device as well as keeping humans away from the spinning mechanism. As the vanes and slats are located all the way around shaft 26, sudden changes in wind direction and/or wind strength have no particular effect on this design as it operates with wind coming from any direction and no physical movement of any part of the device is needed for a change in wind direction.

The vanes can have various different profiles and still work well. The shape shown above is the shape of an aircraft wing, where a force acting towards the curved surface is generated when air flows around the shape. This is not a particularly difficult shape to construct and it is very effective in an airflow (which is why it is used to lift aircraft off the ground). There can be any convenient number of vanes and a device built as shown above should be very effective..

As the overall efficiency is improved if there is no turbulence inside the device, Frank has found a method of minimising this. For this, he uses a mechanism which can alter the shape of the vanes when the windspeed gets high. The higher windspeed whirls the vanes around faster, causing higher ‘centrifugal’ forces on the vanes which Frank uses as follows. Weight 54 gets pushed across by the spin rate of the rotor.

This pushes against the spring 56, compressing it. The triangle link 59 moves upwards, pivoting at points 59a and 59c, and raising section 50 of the vane. This changes the shape of the vane as shown here:

The result of this changed shape is to reduce turbulence inside the device and raise the overall efficiency.

The Mead and Holmes Power System.

The US patent 4,229,661 dated 1980 from Claude Mead and William Holmes is entitled “Power Plant for Camping Trailer” proposes the use of a wind power generator to store compressed air for later use in providing household electrical current, and simultaneously charge batteries which can be used to drive the compressor in periods of very high electrical demand. There is also an option for a rapid system charge if AC mains power becomes available:

***********************

Solar Ovens.

This information comes from http://solarcooking.org/plans/funnel.htm and ownership remains with the original authors and the material is reproduced here with their kind permission.

The Solar Funnel Cooker

How to Make and Use The Brigham Young University Solar Cooker/Cooler

by Professor of Physics at Brigham Young University (BYU), with Colter Paulson, Jason Chesley, JacobFugal, Derek Hullinger, Jamie Winterton, Jeannette Lawler, and Seth, David, Nathan, and Danelle Jones.

Introduction

A few years ago, I woke up to the fact that half of the people in the world must burn wood or dried dung inorder to cook their food. It came as quite a shock to me, especially as I learned of the illnesses causedby breathing smoke day in and day out, and the environmental impacts of deforestation - not to mention the time spent by people (mostly women) gathering sticks and dung to cook their food. And yet, many of these billions of people live near the equator, where sunshine is abundant and free. So.....

As a University Professor of Physics with a background in energy usage, I set out to develop a means ofcooking food and sterilising water using the energy freely available from the sun. First, I looked atexisting methods.

The parabolic cooker involves a reflective dish which concentrates sunlight to a point where the food iscooked. This approach is very dangerous since the sun's energy is focused to a point which is very hot, but which cannot be seen. (Brigham Young University students and I built one which will set paper onfire in about 3 seconds!). I learned that an altruistic group had offered reflecting parabolas to the peopleliving at the Altiplano in Bolivia. But more than once these parabolas had been stored next to a shed --and the passing sun set the sheds on fire! The people did not want these dangerous, expensivedevices, even though the Altiplano region has been stripped of fuel wood.

The box cooker: Is basically an insulated box with a glass or plastic lid, often with a reflecting lid to directsunlight into the box. Light enters through the top glass (or plastic), to slowly heat up the box. Theproblems with this design are that energy enters only through the top, while heat is escaping through allof the other sides, which have a tendency to draw heat away from the food. When the box is opened toput food in or take it out, some of the heat escapes and is lost. Also, effective box cookers tend to be more complicated to build than the funnel cooker.

While studying this problem, I thought again and again of the great need for a safe, inexpensive yeteffective solar cooker. It finally came to me at Christmastime a few years ago, a sort of hybrid between the parabola and the box cooker. It looks like a large, deep funnel, and incorporates what I believe arethe best features of both the parabolic cooker and the box cooker.

The first reflector was made at my home out of aluminium foil glued on to cardboard, then this was curvedto form a reflective funnel. My children and I figured out a way to make a large cardboard funnel easily.(I'll tell you exactly how to do this later on.)

The Solar Funnel Cooker is safe and low cost, easy to make, yet very effective in capturing the sun'senergy for cooking and pasteurising water -> Eureka!

Later, I did extensive tests with students (including reflectivity tests) and found that aluminised Mylar wasgood too, but relatively expensive and rather hard to come by in large sheets. Besides, cardboard isfound throughout the world and is inexpensive, and aluminium foil is also easy to come by. Also,individuals can make their own solar cookers easily, or start a cottage-industry to manufacture them for others.

Prototypes of the Solar Funnel Cooker were tested in Bolivia, and outperformed an expensive solar boxcooker and a “Solar Coolkit” while costing much less then either. Brigham Young University submitted apatent application, mainly to insure that no company would prevent wide distribution of the Solar FunnelCooker. Brigham Young University makes no profit from the invention. (I later learned that a few peoplehad had a similar idea, but with methods differing from those developed and shown here). So now I'm trying to get the word out so that the invention can be used to capture the free energy coming from thesun - for camping and for emergencies, yes, but also for every day cooking where electricity is notavailable and where even fuel wood is getting scarce.

How it Works

The reflector is shaped like a giant funnel, and lined with aluminium foil. (Easy to follow instructions will be given soon). This funnel is rather like the parabolic cooker, except that the sunlight is concentrated along a line (not a point) at the bottom of the funnel. You can put your hand up the bottom of the funnel and feel the sun's heat, but it will not burn you.

Next, we paint a jar black on the outside, to collect heat, and place this at the bottom of the funnel. Or a black pot with a lid can be used. The black vessel gets hot, quickly, but not quite hot enough to cookwith. We need some way to build up the heat without letting the outside air cool it. So, I put a cheapplastic bag around the jar --and, the solar funnel cooker was born! The plastic bag, available in grocerystores as a "poultry bag", replaces the cumbersome and expensive box and glass lid of solar box ovens.You can use the plastic bags used in American stores to put groceries in, as long as they let a lot of sunlight pass. (Dark- coloured bags will not do).

I recently tested a bag used for fruits and vegetables, nearly transparent and available free at Americangrocery stores, that works great. This is stamped "HDPE" for high-density polyethylene on the bag (ordinary polyethylene melts too easily). A block of wood is placed under the jar to help hold the heat in.(Any insulator, such as a hot pad or rope or even sticks, will also work).

A friend of mine who is also a Physics Professor did not believe I could actually boil water with the thing.So I showed him that with this new "solar funnel cooker" I was able to boil water in Utah in the middle ofwinter! I laid the funnel on its side since it was winter and pointed a large funnel towards the sun to the south. I also had to suspend the black cooking vessel --rather than placing it on a wooden block. This allows the weaker sun rays to strike the entire surface of the vessel.

Of course, the Solar Funnel works much better outside of winter days, that is, when the UV index is 7 orgreater. Most other solar cookers will not cook in the winter in northern areas (or south of about 35degrees, either).

I thought that a pressure cooker would be great. But the prices in stores were way too high for me. Wait, how about a canning jar? These little beauties are designed to relieve pressure through the lid --a nice pressure cooker. And cooking time is cut in half for each 10ºC we raise the temperature (ProfessorLee Hansen, private communication). I used one of my wife's wide-mouth canning jars, spray-painted (flat) black on the outside, and it worked great. Food cooks faster when you use a simple canning jar asa pressure cooker. However, you can also put a black pot in the plastic bag instead if you want. But don't use a sealed container with no pressure release like a mayonnaise jar --it can break as the steam builds up (I've done it)!

How to Build Your Own Solar Funnel Cooker

What You will Need for the Funnel Cooker:

A piece of flat cardboard, about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long. (The length should be just twice the width. The bigger, the better).

Ordinary aluminium foil.

A glue such as white glue (like Elmer's glue), and water to mix with it 50-50. Also, a brush to apply the glue to the cardboard (or a cloth or paper towel will do). Or, some may wish to use a cheap "spray adhesive" available in spray cans. You can also use flour paste.

Three wire brads - or small nuts and bolts, or string to hold the funnel together.

For a cooking vessel, I recommend a canning jar ("Ball" wide-mouth quart jars work fine for me; the rubber ring on the lid is less likely to melt than for other jars I've found. A two-quart canning jar is available and works fine for larger quantities of food, although the cooking is somewhat slower).

The cooking jar (or vessel) should be spray-painted black on the outside. I find that a cheap flat-black spray paint works just fine. Scrape off a vertical stripe so that you have a clear glass "window" to look into the vessel, to check the food or water for boiling.

A block of wood is used as an insulator under the jar. I use a piece of 2" x 4" board which is cut into a square nominally 4" x 4" by about 2" thick. (100 mm square x 50 mm thick). One square piece of wood makes a great insulator.

A plastic bag is used to go around the cooking-jar and block of wood, to provide a green-house effect. Suggestions:

• Reynolds™ Oven Bag, Regular Size works great: transparent and won't melt. (Cost about 25 cents each in U.S. grocery stores.)

• Any nearly-transparent HDPE bag (High-density Polyethylene). Look for "HDPE" stamped on the bag. I've tested HDPE bags which I picked up for free at my grocery store, used for holding vegetables and fruits. These are thin, but very inexpensive. Tested side-by-side with an oven bag in two solar funnels, the HDPE bag worked just as well! Caution: we have found that some HDPE bags will melt should they contact the hot cooking vessel. For this reason, we recommend using the oven-safe plastic bag wherever possible.

• An idea attributed to Roger Bernard and applied now to the BYU Funnel Cooker: place a pot (having a blackened bottom and sides) in a glass bowl, and cover with a lid. Try for a tight fit around the bottom to keep hot air trapped inside. The metal pot or bowl should be supported around the rim only, with an air space all around the bottom (where the sunlight strikes it). Put a blackened lid on top of the pot. Then simply place this pot-in-bowl down in the bottom of the funnel - no plastic bag is needed! This clever method also allows the cook to simply remove the lid to check the food and to stir. I like this idea - it makes the solar cooker a lot like cooking over a fire. See Photographs for further details.

Construction Steps

Cut a Half-circle out of the Cardboard

Cut a half circle out of the cardboard, along the bottom as shown below. When the funnel is formed, thisbecomes a full-circle and should be wide enough to go around your cooking pot. So for a 7" diametercooking pot, the radius of the half-circle is 7". For a quart canning jar such as I use, I cut a 5" radius half-circle out of the cardboard.

Form the Funnel

To form the funnel, you will bring side A towards side B, asshown in the figure. The aluminium foil must go on the INSIDE of the funnel. Do this slowly, helping the cardboard to the shape of a funnel by usingone hand to form creases that radiate out from the half-circle. Work your way around the funnel, bending it in stages to form the funnel shape, until the two sides overlap and the half-circle forms a complete circle. The aluminium foil will go on the INSIDE of funnel. Open the funnel and lay it flat, "inside up", inpreparation for the next step.

Glue Foil to Cardboard

Apply glue or adhesive to the top (inner) surface of the cardboard, then quickly apply the aluminium foilon top of the glue, to affix the foil to the cardboard. Make sure the shiniest side of the foil is on top,since this becomes your reflective surface in the Funnel. I like to put just enough glue for one width offoil, so that the glue stays moist while the foil is applied. I also overlap strips of foil by about 1" ( or 2cm). Try to smooth out the aluminium foil as much as you reasonably can, but small wrinkles won't make much difference. If cardboard is not available, one can simply dig a funnel-shaped hole in the ground and line it with a reflector, to make a fixed solar cooker for use at mid-day.

Join side A to side B to keep the funnel together.

The easiest way to do this is to punch three holes in the cardboard that line up on side A and side B (seefigure). Then put a metal brad through each hole and fasten by pulling apart the metal tines. Or youcan use a nut-and-bolt to secure the two sides (A & B) together.

Be creative here with what you have available. For example, by putting two holes about a thumb-width apart, you can put a string, twine, small rope, wire or twist-tie in one hole and out the other, and tie together.

When A and B are connected together, you will have a "funnel with two wings". The wings could be cutoff, but these help to gather more sunlight, so I leave them on.

Tape or glue a piece of aluminium foil across the hole at the bottom of the funnel, with shiny side in.

This completes assembly of your solar funnel cooker.

For stability, place the funnel inside a cardboard or other box to provide support. For long-term applications, one may wish to dig a hole in the ground to hold the Funnel against strong winds.

Final Steps

At this stage, you are ready to put food items or water into the cooking vessel or jar, and put the lid onsecurely. (See instructions on food cooking times, to follow).

Place a wooden block in the INSIDE bottom of the cooking bag. I use a piece of 2” x 4” board which iscut into a square nominally 4" x 4" by 2" thick. Then place the cooking vessel containing the food orwater on top of the wooden block, inside the bag.

Next, gather the top of the bag in your fingers and blow air into the bag, to inflate it. This will form a small "greenhouse" around the cooking vessel, to trap much of the heat inside. Close off the bag with atight twist tie or wire. Important: the bag should not touch the sides orlid of the cooking vessel. The bag may be called a "convection shield," slowing convection-cooling due to air currents.

Place the entire bag and its contents inside the funnel near the bottom as shown in the Photographs.

Place the Solar Funnel Cooker so that it Faces the Sun

Remember: Sunlight can hurt the eyes: so please wear sunglasses when using a Solar Cooker! TheFunnel Cooker is designed so that the hot region is deep down inside the funnel, out of harm's way.

Put the Solar Funnel Cooker in the sun pointing towards the sun, so that it captures as much sunlight aspossible. The design of the funnel allows it to collect solar energy for about an hour without needing tobe re-positioned. For longer cooking times, readjust the position of the funnel to follow the sun's path.

In the Northern Hemisphere, it helps to put the Solar Funnel Cooker in front of a south-facing wall or window as this reflects additional sunlight into the funnel. A reflective wall is most important in locationsfarther from the equator and in winter. In the Southern Hemisphere, put the Solar Funnel Cooker in frontof a North-facing wall or window to reflect additional sunlight into your cooker.

After Cooking

Remember that the cooking vessel will be very hot: souse cooking pads or gloves when handling it! If you are heating water in a canning jar, you may notice that the water is boiling when the lid is firstremoved - it gets very hot!

Open the plastic cooking bag by removing the twist-tie. Using gloves ora thick cloth, lift the vessel out of the bag and place it on the ground or table. Carefully open the vessel and check the food, to make sureit has finished cooking. Let the hot food cool before eating.

Helpful Hints

Avoid leaving fingerprints and smudges on the inside surface of the cooker. Keep the inner surfaceclean and shiny by wiping occasionally with a wet towel. This will keep the Solar Funnel Cookerworking at its best.

If your funnel gets out-of-round, it can be put back into a circular shape by attaching a rope or string between opposite sides which need to be brought closer together.

For long-term applications, a hole in the ground will hold the Funnel Cooker securely against winds.Bring the funnel inside or cover it during rain storms.

The lids can be used over and over. We have had some trouble with the rubber on some newcanning-jar lids becoming soft and "sticky." "Ball canning lids" do not usually have this problem.Running new lids through very hot water before the first use seems to help. The lids can be used over and over if they are not bent too badly when opened (pry off lid carefully).

The jar can be suspended near the bottom of the funnel using fishing line or string (etc.), instead ofplacing the jar on a block of wood. A plastic bag is placed around the jar with air puffed inside, asusual, to trap the heat. The suspension method allows sunlight to strike all surfaces of the jar, allaround, so that heats faster and more evenly. This suspension method is crucial for use in winter months.

Adjust the funnel to put as much sunlight onto the cooking jar as possible. Look at the jar to checkwhere the sunlight is hitting, and to be sure the bottom is not in the shadows. For long cookingtimes (over about an hour), readjustthe position of the funnel to follow the sun's path. Duringwinter months, when the sun is low on the horizon (e.g., in North America), it is helpful to lay thefunnel on its side, facing the sun.

Tests in Utah

I have personally used the Solar Funnel Cooker to cook lunches over many weeks. My favourite foods tocook are potatoes (cut into logs or slices) and carrot slices. Vegetables cook slowly in their own juicesand taste delicious. I also make rice, melted cheese sandwiches, and even bread in the Solar Funnel Cooker. I usually put the food out around 11:30 and let it cook until 12:45 or 1 pm, just to be sure that ithas time to cook. I've never had any food burn in this cooker.

I have also cooked food in the mountains, at an altitude of around 8,300 feet. If anything, the food cooked faster there - the sunlight passes through less atmosphere at high altitudes.

I find that people are surprised that the sun alone can actually cook food. And they are further pleasantlysurprised at the rich flavours in the foods which cook slowly in the sun. This inexpensive device does it!

Students at Brigham Young University have performed numerous tests on the Solar Funnel Cooker alongwith other cookers. We have consistently found much faster cooking using the Solar Funnel Cooker. The efficiency/cost ratio is higher than any other solar cooking device we have found to date. Mr.Hullinger also performed studies of transmissivity, reflectivity and absorptivity of alternate materials whichcould be used in the Solar Funnel Cooker. While there are better materials, such as solar-selective absorbers, our goal has been to keep the cost of the Solar Cooker as low as possible, while maintainingsafety as a first priority.

Tests in Bolivia

The BYU Benson Institute organised tests between the Solar Funnel Cooker and the "old-fashioned" solar box oven. The solar box oven cost about $70 and was made mostly of cardboard. It took nearly twohours just to reach water pasteurisation temperature. The Bolivianreport notes that "food gets cold every time the pots are taken from and into the oven." The solar box oven failed even to cook boiled eggs.(More expensive box cookers would hopefully work better.)

An aluminised-mylar Solar Funnel Cooker was also tested in Bolivia, during the Bolivian winter. Waterpasteurisation temperature was reached in 50 minutes, boiled eggs cooked in 70 minutes, and ricecooked in 75 minutes. The Bolivian people were pleased by the performance. So were we! (La Paz,Bolivia, August, 1996).

I also donated two dozen solar funnel cookers for people in Guatemala. These were taken there by agroup of doctors going there for humanitarian service. The people there also liked the idea of cooking with the sun's free energy. For an aluminised-Mylar Solar Funnel Cooker kit, please contact CRM (licensed manufacturer) at +1 (801) 292-9210.

Water and Milk Pasteurisation

Contaminated drinking water or milk kills thousands of people each day, especially children. The WorldHealth Organisation reports that 80% of illnesses in the world are spread through contaminated water.Studies show that heating water to about 65º - 70º C (150º F) is sufficient to kill coliform bacteria, rotaviruses, enteroviruses and even Giardia. This is called pasteurisation.

Pasteurisation depends on how hot and how long water is heated. But how do you know if the water gothot enough? You could use a thermometer, but this would add to the cost, of course. When steam leaves the canning jar (with lid on tight) and forms "dew" on the inside of the cooking bag, then the water isprobably pasteurised to drink. (The goal is to heat to 160º Fahrenheit for at least six minutes.) With astripe of black paint scraped off the jar, one can look through the bag and into the jar and see when thewater is boiling - then it is safe for sure.

Think of all the lives that can be saved simply by pasteurising water using a simple Solar Cooker!

Safety

Safety was my first concern in designing the Solar Funnel Cooker, then came low cost and effectiveness.But any time you have heat you need to take some precautions.

• The cooking vessel (jar) is going to get hot, otherwise the food inside it won't cook. Let the jar cool a bit before opening. Handle only with gloves or tongs.

• Always wear dark glasses to protect from the sun's rays. We naturally squint, but sunglasses areimportant.

• Keep the plastic bag away from children and away from nose and mouth to avoid any possibility of suffocation.

Cooking with the Solar Funnel Cooker

What do you cook in a crock pot or moderate-temperature oven? The same foods will cook about the same in the Solar Funnel Cooker - without burning. The charts below give approximate summer cooking times.

The solar cooker works best when the UV index is 7 or higher (Sun high overhead, few clouds).

Cooking times are approximate. Increase cooking times for partly-cloudy days, sun not overhead (e.g., wintertime) or for more than about 3 cups of food in the cooking jar.

Stirring is not necessary for most foods. Food generally will not burn in the solar cooker.

Vegetables (Potatoes, carrots, squash, beets, asparagus, etc.) Preparation: No need to add water if fresh. Cut into slices or "logs" to ensure uniform cooking. Corn will cook fine with or without the cob. Cooking Time: About 1.5 hours

Cereals and Grains (Rice, wheat, barley, oats, millet, etc.) Preparation: Mix 2 parts water to every 1 part grain. Amount may vary according to individual taste. Let soak for a few hours for faster cooking. To ensure uniform cooking, shake jar after 50 minutes.

CAUTION: Jar will be hot. Use gloves or cooking pads. Cooking Time: 1.5-2 hours

Pasta and Dehydrated Soups Preparation: First heat water to near boiling (50-70 minutes). Then add the pasta or soup mix. Stir or shake, and cook 15 additional minutes. Cooking Time: 65-85 minutes

Beans Preparation: Let tough or dry beans soak overnight. Place in cooking jar with water. Cooking Time: 2-3 hours

Eggs Preparation: No need to add water. Note: If cooked too long, egg whites may darken, but taste remains the same. Cooking Time: 1-1.5 hours, depending on desired yolk firmness.

Meats (Chicken, beef, and fish) Preparation: No need to add water. Longer cooking makes the meat more tender. Cooking Time: Chicken: 1.5 hours cut up or 2.5 hours whole; Beef: 1.5 hours cut up or 2.5-3 hours for larger cuts; Fish: 1-1.5 hours

Baking Preparation: Times vary based on amount of dough. Cooking Times: Breads: 1-1.5 hours; Biscuits: 1-1.5 hours; Cookies: 1 hour

Roasted Nuts (Peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seed, etc.) Preparation: Place in jar. A little vegetable oil may be added if desired. Cooking Time: About 1.5 hours

MRE's and pre-packaged foods Preparation: For foods in dark containers, simply place the container in the cooking bag in place of the black cooking jar. Cooking Times: Cooking time varies with the amount of food and darkness of package.

How to Use the Solar Funnel as a Refrigerator/Cooler

A university student (Jamie Winterton) and I were the first to demonstrate that the Brigham YoungUniversity Solar Funnel Cooker can be used - at night - as a refrigerator. Here is how this is done:

The Solar Funnel Cooker is set-up just as you would during sun-light hours, with two exceptions:

1. The funnel is directed at the dark night sky. It should not "see" any buildings or even trees. (Thethermal radiation from walls, trees, or even clouds will diminish the cooling effect.).

2. It helps to place 2 (two) bags around the jar instead of just one, with air spaces between the bags andbetween the inner bag and the jar. HDPE and ordinary polyethylene bags work well, sincepolyethylene is nearly transparent to infrared radiation, allowing it to escape into the "heat sink" of the dark sky.

During the day, the sun's rays are reflected on to the cooking vessel which becomes hot quickly. At night,heat from the vessel is radiated outward, towards empty space, which is very cold indeed (a "heat sink").As a result, the cooking vessel now becomes a small refrigerator. We routinely achieve cooling of about20º F (10º C) below ambient air temperature using this remarkably simple scheme.

In September 1999, we placed two funnels out in the evening, with double-bagged jars inside. One jar was on a block of wood and the other was suspended in the funnel using fishing line. The temperaturethat evening (in Provo, Utah) was 78º F (25.5º C). Using a Radio Shack indoor/outdoor thermometer, aBYU student (Colter Paulson) measured the temperature inside the funnel and outside in the open air.He found that the temperature of the air inside the funnel dropped quickly by about 15º F (8º C), as itsheat was radiated upwards in the clear sky. That night, the minimum outdoor air temperature measured was 47.5º F (8.6º C) - but the water in both jars had ICE. I invite others to try this, and please let meknow if you get ice at 55 or even 60 degrees outside air temperature (minimum at night). A black PVCcontainer may work even better than a black-painted jar, since PVC is a good infrared radiator -these matters are still being studied.

I would like to see the "Funnel Refrigerator" tried in desert climates, especially where freezingtemperatures are rarely reached. It should be possible in this way to cheaply make ice for Hutus inRwanda and for aborigines in Australia, without using any electricity or other modern "tricks." We are ineffect bringing some of the cold of space to a little corner on earth. Please letme know how this works for you.

Conclusion: Why We Need Solar Cookers

The BYU Funnel Cooker/Cooler can:

• Cook food without the need for electricity or wood or petroleum or other fuels.

• Pasteurise water for safe drinking, preventing many diseases.

• Save trees and other resources.

• Avoid air pollution and breathing smoke while cooking.

• Use the sun's free energy. A renewable energy source.

• Cook food with little or no stirring, without burning.

• Kill insects in grains.

• Dehydrate fruits, etc.

• Serve as a refrigerator at night, to cool even freeze water.

(Try that without electricity or fuels!)

The burden for gathering the fuel wood and cooking falls mainly on women and children. Joseph Kiaireports :

From Dadaab, Kenya: "Women who can't afford to buywood start at 4 am to go collecting and return about noon... They do this twice a week to get fuel for cooking... The rapes are averaging one perweek."

From Belize: "Many times the women have to go into the forest dragging their small children when they go to look for wood. It is a special hardship for pregnant and nursing mothers to chop and drag trees backto the village... they are exposed to venomous snakes and clouds of mosquitoes."

And the forests are dwindling in many areas. Edwin Dobbs noted in Audubon Magazine, Nov. 1992, "The world can choose sunlight or further deforestation, solar cooking or widespread starvation..."

Americans should be prepared for emergencies, incident to power failures. A Mormon pioneer noted inher journal: "We were now following in their trail travelling up the Platte River. Timber was sometimesvery scarce and hard to get. We managed to do our cooking with what little we could gather up..." (ElizaR. Snow) Now there's someone who needed a light-weight Solar Cooker!

Here's another reason to use a solar cooker. Many people in developing countries look to see what'sbeing done in America. I'm told that if Americans are using something, then they will want to try it, too.The more people there are cooking with thesun, the more others will want to join in. A good way tospread this technology is to encourage small local industries or families to make these simple yet reliablesolar cookers for others at low cost. I've used this cooker for three summers and I enjoy it. Cooking and making ice with the funnel cooker/cooler will permit a significant change in lifestyle. If you think about it,this could help a lot of people. The BYU Solar Funnel Cooker uses the glorious sunshine -- and the energy of the sun is a free gift from God for all to use!

Answers to commonly-asked questions

Will the cooker work in winter (in the United States)?

As the sun moves closer to the southern horizon in the winter, the solar cooker is naturally less effective.A good measure of the solar intensity is the “UV index” which is often reported with the weather. Whenthe ultraviolet or UV index is 7 or above – common in summer months –the solar cooker works very well. In Salt Lake City in October, the UV index was reported to be 3.5 on a sunny day. We were able to boil water in the Solar Funnel Cooker during this time, but we had to suspend the black jar in the funnel sothat sunlight struck all sides. (We ran a fishing line under the screw-on lid, and looped the fishing line over a rod above the funnel. As usual, a plastic bag was placed around the jar, and this was closed atthe top to let the fishing line out for suspending the jar.)

The solar “minimum” for the northern hemisphere occurs on winter solstice, about December 21steach year. The solar “maximum” occurs six months later, June 21st. Solar cooking works best from about 20thMarch to 1st October in the north. If people try to cook with the sun for the first time outside of this timewindow, they should not be discouraged. Try again when the sun is more directly overhead. One mayalso suspend the jar in the funnel, which will make cooking faster any time of the year.

It is interesting to note that most developing countries are located near the equator where the sun is nearly directly overhead all the time. Solar Cookers will then serve year-round, as long as the sun is shining, for these fortunate people. They may be the first to apply fusion energy (of the sun) on a largescale. They may also accomplish this without the expensive infrastructure of electrical power grids thatwe take for granted in America.

How do you cook bread in a jar?

I have cooked bread by simply putting dough in the bottom of the jar and placing it in the funnel in theusual way. Rising and baking took place inside the jar in about an hour (during summer). One shouldput vegetable oil inside the jar before cooking to make removal of the bread easier. I would also suggestthat using a 2-quart wide-mouth canning jar instead of a 1-quart jar would make baking a loaf of bread easier.

What is the optimum “opening angle” for the funnel cooker?

A graduate student at Brigham Young University did a calculus calculation to assess the best shape oropening angle for the Solar Funnel. JeannetteLawler assumed that the best operation would occur whenthe sun’s rays bounced no more than once before hitting the cooking jar, while keeping the opening angleas large as possible to admit more sunlight. (Some sunlight is lost each time the light reflects from the shiny surface. If the sunlight misses on the first bounce, it can bounce again and again until beingabsorbed by the black bottle). She set up an approximate equation for this situation, took the calculusderivative with respect to the opening angle and set the derivative equal to zero. Optimising in this way,she found that the optimum opening angle is about 45 degrees, when the funnel is pointed directlytowards the sun.

But we don’t want to have to “track the sun” by turning the funnel every few minutes. The sun moves (apparently) 360 degrees in 24 hours, or about 15 degrees per hour. So we finally chose a 60-degree opening angle so that the cooker is effective for about 1.2 hours. This turned out to be long enough tocook most vegetables, breads, boil water, etc. with the Solar Funnel Cooker. We also used a laserpointer to simulate sun rays entering the funnel at different angles, and found that the 60-degree cone was quite effective in concentrating the rays at the bottom of the funnel where the cooking jar sits.

For questions regarding the complete Solar Funnel Cooker kit using aluminised Mylar and a jar for thecooking vessel, please contact CRM at +1 (801) 292-9210.

Tests of the Solar Funnel and Bowl Cookers in 2001

Christopher McMillan and Steven E. Jones Brigham Young University

Introduction

With an increase in population and a decrease in available fuels such as wood and coal in developing countries, the need for alternative cooking methods has increased. Solar cookers are an alternative to conventional methods such as wood-fires and coal-fires. They provide usable heat for cooking and pasteurising water, without the harmful side effects such as smoke inhalation that non-renewable sources create. In many countries such as Haiti, Bolivia and Kenya, the need for cheap, effective, and safe cooking methods has increased due to poverty and deforestation. Solar cookers are ideal because they rely on the sun’s free energy which is abundant in many of the world’s poorest countries. Though there are good designs, more testing and improvement is desirable.

There are three areas of comparison that were focused on during the course of the study. The first area of comparison is in the reflective material used. The original material is a mirror-finished aluminium Mylar. Due to the mirror finish, the reflection light is very bright and can be difficult to work over when cooking. An alternative material is a matt-finish Mylar. This material diffuses the sunlight and is not as harsh on the eyes as is the mirrored finish.

The second area of concentration is on the method of containing the air that surrounds the cooker so that the cooker is kept from being cooled by convection currents. A common method is to use a clear plastic oven-safe bag around the cooking vessel. However, this method is rather tedious and awkward to use, and such bags are rarely available in developing countries. Another technique is to use a disk or window make out of a clear plastic or glass. This makes the cooker easier to use.

The third main area of focus is in the cooking containers used. The present cooking vessel for the Solar Funnel Cooker is a black-painted canning jar. This method is also tedious and awkward. The canning jars can be hard to clean, and they can break. Design changes are tested that would allow people to use their own cookware. This too would make the cooker more convenient to use.

The fourth area of testing pitted the wooden block support which we have been using for years against a rabbit-wire support. A rabbit-wire cylinder holds the cooking vessel up off the bottom of the cooker, and allows sunlight to strike essentially all surfaces of the cooking vessel, including the bottom.

The effectiveness of these methods is tested and compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition to acquiring temperature-rise versus time data, we also cooked numerous meals in the solar cookers so as to get hands-on experience with cooking. Several students participated in these cooking tests.

Cooker Designs:

Several solar cooker designs were used during these tests. The Solar Funnel Cooker was the main cooker tested. A Solar CooKit and a bowl-shaped variation of the Solar Funnel Cooker were also tested. Most experiments were comparative tests between the various designs, and the cooker set-up was varied from test to test. The basic design of the Solar Funnel Cooker is a funnel-shaped aluminium Mylar collector. A highly reflective material is necessary to collect and concentrate the sun’s rays. The funnel walls are at a 60 degree angle (with respect to the horizontal) since this collects sunlight for a two hour time period without requiring re-orientation to follow the sun. Due to the way the Mylar sheets are cut and folded, a pair of wings on opposite ends of the funnel is formed. The wings increase the collector size and create an elliptical shape at top. At the tips of the wings, the cooker stands about 20 inches high and has a diameter of about 28 inches. At the top, along the minor axis of the elliptical funnel, the cooker stands about 15 inches high, and has a diameter of about 20 inches. Since the Aluminium Mylar does not support itself well, a nine inch diameter by five inch high bucket is used to support the funnel.

The cooking container primarily tested is a glass canning jar that has been painted flat black. The black paint allows the jar to absorb the sun’s rays. The canning jar works well due to the added pressure-cooker effect caused by the rubber ring on the inside of the lid. A black-enamel pot and a black-painted stainless steel canister were also used. We found immediately that raising the vessel off the bottom of the cooker using a rabbit-wire stand provided more rapid and even heating than the wooden block used previously. Placing the jar or pot on a wire stand allows as much reflected light onto the cooking vessel as possible. This allows even the bottom of the cooking container to absorb thermal energy that is reflected off the lower portion of the funnel.

Two methods of closing the cookers off from convection currents were used. It is important to keep the air that surrounds the container from circulating, thus keeping the cooking container from being cooled by convection currents or breezes. This first method used was to enclose the cooking vessel and wire stand in a clear plastic bag, such as a heat resistant Reynolds Oven Bag. It is important to make sure that the bag is not touching the cooking vessel, so once the vessel is placed into the clear bag, air is blown into the bag and the bag is tied off. This is the most common method used for solar panel cookers, such as the Solar CooKit, because of the bags’ ability to withstand the temperatures attained in these types of cookers. But these bags tear rather easily and they are not readily available in developing countries and must be imported.

The second method of closing off the cooking vessel from convection currents, designed by Dr. Jones, is to place a clear plastic disk down into the funnel above the cooking vessel. The funnel used in the test was a conventional-shaped funnel that was constructed out of thin sheet metal and aluminium-foil lined for better reflectivity. The diameter of this funnel is about 30 inches at the top, and it stands about 16 inches high. The walls also form about a 60 degree angle with respect to the horizontal. This funnel was designed to hold a larger cooking container such as a pot. The diameter of the plastic disk is large enough that the disk does not touch the top of the container. For the experiments that tested this method, a one-sixteenth inch (1.6 mm) thick Lexan disk was used.

Data Collection

To collect the temperatures as a function of time, a Texas Instruments Calculator Based Laboratory (CBL) was used. This portable interface is capable of recording real-time data from multiple channels. The data were downloaded into a graphing calculator, where they can be analysed and graphed immediately. From the calculator, the data can be transferred to a computer spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel for further analysis. Due to the nature of these experiments and the low cost to purchase the CBL, this is an ideal data collector to use. A graphing calculator was used to program the CBL and to tell it what data to collect, how many points to collect, and the time period between data points collected. Since the CBL does not have any internal programs for data collection, a program must be written into the graphing calculator. There are ready-made programs that can be uploaded into the calculator, or a custom program can be made to fit the needs of the test. The program that the CBL used allowed multiple thermocouples to collect data simultaneously. To ensure that the thermocouples were calibrated against each other, both were run on the same constant temperature sample in very close proximity. Both temperature probes agreed to within 0.21OC of each other. For these experiments, this temperature difference was considered to be acceptable.

Procedure

Each experiment was conducted on the campus of Brigham Young University during mid-day, usually between 11:00 am and 2:00 pm to ensure that the sun was close to being directly over-head. This allowed as much sun light as possible to enter the solar collector. Each experiment included several steps, as listed below.

Before each experiment was set up, the volume of the water and the mass of the container were measured and recorded. The heat capacity of the water and the container were also found. The area of the cooker perpendicular to the sun’s rays was also measured. To collect temperature data using thermocouple probes, small holes were drilled into the top of the canning jar and stainless steel canister lids. The jar and canister were both painted ultra-flat black to absorb as much of the sun’s energy as possible.

On the morning of each test, the designated volume of water was measured out and poured into the cooking vessel. This volume ranged from 0.6 litre for one-quart jars, to 1.2 litters for half-gallon canning jars. For simultaneous testing, the same amount of water was poured into each container. The temperature probes were wired through the holes in the lids of the containers and secured about 13 mm into the water. For comparative tests, the probes were placed the same depth into the water to ensure that the probes did not read different measurements due to depth-related temperature differences within the containers. To enable later analysis; the time, ambient temperature, and solar irradiance were also noted and recorded. These numbers gave a reference point for each test. Each cooker that was to be tested was then completely set up. The temperature probes were secured through the lids, and the jar was placed into the clear oven bag – supported by a wire cage. Each bag was inflated so that no part of the bag touched the sides or top of the cooking container. The cord from the thermocouple to the CBL was passed through the top of the bag, and the bag was tied off with a twist-tie.

The test began once both cookers were completely ready and the CBL had been programmed. Care was taken to block the sun from radiating directly onto the cookers until both were ready to begin. This ensured that the water in both cookers started at very nearly the same temperature. Most tests were set up to collect one data point every four to five minutes, for up to two hours. This allowed the cooker temperatures to reach maxima and then remain at a nearly constant temperature. Once a test was complete, the cooker was disassembled and the data downloaded into the graphing calculator. Though the graphing calculator does allow analysis, a spread sheet such as Microsoft Excel is easier to use. Thus, the data from each test were downloaded from the calculator into Microsoft Excel. The elapsed time (in seconds) and the corresponding temperatures were listed next to each other. A graph of temperature versus time was made, with the Time being the horizontal axis for each test. For comparative tests, the Temperature versus Time data for both cookers was plotted on the same graph. As a reference, a trend-line was fitted to the linear portion of the graph, along with the linear regression and the coefficient of correlation (R2). It is important to have a coefficient of correlation close to one, as this is how close the linear regression fits the data. In a separate column, the temperatures were again listed, however only from 30OC to 70OC. The change in temperature for every ten or twelve minutes was found and logged next to the temperature column. The power output (in Watts) of each cooker could then be calculated.

To calculate the power output of the cookers for each specific test, the mass of the water and of the container were both measured. Though the thermal energy content of the container was relatively small compared to that of water (due to the large heat capacity of water), it was important to add it into the calculation. Also, since several different containers were compared, the energy content of the container was important. The power is found by:

The power is found in Watts. A power output for each change in temperature for the time interval is calculated and logged next to the T column. Since there are uncertainties in all of the measurements, it is important to include the error in each power output. To do this, the error in the water’s and container’s measurements is taken into consideration. The error is found by:

Where ±dP is the total error in the calculated error, dmw and dmc are the error in the mass of the water and container respectively, delta-Tp is the error in the temperature difference, and delta-t is the error in the time interval.

This simplifies to:

The error was found only for the average change in temperature, rather than for each individual temperature measurement. Since the power output is dependant on the amount of energy coming in from the sun, the cooker efficiency is a good factor to calculate. To find the efficiency, the total amount of local solar radiation must be known. This should be given in watts per square metre, so that the input wattage can be found. To find the power coming in, the area of the cooker perpendicular to the sun’s rays was multiplied by the solar radiation to give the amount of power that was being collected by the cooker. Since the Solar Funnel is able to be kept on track with the sun, and since the tests were done during mid-day, it was not necessary to calculate any angles. The efficiency is simply the power output divided by the power input. The solar radiation for each test was supplied by the Department of Physics and Astronomy weather station at Brigham Young University in Provo, UT, where the tests took place.

Results:

Matt vs. Mirror: Several tests were conducted on the matt versus mirror finishes. In each test, the matt finish outperformed the mirror finish. On 27 July, 2001, a matt funnel and a mirror funnel were simultaneously tested with 650 cc of water. The average power output for the mirror finish was 46.4 W ± 1.7 W, while the matt funnel put out an average of 59.4 W ± 2.1 W. The efficiency of the mirror funnel was 15.8%, while the matt was 20.2% efficient.

The following graph shows the temperatures reached by the matt and mirror funnels.

Channel 1 (Ch1) was the mirror finish, and channel 2 (Ch2) was the matt finish. This shows that both funnels peaked at about the same temperature: 97OC (207OF). The matt funnel peaked in about 76 minutes, whereas the mirror funnel peaked in 96 minutes, twenty minutes later. Though this perhaps a tolerable time difference for actual cooking, it is substantial. Every matt vs. mirror test performed in a similar way. These results are due to the way the matt funnel reflects the sun’s rays. The mirror finish seems to focus a strip of light onto the cooking vessel more than the matt finish does. As a result, the matt finish diffuses the light more and the cooker is heated more uniformly. This is good, since the matt finish is easier to work with, delivering much less glare to the eyes.

The following graph shows the temperature rise with time for a Solar CooKit:

Comparing the two graphs above, we find that the Solar CoolKit performed very well, comparable to the Funnel Cooker. We should note that in both cases, we used a canning jar (pressurised) supported by a wire stand. We found that the wire stand improves the performance of the Solar CooKit significantly and hope that this support stand will be used in countries where the Solar CooKit is in use.

In tests where the use of the clear plastic disk was tested against the oven-bag, an aluminium pot was used in the disk-set-up. In these tests, the cooker with an oven bag outperformed the cooker using a plastic disk. On 10 August, 2001, a test was run which compared the disk/pot set-up against the oven-bag/jar set-up. Both cookers follow similar heating paths with time, but the oven-bag/jar did slightly better. Due to the higher mass of the jar compared to the mass of the aluminium pot, and the much higher heat capacity of the water, the average power output for the oven-bag/jar was 39.8 ± 1.4 W, while the disk/pot put out 30.3 W ± 1.2 W. The efficiency of the oven-bag/jar was 14.7% and the efficiency of the disk/pot set-up was 10.4% for this test. This is also partly due to the pressure-cooker effect that the canning jar produces. Though this is a considerable efficiency difference, the disk/pot set-up did very well in subjective tests where food was actually cooked and tasted. In all cases where the disk/pot set-up was used to cook food, the food cooked in about the same amount of time. The ease of the disk/pot set-up is also an important consideration. Overall, in tests where food was cooked, the disk/pot set-up was preferred over the oven-bag/jar set-up.

Conclusions:

As many countries are depleting their natural resources due to increased population and the resulting deforestation, methods other than burning wood are needed to cook food and pasteurise water. Solar cookers provide a sustainable technology that relies on the sun’s free energy. We report several advances to make them better. The need for cheap and effective solar cookers is very great and growing.

The Solar Funnel Cooker has been designed to meet the growing need by being inexpensive and effective. We determined that the Solar CooKit was nearly as effective when a rabbit-wire stand was used to support the cooking vessel. By collecting time vs. temperature data, quantitative analysis has been done. This analysis approach is useful for further development of the cookers.

Several areas of research were explored in 2001. Two finishes were tested for the reflector, a matt finish and a mirror finish. The benefits of the matt over the mirror finish are:

1) The matt finish is easier to work over because the sun’s glaring reflection is diffused, and

2) the matt finish out-performs the mirror finish in temperature vs. time tests.

The method of closing off the cooker from convection current was tested and compared with an alternative method – a clear plastic disk. The use of a pot rather that a canning jar was also tested. Though the present oven-bag/jar method does outperform the disk/pot method, the disk/pot method is easier to use and seems to be nearly as efficient. Finally, we showed that a wire-mesh stand is a considerable improvement over the use of a wooden block or other opaque stand for the cooking vessel. We join with our fellow researchers around the world in pursuing further development of solar cookers, particularly to benefit people in developing countries.

References:

[1]. Jones, Steven E. et al., BYU. [2]. Wattenberg, Frank. Montana State University. 1996. [2]. Wattenberg, Frank. Montana State University. 1996.

Recent Advances in Solar Water Pasteurisation

Boiling isn't necessary to kill disease microbes

The main purpose of solar cookers is to change sunlight into heat which is then used to cook foods. Weare all familiar with how successful solar cookers are at cooking and baking a wide variety of foods. In this article I want to consider using the heat in solar cookers for purposes other than cooking. My mainfocus will be solar water pasteurisation, which can complement solar cooking and address critical healthproblems in many developing countries.

The majority of diseases in developing countries today are infectious diseases caused by bacteria,viruses, and other microbes which are shed in human faeces and polluted water which people use fordrinking or washing. When people drink the live microbes, they can multiply, cause disease, and beshed in faeces into water, continuing the cycle of disease transmission.

World-wide, unsafe water is a major problem. An estimated one billion people do not have access tosafe water. It is estimated that diarrhoeal diseases that result from contaminated water kill about 2million children and cause about 900 million episodes of illness each year.

Boiling contaminated water

How can infectious microbes in water be killed to make the watersafe to drink? In the cities of developed countries this is often guaranteed by chlorination of water after it has been filtered. In developingcountries, however, city water systems are less reliable, and water from streams, rivers and some wellsmay be contaminated with human faeces and pose a health threat. For the billion people who do nothave safe water to drink, what recommendation do public health officials offer? The only majorrecommendation is to boil the water, sometimes for up to 10 minutes. It has been known since the time of Louis Pasteur 130 years ago that heat of boiling is very effective at killing all microbes which causedisease in milk and water.

If contaminated water could be made safe for drinking by boiling, why is boiling not uniformly practised? There seem to be five major reasons:

1) people do not believe in the germ theory of disease,

2) it takes too long,

3) boiled water tastes bad,

4) fuel is often limited or costly,

5) the heat and smoke are unpleasant.

Some examples of the cost of boiling water are worth mentioning. During the cholera outbreak in Peru,the Ministry of Health urged all residents to boil drinking water for 10 minutes. The cost of doing thiswould amount to 29% of the average poor household income. In Bangladesh, boiling drinking water would take 11% of the income of a family in the lowest quartile. In Jakarta, Indonesia, more than $50million is spent each year by households for boiling water. It is estimated that in the city of Cebu in thePhilippines, population about 900,000, about half the families boil their drinking water, and the proportionis actually higher for families that obtain their water from an unreliable chlorinated piped supply. Becausethe quantities of fuel consumed for boiling water are so large, approximately 1 kilogram of wood to boil 1litre of water, and because firewood, coal, and coke are often used for this purpose, an inadequate watersupply system significantly contributes to deforestation, urban air pollution, and other energy-related environmental effects.

If wood, charcoal, or dung is used as fuel for boiling water, the smoke creates a health hazard, as it doesall the time with cooking. It is estimated that 400 to 700 million people, mainly women, suffer healthproblems from this indoor air pollution. As a microbiologist, I have always been perplexed as to whyboiling is recommended, when this is heat far in excess of that which is necessary to kill infectiousmicrobes in water. I presume the reason boiling is recommended is to make sure that lethal temperatures have been reached, since unless one has a thermometer it is difficult to tell whattemperature heated water has reached until a roaring boil is reached. Everyone is familiar with theprocess of milk pasteurisation. This is a heating process which is sufficient to kill the most heat resistantdisease causing microbes in milk, such as the bacteria which cause tuberculosis, undulant fever,streptococcal infections and Salmonellosis. What temperatures are used to pasteurise milk? Most milk is pasteurised at 71.7O C (161O F) for only 15 seconds. Alternatively, 30 minutes at 62.8O C (145OF) can also pasteurise milk. Some bacteria are heat resistant and can survive pasteurisation, but these bacteriado not cause disease in people. They can, however, spoil the milk, so pasteurised milk is keptrefrigerated.

There are some different disease microbes found in water, but they are not unusually heat resistant. Themost common causes of water diseases, and their heat sensitivity, are presented in Table 1. The most common causes of acute diarrhoea among children in developing countries are the bacteria Escherichiacoli and Shigelia SD. and the Rotavirus group of viruses. These are rapidly killed at temperatures of 60OC or greater.

Solar water pasteurisation

As water heats in a solar cooker, temperatures of 56O C and above start killing disease-causing microbes. A graduate student of mine, David Ciochetti, investigated this for his master's thesis in 1983,and concluded that heating water to 66O C in a solar cooker will provide enough heat to pasteurise thewater and kill all disease causing microbes. The fact that water can be made safe to drink by heating it tothis lower temperature - only 66O C - instead of 100OC (boiling) presents a real opportunity for addressing contaminated water in developing countries.

Testing water for faecal contamination

How can one readily determine if the water from a well, pump, stream, etc. is safe to drink? The commonprocedure is to test the water for bacterial indicators of faecal pollution. There are two groups ofindicators which are used. The first is the coliform bacteria which are used as indicators in developedcountries where water is chlorinated. Coliform bacteria may come from faeces or from plants. Among the coliform bacteria is the second indicator, Escherichia coli. This bacterium is present in large numbersin human faeces (approximately 100,000,000 per gram of faeces) and that of other mammals. This is the main indicator used if water is not chlorinated. A water source containing 100 E. coli per 100 ccs posesa substantial risk of disease.

The standard method of testing water for the presence of coliforms and E. coli requires trained personneland a good laboratory facility or field unit which are usually not present in developing countries. Thus,water supplies are almost never tested.

A new approach to testing in developing countries

In 1987, the Colilert MPM Test (CLT) was introduced as the first method which used a defined substrate technology to simultaneously detect coliforms and E. coli. The CLT comes as dry chemicals in test tubescontaining two indicator nutrients: one for coliforms and one for E. coli. The CLT involves adding 10 mlof water to a tube, shaking to dissolve the chemicals, and incubating at body temperature for 24 hours. Iprefer incubating tubes under my belt against my body. At night I sleep on my back and use nightclothes to hold the tubes against my body.

If no coliform bacteria are present, the water will remain clear. However, if one or more coliforms arepresent in the water, after 24 hours their growth will metabolise ONPG and the water will change in colourfrom clear to yellow (resembling urine). If E. coli is among the coliform bacteria present, it will metabolise MUG and the tube will fluoresce blue when a battery-operated, long-wave ultraviolet light shines on it, indicating a serious health hazard. I have invited participants at solar box cooker workshops in Sierra Leone, Mali, Mauritania, and Nepal to test their home water supplies with CLT. One hundred and twentyparticipants brought in samples. In all four countries, whether the water was from urban or rural areas,the majority of samples contained coliforms, and at least half of these had E. coli present. Bacteriologicaltesting of the ONPG and MUG positive tubes brought back from Mali and Mauritania verified thepresence of coliforms/E. coli in approximately 95% of the samples. It is likely that soon the Colilert MPN test will be modified so that the test for E. coli will not require an ultraviolet light, and the tube will turn adifferent colour than yellow if E coli is present. This will make the test less expensive and easier to widelyuse in developing countries to assess water sources.

Effect of safe water on diarrhoea in children

What would be the effect if contaminated water could be made safe for drinking by pasteurisation orboiling? One estimate predicts that if in the Philippines, families at present using moderately contaminated wells (100 E. coli per 100 ml) were able to use a high-quality water source, diarrhoea among their children would be reduced by over 30%. Thus, if water which caused a MUG (+) test weresolar pasteurised so it would be clear, this would help reduce the chance of diarrhoea, especially inchildren.

Water pasteurisation indicator

How can one determine if heated water has reached 65OC? In 1988, Dr. Fred Barrett (USDA, retired) developed the prototype for the Water Pasteurisation Indicator (WAPI). In 1992, Dale Andreatta, agraduate engineering student at the University of California, Berkeley, developed the current WAPI. TheWAPI is a polycarbonate tube, sealed at both ends, partially filled with a soybean fat which melts at 69OC ("MYVEROL" 18-06K, Eastman Kodak Co., Kingsport, TN 37662). The WAPI is placed inside a watercontainer with the fat at the top of the tube. A washer will keep the WAPI on the bottom of the container,which heats the slowest in a solar box cooker. If heat from the water melts the fat, the fat will move tothe bottom of the WAPI, indicating water has been pasteurised. If the fat is still at the top of the tube, thewater has not been pasteurised.

The WAPI is reusable. After the fat cools and becomes solid on the bottom, the fish line string is pulledto the other end and the washer slides to the bottom, which places the fat at the top of the tube. Anotherpasteurisation indicator has been developed by Roland Saye which is based on expansion of a bi-metal disc which is housed in a plastic container. This also shows promise and is in the early testing stages.The WAPI could be useful immediately for people who currently boil water to make it safe to drink. TheWAPI will indicate clearly when a safe temperature has been reached, and will save much fuel which iscurrently is being wasted by excessive heating.

[Editor's note: Using Beeswax & Carnauba Wax to Indicate Temperature: In SBJ #15 we discussed usingbeeswax, which melts at a relatively low 62OC, as an indicator of pasteurisation. We have now found thatmixing a small amount of carnauba was with the beeswax (~1:5 ratio) raises the melting temperature ofthe beeswax to 70O - 75O C. Carnauba wax is a product of Brazil and can be bought in the US at woodworking supply stores. Further testing needs to be done to confirm that the melting point remainsthe same after repeated re-melting.

Different strategies for solar water pasteurisation

The solar box cooker was first used to pasteurise water. David Ciochetti built a deep-dish solar box cooker to hold several gallons of water. At this time of the year in Sacramento, three gallons could bepasteurised on our typical sunny days.

Dale Andreatta and Derek Yegian of the University of California. Berkeley, have developed creative waysto greatly increase the quantity of water which can be pasteurised, as we will hear about at thisconference.

I am also excited about the possibility of pasteurising water using the simplesolar panel cookers. By enclosing a dark water container in a polyester bag to create an insulating air space, and by using lots ofreflectors to bounce light onto the jar, it is possible to pasteurise useful amounts of water with a simplesystem. It takes about four hours for me to pasteurise a gallon of water in the summer with the system Iam using. Solar panel cookers open up enormous possibilities for heating water not only forpasteurisation, but also for making coffee and tea, which are quite popular in some developing countries. The heated water can also be kept hot for a long time by placing it in its bag inside an insulated box. Inthe insulated container I use, a gallon of 80O C water will be approximately 55OC after 14 hours. Water at a temperature of 55O C will be about 40O C after 14 hours, ideal for washing/shaving in the morning.

I will close with some advice from the most famous microbiologist, who pioneered the use of vaccinationsin the 1890s: Louis Pasteur. When he was asked the secret of his success, he responded that above all else, it was persistence. I will add that you need good data to be persistent about, and we certainly havethat with solar cookers; the work in Sacramento, Bolivia, Nepal, Mali, Guatemala, and wherever elsethe sun shines. Continued overuse of fuel-wood is non-sustainable. We need to persist until the knowledge we have spreads and becomes common knowledge world-wide.

For questions or comments contact Dr. Robert Metcalf at.

Dr. Robert Metcalf 1324 43rd St. Sacramento, California 95819 USA.

IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. makes the Colilert kit and is located at this address:

IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. One IDEXX Drive Westbrook, ME 04092 USA

Voice: (800) 321-0207 or (207) 856-0496 Fax: (207) 856-0630

Editor's Note: Testing Water in Developing Countries

The Colilert system makes it possible to test water without the need for a laboratory. IDEXX Laboratories,the manufacturer, recommends that you use five test tubes for each sample. Bob Metcalf explains thatfive tubes would comprise 50 ml, which is the minimum sample size permitted by US law. This is anunrealistically high standard by which to judge the water in developing countries where you are examiningwater that is already being drunk, in spite of the fact that it may be making people sick. By using a single test tube (10 ml) there is a very small chance that your sample missed the small number of bacteria thatmight have been present.

IDEXX Laboratories will also tell you that you need an incubator to achieve valid results. Again, Bob Metcalf tells us that all that is needed is to keep the tubes close to your body for 36 hours, since bodytemperature is the correct incubation temperature.

What you are actually measuring in the test is the presence of 1) coliform bacteria, and 2) E. coli, a type of coliform bacteria that is largely found in faecal matter. A positive test for coliform bacteria might be due to coliform bacteria that has washed off of plant leaves , and thus be fairly innocuous. A positive test for E. coli, however, would indicate that any bacteriological contamination was from a faecal source, whichmight also contain Giardia, cholera, or other serious infectious microbes.

This document is published on The Solar Cooking Archive at http://solarcooking.org/pasteurisation/metcalf.htm.

The Solar Puddle

A new water pasteurisation technique for large amounts of water

The lack of clean drinking water is a major health problem in the developing world. To reduce this healthrisk ways of producing clean water at an affordable cost are needed, and people need to be educatedabout germs and sanitation, lest they accidentally re-contaminate their clean drinking water. Recently, several of us at the University of California at Berkeley have attacked the first of these requirements. Previous issues of this newsletter have included stories about our water pasteurisation indicator and ourflow-through water pasteurises based on a design by PAX World Service. In this article we describe anew low-cost device that pasteurises water.

For those not familiar with the pasteurisation process, if water is heated to 149O F (65O C) for about 6 minutes all the germs, viruses, and parasites that cause disease in humans are killed, including choleraand hepatitis A and B. [Ed. We have reports from the field that at 145O F (63O C) in a solar puddle, bacterial growth might actually be increased. Since this temperature is very close to the minimumpasteurisation temperature mentioned in this article, we suggest that you heat the water to a higher temperature and perform tests before adopting a solar puddle as your method of pasteurisation]. This is similar to what is done with milk and other beverages. It is not necessary to boil the water as manypeople believe. Pasteurisation is not the only way to decontaminate drinking water, but pasteurisation isparticularly easy to scale down so the initial cost is low.

The new device is called a solar puddle, and it is essentially a puddle in a greenhouse. One form of thesolar puddle is sketched in the figure below, though many variations are possible.

One begins by digging a shallow pit about 4 inches deep. The test device was a "family-size" unit, about 3.5 feet by 3.5 feet, but the puddle could be made larger or smaller. If the puddle is made larger there is more water to pasteurise, but there is also proportionately more sunshine collected. The pit is filled with 2to 4 inches of solid insulation. We used wadded paper, but straw, grass, leaves, or twigs could be used. This layer of insulation should be made flat, except for a low spot in one corner of the puddle.

Put a layer of clear plastic and then a layer of black plastic over the insulation with the edges of theplastic extending up and out of the pit. Two layers are used in case one develops a small leak. We usedinexpensive polyethylene from a hardware store, though special UV stabilised plastic would last longer.Put in some water and flatten out the insulation so that the water depth is even to within about 0.5 inch throughout the puddle, except in the trough which should be about 1 inch deeper than the rest. Put inmore water so that the average depth is 1 to 3 inches depending on how much sunshine is expected.

A pasteurisation indicator (available from Solar Cookers International at 916/455-4499) should go in this trough since this is where the coolest water will collect. Put a layer of clear plastic over the water, againwith the edges extending beyond the edges extending beyond the edges of the pit. Form an insulating air gap by putting one or more spacers on top of the third layer of plastic (large wads of paper will do) andputting down a fourth layer of plastic, which must also be clear. The thickness of the air gap should be 2inches or more. Pile dirt or rocks on the edges of the plastic sheets to hold them down. The puddle isdrained by siphoning the water out, placing the siphon in the trough and holding it down by a rock orweight. If the bottom of the puddle is flat, well over 90% of the water can be siphoned out.

Once the puddle is built it would be used by adding water each day, either by folding back the top twolayers of plastic in one corner and adding water by bucket, or by using a fill siphon. The fill siphon shouldNOT be the same siphon that is used to drain the puddle, as the fill siphon is re-contaminated each day, while the drain siphon MUST REMAIN CLEAN. Once in place the drain siphon should be left in place forthe life of the puddle.

The only expensive materials used to make the puddle are a pasteurisation indicator (about $2 for thesize tested). All of these items are easily transportable, so the solar puddle might be an excellent optionfor a refugee camp if the expertise were available for setting them up.

Many tests were done in the spring and summer of this year in Berkeley, California. On days with goodsunshine the required temperature was achieved even with 17 gallons of water (2 1/2 inch depth). About1 gallon is the minimum daily requirement per person, for drinking, brushing one's teeth, and dish washing. With thinner water layers higher temperatures can be reached. With 6 gallons (1 inch depth)176O F was achieved on one day.

The device seems to work even under conditions that are not ideal. Condensation in the top layer of plastic doesn't seem to be a problem, though if one gets a lot of condensation the top layer should bepulled back to let the condensation evaporate. Small holes in the top layers don't make much difference.The device works in wind, or if the bottom insulation is damp. Water temperature is uniform throughoutthe puddle to within 2O F.

After some months the top plastic layers weaken under the combined effects of sun and heat and have tobe replaced, but this can be minimised by avoiding hot spots. Another option would be to use a grade ofplastic that is more resistant to sunlight. The two bottom layers of plastic tend to form tiny tears unlessone is very careful in handling them, (that is why there are two layers on the bottom). A tiny hole may let a little water through and dampen the solid insulation, but this is not a big problem.

There are many variations of the solar puddle. We've been able to put the top layer of plastic into a tent-like arrangement that sheds rain. This would be good in a place that gets frequent brief showers. Addinga second insulating layer of air makes the device work even better, though this adds the cost of an extralayer of plastic. As mentioned the device can cover a larger or smaller area if more or less water is desired. One could make a water heater by roughly tripling the amount of water so that the maximumtemperature was only 120° F or so, and this water would stay warm well into the evening hours. Thiswater wouldn't be pasteurised though. One could help solve the problem of dirty water vessels by puttingdrinking cups into the solar puddle and pasteurising them along with the water. The solar puddle couldpossibly cook foods like rice on an emergency basis, perhaps in a refugee camp.

You can contact

Dr. Dale Andreatta S. E. A. Inc. 7349 Worthington-Galena Rd. Columbus, OH 43085

(614) 888-4160 FAX (614) 885-8014

This document is published on The Solar Cooking Archive at http://solarcooking.org/pasteurisation/puddle.htm.

Important web link: http://solarcooking.org/plans/default.htm

The “Easy Lid” Solar Cooker.

Designed by Chao Tan and Tom Sponheim

Although designs for cardboard cookers have become more simple, fitting a lid can still be difficult and time consuming. In this version, a lid is formed automatically from the outer box.

Making the Base

Take a large box and cut it in half as shown in Figure 1. Set one half aside to be used for the lid. The other half becomes the base.

Fold an extra cardboard piece so that it forms a liner around the inside of the base (see Figure 2).

Use the lid piece as shown in Figure 3 to mark a line around the liner.

Cut along this line, leaving the four tabs as shown in Figure 4.

Glue aluminium foil to the inside of the liner and to the bottom of the outer box inside.

Set a smaller (inner) box into the opening formed by the liner until the flaps of the smaller box are horizontal and flush with the top of the liner (see Figure 5). Place some wads of newspaper between the two boxes for support.

Mark the underside of the flaps of the smaller box using the liner as a guide.

Fold these flaps down to fit down around the top of the liner and tuck them into the space between the base and the liner (see Figure 6).

Fold the tabs over and tuck them under the flaps of the inner box so that they obstruct the holes in the four corners (see Figure 6).

Now glue these pieces together in their present configuration.

As the glue is drying, line the inside of the inner box with aluminium foil.

Finishing the Lid

Measure the width of the walls of the base and use these measurements to calculate where to make the cuts that form the reflector in Figure 7. Only cut on three sides. The reflector is folded up using the fourth side as a hinge.

Glue plastic or glass in place on the underside of the lid. If you are using glass, sandwich the glass using extra strips of cardboard. Allow to dry.

Bend the ends of the wire as shown in Figure 7 and insert these into the corrugations on the lid and on the reflector to prop open the latter.

Paint the sheet metal (or cardboard) piece black and place it into the inside of the oven.

Improving Efficiency

Glue thin strips of cardboard underneath the sheet metal (or cardboard) piece to elevate it off of the bottom of the oven slightly.

Cut off the reflector and replace it with one that is as large as (or larger than) the entire lid. This reflects light into the oven more reliably.

Turn the oven over and open the bottom flaps. Place one foiled cardboard panel into each airspace to divide each into two spaces. The foiled side should face the centre of the oven.

For more information contact:

Solar Cookers International 1919 21st St., Suite 101 Sacramento, CA 95811 USA

********************

Drinking Water Collection Systems.

Getting adequate drinking water can often be a problem. One solution introduced for an area where there is almost never any rainfall is particularly interesting. This region gets fogs in the early morning, so plastic devices were constructed to take advantage of this fact. The devices were like plastic clothes brushes with long, slender vertical projections. The fog encountering these, condenses into freshwater droplets on the surface of these vertical fronds and run down the fronds into a plastic tank which forms the base of the device. No moving parts. No input power needed, but the result is large quantities of drinking water every morning. There is very little evaporation from the tanks, due to the small surface area of the stored water:

This effect is very noticeable on foggy days where trees drip water extensively due the fog depositing moisture on the leaves and branches.

An emergency measure where water is needed, is to fasten a clean plastic bag around a branch of a tree. Trees lift a large amount of water through their root systems and a good deal of that water exist from the leaves of the tree. The plastic bag intercepts that moisture loss and collects it as clean water:

Another emergency measure is to use a clean plastic sheet and a hole dug in the ground. A clean container is placed in the centre of the hole and the plastic sheet used to cover the hold. The sheet is held around the edges of the hole with stones or any other suitable heavy material – bricks, timber, etc. A weight is then placed in the centre of the plastic sheet, pulling it down into a slope in every direction and forming an inverted peak over the container:

The area under the plastic sheet is heated by the greenhouse effect. Moisture also comes from the earth inside the enclosed hole. The moisture in the air in the cavity condenses on the underside of the plastic sheet. But as the plastic sheet is shaped into an inverted pyramid due to the weight just above the container, the water runs down and drips into the container. Again, no input power required and no moving parts.

While these methods produce good quality water which is effectively distilled water, it should not be considered to be sterile and immediately ready for human consumption, even though any risk from drinking it ‘as-is’ is likely to be very low. There will always be air-borne pathogens, and the ‘clean’ components used to collect the water in the first place may not be as clean as was thought. The same applies to the excellent quality water produced by dehumidifiers, where the inner working surfaces cannot be considered sterile after the equipment has been used for any length of time. To raise the water quality, boiling briefly, microwaving the water or it to UV radiation should kill any remaining harmful organisms in the water and make it fit for consumption.

Applying these same methods on a more permanent basis, leads to the construction of devices of the following type:

There can be many variations on this shape. These devices are generally built either with glass lids or the whole construction in acrylic sheet. Here, the greenhouse effect heats the inside of the box, causing evaporation of the water inside. This condenses on the walls and lid of the box, where it runs down and into the clean-water section. Please remember that after a long period of use, the device needs to be cleaned very carefully and to deal with air-borne bacteria, the water could be treated briefly with UV light.

This particular design can be further enhanced as shown on the http://www.permapak.net/solarstill.htm web site, where the heating inside the box is upgraded by using black high-temperature silicone to coat the inside of the bottom of the case. The black material absorbs sunlight particularly well and so helps to heat the water. Another enhancement is to place a reflector, possibly made from aluminium foil, behind the unit in order to increase the amount of sunlight or UV radiation reaching the water inside the box:

On a larger scale, US patents 2,996,897 (1960) from Elmer Grimes:

and Patent 4,418,549 (1982) from Calice Courneya:

show methods of extracting large amounts of drinking water from moisture in the air:

Another system is using a large Fresnel lens to distil water which is not suitable for drinking. This is possible using the most simple equipment of two glass bottles and a piece of copper tubing. If it is still there, the video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXjMAItCMl0 shows the method, though I must admit that I would prefer to take the liquid which he drinks and pass it through the system again to improve it’s quality further.

Toribio Bellocq’s Water Pump.

A serious problem for farmers and individuals is the cost of pumping water up from a borehole or well. While the combined Lever / Pendulum system of Veljko Milkovic described in Chapter 4 can reduce the amount of effort required by a substantial margin, there are other methods which could be useful.

It was originally thought that water could not readily be pumped to a greater height than 32 feet or so unless the pump was located at the bottom of the pipe. Toribio Bellocq demonstrated in 1924 that this is actually not the case and that water can be pumped to any height using a pump mounted at the top of a vertical pipe. He showed a working system to the Patent Office where an 80-foot vertical pipe was used to demonstrate the principle and having proved the point, he was granted US Patents 1,730,336, and 1,730,337, and later, US Patent 1,941,593 in which he describes chamber devices which can enhance the sonic wave operation.

Toribio’s system is very straightforward. He places a one-way ball valve at the bottom of the vertical pipe (item V in the diagram below). A crank rod is then used to vibrate piston C in its pumping cylinder. The pumping cylinder has no valves and the piston stroke is very short. Both the pipe and the pump cylinder are filled with water before the operation is begun.

The rapid movement of the piston creates a pressure wave in the water in the pipe. The pressure wave causes the water pressure inside the pipe to rise and fall rapidly. This altering water pressure at the one-way valve at the bottom of the pipe, causes water to be drawn into the pipe when the pressure is low and the valve prevents the water flowing out again when the pressure rises.

This repeating action causes water to be pumped up the vertical pipe and out through an adjustable valve R. When the pumping action is timed correctly, there is an almost continuous flow of water from the pipe.

Toribio quotes an example in his patent, where the vertical pipe has an internal diameter of one inch, placed in a well where the water is twenty metres below the ground level. The valve opening is 30 mm and the sealing ball of the valve has a diameter of about 38 mm and contained in an ordinary cage which allows some 20 mm of vertical movement of the valve.

With this arrangement, the piston at the surface has a diameter of 50 mm and a stroke of 38 mm and is driven by an electric motor at about 360 rpm. The outflow pipe has an internal diameter of half an inch and the valve R is used to control the rate of flow out of the system. When the valve is adjusted correctly, a continuous flow is achieved and the flow rate is about 1,000 litres per hour (265 US gallons per hour, or 220 Imperial gallons per hour). It is important that the initial filling of the pipe and fully-open piston avoids getting any air trapped along with the water. The compressor cylinder can be horizontal or vertical. The well can be of any depth and there is no need for the pipe to be straight or vertical. When the system is adjusted correctly, there is little or no wear on the valve at the bottom of the pipe. The liquid pumped does not have to be water.

Richard Dickinson’s Water Pump.

US Patent 2,232,678 of 1937, show a very similar system with a piston being driven in a cylinder without valves, creating a pressure wave in the vertical pipe which has a similar one-way valve at the bottom of the pipe. Interestingly, no mention of Bellocq’s patent is made. Dickinson’s patent drawing of the system outline is shown here:

Arthur Bentley’s Water Pump.

The grandson of the car designer, Arthur Bentley has some 34 patents to his name, one of which (US 4,295,799) is very much like Toribio Bellocq’s pump system. Richard Bruner writing in the Calgary Herald newspaper in 1989, tells how a prototype of the Bentley design was tested on a Navajo reservation in Arizona. Driven by four solar panels, a flow rate of 120 US gallons per hour was achieved, (about half that of Bellocq’s rate at 20 metres depth), though the depth of the Navajo well was not mentioned. The manufacturers claim that the pump can operate at depths of up to 4,000 feet.

Neither this Bentley patent nor his earlier patent 3,804,557 makes any mention of Bellocq which seems somewhat strange, especially with the marked apparent similarity between the designs. Again, we see here, a piston being used to generate an acoustic wave in the vertical pipe and a series of one-way valves at the bottom of the tube being used to trap the rising column of water and prevent it from flowing out of the bottom of the pipe again. A variation in this patent is the addition of a spring loaded bottom section to the pipe which is alternately compressed and expanded by the sound waves as part of the pumping process as shown in the following diagrams:

The Ram Self-Powered Pump.

In hilly areas, it is frequently necessary to pump water up to locations where it is needed. These locations are usually considerably higher than the source of water. There is a simple device called a “Ram Pump” which is powered by water flow alone and needs no other form of power. In a way, it operates very much like the pumps just described, in that water flowing into a pressure chamber causes fluctuating pressure which with just two valves, and no other moving parts, pumps water to a considerable height.

A Ram Pump can be used if there is a fast-flowing stream of clean water, and more than 50% of the water flow into the pump can be lifted to a higher level. The remainder of the water flows back into the stream at a point lower down. These pumps are readily available commercially and interestingly, they have a COP of infinity as the user does not have to supply any input power and yet substantial pumping power is produced for an unlimited period. As this is a standard Engineering technique, nobody gets upset at the though of ‘perpetual motion’ or ‘free-energy’ even though the pump can go on pumping for years with absolutely no fuel being burnt. This is energy being drawn from the environment in the same way as a self-powered compressed air engine draws energy from the environment, and yet, the compressed air engine is considered to be “unbelievable” while the Ram Pump is accepted without question. Could there be a certain degree of bias being seen here? The power operating the pump comes from the water flowing down hill. The water arrives at this height by falling as rain. The rain gets up there by evaporation caused by water being heated by the sun. So, bottom line, the pumping power comes from the sun.

If a fast-flowing stream is not available but the terrain allows it, then a Ram Pump feeding system can be built. Ideally, there should be a drop of at least two metres (six feet) on the inlet pipe. This creates a fast flow into the pump by feeding it through a steeply sloping intake pipe, like this:

The performance of a Ram Pump is impressive even though it has only two moving parts. With an input fall of just four metres and a small flow rate of just three litres per minute, a Ram Pump can deliver 69 litres per day to a massive height of 100 metres vertically above the pump. Or, 159 lpd to 60 metres above the pump, or 258 lpd to a height of 40 metres above the pump. This is impressive for such a simple device.

It operates by the water rushing into the air chamber. This raises the pressure until the valve at the base of the chamber slams closed. The increased pressure in the chamber pushes water out of the delivery outlet, lowering the pressure again. While this is happening, the closed valve causes a ‘water-hammer’ wave of reverse pressure which pushes excess water out of the ‘waste’ pipe and pushes water back up the intake pipe. When the pressure wave in the intake pipe dissipates, the water rushes back down the pipe, pushing the valve at the base of the air chamber, open again, to repeat the cycle. This oscillating pressure wave causes the pumping action, very much in the same way as the previous pumps which use a mechanical oscillator pump as no free-flowing water is available to create the oscillation.

Commercial ram pumps have an efficiency of about 66%. The calculation of performance is:

D = (S x F x E) / L

Where:

D = The quantity of water in litres delivered in 24 hours. S = The quantity of water, in litters per minute, fed to the pump. F = The height in metres of the water source above the pump intake. E = The efficiency of the pump (assume 33% for home built units). L = The height in metres, of the supply outlet above the pump.

Reproduced here by kind permission of US AID 1982 from the web site shown in the diagram above, is a table of values, calculated from the formula above, and assuming the 66% efficiency of a commercial unit. The input flow for these numbers is a tiny 1 litre per minute trickle. This is less than the hydroxy gas rate produced by the Smack’s Booster shown in Chapter 10, so in practice, you will be multiplying the numbers in this table by a realistic number of inflow litres per minute.

Wave Power.

Although not generally thought of as an option for personal use, wave power does have a high potential, although, like wind power and unlike tidal power, not always available. We tend to think of wave power systems as being large scale and very expensive, but that is not always the case. At it’s most basic level, most wave power system uses the varying distance between the surface of an ocean or sea and some fixed point on land or the sea bed.

Ideally, there should be a minimum of moving parts. One neat design uses a simple rectangular concrete housing with an electrical generator mounted above sea level. The generator being above sea level is easy to reach for maintenance or replacement and there are no moving parts underwater. It is a very simple design which can be built quite easily. In it’s most simple form, it is just a rectangular box with an underwater opening:

Here, a large opening allows the sea to flow into the structure which makes the water level inside the box move up and down with the wave motion outside. As a wave passes by, it compresses the air inside the box and the air is driven out through the generator opening, spinning the generator blades in the same way as a wind-powered generator has it’s blades spun by the wind.

Some generators operate well with the air flowing backwards and forwards through the blades, generating electricity no matter which way the blades are spun. With a generator which works better with just one direction of spin, then a large flap valve is installed and it allows air to flow into the structure when the water level is falling but closes immediately the water level starts rising again.

Even though this style of wave power generator is so simple, it works very well in practice, provided that the vertical dimensions are arranged so that the top of the underwater opening is below the lowest neap tide and the bottom of the generator opening is above the highest spring tide. A baffle arrangement can be used to protect the generator from spray and storm debris. There is no need to have the structure full width above the water level:

This has the very considerable advantage that the area of the water surface inside the structure is very much larger than the cross-sectional area of the generator housing column and so the air rushes out through the generator much faster than the wave rises. This amplification factor can be increased by increasing the length of the base of the unit, further enlarging the water surface area inside the structure. If wave action is frequently very strong, then it may be preferred to have the undersea opening facing inshore or sideways in order to reduce the amount of material driven into it by very strong surges.

Another fairly simple wave power generator system design which is based on simple principles, is suggested on Stefan Nystrom’s website http://www.wavepartner.eu/page_1219330357093.html and is called the “WaveReaper” system. It operates using a large number of separate buoys. Plastic barrels are suggested as suitable buoys but almost any non-dangerous containers which will not corrode in the sea and which have a considerable internal volume, can be used in this system.

Each basic unit consists of a float, a pulley, a cable and a ratchet drive connection to the shaft of an electrical generator. The power provided by the movement of the buoy can be very substantial as sea water weighs a considerable amount. The connecting cable is kept taught by a heavy weight, and the cable runs over a pulley which is mounted on a shaft which connects to the shaft of the generator. Bicycle parts are suggested for this section of the drive as they are cheap and readily available in most places and they come with a toothed sprocket wheel which already has a suitable ratchet built into it.

The reason for the shaft is that a whole series of buoys are used. These buoys are positioned progressively further and further from the shore so that an incoming wave raises the buoys one after the other in a regular sequence. This means that while one buoy is letting its cable run back inshore (pulled by it’s inshore weight), one or more of the other buoys will be rising and applying drive to the shaft linked to the generator. This arrangement allows the generator shaft to receive a continuous drive. Having a heavy flywheel on this shaft is an added advantage as it will smooth out the repeated drive strokes provided by the buoys:

Having a sheaf of moving cables threaded through the sea near the shore is asking for a major tangle with seaweed and all kinds of other drifting material. Very sensibly then, Stefan suggests that the cables be housed in a protecting pipe. Considerable care needs to be taken to make sure that the cables do not rub against anything as the movement is constant and the forces involved are high. Each cable needs to have it’s own space keeping it clear of all the other cables and having a pulley mounted at any points where there is a change of direction.

To make maintenance easier, it is also suggested that these protecting pipes are not fixed in position but are themselves on a pulley system so that they can be hauled ashore:

The buoys are also linked together loosely on top with a securing cord so that they always stay in a compact group, though there is little chance of any great sideways movement as the tension in the buoy cables is high. Stefan requests that anyone who constructs his design makes a donation via http://www.o2gruppen.se/ though how that is done is by no means clear to me as there does not appear to be a “Donate” button on that website.

There are many other wave-power devices, some with excellent efficiencies, but most are not generally capable of construction by the average amateur. One example is the “Nodding Duck” design by Stephen Salter of Edinburgh in Scotland, and shown in the US patent 3,928,967 where the wave power is extracted by a raft-like construction with cam-shaped floats. These floats have a rippling movement on the surface of the water and the movement of each section relative to the other sections is used to generate power. This is not exactly a back-yard construction.

Other Systems.

Not included in this eBook, but on the website http://www.free-energy-info.com there are articles from the highly recommended Home Power website http://www.homepower.com/home/ which are on this general topic. There is a system for producing blocks of ice using sun power alone and no other energy input at all:

Also, a two-part article on Solar cooling, which concentrates on heat absorption with different colours, the strategic positioning of buildings and vegetation, practical roof overhangs and the like, to lower the temperature inside buildings in very hot locations.

There are articles is on cooking with hydrogen, heating your house with hydrogen and using hydrogen with a barbecue. On the Home Power site there is information on how to use solar power to heat household water and you may find the Google video on how to make your own hot-water solar panel interesting and useful. The video is at

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7459531367428847841&q=solar+heating&ei=NHluSPPzC4yqiwKvy52iDw and it shows very simple construction methods. It makes sense to reduce your essential costs by doing a few simple things which help.

Cooling Using Heat.

Most of our current refrigerators use electricity to drive a compressor to achieve cooling. Here is a patent from Albert Einstein (whom you may have heard of) and Leo Szilard which uses heat to power refrigeration instead of electricity. It is US Patent 1,781,541 titled “Refrigeration” and dated 11th November 1930.

Our invention relates to the art of refrigeration and particularly to an apparatus and method for producing refrigeration where the refrigerant evaporates in the presence an inert gas and more particularly, to the type disclosed in the Von Platen and Munters Patent No. 1,685,764 of 25th September 1928 and our British Patent No. 282,428.

The objects and advantages of our invention will be apparent from the following description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawing which shows more or less diagrammatically, a preferred embodiment of our invention.

In the drawing, 1 is an evaporator which is normally placed inside the chamber which is to be cooled. A pipe 5 connects the upper part of evaporator 1 to the more intermediate portion of the condenser 6. Pipe 11 connects with the bottom of the evaporator 1 and extends into the condenser 6, at a level which is below the level of pipe 5. A cooling water jacket 12, surrounds the condenser and allows cooling water to flow through it.

Pipe 27 connects the bottom of the condenser 6, to the lower part of a heat-exchanger jacket 28. The upper part of jacket 28, is connected to the lower part of generator 29 which is heated by any suitable method. Pipe 30 connects the upper part of generator 29 to a point near the bottom of evaporator 1 where it terminates in a distributor head 31. Pipe 30 runs inside pipe 5 so that there is a heat exchange between the fluids in those two pipes.

Pipe 32 runs upwards from the lower part of generator 29 to connect with a container 33 which is positioned at a level which is above that of condenser 6. A source of heat 36, is applied to pipe 32 at a point above generator 29. Pipe 37 runs down from container 33, passing through the heat-exchanger jacket 28 and then on up to the top of condenser 6 where it terminates in a distributor head 35. Pipe 37 runs inside the cooling water jacket 12 so that the fluid passing through it will be cooled as it flows. A venting pipe 34 connects the upper part of container 33 with the upper part of condenser 6.

The operation of the apparatus is as follows:

A suitable refrigerant, for example, butane in liquid form, is held inside the evaporator 1. An inert gas, such as ammonia, is introduced into evaporator 1 through pipe 30 and it’s distributor head 31. The refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator in the presence of the inert gas due to the fact that the partial pressure of the refrigerant is reduced thereby and the resulting gaseous mixture passes through pipe 5 and into condenser 6. Here, the mixture comes into intimate contact with an absorption liquid, for example, water, which is fed into the condenser through pipe 37 and it’s distributor head 35. The ammonia gas is very soluble in water but the butane is quite insoluble, so the ammonia is absorbed into the water freeing the butane from the gaseous mixture. Thus, the butane assumes substantially the entire pressure inside the condenser, and that pressure is sufficiently high to cause its liquefaction at the temperature maintained by the cooling water.

The specific gravity of liquid butane is less than that of the solution of ammonia in water and so stratification of the two liquids occurs with the liquid butane floating on top of the ammonia solution 26. The liquid butane passes from condenser 6, through pipe 11, and returns to evaporator 1, where it is again evaporated and the cycle repeated.

Gravity causes the ammonia solution to flow from condenser 6 through pipe 27 and heat-exchanger jacket 28, into generator 29. Here, the application of heat causes the ammonia to be expelled from the solution in the form of a gas, which then passes through pipe 30 and distributor head 31, into evaporator 1, where it reduces the partial pressure of the butane, causing it to evaporate as already described.

Water, containing very little ammonia in solution, passes from generator 29 through pipe 32 where it is further heated by the source of heat 36. This heating causes the formation of vapour in pipe 32 which lifts the liquid through this pipe and into container 33 and on from there under gravity through pipe 37 to condenser 6 and during its flow, this hot, low-concentration liquid is cooled by the heat-exchanger jacket 28. It is further cooled by the cooling water in jacket 12, and so reaches a condition where it can rapidly absorb ammonia in the condenser 6. Vapour entering container 33 through pipe 32, continues on it’s journey to the condenser 6 via the venting pipe 34.

During the operation of this piece of equipment, the pressure existing in the various components is uniform with the exception of slight differences caused by columns of liquid needed to cause the fluids to flow. The pressure existing in generator 29 must be sufficiently greater than the pressure in the upper part of evaporator 1, in order to make vapour flow through distributor head 31. In other words, the pressure difference must be sufficient to overcome the liquid head marked h2. This excess pressure in the generator is balanced by the pressure created by the column of liquid marked h1 in the drawing. This means that h2 must be less than h1, otherwise there would be no flow.

This patent of Einstein and Szilard seems to indicate that any source of heat such as a fire or a solar oven, should be able to produce cooling using a device which has no moving parts. It would probably be necessary to provide a trickle of water through the water cooling jacket, but apart from that, it looks like a device which could be used effectively by people who live “off the grid” and have little or no access to electricity. All in all, it is an interesting design.

Solar Panels.

A very well-know method of producing electricity from what appears to be a renewable resource are solar panels. It hardly seems worth mentioning these as sales are so well promoted but it is possible that the problems with them are not understood. This is the most expensive way of producing electricity, and when there is a government scheme to cover one third or one half of the purchase price, it is quite likely that the chosen supplier has prices which are so high that it is cheaper to buy the panels direct from an outlet with competitive pricing rather than paying a much higher price with a subsidy.

What is often not realised is that solar panels have a working life span and will need replacement at some later date. The life is quite good, typically ten to fifteen years, but the price is so high that replacement costs must be allowed for. Solar panels are not the only part of your electrical system which will need replacing. Generally speaking, solar panels are used to charge batteries which then power equipment, usually by using an "inverter" which changes a DC battery voltage to a mains voltage AC supply. The big snag is that the frequently used lead-acid batteries generally have a lifespan of about four years. They are expensive, heavy and as they contain lead, they are not easy to dispose of (legally). This is a major recurring cost and disposal problem.

Another point which may not be realised is that the current which can be drawn from a battery without reducing its working life is very limited. The safe discharge rate is called the "C20" rate which just means that the allowable current is one which discharges the battery in a period of 20 hours. For example, if a new battery is rated as being a 100 Amp-hour ("100 AHr") battery, then the safe discharge rate is 100 amps divided by 20, which is 5 amps. At twelve volts, a current of five amps is a power output of sixty watts. A washing machine needs about 2,200 watts for at least some of the time, so to power it (and nothing else at the same time) would take 37 of those 100 AHr batteries. Could you conveniently house 37 large batteries? How much do you think it would cost to replace them every four years?

Another point which is often missed is that batteries are by no means 100% efficient and that means that you have to put more current into them than you can draw out of them afterwards. After some time in use, you may only get between 50% and 80% of the power back from the battery bank.

Please understand that I have nothing against solar panels and actually own three of them myself, but you need to be aware of the practical problems with using them and not imagine that buying them will give you free electricity for ever afterwards.

The next factor to be considered is the fact that the power "rating" of a panel such as "120 watts" is not the amount of power which will be provided by the panel. It will provide that amount of power IF it is positioned exactly square-on to very strong sunlight in a region near the Equator. If the panel is not aimed exactly at the sun, then the panel output will be considerably lower. The sun moves around at a rate of fifteen degrees per hour, so your panel will only be aimed directly at the sun for about four minutes unless you have it mounted on a rotating platform and you push the platform round slowly to face the sun at all times. While that sounds complicated, it is actually not a difficult or expensive thing to arrange although most people don't bother to do that.

Even though most solar panels operate on UV rather than visible light, any minor cloud cover drops the panel output quite noticeably. There is also the little detail that most solar panels only work in sunlight or with reduced output in very bright daylight. This means half the day does not contribute to electrical input and in winter, when the electrical need is greatest, the days are shortest, sunlight scarce and daylight quality very poor unless you live near the equator. The level of sunlight which you will receive drops off steadily the further you get from the equator as the light angle gets lower and lower. This also causes problems in winter with quite low obstacles casting a shadow on the panels and cutting the working time for the panel even further.

The effect of all this is that you will need a far greater claimed panel wattage than your needs seem to require and I would suggest that you probably need between two and three times as many panels as the stated panel wattage would suggest that you need. Considering that chapter 10 shows how to run a generator on water, it would be cheaper to buy and replace a generator on a regular basis than to buy batteries and panels and having to replace them. A generator also runs at night and through the winter.

However, if you are installing solar panels, please be aware that there are considerable differences between panels which have the same apparent rating. A key factor is the voltage produced by the cell under normal working conditions. This makes the difference between a good charging rate under poor conditions and a near-zero charging rate at those times. The good panels have a greater number of cells and the higher voltage produced can make a major difference, so check out the technical specification document on each panel you want to consider and pay attention to the voltage figures and not just the (maximum possible) "wattage" quoted by the manufacturer or sales person. The panels which I picked are made by Kyocera but do your own checking as designs change from year to year. At the present time, solar panels are only about 17% efficient which means that 83% of the power reaching them does not go to make electricity.

Solar panels change size during the day and so need to be mounted in such a way that allows for this expansion and contraction during the day and night. As you don't want to over-charge a battery, it is generally considered essential to use a control circuit to prevent this happening. In real life, when you use the electricity generated on a daily basis, there is little or no chance of over-charging, but you can decide this for yourself.

One recent development is to use the solar panel(s) to drive a battery-pulsing charging system. This has the major advantage that battery charging does not stop when the light falling on the panel produces a voltage which is too low to charge the battery bank directly. With a pulsing unit, the charging pulse voltage is largely independent of the input voltage and so a good charging rate can be produced in poor lighting conditions, including twilight. This can extend the battery charging period very substantially, especially in winter when there is less light. At this time, one of John Bedini’s companies is offering these units for sale.

Assessing solar panels generally from the standpoint of knowing what the snags are, unless you live in a very good location on the planet and have a good deal of spare money to spend, then they are not a great solution, but this is something which you also need to decide for yourself.

However, having said that, a scheme has recently been introduced in the UK and it appears to be a realistic option. Under this scheme, the householder does not buy the solar panels but merely pays to cover the cost of installing them. For example, this house:

has twenty-one panels mounted on the roof and the total cost to the home owner was just £500. The home owner receives a very much reduced electricity cost and expects to recover the installation cost within two years. Even in November at latitude 52 degrees North, these panels are performing well.

Not having to pay for the purchase of the panels themselves makes an enormous difference to the viability of such an installation. I understand that the strategy behind this scheme is to increase the presently tiny percentage of electricity which is produced from renewable sources, by offering people a scheme which actually makes it worthwhile to have an installation.

Patrick Kelly

http://www.free-energy-devices.com

http://www.free-energy-info.com

http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 15: You Are Being Deceived

What you are about to read is true and will shock you. Without your knowledge, you were stolen from your parents at birth and automatically became the judicial property of a commercial company pretending to be your government. What you think of as “your” birth certificate is proof of this action. The biggest secret is that your government is a collection of commercial companies whose only real purpose is to take as much money from ordinary people as they can, using unlawful actions. Their sole intention is to keep you poor, in fear and doing whatever they tell you to do.

The Situation in the UK

This is a large subject, so let’s take it step by step and start with people who were born in the UK. I will discuss the position of a typical native of what is called “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”. The average person living in this area believes that he is a free person living in a democracy which is governed by elected parliamentary representatives of the people, protected by legal statutes introduced by Parliament and enforced by police officers who are there to ensure your protection where physically possible. Those who are better informed, believe that the Magna Carta signed in 1215 affords them substantial rights and freedoms.

None of that is true. Not a single item.

The inhabitants of this region fall into two categories which are “landowners” and “everyone else”. The term “landowner” is, of course, ridiculous. No human can own land. The only way that you can own something is if you create it from materials which you own, if it is given to you as a gift by the rightful owner, or if you buy it from the rightful owner.

If I state “I own the whole of the planet Mars” it does not give me any genuine ownership of the planet. What has happened on planet Earth is that an individual stakes out an area and says “This is my land, I own it, and I will kill anyone who says that I don’t”. That can certainly frighten most people away from the area, but it does not give the squatter genuine ownership of the land. Consequently, no human owns any land whatsoever, and it is not possible for any land to be bought as there is no previous human owner of the land in question.

Killing a squatter on the land and claiming ownership of that land by right of conquest is farcical. It is true that violent bully-boys take control of areas of land through intimidation and peaceful people dare not oppose them. No human has any more rights than any other human, but violence and the threat of violence have been used to create a notional group of people called “landowners”. Is it right? Is it just? No, of course not, but it is what has happened.

This violent situation resulted in there being two groups of humans in the country. The violent “landowners” called “Knights”, “Lords”, “Barons” or some other irrelevant title, who join together to maintain what they have taken, and then there are the other people who have been intimidated by them, sometimes called “serfs”, whom the landowners feel free to rob on a regular basis through sheer intimidation.

Already, there was a certain degree of deception being practiced by the landowners as they said to the serfs “we will protect you, and in return, you can work for us and pay us to protect you. This, of course, was a complete con, because if it wasn’t for the landowners, there would be no need at all for “protection” from other landowners. And, oh yes, the protection required the serfs to put their lives on the line as part of the “protection” racket.

There was one group of landowners who operated more by trickery than by sheer force of arms. Going under the general title of the “Church” their influence came from telling people that when they die that they would not go to “heaven” if they were not servants of the Church. That technique worked very well and even influenced the head honcho of the landowners - the Monarch who was the ultimate “landowner”. Don’t get me wrong. I’m not saying that it is wrong to worship God, follow a moral code, live an upright and blameless life, but, doing that has nothing whatsoever to do with being subject to any human or human organisation.

A point which you have probably missed is that the ‘landowners’ considered the serfs to be sub-human “things” and not people at all. Unfit to, and incapable of, owning land under any circumstances. Considered to be ‘goods and chattels’ owned by the landowners. At that time, “serf” was an alternative word for “slave”.

It is not possible for one human to genuinely “own” another human. Parents do not own the children born to them. They have a duty and a responsibility to nurture them and care for them and ideally, love them, but they do not own them. The weird notion which landowners have that they “own” humans is as false as anything can get. Slavery is another act of violence. Only a very ill-informed person believes that slavery has been ‘abolished’ as it is more widespread today than at any other time in all of recorded history, and it has nothing whatsoever to do with skin colour.

In the well-known year of 1066, another violent ‘landowner’ arrived in England and by force of arms, imposed Roman law on all of England. You will recall that Rome was very heavily into slaves and the slaves had no rights or privileges, no possessions and no protection, in spite of the fact that in reality, every one of them actually had equal entitlement to the rights claimed by their so-called “owners”, both slaves and masters being human beings. So, please understand clearly, that Roman law encompassed the notion of people being called slaves, and owned as “things”.

In 1213, King John was excommunicated and that frightened him so much that he signed a contract with the Pope. The contract is known as the “Treaty of Verona” and it undertook to introduce Rome’s canon law to England, which made Archbishop Stephan Langton, the effective ruler of all of the country. The contract was supposed to give the Pope ownership of all of the lands, people, animals, etc. of all of King John’s kingdom. According to this contract, the Vatican owns all of England and all of the British Commonwealth countries.

This is, of course, a rubbish document. Firstly, King John did not genuinely own any land of any description and never could have. Secondly, King John did not and never could have owned any of the people living on that land. Thirdly, a contract cannot be signed on behalf of a third party, so his signature could never, ever have any genuine effect on the people of the land. If that were not the case, then I could sign a contract on your behalf, guaranteeing that you would pay me a million pounds. It couldn’t happen and if it did, it would be meaningless. The Treaty of Verona contract only applies to the signing parties, to have any effect on the people of the land would require them to be fully informed of the consequences and give their consent to the contract, and that never happened.

In an attempt to be cunning, the treaty was worded so as to make it appear to apply to the direct descendants of both the English monarch and the direct descendents of the Pope, namely, his successors. Personally, that seems highly doubtful to me as that would make it, in effect, a contract between people who have not agreed to it or signed it, and it is by no means obvious how a contract could be binding on people who are not party to it and who have not signed it.

However, just two years later in 1215 the landowners forced King John to sign a contract called the “Magna Carta”. It is highly doubtful that a contract where one of the parties is intimidated into signing, has any actual validity, but that aside, the contract was made under the conditions prevailing at that time. The landowners, called “Barons” or “Free men” in the document, were insisting on a continuing agreement between them and the monarch. The contract has nothing to do with the serfs who were considered “things” with no rights at all. Today, members of the general public, who are actually the descendants of those serfs, read the Magna Carta and not understanding the situation when it was written, mistakenly think that it speaks of them. It doesn’t. The objective was actually an attempt to strengthen the Treaty of Verona.

This power-play continued in 1600 when a private company was set up. It is still in place today and it is called “The Ministry of Justice” D-U-N-S Number 22-549-8526, Directors: Lord Falconer of Thoroton. Today, all Magistrate Courts are private for-profit companies subsidiaries of this main commercial company and not, as most believe, part of the government of the UK.

The next step came in 1689 with the “Bill of Rights” whose purpose was to make the monarch subject to Parliament. Again, this was introduced with the intention of ensuring that no monarch could set aside the Treaty of Verona and deny the Pope (supposed) ownership of the British empire and all the people in it. The Bill of Rights settled the succession of the crown, creating a Dynasty which has been maintained right up to now. The only powers of a Constitutional Sovereign created by this “Bill of Rights” is to warn, to guide and to be informed, just that and nothing else. In 1701 there was the Act of Settlement to confirm the line of royal succession.

In 1694 a privately owned company called “The Bank of England” was formed. The name gives the impression that it is a government organisation, but that is not the case. Actually, the UK has no government but instead there is a set of interlocking, privately owned, for-profit commercial companies designed to give the false impression of a government. For example, the House of Commons is a commercial for-profit company (number UC2279443). The Labour Party is a commercial company which trades under the name of “Allister Darling MP”.

The House of Lords which is the highest court in the land is a private company.

Then there is the United Kingdom Corporation Ltd., formerly known as the “United Kingdom plc”. In passing, anyone who has a National Insurance Number, is automatically deemed to be an employee of the United Kingdom Corporation Ltd. The Company policy of that corporation requires each employee, to pay tax and follow all the legislative rules (“statutes”) of that corporation. Anyone who breaks the rules of the corporation will be disciplined under the legislation of that corporation.

The police forces of the United Kingdom Corporation are all companies which can be seen from their company registrations, and their job is to enforce the rules of the Corporation. Every court in the land is a company. There is a commercial company called the “Secretary of State for Trade and Industry”, which ceased trading on 4th November 2002 and yet it still operates TV licensing, taking £3 billion per year through it’s subsidiary commercial private limited company called “Consignia (Customer Management) Ltd.”, which is part of it’s group of 35 subsidiary companies.

This continues to a ridiculous level where the company called “The Devon and Cornwall Police” has been taken over by a company called SouthWestOne which is one of a group of companies whose Ultimate Parent Company is IBM, but this Police Constabulary is a public service paid for by the taxpayer and given an annual budget of £256,800,000 taken from members of the public. Isn’t IBM a lucky company to be given £256,800,000 per year to help it run it’s business at a profit !

Equally ridiculous is the Lancashire County Council which was incorporated as a company (IP00666C) in 2002. It’s registered office was 3rd Floor, Christ Church Precinct, County Hall, Preston. It was completely dissolved on 25th January 2008 and all of it’s Assets and Liabilities were transferred on 12th November 2007 to another company - “The Blues and Twos Credit Union Ltd.” whose registered address is Lancashire Police Headquarters, PO Box 77, Hutton, Preston.

If you feel that these things are all straightforward and aboveboard, then I would like you to change a bundle of £3 notes for me, and as well, perhaps you would be interested in buying the Eiffel Tower.

The ordinary people resident in the UK are descended from the slaves called “serfs” and the only protection which they have is the “Common Law”, upheld by a policeman or a policewoman, each of whom receive authority through, and only through, their personal oath of allegiance to the monarch and the monarch’s oath to uphold Common Law. The Police Authority for whom the policeman or policewoman work, actually has no authority itself as, being a company, it cannot swear an oath. Policemen and policewomen have a duty to uphold Common Law and to protect and serve members of the public.

UK Common Law deals with a human causing death or injury to another human, damage to property or acting fraudulently in dealings with others. It is based mainly on the earlier findings of courts and is modified from time to time if it is found to be unjust. Surprisingly, the main corrections are supposed to come, not from judges, but from juries. A jury is the most powerful element in any court of law for they have the power to dismiss a case and even to go against the law. A jury has “discretion” and they can order the judge to find against the law if they believe that in the particular case which they are trying, the law would be unfair, so they adjudicate on both the individual case and on the underlying law. Judges do not always bring this to the attention of jurors.

A system has been set up by the Law Society with the express intention of enslaving members of the general public. They have taken words from the English language and redefined them to create another language called “Legalese”.

The translation for this language back into English is given in the publication “Black’s Law Dictionary”. The average member of the UK public is generally unaware that Legalese is being spoken and that what sounds like a simple, innocuous question in English, is actually a highly-loaded and underhand attempt to cause him both distress and unwarranted financial loss.

The objective of a lawyer is to make money for his commercial company and particularly for himself. To help them, lawyers have set up a system of “statutes” which are supposed to have the force of law, but which, being crafted by their sister parliamentary commercial companies, are not the law. These things are “statutes” and they don’t actually apply to humans. Being wholly invented “legal” devices, they only apply to other “legal” things, which are essentially, just pieces of paper. Since a piece of paper does not own any money or goods, to get any real financial gain from their actions, they need to trick a human into taking on responsibility for a piece of paper. If they succeed in this, then they can demand money from that piece of paper and get the unfortunate human to actually provide the money even though the fictitious legal charges do not apply to that human.

Meet Your Strawman

In order to do this, they have to persuade the human to enter into a contract with them, agreeing to pay them money, essentially, for nothing in return. Their main trick is creating a fictitious legal identity using the name of the human. This is done by creating a “Birth Certificate” in the same name. Most parents mistakenly believe that they have to register the birth of their child, which is actually not a requirement under the law (which does apply to humans, as opposed to “statutes” which don’t apply to humans).

In spite of their mistake, the fictitious legal “person” produced by creating the Birth Certificate document, the human who has the same first and last names as those recorded on the birth certificate, has no actual link to that document unless he can be tricked into agreeing to be linked to it.

All of the company statutes such as Income tax, Council tax, television licence, parking tickets, and the like are not being charged against a human but instead are being charged against the legal fiction with nearly the same name, sometimes called a “strawman”. If the human refuses to agree that there is a link, then the invented charges collapse and the human is left alone until the next attempt to fool him. At this time there is a very nicely produced video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ME7K6P7hlko which explains the fiction of the strawman legal document.

The people who work for one of the commercial companies called Police Forces have two entirely different roles. As a policeman or policewoman they have a duty under common law to protect members of the public, and serve them by upholding common law. They have an entirely different role as a police officer dedicated to making money for their employer by imposing all kinds of fines, charges and penalties under a series of statutes invented by their sister companies. These financial penalties do not actually apply to humans, and so trickery must be employed in order to con the human into undertaking to pay when there is no requirement for the human to do so.

A Police Officer is a corporate employee who acts as a Revenue Collector for the Corporation and enforces Acts of Parliament.

A Police Community Support Officer is a Corporate employee who has no powers whatsoever, and holds no Oath of Office. They are given a Warrant Card and told to keep it because while they don’t need it now, they will need it at some point in the future. Without an oath to the monarch, they have no authority at all.

The British people live in a “common law jurisdiction”. This means that no Civil Law Statute applies to them at any point unless the individual consents to it. If asked to give your name, do not do so as that is a trick which places you into the realm of civil law which does not apply to you at all unless you consent to be placed under it. You are not obliged under common law to answer the question which asks your name and/or address. The police officer will be following training and may well not be aware that trickery is involved, never having been trained in common law and their duties under it, to each member of the public.

The Comments of John Harris

John Harris of the http://www.tpuc.org/ web site makes the following points:

The deception of “Joinder” or more aptly named “pretensive joinder”: The human is asked for his full name, address and date of birth in order to establish the LEGAL PERSONALITY, the address of the LEGAL PERSONALITY and the date on which the LEGAL PERSONALITY was created. Once Joinder has been established, they can then offer that LEGAL PERSONALITY a contract. But, they need the consent of the human to act on behalf of the fictitious LEGAL PERSONALITY and so the human is asked “do you UNDERSTAND?” The human is then required to sign at least one piece of paper saying that he is the LEGAL PERSONALITY and that as the LEGAL PERSONALITY, he UNDERSTANDS.

This is deception as “UNDERSTAND” is taken to mean “STAND UNDER” and has nothing to do with the human comprehending anything. During any process where a human has any dealing with Corporation Officers, he is asked “do you understand?” and that is simply about consent. He is being asked to represent the LEGAL PERSONALITY and give the Corporate Officer authority over him.

The deception of “Notice”: In Legalese, a “notice” is not a bill or a demand, instead, it is an offer of contract. When the offer has been made, the LEGAL PERSONALITY must be established through Joinder because the LEGAL PERSONALITY is only a piece of paper. Consequently, the human has to agree to represent that piece of paper by saying “I understand”. Fixed penalty notices are the same as all, and any, statements made: they are simply, self-perpetuating Contracts. Making a statement to police is exactly the same - a self-perpetuating contract.

The deception of “Includes”: The Inclusion of one is the Exclusion of another – this is a maxim (an established, unchallengeable fact). A summons (invitation) for watching TV without a licence has “We will present any evidence found of your watching TV without a licence, which may include a statement taken under caution by one of our Enforcement Officers”. But the legalese “may” translates into “must”, but if you make a statement with your name, address and confirmation of watching TV, then the court issues summary judgement as you have already incriminated yourself and the court has nothing to decide.

The deception of “Summons”: Summons is synonymous with “invitation” which is a choice. They are inviting a LEGAL PERSONALITY to a Corporate place of business. The LEGAL PERSONALITY is just a piece of paper, a BIRTH CERTIFICATE created by the United Kingdom Corporation and it is not the human. You can’t be forced into a contract, so they have to deceive you into entering into one without realising what you are doing. They are using deception as every Magistrates Court is a trading name of the commercial company called “The Ministry of Justice” D-U-N-S Number 22-549-8526 which does not have a Parent Company listed meaning that it is a Parent Company. Directors: Lord Falconer of Thoroton, date of incorporation 1600. Legal people on being shown this registration, responded by saying that if this information is genuine (which it is), then the UK has been lawless for more than 400 years because the whole Justice System is being dealt with by a company.

Deception of the Name: If you go to a Court (which is a Corporate place of Business) as the Accused, you will be asked to confirm your Name, quoting the full name shown on your birth certificate, which is the LEGAL PERSONALITY. Titles such as Mr, Dr, Lord, PC, QC, or whatever are not asked for as they are not required. The “Accused” is actually the LEGAL PERSONALITY which is the name on the birth certificate, so when they ask for the person’s NAME, they are talking to the LEGAL PERSONALITY and not the human. This is because a human cannot exist in the legal world - only pieces of paper can, and that is something which they are very careful not to tell you.

This is a really key issue. Natural Law and Common Law are the only laws which apply to humans and they deal only with harming other people or causing them loss, and outside of those restrictions, a human has free and unlimited entitlement to do anything he chooses which complies with these principles. As opposed to this, Acts of Parliament, “Statutes” and Statutory Instruments “Contracts” do not apply to the human but only to the piece of paper which is the LEGAL PERSONALITY and which has no reality. As the legal fiction of the LEGAL PERSONALITY was created by the company called “the United Kingdom Corporation”, it is that company which gets to say what the rights and duties are for that piece of paper.

The deception of the Birth Certificate: When a person is born in Britain, the mother and father submit a Birth Certificate Registration Form, which is a piece of paper. There is no requirement under common law to do this. When any limited company or corporation is set up, there is always a Certificate of Registration in order to create it’s LEGAL PERSONALITY and that is a piece of paper. Please note that a British Birth Certificate states quite clearly that it is not evidence of identity, that is, it has nothing to do with a human. Marked on it is “Crown Copyright” showing clearly that it does not belong to an individual and was created by “the crown” which is not the monarch but is the independent 'City of London' represented by the Law Society and acting on behalf of the private owners. This act of Registering a child, makes that child a “ward of the court” which means that the child can be taken away from the parents at any time.

The deception of Registration: If I lawfully own a vehicle, then it cannot be taken away from me and crushed as that would constitute a criminal act and considered theft, no matter who takes it. However, if I Register my vehicle, then, without realising it, I hand ownership of the vehicle over to the registering company as a free gift. They acknowledge the gift by issuing me with a piece of paper stating that I am “the Registered Keeper” of their vehicle, to which they assign a number in their registration records of the vehicles which they own (although they will not pay for the upkeep of their vehicles).

John also asks:

Do you believe Parliament is elected to Represent the people and their wishes? It isn’t, they are Directors of a commercial ‘for-profit’ corporation and so, nothing will ever change.

Do you believe in Politics? There is no such thing.

Do you believe that the only way to sort the UK out is to elect a different Political Party? It makes no difference as all you are doing is choosing employees of a commercial company, and the owners dictate what the company does, no matter who the corporate serving officers may be.

Do you believe that Acts of Parliament (“Statutes”) are Law? They aren’t.

Do you believe that Statutory Instruments are Law? They aren’t.

What The UK Police Can, and Can’t Do

Posted September 26th, 2008 by Guy_Euden

Do you feel intimidated when pulled over? Do you feel intimidated when stopped in the street? Do you feel that you are obliged to give them information or answer their questions? If your answer is “yes” to any of these questions, then you don't know your rights. A police officer is not what he was many moons ago. In bygone days they cared for their employers (yes you), they actually wanted to help you, they wanted to solve crimes, they had compassion, a sense of fair play and in response to this they earned our respect and admiration. ALL of that has changed! Police officers are now Revenue Agents plain and simple and if any police officer is silly enough to think that's not true, or just wish to profess it isn't, then let him try not giving out fixed penalties for a month and see if a talking to is not the result! The truth is that they are now your adversary and that is not meant in a violent way, more like a game of who can get who to do as they’re told, and they are trained to get from you what they need in order to actually fine or arrest you by actually getting you to consent to it. Let’s quickly look at all laws that don't include Death or Injury to others, Damage to another's property or using fraud in your contracts.

OK, these three very heavy crimes are all you can truly be guilty of - YES it’s all you can truly be guilty of!!! Anything else is just STATUTE LAW and the simple to remember definition of this law is “laws that only apply if you consent to them”!! Here, look at the definition of a Statute: "Legislative rule of society given the force of law by the consent of the governed". Yes look at the last four words, "CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED" that is you!! So, if you don't consent, then they can’t do anything. Yes, I know what you’re thinking, but it really is that simple. Ok, an officer walks up to you and says "can I ask you some questions?" Don't consent. Ask him "what is the nature of the intended detention?". Record the conversation and let him see that you are doing this. Use your mobile, as 99% of mobile phones available today have recorders so go for it! If he says that you cannot record this conversation, then what he is in fact saying is, “yep you guessed it - I don't consent to be recorded!!”. So, you simply say "Ok, am I free to go?" The simple fact is that they need your consent, and they have some very cool tools to use to get it, one is intimidation, and another is acting. They act like they are your friend. They act like they care. They just ACT! This is to put you off guard and most people sing like canaries!! Their other weapon of choice is Inconvenience. You don't have time to waste playing their game, so you talk in order to get away quicker, and wham! - they have their result! If you are pulled over for an offence under an act, for example, speeding, seatbelt or some other infraction, it is all part of the "Road Traffic Act of 1988 keyword is "ACT" and believe you me what a merry old act it is, it is pure stage play. When issuing a ticket they need your name so SHUT UP! Don't argue with them as that is “adversarial” so just SHUT UP! They need your name and date of birth to confirm which corporation they are going to give the bill of exchange to (bills of exchange defences are simple but we are not doing those right now). So don’t provide a name, or date of birth, or address. Don't give them anything to work with, don't say a single word no matter what coercion they try, hell they might even go for some "good cop bad cop" stuff this is great to watch when you are fully aware of their lack of power, it's like watching "EastEnders". If they read you your rights you have to say that you understand in order for handcuffs to be put on you. Again, your consent is necessary (get it?) don't say a word!! Now these Officers of Revenue don't like the grim realisation that they have no power. You could get arrested, yes I am afraid that they can still arrest you, but the worst that they can do is keep you for a few hours, so get some sleep, oh and if you have a “notarised claim of right, with a schedule of charges for arrest and detention”, then sleep even sweeter because these fools are paying you to learn that they have no power! I know that getting arrested isn't nice, they know this, that's why its one of their tools to get you to consent to their unnecessary and unlawful penalties. But if you don't stay quiet, then they will always have power over you. Now if they are going to arrest you, one nice way of them playing into your hands is if you say these few of words: "Officer, I am a peaceful man, there will be no violence, but you are obliged to note that if you are going to arrest me it will be under protest and duress at all times and I reserve all of my rights at all times, and I waive none of those rights at any time for any cause or reason”. If they take you to the station remember DON'T SAY A SINGLE WORD. Hell you might get a new name! "JOHN DOE". If they try to fingerprint you, tell them that you do not consent to this. If they try to get your DNA then tell them that you do not consent to this. If they touch you, tell them, "Officer I do not consent to be touched at all". If you make it known that you know your rights then they will leave you alone. Trust me, they will only act illegally if you continue to let them do so. Remember that any “legal” acts that they choose to quote are powerless, a clawless, toothless tiger.... they have no power if you don't consent.

Summary:

The present UK (and world) situation is designed to confuse you. The UK is a “Common Law jurisdiction” which has had a spurious and fake “legal” system added on to it in order to rob you blind. The average inhabitant of the UK is bound to keep the common law or suffer the consequences. The common law requires a human not to kill or injure another human, not to damage or steal his property and not to swindle him.

The spurious “legal” system introduced by the Law Society (who consider all other humans as inferiors), is designed to steal from those humans by deception and fraud. It operates by tricking humans into inadvertently and unknowingly entering into a contract to pay money to someone who will not provide anything of worth in exchange.

This is done by using the legalese language which has taken words from the English language and changed their meanings without making the changes of meaning made clear to the public. This covert and surreptitious method is used to get a human to represent a legal fiction which is a piece of paper and undertake to pay invented debts attached to that piece of paper.

The average UK resident believes that there is a UK government, when in fact, there is no actual government, just a commercial company pretending to be a government, namely, the company called “The United Kingdom Corporation Limited”. People are fooled into “voting” for the election of corporate officers in this company in order to make them believe that there actually is a government where no government exists.

This hateful “legal” system is there solely to enslave and rob ordinary people living in the UK and there appears to be no way to circumvent it. I have seen a calculation which estimates that on average, ordinary people in the UK have 80% of their income taken from them in taxes. So, for every £100 they earn, they only receive £20.

A self-employed person may be able to avoid paying Income Tax, Council Tax, TV licence and some other minor taxes. An employed person is tied to a “legal entity” employer which cannot escape the legal snare and so is forced to take Income Tax, National Insurance and Child Support amounts off a person’s earned payment before the remainder is given to the employee.

Unfortunately, even self-employed people can’t escape the thieves because they add their massive charge on to essential items which are not sold to people by name. For example, I have been told that 85% of the cost of a gallon of fuel for a vehicle is tax. That means that if I buy £100 of fuel, it really should have only cost me £15 as that is the cost of finding it, extracting it, refining it, transporting it and making a profit on selling it. My £85 has been taken against my will, by people who are not entitled to it.

If I buy almost anything in a shop, then 17.5% of the selling price is taken from me and given to someone who doesn’t deserve it. In reality, it is much more than that because the item purchased was transported to the shop using fuel which was heavily taxed, and I have to pay that tax indirectly in the raised cost of the item. Also, the shop has to have heating and lighting, both of which are powered by heavily taxed fuel, which raises the price which I have to pay on the item. Then, there is the tax on the company and the tax on the company for having employees, both of which have to be covered in the price which I am charged. You can see why the person who costed out how much is really paid in tax, came up with an overall figure of 80% of a person’s earned income. Even a self-employed person can’t escape paying a major amount of indirect tax. The often-quoted phrase “we live in a free country” does not seem to have any basis in fact. So, how about “the land of the brave and the land of the free” across the Atlantic ocean, do they fare any better?

The Situation in America

In 1606, King James I the King of England set up a commercial enterprise called “The Virginia Company” with himself as the main stockholder. The Virginia Company was formed in anticipation of the imminent influx of white Europeans, mostly British at first, into the North American continent. The Virginia Company of London (also called the “London Company”) was chartered by King James with the object of colonising the eastern coast of North America between latitudes 34oNand 41oN. It’s shareholders were Londoners. The Virginia Company claimed ownership of most of the land that we now call America. The Virginia Company (the British Crown and the bloodline families) claimed rights to 50% of all gold and silver mined, plus percentages of other minerals and raw materials, and 5% of all profits from other ventures.

As has been already remarked, no human can own land as there is no way that genuine title to the land can be bestowed on any human, short of God giving him a written deed of ownership as a gift. No human can buy land from another human or organisation as they didn’t genuinely own the land in the first place. King James was essentially, no different from any other man and he had no justification for blithely claiming ownership of another country. Even being the first squatter on the land (which he wasn’t) does not give any man ownership of that land. Consequently, his was, and is, a spurious claim with no basis in fact or any form of justification.

At this time, America does not have a government because “The UNITED STATES” is a commercial company. The term “United States” means a Federal corporation. The US President is the President of a commercial corporation and American citizens are, in effect, the employees of that Corporation. This present situation was sneaked in by the covert actions of the Americans who organised and ran the civil war with the intention of taking lands and assets from people who lived in the South. Most people imagine that, say, Virginia, is a part of the American nation under the American government. However, this is not true as every one of the “States” is actually set up as a commercial, for-profit, company, under the parent company “The United States of America”. So the reality is that instead of being a State of the Nation, the “State of Virginia” is the name of a commercial for-profit company.

The Vatican claims that it owns Britain and all of the commonwealth countries. Britain claims that it owns America as a British colony. The King of England provided financial backing to both sides of the Revolutionary war and believed that the lands of the Virginia Company were granted (on lease) to the colonies under a Deed of Trust and therefore they could not claim ownership of the land. They could pass on the perpetual use of the land to their heirs or sell the perpetual use, but they could never own the land itself as ownership was supposedly retained by the British Crown.

You may be interested to know that the Vatican’s system of law is based on the ancient Roman system and in Rome, the seat of power for Caesar was called “Capitol Hill” where Caesar would meet with ‘the Senate’. The Pope believes that he can abolish any law in the United States (Elements of Ecclesiastical Law Vol. 1, 53-54). The Pope’s laws are supposed to be obligatory on everyone.

The conglomeration of privately owned commercial corporations know as “the United Sates of America” go along with the same old ridiculous scam of considering American human beings to be “slaves” under Roman law. Consequently, no American can own property because slaves can’t own property. If an American reads the Deed to a property which he thinks that he owns, he will discover that he is listed as a “Tenant” (Senate Document 43, 73rd Congress, 1st Session).

After the first 21 years from the formation of the Virginia Company, all ‘duties, imposts and excises’ paid on trading activities in the colonies were paid directly to the British Crown through the Crown treasurer. Queen Elizabeth II of Britain, controls and has amended U.S. Social Security: Statutory Instrument 1997 No. 1778 The Social Security (United States of America) Order 1997.

The American Inland Revenue Service Publication 6209 is form 1040 which is to be used for tribute paid to Britain. Americans are considered to be slaves to the Queen and own absolutely nothing (Senate Document 43). America’s Social Security is not insurance or a contract, nor is there a Trust Fund. The criminal courts on the lands of the Virginia Company were to be operated under Admiralty Law, the law of the sea, and the civil courts under common law, the law of the land. This is a crucial point. The United States of America is not a country, it is a corporation owned by the same Brotherhood bloodlines who owned the Virginia Company, because the USA is considered to be the property of the Virginia Company.

There is a “USA” which is the 68 square miles of land west of the Potomac River on which is built the federal capital, Washington DC and the District of Columbia, also the US protectorates of Guam and Puerto Rico. And then there is a “usA” the “united states of America” which are the lands of the various states. These lands are still supposedly owned by the British Crown as the head of the Virginia Company.

The Act of 1871 created a new, altered Constitution. The title was changed to capital letters and the word “for” was changed to the word “of”. That is, “The Constitution for the united states of America” was altered to “THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA”.

An American cannot use the Constitution to defend himself because he is not a party to it. “The People” does not include ordinary U.S. Citizens. The Act of 1871 also created a separate form of government for the District of Columbia, which is a ten mile square parcel of land which is governed with British Admiralty law, U.C.C. (Acts of the Forty-First Congress, Section 34, Session III, chapters 61 and 62).

When Americans agree to have a Social Security Number, they surrender their sovereignty and agree to become franchisees of the United States (which is supposedly the Virginia Company of the British Crown). Americans are led to believe that there is only one United States and that the Federal government is the rightful government. The use of lower/upper-case characters is making a legal statement. If you are American, then you should notice that when you receive any correspondence relating to government, law or anything to do with finance or taxation that your name is always spelt entirely in block capitals.

Your name in block capitals is not you. It is a corporation set up by the ‘government’ Corporation through the treasury department at the time of your birth. Any time that a child is born, a corporation/trust is created using his or her name in block capitals. One definition of “a human being” is “a corporation treated as having the rights and obligations of a person” while the definition of a “natural person” is ‘a real human being’, as distinguished from a corporation, which is often treated at law as being a fictitious person.

Everything in the “United States” is “For Sale”: roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, water, prisons, airports, etc. (Executive Order 12803). Americans are Human capital (Executive Order 13037).

The Emergency Banking Relief Act of 9th March 1933, defined the American people as legally, the enemy of the United States Government and the private, international Federal Reserve System became the Government of the United States.

The national flag of the United States always has a gold fringe when displayed in court or federal buildings, federally-funded schools and the uniforms of US troops. Under the International Law of the Flags, a gold fringe indicates the jurisdiction of commercial law, also known as British Maritime Law, and in the US as the uniform Commercial Code or “UCC”.

George Bush launched a ‘war on terrorism’ on behalf of a private Corporation, to further the goals of that Corporation. It had nothing to do with ‘America’ or ‘Americans’, because those are very different legal entities. The United States Corporation owns the United States military and everything else that comes under the term ‘federal’. It is not the duty of the US police to protect Americans. Their job is to protect the Corporation and arrest code breakers (Sapp v. Tallahassee, 348 So. 2nd. 363, etc.). There are no Judicial courts in America and there have not been since 1789. Judges do not enforce Statutes and Codes but instead, Executive Administrators enforce Statutes and Codes. The most powerful court in America is not the United States Supreme Court but instead, it is the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (42 Pa.C.S.A. 502). Pennsylvania is the keystone state.

The FCC, CIA, FBI, NASA and all similar organisations were never part of the United States government, even though the “US Government” held shares of stock in the various Agencies. (U.S. v Strang, 254 US 451, Lewis v US, 680 F.2d, 1239).

Americans may think that their government and legal system is pegged in some way to the Constitution, but it is not. The United States, like Britain and elsewhere, is ruled by commercial law to overcome the checks and balances of common law. It is a monumental fraud.

The web site http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klwWcp9eiPw&feature=player_embedded lists what it considers to be a series of little-known facts about America. It says:

“The IRS is not a U.S. government agency. It is an agency of the IMF which in turn is an agency of the United Nations. The United States has not had a Treasury since 1921 as the U.S. Treasury is now the IMF. The United States does not have any employees because there no longer is a United States. The FCC, CIA, FBI, NASA, etc. were never part of the U.S. government but are privately owned companies. US Social Security numbers are issued by the UN through the IMF, (the SS5 form does not state who issues it). There have been no Judicial Courts in America since 1789. There have been no Judges in America since 1789. According to GATT, Americans must have a Social Security Number. New York City is defined in the Federal regulations as the United Nations. Social Security is not insurance or a contract and Social Security cheques come directly from the IMF which is an agency of the UN.

All Americans are slaves and so can own absolutely nothing, not even what they think of as being their own children. The most powerful court in America is the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The King of England financially backed both sides of the Revolutionary War. Americans can’t use the US Constitution to defend themselves because they are not a party to it. Britain is owned by the Vatican and the Pope claims to own the entire planet through the laws of conquest and discovery (Papal Bulls of 1495 and 1493). The Pope has ordered the genocide and enslavement of millions of people (Papal Bulls of 1455 and 1493). The Pope’s laws are obligatory on all Americans. “The People” does not include ordinary Americans. (Barron v City Council of Baltimore 32 US 243)”.

When you become aware of these things, it becomes easier to understand why voting in a Presidential election can never make any difference - after all, he is only the President of a commercial company whose corporate policy is set by the owners of the company and not by the President. It also explains what these commercial companies have done and are still doing through their agencies such as the CIA.

The fractional reserve policy perpetrated by the Federal Reserve, which has spread in practice to the great majority of banks in the world, is, in fact, a system of modern slavery. Think about it: money is created out of debt. What do people do when they earn debt? They submit to employment to pay it off. But if money can only be created out of loans, how can society ever be debt-free? It can’t, and that’s the point. And it is the fear of losing assets coupled with the struggle to keep up with the perpetual debt and inflation in the system, compounded by the inescapable scarcity in the money supply itself, created by the interest which can never be repaid, that keeps the wage-slave in line, powering the pyramid which benefits only the elite at the top of the pyramid. At the end of the day, for whom are you really working? The banks. Money is created in a bank and inevitably ends up in a bank. They are the true masters along with the corporations and governments which they support. Physical slavery requires people to be housed and fed, economic slavery requires people to house and feed themselves.

The Economic Hit-Men

It is one of the most ingenious scams for social manipulation ever invented, and at it’s core, it is an invisible war waged against the population, and you will remember that the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 9th March 1933, defined the American people as “the enemy” of the United States Government. Debt is the weapon used to conquer and enslave societies and interest is its prime ammunition. While the majority of people are not aware of this reality, banks in collusion with governments and corporations continue to expand and perfect their tactics of economic warfare, spawning new bases such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and introducing a new kind of soldier - the economic hit-man.

Here is the testimony of one of those American economic hit-men, John Perkins:

We, the economic hit men, are the ones really responsible for creating the first really global empire, and we work many different ways. Perhaps the most common is that we will identify a country which has resources which our corporations covet, such as oil, and then arrange a huge loan to that country from the World Bank or one of it’s sister organisations. But the money never actually goes to the country, instead, it goes to our big construction corporations to build infrastructure projects in that country, like industrial power plants, things which benefit a few rich people in that country (in addition to our corporations), but really don’t help the people involved, however those people and the whole country are left holding a huge debt so big that they can’t repay it, which is the whole plan - that they can’t repay it. So we economic hit men go back to them and say “listen, you owe us a lot of money, you can’t repay it, so sell your oil real cheap to our oil companies, allow us to build a military base in your country or send troops to some place in the world to support our troops in somewhere like Iraq, or vote with us in the UN to have their electric utility company privatised, or their sewage system privatised and sold to US corporations or other multinational corporations, so there is a whole mushrooming thing and it’s the way that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund operate to put a whole country in debt with such a big debt that it can’t pay it, so you then offer to refinance that debt and get them to pay even more interest and you demand this ‘quid pro quo’ or ‘conditionality’ or ‘good governance’ which means basically that they have to sell off their resources, including their social services and utility companies, their school systems sometimes, their penal systems, their insurance systems to foreign corporations. So, it’s a double, triple, quadruple whammy.

Examples:

Iran 1953: The precedent for economic hit men began back in the early 1950s when the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran, Dr Mohammed Mossadegh, was considered to be a hope for democracy - Time Magazine’s Man of the Year. One of the policies which he ran on was the idea that the oil companies needed to pay the Iranian people a lot more for the oil which they were taking out of Iran. We didn’t like that, of course, but we were afraid to do what we would normally do, which is to send in the military. Instead, we sent in one CIA agent, a relative of President Roosevelt. He went in with a few million dollars and was very efficient and effective and in a short amount of time he managed to get Mossadegh overthrown and brought in the Shah of Iran to replace him. It was extremely effective. So back here in the United States, people in Washington looked around and said “wow - that was easy and cheap !” So this established the whole new way of manipulating countries and creating empire. The only problem with Roosevelt was that he was a card-carrying CIA agent and if he had been caught, the ramifications would have been pretty serious. So, very quickly at that point a decision was made to use private ‘consultants’, to channel the money through the World Bank, the IMF or one of the other such agencies, bring in people like me who worked for private companies, so that if we got caught, there would be no government ramifications.

Guatemala 1954: When Arbenz (Jacobo Arbenz Guzman) became President of Guatemala, the country was very much under the thumb of the United Fruit Company, the big international corporation and Guzman ran under the strategy of giving the land back to the people. When he was elected he started implementing those policies of giving the land back to the people. United Fruit didn’t like that so much, so they hired a Public Relations company in the United States mounted a huge campaign to convince the people of the US, the press of the US and the Congress of the US that Arbenz was a Soviet puppet and if we allowed him to stay in power the Soviets would have a foothold in this hemisphere, which, at that time, was a huge fear on everybody’s minds, so to make a long story short, out of this public relations campaign came a commitment on the part of the CIA and the military to take this man out, and in fact, we did. We sent in planes, we sent in soldiers, we sent in jackals, we sent in everything to take him out, and we did take him out. And as soon as he was removed, his successor reinstated the links to the big corporations including United Fruit.

Ecuador 1981: Ecuador for many, many years was ruled by pro-US dictators, often relatively brutal. Then it was decided that they were going to have a truly democratic election Jaime Roldos (Aguilera) ran for office and his main goal, he said, as President was to make sure that Ecuador’s resources were used to help the people. And he won, overwhelmingly, by more votes than anyone has ever won anything in Ecuador and he began to implement these policies to make sure that the profits from oil went to help the people. Well, we didn’t like that in the United States. I was sent down as one of several economic hit men to change Roldos, to corrupt him, to bring him around, to let him know “you know, you and your family can get very rich if you play our game but if you but if you continue to try and keep these policies you promised, then you are going to go”. He wouldn’t listen. He was assassinated “Ecuadorian Leader Dies in Plane Crash”. As soon as the plane crashed, the whole area was cordoned off. The only people allowed in were the US military from a nearby base and some of the Ecuadorian military. When an investigation was launched, two of the key witnesses died in car accidents before they had a chance to testify. A lot of very, very strange things went on around the assassination of Roldos. I, like most of the people who really looked at this case had absolutely no doubt that it was an assassination and of course, in my position of an economic hit man, I was expecting something to happen to Jaime, whether a coup or an assassination I was sure that he would be taken down as he was not being corrupted, he would not allow himself to be corrupted the way we wanted to corrupt him.

Panama 1981: Omar Tarrijas President of Panama was one of my favourite people. I really, really liked him, he was very charismatic and he really wanted to help his country. When I tried to bribe him, to corrupt him, he said “look, John, he called me Juanita, look Juanita, you know, I don’t need the money, what I really need is for my country to be treated fairly. I need the United States to replay the debts which you owe my people for all the destruction you have done here. I need to be in a position to help other Latin American countries with their independence and be free of this terrible presence from the North. You people are exploiting us so badly. I need to have the Panama Canal back in the hands of the Panamanian people. That’s what I want. So leave me alone, don’t try to bribe me”. It was in 1981 and in May Jaime Roldos was assassinated and Omar was very aware of this. He got his family together and said “I’m probably next, but it is ok because I’ve done what I came here to do, I’ve renegotiated the Canal, the Canal will now be in our hands”. He had been renegotiating the treaty with Jimmy Carter:

In June of that same year, just a couple of months later, he also went down in an aeroplane crash which there is no question was executed by CIA jackals. There is a tremendous amount of evidence, one of Tarrijas’ security guards handed him, at the last moment as he was getting on the plane, a small tape recorder which contained a bomb.

Venezuela 2002: It is interesting to me how this system has continued pretty much the same way for years and years and years except the economic hit men get better and better and better. Then we come up with, very recently, what happened in Venezuela in 1998 when (Hugo Rafael) Chavez gets elected, following a long line of Presidents who were very corrupt and who basically destroyed the economy of the country, and Chavez was elected following all of that. Chavez stood up to the United States demanding that Venezuela oil be used to help the Venezuelan people. Well we didn’t like that in the United States, so in 2002, a coup was staged, and there is no question in my mind or in most other people’s minds, that the CIA was behind that coup. The way that coup was fermented was very effective, like Colonel Roosevelt had done in Iran - paying people to go out into the streets to riot, to protest and say that Chavez is very unpopular. You know, if you can get a few thousand people to do that, television can make it look like the whole country and things start to mushroom, except in the case of Chavez, he was smart enough and the people were so strongly behind him that they overcame it, which was a phenomenal moment in the life of Latin America.

Iraq 2003: Iraq, actually, is a perfect example of the way the whole system works. We economic hit men are the first line of defence. We go in and try to corrupt governments and get them to accept these huge loans which we then use as leverage to basically own them. If we fail, as I failed in Panama with Omar Tarrijas, and in Ecuador with Jaime Roldos, men who refused to be corrupted, then the second line of defence is we send in the jackals and the jackals either overthrow governments or they assassinate and when that happens and a new government comes in, boy, it’s going to toe the line as the new President knows what will happen if he doesn’t. And in the case of Iraq, both of those things failed and the economic hit men were not able to get through to Saddam Hussein although they tried very hard. We tried very hard to get him to accept a deal but he wouldn’t accept it and so the jackals went in to take him out but they couldn’t do it as his security was very good. After all, he had at one time worked for the CIA and been hired to assassinate a former President of Iraq and failed, but he knew the system. So, in 1991 we send in the troops and we take out the Iraqi military, assuming that at that point that Saddam is going to come around. We could, of course, have taken him out at that time, but we didn’t want to as he is the kind of strong man that we like, able to control his people and keep pumping oil for us. But when we took out his military he didn’t come around so the economic hit men go back in the 90s without success. If they had had success, he’d still be running the country - we’d be selling him all the fighter jets he’d want, but they didn’t have success. The jackals couldn’t take him out again, so we sent the military in once again and took him out, and created for ourselves very lucrative reconstruction deals to rebuild a country which we had essentially destroyed - which is a very good deal if you own a construction company - a really big one. So, Iraq shows the three stages: the economic hit men - failed there, the jackals failed there, so as the final measure, the military goes in.

And in that way, we have really created an empire, but we have done it very, very subtly, it’s clandestine. All the empires in the past were built by the military and everybody knew they were building them. The British knew they were building it, the French, the Germans, the Romans, the Greeks - they were all proud of it and they always had some excuse like “spreading civilisation”, or spreading some religion, something like that, but they knew they were doing it. We don’t. The majority of the people in the United States have no idea that we are living off the benefits of a clandestine empire, that today there is more slavery in the world than ever before.

You may have to ask yourself if it’s an empire, then who’s the Emperor? Obviously, our Presidents in the United States are not Emperors. An Emperor is someone who is not elected, does not serve a limited term, and who doesn’t report to anyone. So you can’t classify Presidents that way. But we do have what I consider to be the equivalent of the Emperor in what I call the “Corporatocracy”. The Corporatocracy is this group of individuals who run our biggest corporations and they really act as the Emperor of this empire. They control our media (either by direct ownership or by advertising), they control most of our politicians because they finance their campaigns, either through corporations or through personal donations. They are not elected, they don’t serve a limited term, they don’t report to anybody, and at the very top of the Corporatocracy, we can’t tell if the person is working for a corporation or for the government as they are always moving back and forth, so you get a guy who is one moment the president of a big company like Halliburton and the next moment he’s the Vice President of the United States, or the President who is in the oil business and this is true whether you get Democrats or Republicans in the office, you have them moving back and forth through the revolving door, and in a way, our government is invisible a lot of the time as it’s policies are carried out by a corporation on one level or another, and then again, the policies of the government are basically forged by the Corporatocracy and then presented to the government and become government policies. So, it is an incredibly cosy relationship. This isn’t a “conspiracy theory” kind of thing, these people don’t have to get together and plot to do things, they all basically work under one primary assumption, and that is that they must maximise profits regardless of the social and environmental costs.

This process of manipulation by the Corporatocracy, through the use of debt, bribery and political overthrow, is called “Globalisation”. Just as the Federal Reserve keeps the American people in a position of indentured servitude, through perpetual debt, inflation and interest, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund fulfil this role on a global scale.

Libya 2011: If the ruler of a country refuses to become the servant of the New World Order people, he is subjected to character assassination and physically attacked with troops. I don’t for a moment suggest that Col. Gaddafi was a saint, but as the Bible so aptly remarks, you can tell a man’s character by the things which he does, so what did Col. Gaddafi do? Well, here is some information passed to me and I leave you to decide for yourself:

1. In Libya, electricity is free for all of it’s citizens.

2. There is no interest on loans, banks in Libya are state-owned and loans are given to all its citizens at 0% interest which is requirement of Libyan law.

3. Owning a home is considered a human right in Libya – Gaddafi vowed that his parents would not get a house until everyone else in Libya had a home. Gaddafi’s father has died while he, his wife and his mother were still living in a tent.

4. All newlyweds in Libya receive $60,000 Dinar (US$50,000 ) from the government, to buy their first apartment to help them start a family.

5. Education and medical treatments are free in Libya. Before Gaddafi only 25% of Libyans were literate. Today the figure is 83%.

6. If any Libyan wants to take up farming, he receives farming land, a farm house, equipment, seeds and livestock to kick- start their farms – all for free.

7. If Libyans cannot find the education or medical facilities they need in Libya, the government funds them to go abroad for it – not just free, but they get US$2, 300 per month for accommodation and running a car.

8. If a Libyan buys a car, the government pays 50% of the price.

9. The price of petrol in Libya is US$0.14 per litre (in the UK, it is $2.17 per litre at this time, which is more than 15 times as much).

10. Libya has no external debt and its reserves amount to US$150 billion – now frozen globally.

11. If a Libyan is unable to get employment after graduation, the state pays the average salary of the profession as if he or she is employed, until employment is found.

12. A portion of Libyan oil sale revenues is credited directly to the bank accounts of all Libyan citizens.

13. A mother who gives birth to a child receives US$5 ,000.

14. 40 loaves of bread in Libya costs just US$ 0.15 (in the UK, it is 200 times more expensive).

15. 25% of Libyans have a university degree, while in the UK, Sir Clive Woodhead, former Chief Inspector of Schools, has recently recommended that children should leave school at age 14 and become apprentices.

16. Col. Gaddafi carried out the world’s largest irrigation project, known as the Great Man-Made River project, to make water readily available throughout his desert country.

So, I will leave it up to you to decide if the attacks on Libya and the killing of Col. Gaddafi was an honest action designed to make the world a safer and better place, or if those actions were motivated by some other agenda.

The Technique:

The lawyers and bankers have the objective of taking all of your money and keeping you permanently in debt to them. In the UK, the currency was “the pound sterling” and a £1 note was a promise certifying that there was literally a one pound weight of sterling silver held in storage to back the value of that note and save the person carrying around the actual pound weight of silver.

That link was broken, and nowadays, the £1 note (or in the US, the $1 note) has no actual value as it is no longer a promise that an amount of valuable metal is being held in storage in order to give that piece of paper it’s value. In reality, these paper currency notes have no more value than the paper notes in the board game “Monopoly” and that value is only the value of the paper on which the notes are physically printed, which is, almost nothing at all.

Take the process in America as an example: The “government” decides that it needs some money, so it calls up the (privately owned) Federal Reserve Bank and requests, say, $10,000,000,000. The Federal Reserve Bank replies saying “Sure, we will buy $10 billion in government Bonds from you”. So the “government” takes some pieces of paper, paints some official-looking designs on them and calls them “Treasury Bonds”. Then it puts a value on them of $10 billion and sends them over to the Federal Reserve Bank. In turn, the people in the Federal Reserve Bank draw up a series of impressive looking pieces of paper themselves, only, this time, calling them Federal Reserve notes, also designated with a value of $10 billion. The Federal Reserve Bank then takes these notes and trades them for the Treasury Bonds. Once this trade is complete, the government then takes the $10 billion in Federal Reserve notes and deposits them in a bank account, and on doing this, the $10 billion becomes legal tender money, adding $10 billion to the US money supply. And there it is: $10 billion in new money has been created out of nothing and with no intrinsic value whatsoever. Of course, this example is a generalisation because in reality, this transaction would occur electronically, with no paper used at all. In fact, only 3% of the US money supply exists in physical currency and the other 97% exists in computers alone.

The same style of operation happens in the UK as well with the (privately owned) Bank of England, producing valueless ‘currency’. The banks deliberately compound the problem by lending this valueless money to individual people as a loan or mortgage, knowing full well that there is not enough money in circulation to pay off the loan and the interest. If, for example, the loan is £1000 on a credit card, then the credit card company will want about £1200 back as they charge interest. But as they do that with all of the “money” fraudulently created (actually ten times the amount in America), there is physically not enough to allow the interest to be paid unless the economy of the country keeps on expanding rapidly. The objective here is to take physical goods and possessions away from the borrower when he finds himself unable to pay the amount asked for.

The total lack of value of present day currency was demonstrated when a mortgage loan repossession was challenged in court in America. For any commercial contract anywhere in the world to be valid, something of worth has to be put forward by both parties to that contract. When a bank “lends” it’s worthless money as a mortgage, it has put forward nothing of value and so the mortgage contract is not valid in law.

In 1969, there was a Minnesota court case involving a man named Jerome Daly who was challenging the foreclosure of his home by the bank which provided the loan to purchase it. His argument was that the mortgage contract required both parties (himself and the bank) to put up a legitimate form of property for the exchange. In legal language, this is called a “consideration” from both parties. Mr Daly explained that the money was, in fact, not the property of the bank as it was created out of nothing as soon as the loan agreement was signed. In other words, the money didn’t come out of the bank’s existing assets as the bank simply invented it, consequently, the bank put up nothing of value of it’s own, except for a theoretical liability on paper. As the court case progressed, the bank’s President, Mr Morgan, took the stand and the judges memorandum records that the “Plaintiff admitted that it, in combination with the Federal Reserve Bank ... did create the entire $14,000 in money in credit upon it’s own books by bookkeeping entry ... the money and credit first came into existence when they created it. Mr Morgan admitted that no United States Law or Statute existed which gave him the right to do this. A lawful consideration must exist and must be tendered to support the Note” ... The jury found that there was no lawful consideration, and on this finding, the court rejected the bank’s application for foreclosure and Mr Daly kept his home.

The Consequences:

There does not seem to be much point in commenting on the situation in other countries around the world as you will find the same style of underhand operation in most of them. However, when you understand what is going on, it explains why it has been so difficult to get any free-energy device on to the market for sale to members of the public.

A really major strand of both income and control comes from access to energy. The average person wants energy for heating and cooling a home, running household equipment such as refrigeration, lighting, computing, etc. and for powering a vehicle, operating power tools, and so on. Under the present deceptive regime, we are told from an early age that we need to burn a fuel in order to get this power, and instead of doing it individually, it appears to be cheaper to buy the power from the local energy company.

The reality is that we live in a sea of energy which can supply our every need for ever and ever without the slightest need for burning any kind of fuel. Devices for tapping this energy have been produced by literally thousands of inventive people and yet, they are not for sale. Why do you think that is?

Well, one of the reasons is that inventors of these devices often feel that they should “protect” their invention by patenting it and so they make an application to a Patent Office. Unfortunately, the Patent Office is a commercial business owned by the same people who make massive amounts of money from selling you oil to burn and electricity to use. Because of that, they steal the best of these inventions, often by telling the inventor that his invention is “Of National Security Importance” and so he can’t use it, sell it or even speak to other people about it, and if he did, he would be put in prison. That is, of course, an unlawful deception as the people telling him that have nothing whatsoever to do with anything National, except the use of the word in their company name. There certainly is no government around to make any kind of statement like that.

The wonderful people then use your money in unlimited amounts to develop these inventions as secret “black” projects and they have been doing this for at least a hundred years. People who have been employed in some of these projects report that they now have technology anything from 100 to 1,000 years in advance of what the public is told about. Almost everything shown in the fictional “Star Trek” series has already been produced covertly in real life. The internet has made it difficult to keep on hiding these advances, but they fight back by posting false information, contradicting people who present the real deal, and generally disrupting and flooding every useful forum with a combination of rubbish and inflammatory attacks on forum members.

A major strand of the attempt to suppress the truth is through universities and respected Engineering bodies and publications. This is done through financial pressure. To have a successful career, a university professor needs to have regular publication of research papers. For this, he needs researchers who are paid to do the research. This is done through grants from rich people and organisations. Those are the very people who will under no circumstances allow the publication of any research which demonstrates that free-energy exists and they make sure that no funding will ever be available for any such research.

If a scientist steps out of line and goes public with the facts, he is immediately attacked by all of his former colleagues who promptly say that what he says is “impossible” and “breaks the laws of physics”, neither of which are actually true. For example, in 2010, Rosemary Ainslie and her colleagues demonstrated under strict laboratory conditions that a pulsed heating element produces 17 times more heat output than could be produced by the tiny electrical input driving the element. This was written up in standard scientific paper format and passed to the Institute of Electrical Engineers for examination and publication. As was expected, the paper was refused in spite of the fact (or perhaps because of the fact) that the laboratory results were conclusive. None of the present scientific institutions will publish any form of free-energy paper as that would not be good for the business of their owners.

If an inventor skips the Patent Office, avoids the scientific journals, and tries to get his invention manufactured, he needs substantial funding and that is usually blocked by the concerted efforts of the groups of companies whose businesses would be harmed by the invention becoming freely available to the public. Some times, the inventor is threatened and intimidated. I personally know several people who have had this done to them, but the most common block is financial. For example, Cal-Tech in America spent a million dollars developing, testing, proving and perfecting a carburettor which gave vastly improved mpg results and which cut pollution to near zero. They teamed up with the very large auto-parts supplier Arvin Meritor to put the carburettor into production vehicles. Then "One Equity Partners" bought out the Arvin Meritor division which did all the final work, and then they created a new company, “EMCON Technologies”, which dropped the carburettor from their product line, not because it did not work but because it did work. Oil sales were the only interest and cutting pollution was seen as irrelevant.

Web Links

If you want to research this fraudulent commercial domination over you, then here are some links which might be helpful:

http://thecrowhouse.com/Documents/mary-book.pdf Mary Croft’s eBook “How I Clobbered Every Bureaucratic Cash-Confiscatory Agency Known to Man”

http://www.documentarywire.com/john-harris-its-an-illusion A lecture by John Harris entitled “It’s An Illusion”

http://www.tpuc.co.uk/ John Harris’ web site “The People’s United Community”

http://www.zshare.net/audio/5485964026c8ef48 An audio interview with Thomas Anderson – part 1

http://www.zshare.net/audio/548937360de2ee12 An audio interview with Thomas Anderson – part 2

http://educate-yourself.org/cn/strawmanillusion02apr10.shtml The Strawman Illusion Explained

http://panacea-bocaf.org/honordishonor.htm Panacea’s strawman information web page

http://video.google.com.au/videoplay?docid=3296715122664269567# The “Hi-jacking Humanity” video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHZTjTmrgjI Interview with Mary Croft, part 1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alqgpuAwpzM&NR=1 Interview with Mary Croft, part 2

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hqnaHNw_fo&feature=related Interview with Mary Croft, part 3

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9zxVMNmJsE&feature=related Interview with Mary Croft, part 4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWnv66ERXiw&feature=related Interview with Mary Croft, part 5

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUD5f0MWnKo&feature=related Interview with Mary Croft, part 6

http://www.archive.org/details/Michael_Badnarik Seven hours of intensive training by Michael Badnarik

http://web.archive.org/web/20060407062015/http://www.worldnewsstand.net/law/PLAY_BALL.htm The Commerce Game Exposed

http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Instructions/3.17QuitSocialSecurity.htm Tax Freedom in America

http://www.getoutofdebtfree.org/ Get Out of Debt Free website

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2550156453790090544# The “Money As Debt” video

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-515319560256183936# “The Money Masters” video

http://www.thebcgroup.org.uk/video The British Constitution Group videos

http://web.archive.org/web/20060206085143/www.worldnewsstand.net/law/REDEMPTION3.htm The Application of Commercial Law

The Practical Situation

Some of this is quite difficult to absorb and understand, so perhaps a little extra detail may be helpful. Just to recap; there are two separate and totally different systems: the law and the legal system.

The law boils down to “don’t harm anyone or his property, steal his property or swindle him”. That is pretty straightforward and it is binding on everyone. You will notice that it does not say anything about keeping to a speed limit, paying taxes, getting married, serving in an army, voting in an election, or any one of thousands of other things. Those things are not required by the law. The requirements of the law are “don’t harm anyone, damage or steal his property or defraud him”, nothing else.

The legal system is an invention intended to do exactly the opposite, namely, harm you, steal your property, subject you to the will of someone else and to defraud you generally. The operating method is lies and deception and a prolonged attempt to prevent you finding out the facts. Thankfully, being subject to the legal system is optional – completely your own choice. So, by refusing to consent to being subject to it, you can shrug it off and live a life free from it.

One of the really difficult things to understand is finance. For example: Al Baker, decides to set up a finance company, lending money and charging interest on the loans. He registers “The Swindle Finance Company Limited”, which is a paper invention of the legal system and is not actually a real thing at all – just some pieces of paper and a name written into a list of paper companies.

His friend Charles Daly who lives across the street, decides to deposit £10,000 (or dollars, or Euros, or whatever the local currency is called) with Al because Al is offering 10% annual interest on all deposits as a special advertising promotion. Al puts the money in the bank account of Swindle Finance Company Limited and enters the amount as a credit in the company accounts ledger. Big smile – the business is starting to roll in.

Gary Hughes then decides that he could do with a round-the-world holiday cruise and so he asks Al for a loan of £10,000. Al is delighted and is about to lend him the £10,000 which Charles lodged when his financial director, Ed Foyle, says “hey, you can’t do that, there is a (statute) law against it - if Charles suddenly need money for something and wants to withdraw his money, you have to be able to repay him in full, so you are not allowed to lend his money to anyone else”.

Al is a bit stumped by that and asks “how can we lend money then – it seems impossible?”. It’s quite ok says Ed, we just invent the money. Here, get Gary Hughes to sign this form, but make quite sure that the form says “Mr Gary Hughes” or “MR GARY HUGHES” as that is very important. When the form is signed, we can enter it in our company accounts as a credit because his signature makes it a promissory note which has a value of £10,000 for us. Then, we start making real money by writing him a cheque instead of handing him money. He will sign that cheque in order to cash it and that is worth another £10,000 to us. This is great business as we can enter his signed cheque into our ledger as another £10,000 asset, and write the £10,000 which goes into his account as a debit. We have now got £20,000 coming in and only £10,000 going out, so we are already ahead by £10,000 and it isn’t even time for lunch on our first day. Also, if Gary pays back the loan and our 20% interest, then this transaction will have made us a net profit of £22,000. If he didn’t pay us back anything, we would still be £10,000 ahead, so let’s celebrate.

Poor Al is a bit confused, so he asks “but where does the £10,000 that we lend Patrick come from?”. Ed laughs and says, it doesn’t come from anywhere, we just write numbers into our ledger against the name of Mr Gary Hughes – it doesn’t cost us anything – do you think he would hold still long enough for us to stamp “sucker” on his forehead? After all, he is about to pay us more than twice, which means that we will make millions in profit each year. Poor Al is still confused, which is a pity, as Gary is the only person which Ed wants to keep confused about the transaction.

Ed knows all of the legal angles and when he is driving home he exceeds the speed limit. It is not dangerous in any way as there is no other traffic, and the road conditions are perfect. A police car pulls alongside him and indicates that they want him to stop, so he pulls over and stops. A police officer approaches and asks Ed if he is aware that he was driving at 40 mph in a 30 mph zone. Ed says that he was indeed aware of that.

The police officer then asks Ed for his name and address. But, Ed is aware of the fact that this is a fraudulent attempt to get him to agree to “Joinder”, that is, agreeing that he is subject to all legal statutes, giving the police officer authority over him. So, he promptly states that the law does not require him to provide any such information, he also mentions the fact that the law does not require him to drive at, or below, 30 mph in a 30 mph zone. The police officer tries this again several times, getting the same answer each time.

Being a bit stumped by this unexpected response, the police officer switches tactics and says that he may have to take Ed down to the police station for further questioning and asks if Ed understands. Being well up on legal tactics and realising that asking “do you understand” is a fraudulent attempt to establish Joinder, he calmly states that under the law, he is not required to go to a police station and he does NOT “stand under” the police officer or his statement. He also remarks that if he is taken to a police station unlawfully and against his will and without his consent, then he will take action against the police officer personally as a man and not as a police officer, for his unlawful actions. He also asks the police officer if he is aware that the Police Authority which employs him is not a government agency but is a commercial for-profit company with no powers whatsoever to uphold the law, that the police officer is only empowered to uphold the law through the oath which he personally took when he became a policeman and it has nothing whatsoever to do with any form of authority coming from his employers. In other words, he is on his own on this one.

Ed further points out that under the law, there has to be a victim (who has been injured, has his goods damaged or stolen, or who has been defrauded) and he asks the police officer to identify the victim in this case. He also remarks that legal statutes only have the force of law for those people who consent to be bound by them, and he does NOT consent to be bound by them, and so, driving at 40 mph in a 30 mph zone where nobody was endangered and no harm or damage occurred, is not an offence for him.

I’ll leave you to work out the likely outcome of the conversation between Ed and the police officer.

Six months later, Ivan Johnson, a friend of Gary Hughes, remarks that Gary is looking worried and asks him if anything is wrong. Gary, who is self-employed, says that business has been very poor for some time and he is having financial problems. His main difficulty is this loan that he has with the Swindle Finance Company Limited. He has not been able to keep up the payments and he has just has a letter from them saying that he has to pay £2,231.47 by Friday, or they will take him to court. Fortunately, Ivan is familiar with both finance and legal matters, so he tells Gary what to do. His advice is simple, he says; for your contract with the Swindle Finance Company Limited to be valid, it has to meet these requirements:

1. Full disclosure, which didn’t happen as they did not tell you that your signature created the credit.

2. Equal Consideration, which didn’t happen as they have nothing to lose as they didn’t bring anything to the table.

3. Lawful terms and conditions

4. Signatures of the Parties, which didn’t happen as companies can’t produce a “wet ink” signature.

So, you send them a letter agreeing to pay any financial obligation which you might lawfully owe, as soon as they:

1. Provide validation of the debt, that is, the actual accounting.

2. Verification of their claim against you, that is, a sworn affidavit or a signed Invoice.

3. A copy of the Contract binding both parties.

Sign the Letter “Gary Hughes” (not “Mr Gary Hughes”) and write “All Rights Reserved” after your signature. Send the letter by registered delivery so that there is a third-party record of it being delivered to them.

The financial institution can’t validate the debt as they never sustained a loss. They can’t verify any claim against you as their billing is to “Mr Gary Hughes” or “MR GARY HUGHES” or “Mr G. Hughes” or “Hughes, Mr G” or some such wording, and none of those is you, since you are the man Gary Hughes. They can’t produce a copy of the contract, because one doesn’t exist – what exists is an unenforceable unilateral contract with no standing in law.

If they send you a statement of account, then tell them that a statement is not an Invoice and that you need an Invoice. If they send you a photocopy of your loan application form, then tell them that it is not a contract, being signed by only one of the parties.

If they delay and delay, then write and tell them that if they do not provide the requested documentation within fourteen days, that you will consider any debt as being fully discharged.

If they are ill-advised enough to attempt to take you to court, send a copy of your letter agreeing to pay provided they produce the evidence that there is something outstanding to pay, to the court. They may well be penalised by the court for wasting court time as courts only adjudicate between parties who disagree and there is no disagreement in your case as you have agreed to pay if the Swindle Finance Company Limited shows you that you are liable to pay them some amount of other.

Having had this explained to him, I will leave it up to you to decide if Gary felt any better about his situation.

The legal system is very large and very complex. This is quite deliberate and it is intended to make sure that no ordinary person knows all of it. Fortunately, the law is much less complicated and if you are very careful not to walk into any of the traps set for you, you can effectively ignore the legal system. If required to sign anything and you decide to do so, then Gary Hughes should sign it “By: Gary Hughes, agent” or “By: Gary Hughes, principal” as that you are not taking on any responsibilities in the strawman’s name.

John Harris of the TPUC organisation, has found a very effective technique for dealing with the attempts of the legal people to extract money from you, is to never go to court (remember that a ‘Summons’ is only an invitation and you can decline it) and returning all correspondence marking it “No Contract – Return to Sender”. This avoid you ever walking into a “Joinder” trap and becoming liable for the fraudulent claims being made against your strawman. I suggest that you research this subject further and become completely familiar with your rights under common law, and the fraudulent “Joinder” traps being set for you. What you decide to do after that, is entirely up to you.

The Situation in Australia

It appears that both the government and the legal system of Australia are null and void as the basis on which they were created no longer exists. Sir Harry Gibb has this to say about the situation:

I am a former member of the High Court and I wish to take this unusual method of informing you about a matter that is going to deeply affect us all. Unfortunately, a document such as this is too easily "lost" in the bureaucratic jungle in which we operate.

A group of Australian Citizens have taken it upon themselves to test the validity of our current political and judicial system. Like you, I have lived my entire legal career with the assumption that the basis for our legal and political system, state and federal, was written in stone. This group has undertaken to present this paper where they test the legal system.

The group is articulate, well educated and has some of our best legal minds amongst its members. One of Australia's best known barristers is one of the group’s leading lights. It is far better informed with regard to international law than most members of the judiciary or for that matter, the legal academe. It has better international contacts than I would have thought possible.

After spending some time with the group leader, I was able to elicit it’s primary intentions. It is the introduction of a totally democratic system of government devoid of party politics operated by the will of the people incorporating a system of debit taxation which should go a long way to eliminating the current unemployment problem and addressing other pressing social issues. An A.B.S. financial model supports the proposal.

The group has so far concentrated on matters relating to taxation, state and federal, minor industrial and motor traffic while undertaking not to present a criminal defence using their current presentation. I challenged the leader of this group to present any evidence which he had with regard to the above defence so that I could use my legal expertise to play the part of devil's advocate. It should be brought to your attention that the group has access to documentation of which we members of the judiciary have little knowledge. I refer to the British Parliamentary Papers for the Colony of Australia for the years 1860 through to 1922.

These are photocopies of all documents correspondence etc., between the states and later the Commonwealth of Australia, the British Crown and the British Government. They are very revealing documents and indicate the degree of chicanery in which the politicians of all shades were involved and as I can now see, at the expense of the legal academe and the judiciary. I present for your perusal the details of the group's presentation along with my comment on each major item. The group relies solely upon historical fact and rejects political rhetoric and legal opinion unless based upon historical fact.

1. "The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK) is an act of the parliament of the United Kingdom. It did not contain any substance of sovereignty and was a colonial act centralising self-government of the six Australian Colonies. Australia remained a colony of the United Kingdom."

1a. Although the late Lionel Murphy attempted to show that there was an element of sovereignty in this act, he failed to do so. The international definition of sovereignty has been espoused at length and the above act although important in the development of Australia, did not have the authority of sovereignty. The historical evidence that Australia remained a British Colony post 1901 is overwhelming.

2. “Australia made an international declaration of its intention to become a sovereign nation when Prime Minister Hughes and his deputy; Sir Joseph Cook signed the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. On its cognisance of signing this treaty, Australia was granted a “C” class League of Nations mandate over former German territories in the Pacific. In effect, Papua New Guinea became a colony of Australia achieving its own independence on 16 September 1975. The League of Nations became part of International Law on 10 January 1920 with Article X of the Covenant of League of Nations guaranteeing the sovereignty of each member.”

2A. The Significance of Australia joining the League of Nations as a foundation member has never been addressed in Australia before. Strangely, only one book has ever examined the question of Australian independence. Written by W. J. Hudson and M. P. Sharp in 1988 "Australian Independence" printed by Melbourne University Press. As both were members of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade at the time of authorship and had access to the, British Parliamentary Papers, I find it most interesting they have avoided any mention of these papers in their book. Their conclusion that Australia became an independent nation via. the Statute of Westminster in 1931 flies in the face of contradictory evidence within the above mentioned papers and readily available historical fact.

Prime Minister Hughes address to the Commonwealth Parliament on 10 September 1919, “Australia has now entered into a family of nations on a footing of equality. Australia has been born in a blood sacrifice" demonstrates that the politicians of the day were only too well aware of the change of status from a colony to that of a sovereign nation, while attempting to remain within the Empire.

Prime Minister Bruce made this reply to the British Government in 1922 after a request for troops against Kernel Ataturk in the Chanak crisis. Bruce’s reply is contained in the British Parliamentary Papers: “We have to try to ensure there shall be an Empire foreign policy which if we are to be in anyway responsible for it, must be one to which we agree and to which we have assented. If we are to take any responsibility for the Empire's foreign policy, then there must be a better system, so that we may be consulted and have a better opportunity to express the views of the people of this country. We cannot blindly submit to any policy which may involve us in war." This is a far cry from the declaration of war against Germany made on behalf of the British Colony of Australia by George V of the United Kingdom in 1914.

I have reproduced Bruce's reply in full as I believe this reply contains clear historical evidence of a Prime Minister who was well aware of the change of status from a. colony to a sovereign nation. The later Statute of Westminster 1931 was an acknowledgment of that status.

3. "Paragraph 4 of the Statue of Westminster Act 1931 contravenes Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations. Paragraph 1 of the Australia Act 1986 contravenes Article 2 paragraphs 1 and 4 of the Charter of the United Nations."

3A Paragraph 4 of the Statute of Westminster reads "No Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed after the commencement of this Act, shall extend, or be deemed to extend, to a Dominion as part of the law of that Dominion, unless it is expressly declared in that Act, that the Dominion, has requested, and consented to the enactment thereof." Paragraph 1 of the Australia Act is very similar: “No Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed after the commencement of this Act shall extend, or be deemed to extend, to the Commonwealth, to a State or Territory as part of the law of the Commonwealth, of the State or of the Territory."

I passed this one to the Federal Attorney General and asked him what was the source of this quite incredible authority that sought to overturn the authority legislated within the Covenant of the League of Nations in Article X and the Charter of the United Nations in Article 2 paragraphs 1 and 4. He is unable to provide any documentation to support these clauses, Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations states: “The members of the League undertake to respect and preserve against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression, the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled."

It is appropriate that I now introduce a statement by Sir Geoffrey Butler KBE, MA and Fellow, Librarian and Lecturer in International Law and Diplomacy of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge author of “A Handbook to-the League of Nations" used as a reference to the League by virtually all nations at that time. He refers to Article 1 of the Covenant of the League of Nations:

"It is arguable that this article is the Covenant's most significant single measure. By it the British Dominions, namely New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Canada, have their independent nationhood established for the first time. There may be friction over small matters in giving effect to this internationally acknowledged fact but the Dominions will always look to the League of Nations Covenant as their Declaration of Independence.

Article 2 paragraph 1 of the United Nation’s Charter states "The Organisation is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all of its Members."

Article 2 paragraph 4 of the Charter states ‘All members shall refrain in their international relations, from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations."

In view of the above, the historical evidence for Australian Independence by 10 January 1920 when the League of Nations became part of International Law is overwhelming. When this evidence is reinforced with the contents of the Charter of the United Nations, the continued usage of any legislation that owes its very legitimacy to the parliament of an acknowledged foreign power cannot be supported by either legal opinion or indeed historical evidence.

I therefore have come to the conclusion that the current legal and political system in use in Australia and its States and Territories has no basis in law.

Following discussions with members of the British Government relating to the Letters Patent for the Governor General and State Governors I find that these documents no longer have any authority. Indeed, the Queen of the United Kingdom is excluded from any position of power in Australia by the United Nations Charter and is excluded under UK law from the issue of a Letters Patent to other than a British Subject. A Letters Patent must refer to an action to be taken with regard to British Citizens. In the Immigration Act 1972, the UK defines Australian Citizens as “aliens”.

The Governor General’s Letters Patent is a comedy of errors. We are greeted in the name of the Queen of Australia who suddenly becomes the Queen of the United Kingdom in the next paragraph of the Letters Patent. This Queen then gives instructions to the Governor General with reference to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 UK. Here we have a clear breach of Article 2 paragraph 1 of the United Nation Charter. Under both UK and international law, the-Queen is a British Citizen.

State Governors are in a worse position since their authority comes from the late Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Regardless of the validity of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 UK, if the authority of Governor General and the State Governors is invalid then so is the entire political and legal system of government.

When advised that the War Crimes Commission was taking an interest, I called them in Geneva. Under the 1947 Geneva Convention, they are empowered to look into cases here in Australia where it is alleged that the law of a foreign country was enforced against a citizen of a member state of the United Nations. As they perceive that only the judiciary can actually enforce the law, the judiciary becomes their target. The group has already placed cases before them which they are currently investigating. If found guilty, the penalties are horrific and include the death penalty!

I could go on with more relevant information however I think now is the time for a summary. The group leader, a QC, states the obvious when he asked me how could a colony now acknowledged by all world nations to be a sovereign Nation, retain exactly the same legal and political system which it enjoyed as a colony, without any change whatsoever to the basis for law. This point alone requires an answer.

The High Court has already answered with regard to the position held by treaties signed by the Commonwealth Government in the Teoh case of 1994. "Ordinary people have the right to expect government officials to consider Australia's international obligations even if those obligations are not reflected in specific Acts of Parliament: the rights recognised in international treaties are an implied limit on executive processes."

My advice is to adjourn any case "sine die" that challenges the authority of the Letters Patent. Under no circumstances hear a case that challenges the validity of a State or the Federal Constitution. It is the politicians who are using us as pawns without them having to face the music. If these matters are of concern to politicians, then let them sort out these problems and accept any inherent risks themselves! Article 36 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is the correct reference for you to refuse to hear a matter when an international treaty is cited as a defence.

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The Comments of Brian Collins

The following is some of what the very knowledgeable Brian Collins has to say on his web site. I merely quote what he says here and I have not verified any of this material, and so I recommend that you check out these things for yourself.

The Greatest Lie Ever Told

The government and legal system of the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and of course, Britain, is totally controlled by the Crown. The Crown is not the British Monarch. The Crown is the Inner City of London, which is an independent State in London belonging to the Vatican system. It is a banking cartel which has a massive system around and beneath it, which hides its true power. The City is in fact, the Knights Templar Church, also known as the ‘Crown Temple’ or ‘Crown Templar’, and is located between Fleet Street and Victoria Embankment. The Temple grounds are also home to the Crown Offices at Crown Office Row. The Crown Temple controls the Global 'Legal' system, including those in the United States, Canada, Australia, and much more; this is because all Bar Associations are franchises of the International Bar Association at the Inns of Court at Crown Temple based at Chancery Lane in London. All Bar Associations are franchises of the Crown and all Bar Attorneys/ Barristers throughout the world pledge a solemn oath to the Temple, even though many may not be aware that this is what they are doing. Bar Association 'licensed' Solicitors / Barristers must keep to their Oath, Pledge and terms of allegiance to the Crown Temple if they are to be "called to the Bar" and work in the legal profession. The ruling Monarch is also subordinate to the Crown Temple, this as been so since the reign of King John in the 13th century when Royal Sovereignty was transferred to the Crown Temple and, through this, to the Roman Church. King John 1167-1216 is the key to this deception. It was at the Chancel, or Chancery, of the Crown Inner Temple Court in January 1215 that King John was faced with the demands of the French/English Barons in England (mainly French), to confirm the rights enshrined in the Magna Carta. When he signed the Magna Carta in 1215 history records this as an event that extended human freedom, but the real affect was very different as we shall see. The governments of the USA, Canada, Australia and more, are subsidiaries of the Crown Temple and so is the US Central Bank the Federal Reserve, as are all Central Banks on the planet, including the IMF World Bank. Bar Associations are awarded their franchises by the Four Inns of Court at Temple Bar. These are the Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincolns Inn and Greys Inn and they are nothing less than elite secret societies without charters or statutes. They are the law unto themselves. The Inner Temple controls the legal system franchise for Canada and Britain while the Middle Temple does the same for the United States. Queen Elizabeth II is a member of both Temples. At least five signatories to the American Declaration of Independence were Temple Bar Attorneys who had pledged allegiance to the Crown! Another Middle Temple operative during the formation of the USA was Alexander Hamilton who structured the American Banking system to fulfil the Crown Temples agenda for total control of the United States. So in truth, a State wherever it is on this planet, is a legal entity of the Temple Crown, or a Crown Colony. A man named Michael Edwards wrote: "Americans were fooled into believing that the legal Crown Colonies comprising New England, were independent nation states, but they never were, nor are they today. They were, and still are, Colonies of the Crown Temple, through letters patent and charters, who have no legal authority to be independent from the rule and order of the Crown Temple. A legal state is a Crown Temple Colony". "Neither the American people nor the monarch of Britain own America. The Crown Temple owns America through the deception of those who have sworn their allegiance by oath to the Middle Temple Bar. The Crown Bankers and their Middle Templar Attorneys rule America through unlawful contracts, unlawful Taxes, and contract documents of false equity through debt deceit, all strictly enforced by their completely unlawful, but 'legal', orders, rules and codes of the Crown Temple Courts, or the so called, 'Judiciary', in America. This is because the Crown Temple holds the land titles and estate deeds to all of North America". Seven Middle Inn Templars who had pledged an oath of allegiance to the Crown Temple (including Alexander Hamilton) were among the members of the Constitutional Convention who signed the completed 'American Constitution'. How symbolic it is that copies of the American Constitution and the Declaration of Independence hang on the wall of the Middle Temple in London. It's not that surprising when you consider that this Temple controlled both sides in these shenanigans. So while the Middle Bar Templars were orchestrating the illusion of freedom from the perceived rule by King George III, the King too, was a sworn member of the same Temple. Michael Edwards continues: "1776 is the year that will truly live in infamy for all Americans. It is the year that the Crown Colonies became legal Crown States. The Declaration of Independence was a legal, not lawful, document. It was signed on both sides by representatives of the Crown Temple. Legally, it announced the status quo of the Crown Colonies to that of the new legal name called 'States' as directly possessed estates of the Crown. "The American people were hoodwinked into thinking that they were declaring lawful independence from the Crown. The proof that the colonies are still a Crown possession is the use of the word 'State' to signify a 'legal estate of possession'. Had this been a document “of and by the people”, then both the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution would have been written using the word 'States'. By the use of 'State', the significance of government of estate possessions was legally established. All of the North American States are Crown Templar possessions through their legal document, signed by their representation of both parties to the contract, known as the Constitution of the United States of America. Who controls the Crown? On 15th May 1213, King John, being a puppet of the Knights Templar, effectively signed away the Kingdom of England and Ireland to Pope Innocent III and the Roman Church, witnessed by the Crown Templars. As King John said at the time: "I myself bearing witness in the house of the Knights Templars". The King John Charter said: " We wish it to be known to all of you, through this our charter, furnished with our seal… not induced by force or compelled by fear, but of our own good and spontaneous will and by common counsel of our Barons, do offer and freely concede to God and his Holy Apostles Peter and Paul and to our mother the holy Roman Church, and to our lord Pope Innocent and to his Catholic successors, the whole kingdom of England and the whole kingdom of Ireland, with all their rights and appurtenances… we perform and swear fealty for them to him are aforesaid lord pope Innocent, and his Catholic successors and the Roman Church… binding our successors and our heirs by our wife forever, in a similar manner to perform fealty and show homage to him who shall be chief pontiff at the time, and to the Roman church without demur. As a sign… we will and establish perpetual obligation and concession… from the proper and especial revenues of our aforesaid kingdoms… the Roman church shall receive yearly a thousand marks sterling… saving to us and to our heirs our rights, liberties and regalia; all of which things, as they have been described above, we wish to have perpetually valid and firm; and we bind ourselves and our successors not to act counter to them. And if we or any of our successors shall presume to attempt this, whoever he be, unless being duly warned he come to his kingdom, and his senses, he shall lose his right to the kingdom, and this charter of our obligation and concession shall always remain firm." Now it gets interesting. Historical accounts concentrate on the fact that this charter obliged the Crown to pay money to the Roman Church, but it also states that if the terms of the charter are broken, the 'right to the kingdom' shall be lost. When King John signed the Magna Carter on 15th June 1215, he broke the terms of the charter with the Pope and therefore lost the right to his Kingdom. Pope Innocent III then declared the Magna Carter to be null and void. From that time, the 'Crown' passed from the Monarch to the Knights Templar who to this day, govern Britain on behalf of the Roman Illuminati Church.

The St Clair's now Sinclair are the initial directors of this link of Templar and Rome in the British Isles as they took hold in Scotland at the time of the 1066 Norsemen-Norman invasion. This means that ultimately, through the Crown Temple, the Roman system also owns the United States, Canada and all countries and Bar associations controlled both overtly and covertly by the Crown. This is why the Peace Treaty between the American Colonies and the British Crown in 1783, stated: "It having pleased the Divine Providence to dispose the hearts of the most serene and most potent Prince George the third, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg, arch treasurer and prince elector of the Holy Roman Empire etc… and of the United States of America…" And ironically, a Roman Catholic is barred from being the British Monarch while all along the Monarch and the Kingdom have been owned by the system that is Rome. The Queen is the Grand Patroness of Freemasonry. She is served by the 390 members of the Privy Council which connects with it’s equivalent in all other Commonwealth Countries. The Privy Council is 'LEGALLY' above Parliament because of its prerogative powers. It’s members, are appointed for life and they include Prince Philip, Prince Charles, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Prime Minister and many others. They hold nine official meetings each year and the government (Crown) minister's stand to attention while the Queen is told of the government measures they are asking the Queen to approve, which are nothing other than what the Crown dictates via the elected leader and via the Whips of whichever political party has power... After taking their bow to the Queen and shaking her hand they are sworn to conduct their business in the utmost secrecy. Another network of this structure is the CROWN AGENTS. Formed in 1833 as 'Crown Agents for the Colonies', to run the day to day administration of the empire and to serve as private bankers to government officials, colonial authorities, and heads of state. It is also an older version of Brown & Root supplying a vast range of goods throughout the empire. Goods that included arms, drugs, viruses, especially to Africa to create the genocidal wars we are now witnessing and have witnessed in the past. The ‘Crown Agents’ is the network which links the Crown Temple to the organised crime operations throughout the empire, the Golden Dawn being one of the most powerful occult operations to be used in Britain amongst the crime syndicates to ensure that the right crime waves are in full swing when required.

We can see this in the current agenda for guns. The Golden Dawn also operates within legal organisations, but is the interconnecting network across all secret societies and religion. Remember that the Crown Agents work directly for the Monarch who works for the Knights Templar Church, which operates for the Vatican, and to add insult to injury, the entire debt of the Crown Agents is guaranteed by the British Government, and that means you!

In the 1970's it was bailed out by the Bank of England costing hundreds of millions of pounds. For many years the Crown Agents managed the personal wealth of the Sultan of Brunei who just happens to be a great friend of the Queen, and who has funded many of Prince Philips’, Prince Charles’, and George Bush senior's private projects. The Sultan is also the financier of both the British and the American unofficial intelligence operations as he has backed many of Mohammed Al Fayed's operations, in fact the Sultan could be said to be Mohammed Al Fayed!

After the murder of Princess Diana, the role of Al Fayed was for him to hijack the conspiracy and thus lead investigators down the Al Fayed rap of misinformation as was done with Nick Brown over the top-up fees debate, and is currently being played by David Davis. Fortunately no one needed to go to him for information because we all in our hearts already know that she was murdered. In 1996 the ‘Crown Agents’ operation was privatised and given the name ‘Crown Agents for Overseas Government and Administration Ltd’. Of course, privatisation is nothing but transfer of Power from Crown Temple through Government agency to Crown Temple via direct ownership: they own everything in this nation! Just to give an idea of What the Crown Agencies controls, here are a few little companies which it controls. It acts as a holding company for: Barclays bank Standard and Chartered bank Unilever Tate and Lyle Securicor British Telecom The Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum, and Aga Khan Foundation

I think you get the picture; it's big to say the least. It manages the customs services of Mozambique, and through a company called Europe SA, it is in charge of all of the economic construction procurement for Bosnia. It is also in a joint venture with the Monaco-based company ES-KO, to provide all the food for United Nations peace keeping forces in Angola and Bosnia. So, the more war the more profit for the Crown Agents, and if it were to fail financially, then the British Taxpayer will have to foot the bill !!!! The queen of England owns the 40,000 acre Duchy of Lancaster, and the 44,000 acre Duchy of Cornwall which gives Charles his income. In truth, it is the Crown that owns these assets, which are assigned to the ruling monarch, so long as they do as they are told. The Crown, it transpires, owns land in the UK to the tune of 40 million acres. The Queen owns over 300 residences around the country, and invests heavily in corporations like Rio Tinto Zinc, Royal Dutch Shell, ICI, and General Electric. This is no surprise as these companies are 100% Illuminati operations. Rio Tinto is the largest mining company in the world and was established in 1873 by Hugh Matheson of the Global drug running operation Jardine Matheson. Rio Tinto was in at the start of the North Sea Oil, along with Texaco. They used the refineries of BP in which the Queen also has massive investments, so now you know where all the revenues from the North Sea oil reserves went - to the Crown Temple. This shows insider dealing on an individual basis enabling the Queen to make massive profits. Another blatant conflict of interest to have been identified, was Rio Tinto's involvement in a cartel formed in 1971 to fix the price of uranium. A Federal grand jury and the 1976 US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Frank Church, exposed the sting. It also included a company called Mary Kathleen Uranium of Australia. This company had been secretly encouraging the Aborigines to occupy uranium-rich lands in Australia to take these lands out of production in order to raise the price of uranium on the world market. The manipulated shortage of uranium had a serious effect on the American Westinghouse company who sought to take legal action against Rio Tinto for price rigging. This strategy has been used in the USA against the Native Americans and throughout Africa. An American court ordered that Rio Tinto officials answer questions, but this was quashed by the British Law Lords. The Australian government passed legislation to the same effect. This was after the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, had been dismissed from office by the Queen’s Governor General of Australia, Sir John Kerr. Whitlam was pursuing a policy of buying out the mining and raw material cartels, like Rio Tinto and Anglo American, to stop them raping Australia's resource base, while giving nothing in return. The Queen having enormous investments in both companies, removed Whitlam by using some of her wide range of prerogative powers, which by the way, she has in all commonwealth countries including Britain, which she can instigate when the Crown deem necessary, but of course in the minds of the masses the Queen has no powers today! Well I suppose she doesn't in that she is a puppet of the Crown Temple and ultimately, of the Roman system. Sir John Kerr, a former high level operative of British Intelligence, was made a member of the Privy Council and the Royal Victorian Order for his loyal and most profitable service to the Queen’s portfolio. He was later murdered however, when the truth about the removal of Gough Whitlam was in danger of coming out - how they look after their own! He was obviously outer circle, and a good man and would have exposed the lies of the inner circle. The Crown Cartels continue through a House of Windsor extremely secretive society called the Club of the Isles. It was named after King Edward VII, Queen Victoria's son. The title is held today by Prince Charles. King Edward VII was heavily involved with the Black Nobility barons of ‘the square mile of London’ Financial District and helped them to engineer the Crimean War, the Russia - Japan War, the preparations for the First World War, and the Opium Wars against China. Through the central organisation of the Club of the Isles comes the fantastic web of interlocking directorships which holds apparently 'independent' companies in a network of common control and common agenda. Part of that web includes: The Bank of England Anglo American Corporation of South Africa Rio Tinto Minorco Minerals and Resources Corp De Beers Consolidated Mines De Beers Centenary AG N.M Rothschild’s Bank Barclays Bank Lloyds Bank Lloyds Insurance Market HSBC Bank National Westminster Bank Barings Bank Schroders bank Standard Chartered Bank Hambros Bank S.G Warburg Toronto Dominion Bank Johnson Matthey Kleinwort Benson Group Lazard Brothers Lonrho J.P Morgan and CO Morgan Grenfell Group British Petroleum Shell and Royal Dutch Petroleum Cadbury - Schweppes Bat Industries Assicurazioni Generali SpA (VeniceItaly) Courtaulds General Electric Cazeenove and Co Grand Metropolitan Hanson PLC HSBS (Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank) Imperial and Chemical Industries (ICI) Inchscape PLC Inco Ltd. ING Group Jardine Matheson Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation & Co (P & O ferries) Pilkington Glass Reuters Holdings Glaxo Wellcome Smithkline Beecham Unilever and UnileverNV Vickers PLC. This is just a few of them. In 1999, Lonrho had 640 subsidiary companies itself; today, it has many more, and all of these companies have themselves, staggering numbers of subsidiaries. In studying the subsidiaries of the multi-nationals, you arrive at the fact that everything is controlled by the Crown, and that all of them lead back to operatives of the Roman Illuminati Church via the Knights Templar Church. A fact worth noting is that just because a company like Pilkington Glass is now perceived to be owned by a non- British company, it has only moved from the British economy, not from the control or economy of the Illuminati who own everything, this type of movement is only a movement within the global conglomerate that is the New World Order and still earning for, and controlled by, the bloodline elite, albeit via a different branch of the elite tree. Just look at some of the TV companies owned and thus controlled by General Electric: NBC network CNBC MSNBC Bravo MUN2 TV Sci-Fi channel Trio WNBC - New York KNBC - Los Angeles WMAQ - Chicago WCAU - Philadelphia KNTV - San Jose - San Francisco KXAS - Dallas - Fort Worth WRAC Washington WTVJ - Miami KNSDF - San Diego WVIT - Hartford WNCN - Raleigh WCMH - Columbus WVTM - Birmingham (USA) WJAR - Providence KVEA / KWHY - Los Angeles WNJU - New York WSCV - Miami KTMD - Houston WSNS - Chicago KXTX - Dallas KVDA - San Antonio KSTS - San Francisco KDRX - Phoenix KNSO - Fresno KMAS - Denver WNEU - Boston / Merrimack KHRR - Tucson WKAQ - Puerto Rico Universal Studios NBC Universal Television Studio NBC Universal Television Distribution. This is one company controlling a major chunk of the TV dream state given out to the whole of America. Is it any wonder that Americans are completely under the control of the American elite? Another important part of the Windsor network which is part of the Crown Temple, are the City Livery Companies. These purport to represent the various groups of merchants like the gun makers, stationers, newspaper makers, goldsmiths and the like. They are in fact, very secret societies, fundamental to the control of the City institutions and much further afield. In the 1350's, in the wake of the plague known to history as the Black Death, the government of the City passed from the ward councils to the City Livery Companies. In 1979, the year when Margaret Thatcher took power, the Honourable Company of Freemen of the City of London and of North America, began to hold meetings in New York and Toronto, and on 21st October 1991, the Association of Liverymen of the City of London in Hong Kong was founded and all their members were Architects (Freemasons). The late author Peter Jones, researched some of the Livery Companies in the 1990's for his book,' The Obedience of Australia', which exposed the manipulation which led to the removal by the Queen, of Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam. These are some of the names which he found within these companies: Engineers: The Duke of Edinburgh. Airline Pilots and Navigators: The Duke of Edinburgh Prince Andrew Butchers: Queen Mother, Lord Vesty (of the meat family and Lord Prior of the Order of St John of Jerusalem) Merchant Tailors: Queen Mother, Lord Whitelaw Glovers: Margaret Thatcher, Sir John Fieldhouse (Admiral of the Fleet during the Falklands conflict) Poulterers: Margaret Thatcher, Duchess of Devonshire. Fishmongers: Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, C.E.A Hambro (Hambros Bank, Taylor Woodrow, and P&O), Lord Inchcape (Her Majesty's Lieutenant of London) Goldsmiths: J.H Hambro. Grocers: Edward Heath. Salter's: Duke of Kent (Grand Master of English Freemasonry) Lord Armstrong. Cloth workers: Sir Peter Gadson (a Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge), Lord Carrington (Thatcher's handler). Another name prominent within these companies is McAlpine of the construction family. You will of course have noted that Prince Philip heads the Pilots and Navigators, which gives indication as to whom is in control of the current attack on our right to travel by plane and the whole swath of legislation about to come out relative to air traffic, using the environment scam to force it through. Just as a matter of interest, the cheap-flight operator ‘Easy Jet’ is financed by the Warburg Bank which is part of the Rothschild empire which has been proved beyond doubt, to have funded the rise of Hitler's war machine on behalf of the Rothschilds. The fact that they are now blaming these cheap flight operators for the rise in carbon emissions shows you why the Warburg bank has funded this airline, it is the catalyst for the introduction of the carbon emissions scam. Basically they will determine how much you, as a household, can travel. You have to look at this whole carbon emissions agenda as an attempt to instil a massive suppressing layer of control upon families and business via the introduction of quotas per household. This will stifle people’s movements to unimaginable levels. Don't forget that the House of Rothschild operates directly under the current British chief, Prince Philip. Prince Philip's whole family were supporters of the Nazi's as was he himself. In 1935, Prince Christoph, the husband of Philip's sister Sophie, was a colonel in the SS of Himmler's personal staff and head of the Forschungsamt, an elite intelligence operation controlled by Hermann Goering. It was they who carried out the famous ‘Night of the Long Knives’ when Hitler removed his key opponents. Christoph and Sophie named their eldest child, Karl Adolf, after Hitler and Prince Philip was involved in his education. Christoph's brother, Philip of Hess, was related to the King of Italy and was the official liaison between the fascists of Italy and Germany. Also at the same time the British King Edward VIII, who was forced to abdicate in order the Queen Mother could be placed in the position of Chief Toad which meant she had to marry the lesser of the brothers, Bertie, the one she could obviously control. King Edward VIII was well known to be a Nazi supporter. Prince Philip kept up very serious connections with Edward even after his abdication in 1936. Another of Edward's supporters, and mentor to Prince Philip, was the known paedophile and Satanist Lord Louis Mountbatten (Battenberg). Mountbatten was Philip’s route into the House of Windsor. Mountbatten was the grandson of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and was born at Windsor Castle in 1900. While Mountbatten was supposedly fighting on the British side during the war, he maintained serious communications with the Windsor's German Clan via his sister Louise, the Crown Princess of Sweden and wife of King Gustav. Louise was Prince Philip’s aunt.

At the end of the war, in June 1945, the British King, George VI, the father of Queen Elizabeth and puppet of the Queen Mother, sent the former MI5 officer, Anthony Blunt, to the Kronberg Castle of Prince Philip’s sister Sophie, and her Nazi husband Prince Christoph of Hess, to recover correspondence between the British Royal Family and their Nazi relatives, for propaganda aimed at convincing the aristocrats of Britain they had not been in contact all along. Blunt was the 'surveyor of the Queens Pictures' and a world expert in the paintings of Poussin, the initiate who painted pictures called 'The Shepherds of Arcadia' which related to the Rennes-le-Chateau mysteries. Blunt was named as a member of a KGB unit inside British Intelligence along with Burgess, MacLean, and Philby, the fifth man was never named, but was in fact, Lord Victor Rothschild. If you have seen the latest Bond movies, you hear the Character 'M' played by Dame Judy Dench state, ' in the cold war days intelligence operatives that made a big mistake had the common decency to defect', of course they would the intelligence services of the world are one and the same. When Blunt was finally caught in the 1980's, Queen Elizabeth II demanded he was not questioned on his clandestine mission to Kronberg Castle… So who controls the law? Another important secret society within the Crown Temple is the Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, sounds pretty strange until you understand its symbolism. Both George Bush snr. and Ronald Reagan were given this title. The resurrection bath of alchemy, symbolises rebirth and purification or absolution. Baths are given to Masonic Knights of the Bath before they perform horrendous deeds, hence the term 'Blood Baths’. The information in the last few paragraphs only hints at the true power of the Crown Temple. One has also to include all that the Vatican openly controls, to see the true extent of the power of the Roman Illuminati Church to which the Knights Templar Church is subordinate. Through all these networks and more, thirteen Royal Nefilim families control the world, and it is they who are carrying out all of the atrocities in the world at this present time, to carry out the agenda of the Elohim. The Crown also owns massive parts of our coastline around this nation and 12 miles out to sea, in total about half of the coastline. Some of this is under the control of the Ministry of Defence which is itself controlled by the Crown. The current legislation, under which the National Trust will purchase some of this land from the MOD and coast not belonging to the MOD, changes nothing. The National Trust is 100% controlled by the Crown. We have the British Waterways agency, and the railways again controlling massive amounts of land, and we are effectively almost back to the middle ages now. One of the greatest means to the Windsor land-grab is the: CLUB OF THE ISLES Controlling the World Wildlife Fund, WWF, this is one hell of a heinous operation and given the fact that Prince Philip inherited the position as the Queen’s husband, becoming Commander of the Club of the Isles...then he is at the helm of genocide the likes of which the Holocaust could never imagine. I see that the Royals are playing the good guys relative to the Sunni Muslims with the release of the Manchester man after 18 years in prison in Pakistan, this in itself shows you who operates President Musharaff of Pakistan, via such orders as the Order of the Mystic Shrine. This is important, given that Pakistan is now under attack from NATO forces, again controlled by the Inner City banking cartel which includes the Dutch and the Swiss. So how does the Crown control all the MPs? Answer; via the whip system. All of the MPs which you vote in to represent you, are told how to vote each day by each party's leadership via the whips. So when any politician that has ever been and will be while this system exists, tells lies to the whole population the minute he or she opens his mouth and speaks. No matter what he speaks about, it is saying what he has been told to say, how to speak and when to speak. If it does not obey the whips, then his career is over. Thus the Crown need only control the people at leadership level or the cabinet of each political party and the Whips office, then through that clique of puppets, they demand obedience from all MPs down to the MPs sitting in each constituency, claiming to be acting on behalf of their constituents. The majority of MPs don't even get to see each bill before it goes to the vote, and indeed they don't need to as they are told how to vote on every Bill. On Sunday 11th February 2007 on the political show 'Sunday AM’, Giles Brandreth, a Conservative Party whip stated: "As a whip, we understand each MP's marital problems, their drinking problems their financial problems, we know a lot about them. We then advise and guide them to making the right decisions". Do you still feel that MPs act according to their own understanding and emotions? Of course they do not. This is the best I have witnessed from a politician handing you on a plate how the game of politics actually operates. They are all, through fear of their personal information being leaked; totally afraid of the whips, and so do the whips’ bidding, which, of course, is the Crown's bidding. All MPs who speak at the box in the Commons do so under oath to the Bible positioned under the box. What does that tell you about those who operate as very religious people (Blair) when they spew the bullshit? Blair is a high member of the Illuminati and that is why he can lie with ease as he speaks to the House and the people.

The Economic Techniques

The following is an excerpt from a document, dated May 1979, and which appears to be a statement of the methods and techniques used in the economic warfare which is being waged against all ordinary people at this time. Let me emphasise that these are not my words but that I am quoting the contents of an old and unverified document of unknown origin. Anonymous documents are a standard method of spreading disinformation, however, the statements quoted below are included because they have every appearance of being a factual New World Order strategy already being implemented.

Top Secret Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars, An introductory programming manual, Operations Research Technical Manual TM-SW7905.1 This publication marks the 25th anniversary of the Third World War, called the "Quiet War", being conducted using subjective biological warfare, fought with "silent weapons." May 1979 Security It is patently impossible to discuss social engineering or the automation of a society, i.e., the engineering of social automation systems (silent weapons) on a national or worldwide scale without implying extensive objectives of social control and destruction of human life, i.e., slavery and genocide. Whenever any person or group of persons in a position of great power and without full knowledge and consent of the public, uses such knowledge and methodologies for economic conquest - it must be understood that a state of domestic warfare exists between that person, or group of persons, and the public. The solution of today's problems requires an approach which is ruthlessly candid, with no agonizing over religious, moral or cultural values. Historical Introduction Silent weapon technology has evolved from Operations Research ("OR"), a strategic and tactical methodology developed under the Military Management in England during the Second World War. The original purpose of Operations Research was to study the strategic and tactical problems of air and land defence with the objective of effective use of limited military resources against foreign enemies (i.e., logistics). It was soon recognised by those in positions of power that the same methods might be useful for totally controlling a society, but better tools were needed. Social engineering (the analysis and automation of a society) requires the correlation of great amounts of constantly changing economic information (data), so a high-speed computerised data-processing system was necessary which could predict when society would arrive at the point of capitulation. Mechanical computers were too slow, but the electronic computer fills the bill. The next breakthrough was the development of the simplex method of linear programming in 1947 by the mathematician George B. Dantzig. Then in 1948, the transistor, promised great expansion of the computer field by reducing space and power requirements. With these three inventions, those in positions of power strongly suspected that it was possible for them to control the whole world. Immediately, the Rockefeller Foundation got in on the ground floor by making a four-year grant to Harvard College, funding the Harvard Economic Research Project for the study of the structure of the American Economy. One year later, in 1949, The United States Air Force joined in. In 1952 the grant period terminated, and a high-level meeting of the Elite was held to determine the next phase of social Operations Research. The Harvard project had been very fruitful, as is borne out by the publication of some of its results in 1953 suggesting the feasibility of economic (social) engineering. (Studies in the Structure of the American Economy - copyright 1953 by Wassily Leontief, International Science Press Inc., White Plains, New York). Engineered during the last half of the 1940's, by 1954 the new Quiet-War machine was ready. With the creation of the maser in 1954, the promise of unlocking unlimited sources of fusion atomic energy from the heavy hydrogen in sea water and the consequent availability of unlimited social power was a possibility only decades away. The combination was irresistible. The Quiet War was quietly declared by the International Elite at a meeting held in 1954. Although the silent weapons system was nearly exposed 13 years later, the evolution of the new weapon-system has never suffered any major setbacks. This year of 1979 marks the 25th anniversary of the beginning of the Quiet War. Already this domestic war has had many victories on many fronts throughout the world. Political Introduction In 1954 it was well recognised by those in positions of authority, that it would be only a few decades, before the general public would be able to grasp and upset the cradle of power, for the elements of the new silent-weapon technology were as accessible for use in providing a public utopia as they were for providing a private utopia. So, the issue of primary concern, namely that of dominance, revolved around the subject of the energy sciences. Energy Energy is recognised as the key to all activity on earth. Natural science is the study of the sources and control of natural energy, and social science (theoretically expressed as economics) is the study of the sources and control of social energy. Both are bookkeeping systems based on mathematics. Therefore, mathematics is the primary energy science and the bookkeeper can be king if the public can be kept ignorant of the methodology of the bookkeeping. All science is merely a means to an end. The means is knowledge. The end is control. Beyond this remains only one issue: Who will be the beneficiary? In 1954 this was the issue of primary concern. Although the so-called "moral issues" were raised, in view of the law of natural selection it was agreed that a nation or world of people who will not use their intelligence are no better than animals who do not have intelligence. Such people are beasts of burden and steaks on the table by choice and consent. Consequently, in the interest of future world order, peace, and tranquillity, it was decided to wage a private quiet war against the American public with an ultimate objective of permanently shifting the natural and social energy (wealth) of the undisciplined and irresponsible many into the hands of the self-disciplined, responsible, and "worthy" few. In order to implement this objective, it was necessary to create, secure, and apply new weapons which, as it turned out, were a class of weapons so subtle and sophisticated in their principle of operation and public appearance as to earn for themselves the name of "silent weapons." In conclusion, the objective of economic research, as conducted by the magnates of capital (banking) and the industries of commodities (goods and services), is the establishment of an economy which is totally predictable and which can be manipulated. In order to achieve this totally predictable economy, the low-class elements of society must be brought under total control, i.e., They must be housebroken, trained, and assigned a yoke and long-term social duties from a very early age, before they have an opportunity to question the propriety of the matter. In order to achieve such conformity, the lower-class family unit must be disintegrated by a process of increasing preoccupation of the parents and the establishment of government-operated day-care centres for the occupationally orphaned children. The quality of education given to the lower class must be of the poorest sort, so that the moat of ignorance isolating the inferior class from the superior class is and always remains, incomprehensible to the inferior class. With such an initial handicap, even bright lower class individuals have little if any hope of extricating themselves from their assigned lot in life. This form of slavery is essential to maintain some measure of social order, peace, and tranquillity for the ruling upper class. Descriptive Introduction to the Silent Weapon Everything which can be expected from an ordinary weapon is also expected from a silent weapon by its creators, but only in its own manner of functioning. It shoots situations, instead of bullets; it's propellant is data processing, instead of the conventional chemical explosion. The power originates from bits of data in a computer, instead of grains of gunpowder inside a gun. The operator is a computer programmer, instead of a military marksman, and the orders are issued by a banking magnate, instead of a military general. It makes no obvious explosive noises, causes no obvious physical or mental injuries, and does not interfere in an obvious way with anyone's daily social life. However, it makes an unmistakable "noise," causes unmistakable physical and mental damage, and interferes unmistakably with daily social life, that is, in ways which are unmistakable to a trained observer who knows what to look for. The public cannot comprehend this weapon, and therefore cannot believe that they are being attacked and subdued by a weapon. The public might instinctively feel that something is wrong, but because of the technical nature of the silent weapon, they cannot express their feeling in any rational way, or handle the problem with intelligence. Therefore, they do not know how to call for help, nor do they know how to associate with others to defend themselves against it. When a silent weapon is applied gradually, the public adjusts and adapts to its presence and learns to tolerate its encroachment on their lives until the psychological pressure (applied via economic methods) becomes too great and they crack up. Therefore, in a way, the silent weapon can be considered to be a type of biological weapon. It attacks the vitality, options, and mobility of the individuals of a society by knowing, understanding, manipulating, and attacking their sources of natural and social energy, and their physical, mental, and emotional strengths and weaknesses. Theoretical Introduction "Give me control over a nation's currency, and I care not who makes its laws." - Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1743 - 1812). Today's silent weapons technology is an outgrowth of a simple idea discovered, succinctly expressed, and effectively applied by Mr. Mayer Amschel Rothschild. Mr. Rothschild discovered the missing passive component of economic theory known as economic inductance. He, of course, did not think of his discovery in these twentieth century terms, and, to be sure, mathematical analysis had to wait for the Second Industrial Revolution, the rise of the theory of mechanics and electronics, and finally, the invention of the electronic computer before it could be effectively applied in the control of the world economy. General Energy Concepts In the study of energy systems, there always appears three elementary concepts. These are:

Potential Energy,

Kinetic Energy, and

Energy Dissipation.

Corresponding to these concepts, there are three idealised, essentially pure physical counterparts called passive components. In the science of physical mechanics, the phenomenon of Potential Energy is associated with a physical property called Elasticity or stiffness, and can be represented by a stretched spring. In electronic science, Potential energy is stored in a capacitor instead of a spring. This property is called Capacitance instead of Elasticity. In the science of physical mechanics, the phenomenon of Kinetic Energy is associated with a physical property called Inertia or Mass, and can be represented by a mass or a flywheel in motion. In electronic science, Kinetic Energy is stored in an inductor (in a magnetic field) instead of a mass. This property is called Inductance instead of Inertia. In the science of physical mechanics, the phenomenon of Energy Dissipation is associated with a physical property called Friction or Resistance, and can be represented by a dashpot or other device which converts energy into heat. In electronic science, Energy Dissipation is performed by an element called either a Resistor.

In economics the equivalents of these three energy concepts are: Economic Capacitance - Capital (money, stock/inventory, investments in buildings and durables, etc.) Economic Conductance - Goods (production flow coefficients) Economic Inductance - Services (the influence of the industrial population on output) All of the mathematical theory developed in the study of one energy system (e.g., mechanics, electronics, etc.) can be immediately applied in the study of any other energy system (e.g., economics). Mr Rothschild's Energy Discovery What Mr. Rothschild discovered was the basic principle of power, influence, and control over people as applied to economics. That principle is "when you assume the appearance of power, people soon give it to you." Mr. Rothschild had discovered that currency or deposit loan accounts had the required appearance of power that could be used to induce people (inductance, with people corresponding to a magnetic field) into surrendering their real wealth in exchange for a promise of greater wealth (instead of real compensation). They would put up real collateral in exchange for a loan of promissory notes. Mr. Rothschild found that he could issue more notes than he had backing for, provided he had someone's stock of gold to show his customers as a persuader. Mr. Rothschild loaned his promissory notes to individual and to governments. These would create overconfidence. Then he would make money scarce, tighten control of the system, and collect the collateral through the obligation of contracts. The cycle was then repeated. These pressures could be used to ignite a war. Then he would control the availability of currency to determine who would win the war. Any government which agreed to give him control of its economic system got his support. Collection of debts was guaranteed by economic aid to the enemy of the debtor. The profit derived from this economic methodology made Mr. Rothschild all the more able to expand his wealth. He found that the public greed would allow currency to be printed by government order beyond the limits (inflation) of backing in precious metal or the production of goods and services.

Apparent Capital as "Paper" Inductor In this structure, credit, presented as a pure element called "currency," has the appearance of capital, but is in effect, negative capital. Hence, it has the appearance of service, but it is, in fact, indebtedness or debt. It is therefore an economic inductance instead of an economic capacitance, and if balanced in no other way, will be balanced by the negation of population (war, genocide). The total sum of goods and services represents real capital and it is called the Gross National Product, and currency may be printed up to this level and still represent economic capacitance; but currency printed beyond this level is subtractive, represents the introduction of economic inductance, and so becomes notes of indebtedness. War is therefore the balancing of the system by killing the true creditors (the public which has been taught to exchange true value for inflated currency) and falling back on whatever is left of the resources of nature and regeneration of those resources. Mr. Rothschild had discovered that currency gave him the power to rearrange the economic structure to his own advantage, to shift economic inductance to those economic positions which would encourage the greatest economic instability and oscillation. The final key to economic control had to wait until there was sufficient data and high-speed computing equipment to keep close watch on the economic oscillations created by price shocking and excess paper energy credits - paper inductance/inflation. Breakthrough The aviation field provided the greatest evolution in economic engineering by way of the mathematical theory of shock testing. In this process, a projectile is fired from an airframe on the ground and the impulse of the recoil is monitored by vibration transducers connected to the airframe and wired to chart recorders. By studying the echoes or reflections of the recoil impulse in the airframe, it is possible to discover critical vibrations in the structure of the airframe which either vibrations of the engine or aeolian vibrations of the wings, or a combination of the two, might reinforce resulting in a resonant self-destruction of the airframe in flight. From the standpoint of engineering, this means that the strengths and weaknesses of the structure of the airframe in terms of vibrational energy can be discovered and manipulated.

Application in Economics To use this method of airframe shock testing in economic engineering, the prices of commodities are shocked, and the public consumer reaction is monitored. The resulting echoes of the economic shock are interpreted theoretically by computers and the psycho-economic structure of the economy is thus discovered. It is by this process that partial differential and difference matrices are discovered that define the family household and make possible its evaluation as an economic industry (dissipative consumer structure). Then the response of the household to future shocks can be predicted and manipulated, and society becomes a well-regulated animal with its reins under the control of a sophisticated computer-regulated social energy bookkeeping system. Eventually every individual element of the structure comes under computer control through a knowledge of personal preferences, such knowledge guaranteed by computer association of consumer preferences (universal product code - the striped bar codes on packages) with identified consumers (initially identified through the use of a credit card and later through a permanent "tattooed" body number invisible under normal ambient illumination). The Economic Model The Harvard Economic Research Project (1948-1952) was an extension of World War II Operations Research. Its purpose was to discover the science of controlling an economy: at first the American economy, and then the world economy. It was felt that with sufficient mathematical foundation and data, it would be nearly as easy to predict and control the trend of an economy as to predict and control the trajectory of a projectile. Such has proven to be the case. Moreover, the economy has been transformed into an accurately targeted guided missile. The immediate aim of the Harvard project was to discover the economic structure, what forces can change that structure, how the behaviour of the structure can be predicted, and how it can be manipulated. What was needed was a well-organised knowledge of the mathematical structures and interrelationships of investment, production, distribution, and consumption. Briefly, it was discovered that an economy obeyed the same laws as electricity and that all of the mathematical theory and practical and computer know-how developed for the electronic field could be directly applied in the study of economics. This discovery was not openly declared, and its more subtle implications were, and are, kept as a closely guarded secret, for example, in an economic model, human life is measured in dollars, and that the electric spark generated when opening a switch connected to an active inductor is mathematically the same as starting a war. The greatest hurdle which theoretical economists faced was the accurate description of the household as an industry. This is a challenge because consumer purchases are a matter of choice which in turn is influenced by family income, purchase price, and other economic factors. This hurdle was cleared in an indirect and statistically approximate way by an application of shock testing to determine the current characteristics, called current technical coefficients, of a household industry. Finally, because problems in theoretical electronics can be translated very easily into problems of theoretical economics, and the solution translated back again, it follows that only a book of language translation and concept definition needed to be written for economics. The remainder could be got from standard works on mathematics and electronics. This makes the publication of books on advanced economics unnecessary, and greatly simplifies the silent war project security. Industrial Diagrams An ideal industry is defined as a device which receives value from other industries in several forms and converts them into one specific product for sales and distribution to other industries. It has several inputs and one output. What the public normally thinks of as one industry is really an industrial complex, where several industries under one roof produce one or more products. Three Industrial Classes Industries fall into three categories or classes by type of output: Class 1 - Capital (resources) Class 2 - Goods (commodities or use - dissipative) Class 3 - Services (action of population).

Class 1 industries exist at three levels: (a) Nature - sources of energy and raw materials. (b) Government - printing of currency equal to the gross national product (GNP), and extension of currency in excess of GNP. (c) Banking - loaning of money for interest, and extension (inflation/counterfeiting) of economic value through deposit loan accounts.

Class 2 industries exist as producers of tangible or consumer (dissipated) products. This sort of activity is usually recognised and labelled by the public as "industry."

Class 3 industries are those which have service rather than a tangible product as their output. These industries are called (a) Households, and

(b) Governments. Their output is human activity of a mechanical sort, and their basis is population. Aggregation The whole economic system can be represented by a three-industry model if one allows the names of the outputs to be:

(1) Capital,

(2) Goods, and

(3) Services.

The problem with this representation is that it would not show the influence of, say, the textile industry on the steel industry. This is because both the textile industry and the steel industry would be contained within a single classification called the "goods industry" and by this process of combining or aggregating these two industries under one system block they would lose their economic individuality. The E- Model A national economy consists of simultaneous flows of production, distribution, consumption, and investment. If all of these elements including labour and human functions are assigned a numerical value using common units of measure, say, US dollars at their 1939 value, then this flow can be further represented by a current flow in an electronic circuit, and its behaviour can be predicted and manipulated with useful precision. The three ideal passive energy components of electronics, the capacitor, the resistor, and the inductor correspond to the three ideal passive energy components of economics called the pure industries of capital, goods, and services. Economic Capacitance represents the storage of capital in one form or another. Economic Conductance represents the level of conductance of materials for the production of goods. Economic Inductance represents the inertia of economic value in motion. This is a population phenomenon known as services. Economic Inductance An electrical inductor (e.g., a coil or wire) has an electric current as its primary phenomenon and a magnetic field as its secondary phenomenon (inertia). Corresponding to this, an economic inductor has a flow of economic value as its primary phenomenon and a population field as its secondary field phenomenon of inertia. When the flow of economic value (e.g., money) diminishes, the human population field collapses in order to keep the economic value (money) flowing (extreme case - war). This public inertia is a result of consumer buying habits, expected standard of living, etc., and is generally a phenomenon of self-preservation. Inductive Factors to Consider (1) Population (2) Magnitude of the economic activities of the government (3) The method of financing these government activities (See Peter-Paul Principle - inflation of the currency.) Translation (a few examples will be given.) Charge - coulombs - dollars (1939). Current Flow - amperes (coulombs per second) - dollars of flow per year. Motivating Force - volts - dollars (output) demand. Conductance - amperes per volt - dollars of flow per year per dollar demand. Capacitance - coulombs per volt - dollars of production inventory/stock per dollar demand. Time-Flow Relationships and Self-Destructive Oscillations An ideal industry may be symbolised electronically in various ways. The simplest way is to represent a demand by a voltage and a supply by a current. When this is done, the relationship between the two becomes what is called an admittance, which can result from three economic factors:

(1) Hindsight flow,

(2) Present flow, and

(3) Foresight flow. Foresight flow is the result of that property of living entities to cause energy (food) to be stored for a period of low energy (e.g., a winter season). It consists of demands made upon an economic system for that period of low energy (winter season). In a production industry it takes several forms, one of which is known as production stock or inventory. In electronic symbology this specific industry demand (a pure capital industry) is represented by capacitance and the stock or resource is represented by a stored charge. Satisfaction of an industry demand suffers a lag because of the loading effect of inventory priorities. Present flow ideally involves no delays. It is, so to speak, input today for output today, a "hand to mouth" flow. In electronic symbology, this specific industry demand is represented by a conductance which is then a simple economic valve (a dissipative element). Hindsight flow is known as habit or inertia. In electronics this phenomenon is the characteristic of an inductor (economic analogue = a pure service industry) in which a current flow (economic analogue = flow of money) creates a magnetic field (economic analogue = active human population) which, if the current (money flow) begins to diminish, will collapse (war) to maintain the current (flow of money - energy). Other large alternatives to war as economic inductors or economic flywheels are an open-ended social welfare program, or an enormous (but fruitful) open-ended space program. The problem with stabilising the economic system is that there is too much demand on account of:

(1) Too much greed and

(2) Too much population. This creates excessive economic inductance which can only be balanced with economic capacitance (true resources or value - e.g., in goods or services). The social welfare program is nothing more than an open-ended credit balance system which creates a false capital industry to give non-productive people a roof over their heads and food in their stomachs. This can be useful, however, because the recipients become state property in return for the "gift," and form a standing army for the Elite - as he who pays the piper picks the tune. Those who get hooked on the economic drug, must go to the Elite for a fix. In this, the method of introducing large amounts of stabilising capacitance is by borrowing on the future "credit" of the world. This is a fourth law of motion - onset, and consists of performing an action and leaving the system before the reflected reaction returns to the point of action - a delayed reaction. The means of surviving the reaction is by changing the system before the reaction can return. By this means, politicians become more popular in their own time and the public pays later. In fact, the measure of such a politician is the delay time. The same thing is achieved by a government by printing money beyond the limit of the gross national product, and economic process called inflation. This puts a large quantity of money into the hands of the public and maintains a balance against their greed, creates a false self-confidence in them and, for a while, stays the wolf from the door. They must eventually resort to war to balance the account, because war ultimately is merely the act of destroying the creditor, and the politicians are the publicly hired hit men that justify the act to keep the responsibility and blood off the public conscience. If the people really cared about their fellow man, they would control their appetites (greed, procreation, etc.) so that they would not have to operate on a credit or welfare social system which steals from the worker to satisfy the bum. Since most of the general public will not exercise restraint, there are only two alternatives to reduce the economic inductance of the system. (1) Let the populace bludgeon each other to death in war, which will only result in a total destruction of the living earth. (2) Take control of the world by the use of economic "silent weapons" in a form of "quiet warfare" and reduce the economic inductance of the world to a safe level by a process of benevolent slavery and genocide. The latter option has been taken as the obviously better option. At this point it should be crystal clear to the reader why absolute secrecy about the silent weapons is necessary. The general public refuses to improve its own mentality and its faith in its fellow man. It has become a herd of proliferating barbarians, and, so to speak, a blight upon the face of the earth. They do not care enough about economic science to learn why they have not been able to avoid war despite religious morality, and their religious or self-gratifying refusal to deal with earthly problems, places the solution of the earthly problem beyond their reach. It is left to those few who are truly willing to think and survive, as the fittest to survive, to solve the problem for themselves as the few who really care. Otherwise, exposure of the silent weapon would destroy our only hope of preserving the seed of the future true humanity. The Household Industry The industries of finance (banking), manufacturing, and government, real counterparts of the pure industries of capital, goods, and services, are easily defined because they are generally logically structured. Because of this their processes can be described mathematically and their technical coefficients can be easily deduced. This, however, is not the case with the service industry known as the household industry. Household Models The problem which a theoretical economist faces is that the consumer preferences of any household are not easily predictable and the technical coefficients of any one household tend to be a non-linear, very complex, and variable function of income, prices, etc. Computer information derived from the use of the universal product code in conjunction with credit-card purchase as an individual household identifier, could change this state of affairs, but the Universal Product Code method is not yet available on a national or even a significant regional scale. To compensate for this data deficiency, an alternate indirect approach of analysis has been adopted known as economic shock testing. This method, widely used in the aircraft manufacturing industry, develops an aggregate statistical sort of data. Applied to economics, this means that all of the households in one region or in the whole nation are studied as a group or class rather than individually, and the mass behaviour rather than the individual behaviour is used to discover useful estimates of the technical coefficients governing the economic structure of the hypothetical single-household industry. One method of evaluating the technical coefficients of the household industry depends upon shocking the prices of a commodity and noting the changes in the sales of all of the commodities. Economic Shock Testing In recent times, the application of Operations Research to the study of the public economy has been obvious for anyone who understands the principles of shock testing. In the shock testing of an aircraft airframe, the recoil impulse of firing a gun mounted on that airframe causes shock waves in that structure which tell aviation engineers the conditions under which some parts of the airplane or the whole airplane or its wings will start to vibrate or flutter like a guitar string, a flute reed, or a tuning fork, and disintegrate or fall apart in flight. Economic engineers achieve the same result in studying the behaviour of the economy and the consumer public by carefully selecting a staple commodity such as beef, coffee, gasoline, or sugar, and then causing a sudden change or shock in its price or availability, thus kicking everybody's budget and buying habits out of shape. They then observe the shock waves which result by monitoring the changes in advertising, prices, and sales of that and other commodities. The objective of such studies is to acquire the know-how to set the public economy into a predictable state of motion or change, even a controlled self-destructive state of motion which will convince the public that certain "expert" people should take control of the money system and re-establish security (rather than liberty and justice) for all. When the subject citizens are rendered unable to control their financial affairs, they, of course, become totally enslaved, and a source of cheap labour. Not only the prices of commodities, but also the availability of labour can be used as the means of shock testing. Labour strikes deliver excellent tests shocks to an economy, especially in the critical service areas of trucking (transportation) , communication, public utilities (energy, water, garbage collection), etc. By shock testing, it is found that there is a direct relationship between the availability of money flowing in an economy and the real psychological outlook and response of masses of people dependent upon that availability. For example, there is a measurable quantitative relationship between the price of gasoline and the probability that a person would experience a headache, feel a need to watch a violent movie, smoke a cigarette, or go to a tavern for a mug of beer. It is most interesting that, by observing and measuring the economic models by which the public tries to run from their problems and escape from reality, and by applying the mathematical theory of Operations Research, it is possible to program computers to predict the most probable combination of created events (shocks) which will bring about a complete control and subjugation of the public through a subversion of the public economy (by shaking the plum tree). Introduction to Economic Amplifiers Economic Amplifiers are the active components of economic engineering. The basic characteristic of any amplifier (mechanical, electrical, or economic) is that it receives an input control signal and delivers energy from an independent energy source to a specified output terminal in a predictable relationship to that input control signal. The simplest form of an economic amplifier is a device called advertising. If a person is spoken to by a T.V. advertiser as if he were a twelve-year-old, then, due to suggestibility, he will, with a certain probability, respond or react to that suggestion with the uncritical response of a twelve-year-old and will reach into his economic reservoir and deliver its energy to buy that product on impulse when he passes it in the store. An Economic Amplifier may have several inputs and output. Its response might be instantaneous or delayed. Its circuit symbol might be a rotary switch if its options are exclusive, qualitative, "go" or "no-go", or it might have its parametric input/output relationships specified by a matrix with internal energy sources represented. Whatever its form might be, its purpose is to govern the flow of energy from a source to an output sink in direct relationship to an input control signal. For this reason, it is called an active circuit element or component. Economic Amplifiers fall into classes called strategies, and, in comparison with electronic amplifiers, the specific internal functions of an economic amplifier are called logistical instead of electrical. Therefore, economic amplifiers not only deliver power gain but also, in effect, are used to cause changes in the economic circuitry. In the design of an economic amplifier we must have some idea of at least five functions ,which are:

(1) The available input signals, (2) The desired output-control objectives, (3) The strategic objective, (4) The available economic power sources, (5) The logistical options. The process of defining and evaluating these factors and incorporating the economic amplifier into an economic system has been popularly called "game theory". The design of an economic amplifier begins with a specification of the power level of the output, which can range from personal to national. The second condition is accuracy of response, i.e., how accurately the output action is a function of the input commands. High gain combined with strong feedback helps to deliver the required precision. Most of the error will be in the input data signal. Personal input data tends to be specified, while national input data tends to be statistical.

Short List of Inputs

General sources of information: (1) Telephone taps (2) Surveillance (3) Analysis of garbage (4) Behaviour of children in school Standard of living by: (1) Food (2) Clothing (3) Shelter (4) Transportation Social contacts: (1) Telephone - itemized record of calls (2) Family - marriage certificates, birth certificates, etc. (3) Friends, associates, etc. (4) Memberships in organizations (5) Political affiliation

The Personal Paper Trail

Personal buying habits, i.e., personal consumer preferences: (1) Bank accounts (2) Credit-card purchases (3) "Tagged" credit-card purchases - those with a Universal Product Code

Assets: (1) Bank accounts (2) Savings accounts (3) Property (4) Business (5) Vehicles, etc. (6) Safety deposit at a bank (7) Stock market purchases

Liabilities: (1) Creditors (2) Enemies (see - legal) (3) Loans (4) Consumer credit

Government sources (ploys)*: (1) Welfare (2) Social Security (3) U.S.D.A. surplus food (4) Dole (5) Grants (6) Subsidies

*Principle of this ploy - the citizen will almost always make the collection of information easy if he can operate on the "free sandwich principle" of "eat now, and pay later." Government sources (via intimidation) : (1) Internal Revenue Service (2) OSHA (3) Census (4) etc. Other government sources - surveillance of U.S. mail.

Habit Patterns - Programming

Strengths and weaknesses: (1) Activities (sports, hobbies, etc.) (2) See "legal" (fear, anger, etc. - crime record) (3) Hospital records (drug sensitivities, reaction to pain, etc.) (4) Psychiatric records (fears, angers, disgusts, adaptability, reactions to stimuli, violence, suggestibility or hypnosis, pain, pleasure, love, and sex)

Methods of coping - of adaptability - behaviour: (1) Consumption of alcohol (2) Consumption of drugs (3) Entertainment (4) Religious factors influencing behaviour (5) Other methods of escaping from reality

Payment modus operandi (MO) - pay on time, etc.: (1) Payment of telephone bills (2) Energy purchases (electrical, gas,...) (3) Water purchases (4) Repayment of loans (5) House payments (6) Vehicle payments (7) Payments on credit cards

Political sensitivity: (1) Beliefs (2) Contacts (3) Position (4) Strengths/weaknesses (5) Projects/activities

Legal inputs - behavioural control (Excuses for investigation, search, arrest, or use of force to modify behaviour): (1) Court records (2) Police records - NCIC (3) Driving record (4) Reports made to police (5) Insurance information (6) Anti-establishment acquaintances

National Input Information

Business sources (via I.R.S., etc.): (1) Prices of commodities (2) Sales (3) Investments in (a) stocks/inventory (b) production tools and machinery (c) buildings and improvements (d) the stock market

Banks and credit bureaus: (1) Credit information (2) Payment information

Miscellaneous sources: (1) Polls and surveys (2) Publications (3) Telephone records (4) Energy and utility purchases

Short List of Inputs Outputs - create controlled situations - manipulation of the economy, hence society - control of compensation and income.

Sequence: (1) Allocates opportunities. (2) Destroys opportunities. (3) Controls the economic environment. (4) Controls the availability of raw materials. (5) Controls capital. (6) Controls bank rates. (7) Controls the inflation of the currency. (8) Controls the possession of property. (9) Controls industrial capacity. (10) Controls manufacturing. (11) Controls the availability of goods (commodities) . (12) Controls the prices of commodities. (13) Controls services, the labour force, etc. (14) Controls payments to government officials (15) Controls the legal functions. (16) Controls the personal data files - uncorrectable by the party slandered. (17) Controls advertising. (18) Controls media contact. (19) Controls material available for T.V. viewing. (20) Disengages attention from real issues. (21) Engages emotions. (22) Creates disorder, chaos, and insanity. (23) Controls design of more probing tax forms. (24) Controls surveillance. (25) Controls the storage of information. (26) Develops psychological analyses and profiles of individuals. (27) Controls sociological factors. (28) Controls health options. (29) Preys on weakness. (30) cripples strengths. (31) leaches wealth and substance. Table of Strategies

Do This

To Get This

Keep the public ignorant

Less public organisation

Maintain access control

Required reaction to output (prices, sales)

Create preoccupation

Lower defences

Attack the family unit

Control the education of the young

Give less cash and more credit and dole

More self-indulgence and more data

Attack the privacy of the church

Destroy faith in this sort of government

Social conformity

Computer programming simplicity

Minimise tax protests

Maximum economic data, minimum enforcement problems

Stabilise the consent

Simplicity coefficients

Tighten control of variables

Simpler computer input data - greater predictability

Establish boundary conditions

Problem simplicity / solutions of differential and difference equations

Proper timing

Less data shift and blurring

Maximise control

Minimum resistance to control

Collapse of currency

Destroy the faith of the American people in each other

Diversion, the Primary Strategy Experience has shown that the simplest method of securing a silent weapon and gaining control of the public is to keep the public undisciplined and ignorant of the basic system principles on the one hand, while keeping them confused, disorganised, and distracted with matters of no real importance on the other hand. This is achieved by: (1) Disengaging their minds; sabotaging their mental activities; providing a low-quality program of public education in mathematics, logic, systems design and economics; and discouraging technical creativity. (2) Engaging their emotions, increasing their self-indulgence and their indulgence in emotional and physical activities, by: (a) Unrelenting emotional affronts and attacks (mental and emotional rape) by way of constant barrage of sex, violence, and wars in the media - especially the T.V. and the newspapers. (b) Giving them what they desire - in excess - "junk food for thought" - and depriving them of what they really need. (3) Rewriting history and law and subjecting the public to the deviant creation, thus being able to shift their thinking from personal needs to highly fabricated outside priorities. These preclude their interest in, and discovery of, the silent weapons of social automation technology. The general rule is that there is a profit in confusion; the more confusion, the more profit. Therefore, the best approach is to create problems and then offer solutions. Diversion Summary Media: Keep the adult public attention away from the real social issues, and captivated by matters of no real importance. Schools: Keep the young public ignorant of real mathematics, real economics, real law, and real history. Entertainment: Keep the public entertainment below a sixth-grade (12 year old) level. Work: Keep the public busy, busy, busy, with no time to think; back on the farm with the other animals. Consent, the Primary Victory A silent weapon system operates upon data obtained from a docile public by legal (but not always lawful) force. Much information is made available to silent weapon systems programmers through the Internal Revenue Service. (See Studies in the Structure of the American Economy for an I.R.S. source list). This information consists of the enforced delivery of well-organised data contained in federal and state tax forms, collected, assembled, and submitted by slave labour provided by taxpayers and employers. Furthermore, the number of such forms submitted to the I.R.S. is a useful indicator of public consent, an important factor in strategic decision making. Other data sources are given in the Short List of Inputs. Consent Coefficients - numerical feedback indicating victory status. Psychological basis: When the government is able to collect tax and seize private property without just compensation, it is an indication that the public is ripe for surrender and is consenting to enslavement and legal encroachment. A good and easily quantified indicator of harvest time is the number of public citizens who pay income tax despite an obvious lack of reciprocal or honest service from the government. Amplification Energy Sources The next step in the process of designing an Economic Amplifier is discovering the energy sources. The energy sources which support any primitive economic system are, of course, a supply of raw materials, and the consent of the people to labour and consequently assume a certain rank, position, level, or class in the social structure, i.e., to provide labour at various levels in the pecking order. Each class, in guaranteeing its own level of income, controls the class immediately below it, hence preserves the class structure. This provides stability and security, but also government from the top. As time goes on and communication and education improve, the lower-class elements of the social labour structure become knowledgeable and envious of the good things that the upper-class members have. They also begin to attain a knowledge of energy systems and the ability to enforce their rise through the class structure. This threatens the sovereignty of the Elite. If this rise of the lower classes can be postponed long enough, the Elite can achieve energy dominance, and labour by consent no longer will hold a position of an essential energy source. Until such energy dominance is absolutely established, the consent of people to labour and let others handle their affairs must be taken into consideration, since failure to do so could cause the people to interfere in the final transfer of energy sources to the control of the Elite. It is essential to recognise that at this time, public consent is still an essential key to the release of energy in the process of economic amplification. Therefore, consent as an energy release mechanism will now be considered. Logistics The successful application of a strategy requires a careful study of inputs, outputs, the strategy connecting the inputs and the outputs, and the available energy sources to fuel the strategy. This study is called "Logistics". A logistical problem is studied at the elementary level first, and then levels of greater complexity are studied as a synthesis of elementary factors. This means that a given system is analysed, i.e., broken down into its sub-systems, and these in turn are analysed, until by this process, one arrives at the logistical "atom," the individual. The Artificial Womb From the time a person leaves his mother's womb, his every effort is directed towards building, maintaining, and withdrawing into artificial wombs, various sorts of substitute protective devices or shells. The objective of these artificial wombs is to provide a stable environment for both stable and unstable activity; to provide a shelter for the evolutionary processes of growth and maturity - i.e., survival; to provide security for freedom and to provide defensive protection for offensive activity. This is equally true of both the general public and the Elite. However, there is a definite difference in the way each of these classes go about the solution of problems. The Political Structure of a Nation - Dependency The primary reason why the individual citizens of a country create a political structure is a subconscious wish or desire to perpetuate their own dependency relationship of childhood. Simply put, they want a human god to eliminate all risk from their life, pat them on the head, kiss their bruises, put a chicken on every dinner table, clothe their bodies, tuck them into bed at night, and tell them that everything will be all right when they wake up in the morning. This public demand is incredible, so the human god, the politician, meets incredibility with incredibility by promising the world and delivering nothing. So who is the bigger liar? The public? or The "godfather"? This public behaviour is surrender born of fear, laziness, and expediency. It is the basis of the welfare state as a strategic weapon, useful against a disgusting public. Action / Offence Most people want to be able to subdue and/or kill other human beings who disturb their daily lives, but they do not want to have to cope with the moral and religious issues which such an overt act on their part might raise. Therefore, they assign the dirty work to others (including their own children) so as to keep the blood off their hands. They rave about the humane treatment of animals and then sit down to a delicious hamburger from a whitewashed slaughterhouse down the street and out of sight. But even more hypocritical, they pay taxes to finance a professional association of hit men collectively called politicians, and then complain about corruption in government. Responsibility Again, most people want to be free to do the things (to explore, etc.) but they are afraid of failing. The fear of failure is manifested in irresponsibility, and especially in delegating those personal responsibilities to others where success is uncertain or carries possible or created liabilities (law) which the person is not prepared to accept. They want authority (root word - "author"), but they will not accept responsibility or liability. So they hire politicians to face reality for them. Summary The people hire the politicians so that the people can: (1) Obtain security without managing it. (2) Obtain action without thinking about it. (3) Inflict theft, injury, and death upon others without having to contemplate either life or death. (4) Avoid responsibility for their own intentions. (5) Obtain the benefits of reality and science without exerting themselves or learning either of these things.

They give the politicians the power to create and manage a war machine: (1) Provide for the survival of the nation/womb. (2) Prevent encroachment of anything upon the nation/womb. (3) Destroy the enemy who threatens the nation/womb. (4) For the sake of stability of the nation/womb, destroy those citizens of their own country who do not conform. Politicians hold many quasi-military jobs, the lowest being the police who are soldiers, the attorneys and C.P.A.s next who are spies and saboteurs (licensed), and the judges who shout orders and run the closed union military shop for whatever the market will bear. The generals are industrialists. The "presidential" level of commander-in- chief is shared by the international bankers. The people know that they have created this farce and financed it with their own taxes (consent), but they would rather knuckle under than be the hypocrite. Thus, a nation becomes divided into two very distinct parts, a docile sub-nation [great silent majority] and a political sub-nation. The political sub-nation remains attached to the docile sub-nation, tolerates it, and leaches its substance until it grows strong enough to detach itself and then devour its parent. System Analysis In order to make meaningful computerized economic decisions about war, the primary economic flywheel, it is necessary to assign concrete logistical values to each element of the war structure - personnel and material alike. This process begins with a clear and candid description of the subsystems of such a structure. The Draft (military service) Few efforts of human behaviour modification are more remarkable or more effective than that of the socio-military institution known as the draft. A primary purpose of a draft or other such institution is to instil, by intimidation, in the young males of a society the uncritical conviction that the government is omnipotent. He is soon taught that a prayer is slow to reverse what a bullet can do in an instant. Thus, a man trained in a religious environment for eighteen years of his life can, by this instrument of the government, be broken down, be purged of his fantasies and delusions in a matter of mere months. Once that conviction is instilled, all else becomes easy to instil. Even more interesting is the process by which a young man's parents, who purportedly love him, can be induced to send him off to war to his death. Although the scope of this work will not allow this matter to be expanded in full detail, nevertheless, a coarse overview will be possible and can serve to reveal those factors which must be included in some numerical form in a computer analysis of social and war systems. We begin with a tentative definition of the draft. The draft (selective service, etc.) is an institution of compulsory collective sacrifice and slavery, devised by the middle-aged and elderly for the purpose of pressing the young into doing the public dirty work. It further serves to make the youth as guilty as the elders, thus making criticism of the elders by the youth less likely (Generational Stabilizer). It is marketed and sold to the public under the label of "patriotic = national" service. Once a candid economic definition of the draft is achieved, that definition is used to outline the boundaries of a structure called a Human Value System, which in turn is translated into the terms of game theory. The value of such a slave labourer is given in a Table of Human Values, a table broken down into categories by intellect, experience, post-service job demand, etc. Some of these categories are ordinary and can be tentatively evaluated in terms of the value of certain jobs for which a known fee exists. Some jobs are harder to value because they are unique to the demands of social subversion, for an extreme example: the value of a mother's instruction to her daughter, causing that daughter to put certain behavioural demands upon a future husband ten or fifteen years hence; thus, by suppressing his resistance to a perversion of a government, making it easier for a banking cartel to buy the State of New York in, say, twenty years. Such a problem leans heavily upon the observations and data of wartime espionage and many types of psychological testing. But crude mathematical models (algorithms, etc.) can be devised, if not to predict, at least to predetermine these events with maximum certainty. What does not exist by natural cooperation is thus enhanced by calculated compulsion. Human beings are machines, levers which may be grasped and turned, and there is little real difference between automating a society and automating a shoe factory. These derived values are variable. (It is necessary to use a current Table of Human Values for computer analysis). These values are given in true measure rather than U.S. dollars, since the latter is unstable, being presently inflated beyond the production of national goods and services so as to give the economy a false kinetic energy ("paper" inductance). The silver value is stable, it being possible to buy the same amount with a gram of silver today as it could be bought in 1920. Human value measured in silver units changes slightly due to changes in production technology. Factor 1 - Enforcement As in every social system approach, stability is achieved only by understanding and accounting for human nature (action/reaction patterns). A failure to do so can be, and usually is, disastrous. As in other human social schemes, one form or another of intimidation (or incentive) is essential to the success of the draft. Physical principles of action and reaction must be applied to both internal and external subsystems. To secure the draft, individual brainwashing/programming and both the family unit and the peer group must be engaged and brought under control.

Factor 2 - Father The man of the household must be housebroken to ensure that junior will grow up with the right social training and attitudes. The advertising media, etc., are engaged to see to it that father-to-be is pussy-whipped before or by the time he is married. He is taught that he either conforms to the social notch cut out for him or his sex life will be hobbled and his tender companionship will be zero. He is made to see that women demand security more than logical, principled, or honourable behaviour. By the time his son must go to war, father (with jelly for a backbone) will slam a gun into junior's hand before father will risk the censure of his peers, or make a hypocrite of himself by crossing the investment he has in his own personal opinion or self-esteem. Junior will go to war or father will be embarrassed. So junior will go to war, the true purpose not withstanding.

Factor 3 - Mother The female element of human society is ruled by emotion first and logic second. In the battle between logic and imagination, imagination always wins, fantasy prevails, maternal instinct dominates so that the child comes first and the future comes second. A woman with a newborn baby is too starry-eyed to see her child as a wealthy man's cannon fodder or a cheap source of slave labour. A woman must, however, be conditioned to accept the transition to "reality" when it comes, or even sooner. As the transition becomes more difficult to manage, the family unit must be carefully disintegrated, and state-controlled public education and state-operated child-care centres must be become more common and legally enforced so as to begin the detachment of the child from the mother and father at an earlier age. Inoculation of behavioural drugs [Ritalin] can speed the transition for the child (mandatory). Caution: A woman's impulsive anger can override her fear. An irate woman's power must never be underestimated, and her power over a pussy-whipped husband must likewise never be underestimated. It got women the vote in 1920.

Factor 4 - Junior The emotional pressure for self-preservation during the time of war and the self-serving attitude of the common herd that have an option to avoid the battlefield - if junior can be persuaded to go - is all of the pressure finally necessary to propel Johnny off to war. Their quiet blackmailing of him are the threats: "No sacrifice, no friends; no glory, no girlfriends".

Factor 5 - Sister And what about junior's sister? She is given all the good things of life by her father, and taught to expect the same from her future husband regardless of the price.

Factor 6 - Cattle Those who will not use their brains are no better off than those who have no brains, and so this mindless school of jelly-fish, father, mother, son, and daughter, become useful beasts of burden or trainers of the same. Please note that the section of text above, shown in blue, is not an expression of my own personal opinion, but comes from an anonymous document. However, sections of it describe clearly what is without question being applied to the people in many nations of the world today, so it is difficult to discount any of what is said. At the present time, economic warfare is most definitely being waged against normal, innocent people in most countries of the world, and there is every appearance that a major offensive against us is in progress, instigated and orchestrated by the few "Elite" New World Order people who have already caused so much unnecessary death and suffering.

So who are the New World Order people whose aims are to disadvantage and destroy ordinary people through their "Quiet War"? Well, there are several major branches of them, each presenting a benign and caring face to the world and most with large numbers of sincere adherents who have not the slightest idea of the aims and policies of the few people at the top who actually direct and control those organisations. While most operations are carried out in complete secrecy, the most visible people in the ruling bodies form the Bilderberg Group. This comprises 13 Freemasons, 13 Vatican representatives, and 13 Black Mobility people. These 39 people of the Bilderberg Group have offices in Switzerland (the only European country which was never invaded or bombed during World War One or World War Two) answer to the 13 people who form the Policy Group, which in turn answers to the 9 people of the Round Table. The individuals concerned are typically, powerful financiers, industrialists, statesmen and intellectuals.

The power and influence of these people should not be underestimated. They have infiltrated and subverted the US Congress and Senate, rendering ineffective the checks and balances intended when the Constitution was originally set up. At 3:30 am on Saturday 4th August 1990, a minority of US Senators, maybe ten at most, passed the Senate Intelligence Authorisation Act for Fiscal Year 1991 (S.B. 2834). This bill is not widely known. It was brought to a vote by Senator Sam Nunn in the dead of night when the opposition was gone. It effectively transfers most authority of the United States Government directly into the hands of the President. It gives him the power to initiate war, appropriate public funds, define foreign policy goals, and decide what is important to US national security. It gives the President the power to initiate covert actions (a power never before given to any President) and prevents Congress from stopping the President's initiation of covert actions. It allows the President to use any federal "departments, agencies or entities" to operate or finance a covert operation. It empowers the President to use any other nation or private contractor or person to fund or operate a covert action. It redefines covert actions as operations "necessary to support foreign policy objectives of the United States" which is a definition which is so broad and vague as to be essentially unlimited. It, for the first time ever, officially claims the right of the United States to interfere secretly in the internal "political, economic or military affairs" of other countries in direct and flagrant violation of international law. It requires the President to prepare and deliver a written finding to the Intelligence committees of Congress, but it allows the President to omit "extremely sensitive matters" and authorises the President to claim Executive Privilege if Congress asks too many questions.

Further, there are no penalties in the Bill for violating any of its provisions, including the provision for requiring a finding. That Bill effectively handed all the powers of government to the President, effectively making him the sole ruler of the USA without accountability to anyone.

I suggest that the New World Order people have sufficient influence to ensure that every candidate for President of the USA is a member of the New World Order. That way, they are assured that they have full control of the whole of the USA at all times no matter what the outcome of the "democratic" voting. It is said that Henry Ford stated that customers could have a new Model T car in any colour they wanted, provided that the colour was black. Well, the equivalent is now in place, where the American people can have any President they want, provided that the President is a New World Order man. This information is not even considered secret any more. For example:

"... Some even believe we (the Rockefellers) are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States, characterising my family and me as 'internationalists' and of conspiring with others around the world to build a more integrated global political and economic structure - one world, if you will. If that's the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it. ”

—David Rockefeller, Memoirs (2002, Random House publishers), page 405

It should not be imagined that the events in the USA have no effect elsewhere. The New World Order people are working on expanding the EU, blurring the identities of individual countries through legislation, reducing the effects of borders and generally moving towards a single entity with one central government. They are actually aimed at producing ten unified areas of the world which they then intend to amalgamate into a single world state governed by them. This is judged to be easier if there are fewer people, so one of their major aims is to reduce the number of people living at the present time. They also need the remaining people to be wholly dependent on them for the essentials of life, which is one reason why they oppose the introduction of any free-energy device, since having an independent source of power would put people outside their direct control and so will not be allowed.

If the video has not been wiped off the web, then the video from Walter Burien:

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6703413885850200097&hl=en demonstrates the double-bookkeeping which is being operated by the US government where the US people are being told that they are in debt when in fact, “public” funds are massively in profit. In Britain, and probably in many other places in the world, nearly 80% of all earned income is taken away from ordinary people. Natural rights are being done away with and replaced by “privileges” which can be revoked. It has been remarked with considerable insight, that “in the old days, slaves were housed and fed, but today, those slaves are expected to house and feed themselves”. For a simple straightforward explanation of how this is done, try http://www.yourstrawman.com .

Patrick Kelly

www.free-energy-info.com

www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com

A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly

Chapter 16: Questions and Answers

This is a fast-moving field of research and development, and one where a single person working alone, can outperform research establishments with unlimited budgets and many staff members. If you believe that the answers given below are inadequate or incorrect, then please tell me as this is definitely a learning process for all of us.

Topic: What To Build

I am regularly asked to recommend a device for someone to build. This is an impossible task as the person asking never says in which part of the world he lives, how much money could be used in the project, what tools are to hand, what workshop space (if any) is available, what local supplies of materials is like, whether the home is in a city or an isolated remote place, local assets like a shoreline, a fast-flowing stream or lots of sunshine all year round, how much ground space is available, what his skills are, etc. etc.

What should be realised is that a small group of friends can achieve a great deal. If one person likes working with engines and another can fix television sets and a third can weld, or … whatever. By working together, they can achieve a great deal and benefit both themselves and their friends, not to mention having a good deal of fun in the process and ending up with a great sense of achievement.

We should not dismiss the various forms of renewable energy such as wave power, RAM pump, solar panels, wind power, biomass and the like. Granted, they do not always provide power all of the time, but if they provide most of the power you need for most of the time you need it, then that can be a considerable saving on your present power costs, so you should consider the devices covered in chapter 14. One possibility is to use a RAM pump with a fast-flowing stream, to pump water up into a water tower over night, and use the tank of water to power a turbine driving an electrical generator when needed.

If you have the space and the sunshine, then a parabolic mirror can focus the sunshine, produce steam and drive a generator, a mechanical drive, a pump, or whatever else is needed.

If you are lucky enough to have access to a small section of coastline, then using either wave power or tidal power gives a major amount of power each year with even a simple low-tech construction like this:

It is not necessary to "go for broke" and aim at a device which will completely do away with your power needs for evermore. Initially, it can be a major step forward to produce a device which reduces your energy bill by a good deal and later on, progress to an additional system which makes you fully independent of others. For example, it is perfectly possible to drive a RotoVerter (chapter 2) with a solar panel:

The output is much more powerful than the input from the solar panel and can be used to run power tools, charge batteries or perform other useful tasks at effectively no cost at all.

The Frenette heater (chapter 14) does give significant heat output for the modest power input needed to spin the central shaft. It is a simple construction well within the capabilities of most people, and it could be driven by a solar panel if you live in an area where it is cold and sunny. As the array of discs spin, the vegetable oil inside the cylinder gets heated and pushed upwards and outwards, flowing through the radiator tubing, heating the house:

There are many high-performance alternatives which need special skills or equipment to build, but these can be found and constructed by those people who have above average skills and workshop facilities.

Devices which can provide power at any time, and at any location, include running a standard electrical generator with water as the only fuel (chapter 10). Strictly speaking, the generator runs on energy drawn from the environment and not on water which itself is not a fuel, but as water is fed to the engine, it appears as if the water is a fuel although it actually is not a fuel.

While it is perfectly possible to run this type of generator with water as what appears to be the only fuel, it must be realised that a generator of this type produces noise which will not be acceptable for neighbours if the user lives in a congested city environment. Admittedly, a suitable housing with many carpet-covered baffles would allow good air flow and cooling while reducing the noise to very low levels, but generally speaking, this is a solution for people who like working with internal combustion engines and who live some distance away from other people.

The Adams motor (chapter 2) when accurately built, can produce eight times as much output power as the power needed to make it operate. This is a good energy gain and the device is not difficult to build:

Another device which is not hard to build is the Charles Flynn magnet motor (chapter 1):

And if the electronics used to drive it is something which you have not come across before, then chapter 12 shows you how to understand and make these kinds of electronic circuits. A motor of this type can be made to produce any amount of power. Flynn's prototype ran at 20,000 rpm driven by just an ordinary 9-Volt dry cell battery. A big advantage with a motor like this is that you understand exactly how it works, and as you built it in the first place, if it ever breaks down, then you can fix it.

Another possible simple project is the Kundel magnet motor (chapter 1). Using just a simple rocking arm movement, powerful shaft rotation is produced. That rotation can be used as a mechanical drive, or to spin magnets past wire coils to produce electricity:

This motor operates by moving the magnets on the rocker arms, away from the rotor magnets when they would oppose the rotation and closer to the magnets on the next rotor which would promote the rotation. The rate at which the loudspeaker cone electromagnet is driven by an electronic circuit, controls the speed of the motor.

Another device which can supply extra power is John Bedini's pulsed flywheel (chapter 4). The objective is to apply a pulsed drive to a heavy flywheel. Each pulse acts as an impact, providing excess power to the flywheel. John had a small one of these running in his workshop for more than three years.

The DC motor is pulsed by a simple electronic circuit and the flywheel spins permanent magnets past a circle of coils of wire. The voltage generated in the coils is converted with four diodes to produce a pulsing DC voltage which can charge the battery and do additional work as well.

The output from a device of this nature depends on the size of the device. Jim Watson built one which was twelve feet high and he got 12 kilowatts of excess power from it. Obviously, I would not suggest that you build one as big as that, but perhaps one of say, three feet in diameter might have a very useful output. You have the option of wiring the coils in a chain in order to have a higher voltage output. If you do that, then have the same number of coils as permanent magnets so that they all pulse at the same moment. Alternatively, if you want to use magnets mounted with every second one having a different pole facing outwards and still have the coils in a chain, then have twice as many magnets as coils.

A similar wheel-pulsing method is used in the water-jet generator (chapter 4) which looks like a very simple thing to implement. Here, a jet of water provides a jerky drive to a wheel when the jet of water hits paddles attached to the rim of a wheel, geared through to an electrical generator.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=GB&hl=en-GB&v=zlinM1wAI5U has a video showing this arrangement in operation. If you decide to build it then please arrange for an external change-over switch located in a dry area outside the box for switching the pump over from the mains supply to the output from the generator as that is not something which should be done with a plug and socket in a wet area.

One of the most straightforward projects would be replicating Chas Campbell’s flywheel system. Perhaps an arrangement like this:

Or if you prefer, an arrangement where there is more than one flywheel, again, keeping the flywheel shaft input drive pulley larger than the output pulley on that shaft.

Moving to a somewhat more difficult, but quite possible project. Dr Scott Cramton's version of Dave Lawton's electrolyser (chapter 10) is capable of generating a serious HHO gas output of 6 litres per minute of high quality gas for a very small power input.

This project needs patience as each of the tubes needs to be filed down so that they all resonate at the same frequency. Some minor electronics needs to be built and the pipes either conditioned or alternatively, insulated. The gas output can be used for heating, welding, cutting, cooking, boosting a vehicle or running a generator on water.

If you would prefer a minor project just for interest sake, then perhaps the simple self-powered circuit from Stephan W. Leben "The Guru2U" (chapter 3):

This simple circuit is started running by connecting a twelve volt battery across the terminals, causing the large diameter Light-Emitting Diode to light up. When the battery is removed, the LED stays lit up because the circuit has become self-powering. While, at this scale, this is not a particularly useful project, it is an interesting one because conventional science says that it is quite impossible to do this.

If you decide to start some project, then whatever project you pick, the most important thing is that it should be one which interests you. You will notice that the projects suggested here generally have moving parts which make it easy to see how the device is operating. The more difficult projects where there are no moving parts and meters need to be used can be left for a later time. If you decide to build something, then let me wish you good luck with your project.

A Matter of Opinion

This eBook is just a sharing of the information which I have come across during some years of investigating devices which are loosely described as being “free-energy” devices – a description which some people dislike because if costs money to construct or purchase a device which can produce useful work, even if the device appears to be self-powered. I am not an expert in the subject and so I have attempted to present the information in a direct and factual way.

However, I am regularly asked for my opinion on various devices and which one is best suited to some particular person, so, reluctantly, I will share some personal opinions on a selection of devices. Please understand that the following is just my opinion and could very well be completely wrong. Your level of interest in any particular device depends on your background and whether you are interested in a small device which proves that free-energy exists and can be harnessed, even though the output level is very small. Or if your objective is to obtain a device which can reduce your expenses. Or if you just want to investigate the subject for the sake of general interest. So, we have a wide range of different devices and a range of possible interests, so an attempt has been made to divide the devices into categories based on ease of construction and the output power levels produced by each device.

Please bear in mind that there has been a very high level of opposition to any of this type of information becoming well-known and so, information on each device tends to be limited, and while half a dozen devices may well be offered for sale in 2011, at the present time none are widely available, leaving you to build your own or get a friend to join with you in the construction, which is actually a very good idea as small groups of people can have a very wide range of skills.

Devices Which are the Easiest to Build

The Magnetic Frame of Lawrence Tseung (chapter 3)

The Transformers of Thane Heins (chapter 3)

Dietmar Wehr’s Y-frame Proposal (chapter 3)

Charles Flynn’s Magnetic Frame (chapter 3)

Stephan Leben’s adaptation of the Flynn Magnetic Frame (chapter 3)

Graham Gunderson Toroidal Device (chapter 3)

These six devices have no moving parts and their performance has to be determined by measurements of the input power and the output power. They all operate by passing a fluctuating magnetic field through a frame, which is typically made from thin strips of laminated steel. These devices are limited in their power levels by the amount of magnetic flux which can be carried by their magnetic frames, and to a much lesser extent, by the maximum current which can be carried by the coil windings placed on those frames. Once the core reaches magnetic saturation, applying a stronger magnetic field to it has no effect at all and just wastes the additional power. So, in order to get any form of powerful output, the magnetic frame or core needs to have a high magnetic capacity, which typically means that the frame has to be big, which in turn, means it will probably be heavy and it may be expensive. Using specialised materials for the core could make a major difference, but most constructors will not have access to any of these nanocrystalline materials.

When properly constructed and operated, these devices can certainly show you that COP>1 is definitely possible. However, as the results are based on measurements, it is generally difficult to convince anyone else as many people will presume that you are operating a hoax as they have always been taught that any such operation is “impossible” as there is no such thing as “a free lunch”. If you do want to comment on the input and output power levels, then be sure to measure the DC voltage and the DC current on both the input and the output as it will be argued that any form of waveform will give measurement errors.

The most convincing thing is if the device supplies it’s own input power as well as supplying some additional item, even a single LED. Where the COP is greater than 1, this should be possible, but to keep the device operating steadily, I suggest that you use a voltage-stabilised circuit to supply the input power as that prevents a runaway situation where increased output power produces increased input power and a positive feedback is created which could lead to the almost instant destruction of circuit components which have been driven well past their rated values.

Lawrence Tseung’s “FLEET” Toroid (chapter 5)

This is a very easy device to construct and use, but it’s output power is very small. Developments are in hand and I have been told of a version which can run at one kilowatt. The presently known versions appeal enormously to many people who are intrigued that an almost totally exhausted single dry cell battery with far less than one volt, can charge a 6-volt battery or light LEDs for long periods. While this is definitely a ‘fun’ device, it is unlikely to convince anyone that ‘free-energy’ exists. A one-kilowatt version would be a very different matter.

The Aerial Plate System (chapter 7)

This is also very easy to construct and being a modular system it has the advantage that it can easily be expanded to give substantial power outputs. This device is based on a Nikola Tesla invention and it has nothing to do with radio transmissions as it picks up ambient energy from the environment. While it can be used to charge batteries, it might also be used for direct power supply if suitable control circuitry is constructed for it.

John Bedini’s Simple School Girl Battery-pulser (chapter 6)

Alexkor’s Solid-state battery-pulsers (chapter 6)

Both of these devices can be very effective in what they do but they are not likely to convince anyone of COP>1 operation. Ron Pugh of Canada has achieved COP=13 with his implementation of the Bedini device running on 24-volts. I have shown one of the Alexkor circuits to be COP>1 as I have repeatedly used one battery to charge another, swapped the batteries over and repeated the process several times, ending up with both batteries substantially better charged than when they started. It is difficult to demonstrate the actual performance as batteries are capable of getting a false “surface charge” which shows a high voltage but does not indicate a genuinely high level of recharging for that battery as the voltage will drop rapidly when driving a load. The only reliable way to assess the state of charge of a battery is to make it drive a load and observe how long it can sustain that load. The most recent, very-simple, solid-state Alexkor circuit has a COP=12 performance.

The Bedini pulse-charger has an impressive spinning wheel or rotor, but it’s usefulness is severely limited as it can only charge batteries which are not being used to power a load. That means that it’s charged batteries are only occasionally available, or two sets of batteries are needed, one for use while the other set is being charged. Ordinary batteries are not all that useful as their life is severely shortened if they are discharged in less than a 20-hour period.

Joseph Newman’s Motor (chapter 11)

This is a particularly easy device to build and one which had an experienced technician considerably bothered by it’s performance (as shown in Joseph Newman’s book which can be downloaded from www.free-energy-info.com ) as he could not explain how it could possibly perform as it does. However, the amount of power from any reasonably-sized replication will be low.

Internal Combustion Engine Boosters (chapter 10)

Simple boosters such as the “Smack’s Booster” can be built quite easily and they can improve the burn quality of the standard fuel used in an internal combustion engine very considerably, reducing the unwanted emissions and raising the mpg figures by a typical amount of 20% to 40%. While building and using a booster, the actual installing of one in a vehicle does require some basic vehicle knowledge and a few basic tools.

Dietmar Hohl’s Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

This motor has been replicated and proven to work. Given a little care when constructing it and angling the stator magnets as shown gives a considerable improvement in the power available. However, as shown with just one V-set of magnets and one cylinder of stator magnets, the power is not that great although it demonstrates conclusively that permanent magnets can be used to provide power and demonstrate “perpetual motion” which is so much feared by “scientists” because it shows that their pet theories are, at best, incomplete and at worst, completely wrong. To get some power from this motor design, you need to use a larger diameter drum with two, three, four or five sets of V-magnets around it’s circumference, and possibly more than one set of magnets along the length of the drum. The number of magnets involved in even the minimum arrangement is quite large.

Mark Wesling’s Multi-rotor Generator (chapter 2)

While this design is being investigated by the members of a forum, it is an idea rather than a proven design. Consequently, it is a device for experimenting with rather than a proven, replicated design.

Ben Teal’s Motor (chapter 1)

This motor design is very, very simple and the first version was built using wood and it proved to be very effective, having a two-inch (50 mm) diameter drive shaft. Ben found that he was unable to slow or stop the motor by grasping the drive shaft as the motor was just too powerful. This motor has not been shown to be COP>1 but I wouldn’t be surprised if is.

Don Kelly’s Magnetic Motor (chapter 1)

I have never heard of anybody building this design. It has the potential for serious COP>1 operation as the driving power comes from the magnets and only a small amount of power is needed for the motors to move the stator magnets. I see synchronising the motors as being a potential problem and so would suggest that using only one motor to drive all of the stators as being a sensible option. The motor speed during start-up can be controlled manually with a DC Motor Speed Controller and then the setting just left when it is running at full speed. It could be used to drive sets of magnets between coils to generate electricity and that output boosted substantially further with the coil-shorting method described in chapter 2.

Stephen Kundel’s Magnetic Motor (chapter 1)

This is a very simple and direct method of getting permanent magnets to provide continuous drive with just a very low electrical input used to change the location of the stator magnets in much the same way as in Don Kelly’s motor design. The movement is very simple as it is just a rocking movement, driven by the mechanism used in a loudspeaker. As there can be as many sets of rotor and stator magnets on any drive shaft, the power of this design can be substantial.

Raoul Hatem (chapter 2)

This arrangement of magnets and generators is expensive as each generator uses thirty-six powerful magnets to give good magnetic coupling between the drive motor and every generator. Some people believe that this design cannot possibly be COP>1 as the motor drives each of the generators (although most are driven indirectly). I don’t know if that is correct or not, but there is the possibility that as the motor creates a rotating magnetic field whether or not there are any generators there at all, it may be that the fact that a nearby generator happens to use that rotating magnetic field to rotate its armature, has little effect on the drive motor. Certainly, Raoul didn’t keep buying and adding extra generators if he was not getting any benefit from them. This arrangement has the potential of serious power gains, but it would be fairly expensive to investigate if that is indeed the case.

Bedini flywheel (chapter 4)

Tseung pulsed flywheel (chapter 4)

These are definite winners. Jim Watson built a monster size version of John’s which was self-powered and had 12 kilowatts of excess power. Lawrence Tseung’s prototype is only low power but it demonstrates COP>1 very clearly indeed on only one set of rotor magnets. The design cries out for several sets of rotor magnets which will raise the power levels considerably. This is a very easy home-build project requiring very little in the way of constructional skills or specialised tools.

Tseung Impact Gravity Wheel (chapter 4)

This is a device which has been replicated and it too demonstrates the “impossible” perpetual motion so feared by our revered “scientists”. It requires minimal skills to replicate and the components are all low-cost. Definitely and interesting project to build and investigate and one which has the potential of power generation without the need for any form of input power or fuel.

Nudged-weights Design of Mikhail Dmitriev (chapter 4)

This is a design which I have only encountered very recently and it has major potential. It does with weights, what designs like Kundel and Kelly do with magnets. Energy is extracted from the gravitational effect (if you will pardon the expression) as weights are pushed downwards. The lever arm for those weights is longer than the lever arm when they are being lifted upwards again, and that gives a continuous turning force. The increased lever arm for the falling weights is caused by a small electric motor giving them a nudge away from the rotor axle. Before the weight has time to swing back into it’s vertical position it’s rotor pivot has reached the bottom of it’s travel. In some of his designs, Mikhail just allows the weight to swing freely and in other designs he uses an angled ramp to control and limit the positioning. The brief presentation in chapter 4 shows tiny weights, but even for a first-time home-build replication, there is no reason why the weights should not be substantial. They can be suspended and given a ball or roller bearing suspension and the motor can have broader strips which press directly on the rectangular body of the weight. Mikhail is thinking of marketing ready-built units providing 6 kilowatts or more of electrical power, and plans and kits as well. The rotor turns slowly and powerfully and so need to be geared up to increase the speed for electrical generation.

Chas Campbell’s Pulsed Flywheel (chapter 4)

This is a good design for people who do not want to get involved in electronics as it uses standard mechanical components and an off-the-shelf motor and generator. I don’t know of anyone who has replicated this design, but since nobody has any particular reason to tell me about what they have done, that does not mean anything much. The potential for excess output power is high although Chas has not made any output power measurements.

James Hardy (chapter 2)

This device is both patented and shown on video on the web. It is very, very simple in concept and should be easy to build. Unlike the video demonstration, a proper working model is wholly enclosed and fairly quiet in operation. It is self-powered and has significant excess electrical power. Construction is very straightforward and uses readily available off-the-shelf components.

Adams Motor (chapter 2)

If built without paying any attention to the essential details, this design will operate but always be COP<1 in spite of the design having an extremely high potential. If care is taken with the construction and high voltage used and the timing adjusted to it’s optimum settings, then an input of just 27 watts has been shown to produce 32 kilowatts of power, capable of running a household or office. Adjustments for optimum performance will take time and patience and this design is more suited to people who have some understanding of electronics.

Pyramids (chapter 9)

The usefulness of a pyramid depends to a considerable degree on how sunny the local environment is. The bulk of the energy which they concentrate flows from the sun, so sunny areas have a much higher pyramid effect than dull areas where direct sunlight rarely reaches the ground. A pyramid is not particularly difficult to construct if you have the dimensions, but size is very important with increased size having a disproportionate effect. In this area, bigger is definitely better. Covering the pyramid with gold-plated iron is the optimum, but many other much cheaper materials can be used very effectively. Pyramids are probably better used to enhance growth and for health improvement purposes rather than for generating electrical power.

Tesla Coil / Grounded Plate (chapter 5)

This method for extracting substantial power was disclosed by Nikola Tesla and has been demonstrated in broad outline on video by Don Smith, although he did not demonstrate equipment being powered by the electrical energy generated. A standard Tesla Coil (available commercially) directed on to a metal plate or two-plate capacitor which is connected to an effective earth wire, can supply serious amounts of electrical power. Nobody seems to be interested in using this method to generate excess energy and it is not at all obvious why that should be.

Art Porter’s Magnet Motor (chapter 2)

This is a variation of the Charles Flynn motor where an electromagnet coil is used to modify the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. Art states that he gets a 2.9 times improvement in the field strength doing this and he uses it to operate a reciprocating motor. Instead of having mechanical movement, it seems as if it would be more effective to use that magnetic field alteration to generate electricity in a stationary coil as that seems likely to give a COP>1 performance and the currents used could easily be high, giving substantial excess output power. It should be perfectly possible to have a whole bank of these magnet/coil combinations in a single device.

Devices which are of Medium Difficulty

Charles Flynn’s Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

This design is powered by permanent magnets which are intermittently shielded by electromagnet windings. As the construction of those windings depends on the voltage being used to drive them, the spacing between the magnets and the strength of the actual magnets used in the construction, experimentation needs to be undertaken before the final construction and assembly is undertaken. An understanding of basic electronics is needed. The power and speed of the motor are exceptional. The input power needed for the prototype described by Charles is very low with just an ordinary 9-volt dry-cell battery being able to power the motor at 20,000 rpm. If the motor is used to drive a generator (whether home-built or commercial), there does not appear to be any reason why the input power should not be provided by a voltage-stabilised power supply driven by the output, making this a self-powered system which can power other electrical equipment or a mechanical load.

Electrical Generator Running on Water (chapter 10)

As far as power output is concerned, this is a major winner as it is both self-powered and provides kilowatts of excess electrical power. As so much electrical power is generated, the design of the electrolyser used should not be critical. The main work is mechanical, where the generator spark timing needs to be delayed to a point after Top Dead Centre due to the much increased ignition rate of the fuel. If the generator has an additional, unwanted “waste” spark then ideally, it needs to be suppressed or at least delayed until the intake valve has closed fully. This project is particularly suited to people who like maintaining, adjusting and tuning vehicles and who already have access to the necessary equipment.

Bill Muller’s Motor/Generator (chapter 2)

Ron Classen has replicated this design and reached COP=2.2 after very considerable expenditure of time and money. You need excellent mechanical skills to be successful with this design although the coil-shorting technique might well raise the electrical output very substantially.

RotoVerter (chapter 2)

This design involves running a 3-phase motor from a single-phase power supply. The capacitor tuning needed to do this depends on the loading of the output unless Phil Wood’s method of adding in a DC motor is used. This project mainly requires mechanical skills rather than out and out electronics. This arrangement is best suited to where an existing motor is used extensively and under those circumstances, the cost of running the original motor can be reduced substantially by the RotoVerter system.

Richard Willis’ Motionless Generator (chapter 3)

Silverhealtheu’s adaption of the Willis Generator (chapter 3)

Richard has shown his generator on the US version of The Dragon’s Den television programme and he has offered his generators for sale. However, I understand that he has encountered technical problems in that the output wiring tends to melt from the heat and the device is capable of generating excessive amounts of unwanted radiation. The simplified ‘silverhealtheu’ version should not have these problems when run at lower power. These devices are a starting point for experimentation and they are best suited to people who have some knowledge of electronics.

Dan Davidson’s Acoustic Generator (chapter 3)

Pavel Imris’ Optical Amplifier (chapter 3)

These devices appear quite straightforward, but I have never heard of anyone actually attempting to replicate either of them. That being the case, they would need to be categorised as being designs which need further investigation if they are to be home-built.

Dale Simpson’s Hinged Plate and Gravity Wheel (chapter 4)

Murilo Luciano’s Gravity Chain (chapter 4)

These three devices have to be categorised as being untested designs and some people are of the opinion that they can’t work. Until such time as they are built and tested, they have to remain as design ideas. The construction is not particularly difficult being mainly mechanical in nature, but there is no guarantee of success and it seems unlikely that the components could be easily used again in some other project.

Dave Lawton’s Hydroxy Cell (chapter 10)

Dr Scott Cramton’s Hydroxy Cell (chapter 10)

Bob Boyce’s Electrolyser (chapter 10)

These three designs have very impressive performances, far outperforming Michael Faraday’s efficiency results (which “scientists” believe are the maximum possible). For example, Bob Boyce’s electrolyser design run on DC, can have efficiency results over 200% those of Faraday. Run on pulsed DC, the same electrolyser can reach 1,200% Faraday’s maximum. The Lawton and Cramton cells, operating differently, also have outputs which are far in excess of Faraday’s results. As more power is available from recombining the gas mix produced through burning when diluted with air and/or non-combustible gasses, or through use in an internal combustion engine, these devices represent considerable possibilities. However, the amount of work involved is not trivial and the use of the gas mix produced calls for ingenuity, so these are devices which have a high potential but they are not an instant-fix for anything.

The Ainslie Heater (chapter 5)

This is a most interesting design which has COP=17. However, at the present time, power levels are so low that while it may be an interesting project and the principle is more than interesting, the output of this device is too low to provide any form of useful heating.

Robert Patterson’s Ram Wing (chapter 10)

This is a simple physical device capable of improving the air flow around a moving vehicle to such an extent that it produces better mpg figures for the vehicle. Constructing one and mounting it on a vehicle is not a difficult task and the gains can be significant.

Co-Axial Cable Electrets (chapter 9)

This is a system which nobody seems willing to try. It involves baking a reel of co-axial (TV aerial) cable in an oven and allowing it to cool down very slowly. It is capable of supplying 10 mA at 10,000 volts which is a continuous power of 100 watts (better than most solar panels). The output energy from this passive device is drawn in from the surrounding environment. The high voltage of the output appears to put people off this device.

The Colman / Seddon-Gillespie 70-year Battery (chapter 3)

This is a device which has major potential and yet one which nobody seems interested in attempting to replicate. It is a small, compact, simple device which can provide one kilowatt of excess power for an estimated seventy years. Several of these in a single small housing could supply the electrical needs of a whole household. The materials used are not hazardous in any way and apart from some basic electronic circuitry and experimentation, there does not appear to be any problem with attempting to replicate it.

Robert Krupa’s “Firestorm” Spark Plug (chapter 10)

This plug design is quite capable of giving improved fuel burn inside an internal combustion engine that the mpg performance can be increased very substantially and harmful emission drastically reduced. While Robert has a patent on his designs, he has not been able to find any manufacturer willing to make and sell Firestorm spark plugs. Prototypes have been made by getting a jeweller to modify a new set of standard spark plugs. This is expensive, but it is definitely something which is possible to do.

Jesse McQueen’s Self-powered System (chapter 13)

On the surface, the patented proposal by Jesse appears to be impossible. However, as our understanding of how the various free-energy devices draw in environmental energy increases, some of the more impossible looking devices suddenly look as if they might actually be based on principles and methods which have been proven to work. Essentially, a battery powers a motor which spins a generator which keeps the battery charged and powers other devices. If both the motor and the generator are COP<1, then the system won’t work. But, gearing is used between the motor and the generator, and Chas Campbell has shown that with a flywheel in that linkage, additional power is actually available. It may be that Jesse does not mention the fact that his gearing linkage is heavy. It is interesting to note that the gearing that he specifies, has the correct ratio that Jacob Byzehr specifies in his patent for an energy gain through such linkage. It seems likely that Jesse has not disclosed all of the details in his patent. While constructing a test bed for this system should be easy if you have the components to hand, I suggest that you consider it to be an experimental investigation of his claims and don’t expect immediate, spectacular results.

Robert Tracy’s Permanent Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

This style of motor with magnetic shields being physically moved between pairs of magnets is probably one of the more difficult magnet motors to get operational. The main problem is getting an effective magnetic shield material. The expensive “mu-metal” material is supposed to be effective if it is fairly thick, but I am by no means sure that this is the case in actual practice. Screening powerful magnets with a passive material is not an easy thing to do and there are very few materials which seem able to do it. It might be possible to use a thin neodymium magnet as the ‘shield’ if it were orientated so that it was in repulsion mode for both the stator and rotor magnets as they approach each other. Because of the screening material problem, I could see the building of a Tracy prototype to be a lengthy experimental process in spite of the fact that the theory is perfectly sound.

Devices which require higher skill levels

Muammer Yildiz’s Permanent Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

This motor has been demonstrated in a Dutch technical college and taken apart after the initial running was completed, showing that it’s operation was wholly genuine. However, some of the magnets used are of a tapered type which are probably not readily available unless ordered as a specially constructed batch which is generally an expensive way to buy magnets. Magnetic fields and their interactions and distortions are not the easiest things to understand or observe in a practical situation, and that makes the construction of permanent magnet only motors a difficult job. Howard Johnson and Mike Brady managed to make successful prototypes but then found it almost impossible to make others to that same design. So, if you decide to replicate Muammer’s motor, please understand that it is not likely to be an easy thing to do.

Michael Ognyanov’s Self-Powered Power Pack (chapter 3)

This is a low power device intended to operate the lights on road traffic cones without the need for a battery. There should be no particular problem in building it if it were not for the need to cast a semiconductor block from a mixture of materials such as silicon, germanium, neodymium, gallium, etc. It seems likely that the average home constructor of devices is not geared up for melting and casting such materials, and so that puts it into the ‘higher skills’ bracket.

Don Smith’s High-frequency, High-voltage Devices (chapter 3)

These devices appeal to a high percentage of interested people and yet they seem to be some of the most difficult to replicate. Admittedly, Don does say that he has not revealed all of the details on any one of his designs, but independent people have confirmed that doubling the voltage quadruples the output power and that additional electrical outputs can be produced from the fluctuating magnetic field without requiring any additional input power. Considering the lack of success encountered by several people who have tried to construct replications, these devices have to be rated as some of the more difficult to get operational. Having said that, success has been achieved by putting two Tesla Coils back-to-back, connecting their secondaries with a wire and taking the output from the larger diameter “L1” coil of the second Tesla Coil.

Jerzy Zbikowski’s Chain Drive (chapter 4)

This device looks impossible, and yet it is reported to have been laboratory tested at COP=1.47 which is quite remarkable. As it is a mechanical chain drive, it requires good mechanical skills to construct the chain links and the two sprocket wheels. The mechanical operation needs to be high-quality, so it is unlikely that beginners to mechanical construction would have immediate success.

The Magnetic Pendulum (chapter 4)

While I don’t know the name of the builder, this pendulum is reported to have been swinging continuously for more than two years now and while it does not appear to generate any useful power output, it is certainly an amusing project, especially should you want to show it to those people who say that ‘perpetual motion’ is impossible. It might well be possible to adapt it so that the magnetic push provided by dropping permanent magnets downwards near the end of the swing were provided instead by a coil which extracts power and then, when the current is cut off, generates the necessary push from the magnetic field generated by the back EMF. While the output power would be low, it would be very nice to demonstrate power generation with no input power being provided – just pure energy extraction from gravity and magnets (both of which are powered by the zero-point energy field).

The Tesla Switch (chapter 5)

This is one of the more difficult devices to get operational, in spite of the fact that it appeals to a large number of people. There are three possible modes of operation. If the diodes are turned the wrong way round so that they can feed current from each battery, then the operation will definitely be COP<1 but it will be a good deal better than operating without the switch circuit in place.

The second way has only been achieved by John Bedini as far as I am aware. This is where the circuitry is the same but the circuit components and connecting wires are adjusted very carefully to produce circuit resonance. When that happens, the circuit becomes self-powering although there is little or no extra power for other devices.

The third way was developed and tested over three years by staff of the Electrodyne Corporation in America. In this version, the diodes are reversed and they only feed sharp voltage spikes back to the batteries, through the diodes which supposedly don’t allow current to flow in that direction. This is a very different form of operation where the operating power flows into the circuit from the local environment. The batteries need to be ‘conditioned’ through long periods of being operated this way as the ‘cold electricity’ used in the circuit is the opposite of the ‘hot electricity’ which the batteries have been using up to now. This long conditioning period is generally enough to make the average builder give up and believe that the circuit just doesn’t work. Dave Lawton was faced with exactly the same type of problem when he attempted to replicate Stan Meyer’s “Water Fuel Cell”. It appeared ‘dead’ and produced nothing during a whole month of testing, and then it suddenly burst into life, producing large amounts of HHO gas mix for almost no electrical input. Without his exceptional patience, Dave would never have succeeded. I believe that the same applies to the Tesla Switch when wired correctly with the diodes blocking current flow from the batteries – it is likely to take long-term and patient testing before the system swings into life.

One experimenter who did not believe the diodes could possibly work that way round, tested the arrangement and discovered that in spite of the theory, in practice, the reverse-biased diodes actually pass very sharp voltage spikes to the batteries, so the effect may well be like a slick version of John Bedini's battery pulsing circuits.

Hermann Plauson’s High-Power Aerial Systems (chapter 7)

Hermann Plauson’s patent which is in the Appendix, is so detailed and authoritative that it gives every indication that he is highly experienced in the actual design, construction and installation of serious aerial installations. He casually refers to “small” installations as being those of 100 kilowatt or lower capacity, so we are not talking about milliwatts here. The difficulty with these types of system is that the input is very high voltage ‘electrostatic’ electricity, usually though of as being useless for power generation. It is therefore, important to consider carefully the mechanisms which Hermann has in his patent for converting that power to ordinary electricity at normal voltage and current levels. We need to remember that Paul Baumann’s “Thestatika” devices operate off this type of input power and yet put out kilowatts of mains electricity, so we know that it is perfectly possible. We do not have step-by-step building instructions for these types of system, and so they have to be rated as requiring more than the lowest skill levels. Also, many people are not located where they can erect a tall aerial, but remember that the Thestatika uses a Wimshurst style electrostatic generator rather than an aerial, so experimenters can work with a generator input. A.D. Moore’s “Dirod” electrostatic generator seems like the most suitable home-build generator. It is described in detail in his book “Electrostatics – Exploring, Controlling and Using Static Electricity” Second Edition ISBN 1-885540-04-3 which is the only source for construction information on his generator.

Frank Prentice’s Ground Aerial System (chapter 5)

Frank’s design uses a one mile long wire supported just a few inches above the ground. He inputs a modulation signal of 500 watts and extracts 3 kilowatts of power. The information in his patent is not exactly overwhelming in it’s details, but the major obstacle is that very few people can install any such wire. It is not known if the wire could be run backwards and forwards over a small area, but if that were possible, then it would form a barrier against the normal use of that area. Frank didn’t have that problem as he worked on railway tracks. The limited amount of information adds to the skill level needed to be successful with his design.

Alfred Hubbard’s Electrical Generator (chapter 5)

This has a very high potential as it can put out substantial electrical power in spite of it’s simple construction. As it is based on just one section of the magnetisation graph where a small additional current produces a major rise in the magnetisation of the iron core, it will require careful adjustment and attention paid to the magnetic saturation levels of the materials used. It is very interesting that Joseph Cater’s analysis of the device has spacings which match the recently discovered optimum tube spacings for the Joe Cell. I am not aware of anyone who has managed to replicate Alfred’s device.

Joseph Cater’s Water-filled Generator (chapter 5)

This looks like a really good design but it has the problem that it needs a transducer or klaxon running at 600 kHz and there does not appear to be any such transducer readily available on the market. The highest frequency I have located was just 300 kHz which is clearly not suitable, so this design appears to be restricted to people who have skills which can design and construct a klaxon which can operate at 600 kHz.

Joseph Cater’s ‘Orgone’ Box (chapter 9)

The ‘Joe Cell’ (chapter 9)

The ‘Nitro’ Cell (chapter 13)

In theory, each of these is capable of running a car engine without the need for any form of combustible fuel. I am aware of people who have succeeded in doing this with the Joe Cell and the Nitro Cell, but they both live in much sunnier locations than I do. These devices are some of the most difficult to get operational and it could well take a week for the car to absorb the cell influence before it can run without fuel. It has to be said that the technology involved in the operation of these devices has not been fully documented at this time and so is not fully understood and so experimenting with them is effectively a research project.

Fuel-less Engines (chapter 8)

These engines are perfectly viable but few people have the knowledge, skills, tools, workspace, inclination and time to go building or modifying an engine. These are Engineering tasks and not generally suited to ’back-yard’ projects.

The Searle-Effect Generator (“SEG”) (chapter 11)

According to John Searle, constructing just one of the many magnets needed for his generator requires more than a day of work and a million pounds in finance. This is enough to put most people off even considering his design. However, John certainly didn’t spend anything like that amount of money when he built his first successful prototype, so we can probably ignore the quoted costs. Investigation would need to take place through the enthusiasts on John’s forum and web site, but unless something has changed recently, it will probably take considerable research and subsequent thought in order to come up with a viable design for the construction of a useful generator or a flying disc.

Michael Eskeli’s ‘No-Work’ Turbine (chapter 11)

Michael is clearly a gifted and very competent man who has many patents. In common with most gifted inventors, he does not excel in explaining and documenting his inventions and so a certain amount of background Mechanical Engineering knowledge would be of major help in understanding how to home-build one of his designs. The No-Work heating turbine in chapter 11 is a heater which only needs the friction of the bearings to be overcome by the motor spinning the turbine as the actual heating effect is ‘free’. This is, of course, spectacular. If you happen to be a gifted individual and replicate Michael’s turbine, then I would be most grateful if you would fill me in on suitable construction methods so that I could expand the description into a more detailed version which would encourage people to build one for themselves.

William Hyde’s 10 kW Electrostatic Generator (chapter 11)

This involves the construction of a rotary generator with metal bodywork and so metalworking skills are needed (or somebody else with those skills needs to help out or be paid to do the work). The completed electrostatic generator has been patented and it is claimed to have an output of ten kilowatts of ordinary electricity, which makes it of serious interest to anyone needing to power a household.

Michael Faraday’s Homopolar Generator (chapter 13)

This design appeals to most people as it looks so simple. However, the problem is that most versions produce a very low voltage at very high current – potentially a thousand amps or more. Trying to come up with brushes which can carry high current for long periods of time without appreciable wear has proven to be a major problem. The Borderlands Science people discovered how to get an AC output from the device which allows the voltage to be stepped up and the necessary current reduced substantially. To date, I am not aware of anyone managing to produce a homopolar generator with a practical power input and output, but it is definitely a device which is wide open to experimentation.

The Romag and Mini-Romag Generators (chapter 13)

These designs call for construction with a range of different materials, and generally speaking, the materials used in any prototype are normally of major importance. Although these designs have been available for many years now, the only prototype which I have heard of is the 25 watt version built by J.L. Naudin, although there is probably not particular reason why the Romag could not be scaled up to produce a much larger output.

Tesla’s Generators (chapter 11)

Neglecting the version which uses radium as that is probably difficult to obtain at the present time, the spark gap version is said to produce very substantial amounts of electricity while only using very simple components. I have never heard of anyone attempting to build one of these devices but in spite of the fact that we have limited information on the device, it seems like a very powerful unit which could well be extremely useful.

The Jines Permanent Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

This design includes magnetic shields and finding a suitable material for them might be a considerable problem. This design has to be considered to be fairly complicated due to the amount of mechanical work needed to construct the various mechanisms required for the motor.

The Annis and Eberly Generator (chapter 3)

This is a very clever solid-state generator. However, from the point of view of the home-constructor, producing their solid-state reluctance-switching material and it’s controller would appear to be a major obstacle. Given that material and it’s controller, many of the other devices would be exceptionally easy to build successfully.

The “Carousel” Permanent Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

This is a compact and very effective looking device but the very compact nature of it’s construction probably makes it somewhat tricky to replicate. Anyone with good metalworking skills should be able to do it ok.

Devices which are unlikely to be practical

The Ecklin-Brown Generator (chapter 1)

People have had difficulty in making replications of this to work well. The biggest problem area is coming up with suitable magnetic screening material. It might be possible to adapt the design to use some of the very thin neodymium magnets instead of material which just screens the existing magnetic field.

Howard Johnson’s Permanent Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

It appears that Howard has not been able to build replications of his original working prototype and while the theory is perfectly valid, that failure has to put a question mark against the presentation and it also may be omitted from the eBook in spite of it being so well known – perhaps a brief mention in chapter 13.

Mike Brady’s “Perendev” Permanent Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

This design appears to be in exactly the same position as Howard Johnson’s Permanent Magnet Motor. It seems that Mike has experienced considerable difficulty in constructing working copies of his prototype. If you want to try to build one, by all means feel free.

Floyd Sweet’s “VTA” Magnetic Generator (chapter 3)

Shown on video, producing more than 500 watts of mains output power for 1.2 milliwatts of input power, this is clearly a device of major importance. Unfortunately, we do not have Floyd’s method of producing isolated and easily moved magnetic poles in a block of magnetic material and that is a major obstacle for the would-be replicator. I am not aware of anyone who has successfully replicated Floyd’s device.

Oleg Gritsevitch’s Toroidal Generator (chapter 5)

This incredibly successful and powerful device which produced 1.5 megawatts for two years took major equipment to get it started. It is not known if it can be successfully constructed in a smaller size and the coating between the water in the toroid and the toroid casing may be difficult to achieve.

Tariel Kapanadze’s Electrical Generator (chapter 3)

Unfortunately, Tariel was persuaded to sign a Non-Disclosure Agreement by a Swiss company who promised to manufacture his device and who then shelved the design. This (supposedly) prevents Tariel from disclosing the full details and so the information available is very limited. This is definitely not a design which has step-by-step construction details. Replicating it is not really a beginner’s project.

Hans Coler’s Devices (chapter 9)

The passive design of Hans Coler can certainly be made to operate if you can persuade it to begin oscillating. The output is quite small but interestingly, it does demonstrate that we are indeed surrounded by energy which can be tapped for practical purposes. This device needs patience in order to get it going.

The Meyer-Mace Isotopic Generator (chapter 3)

I have never heard of this design being replicated. It calls for a 21 MHz generator which is quite a high frequency for the home constructor. The design itself is certainly simple but getting it to work if it doesn’t function initially is not likely to be easy.

Ed Gray Power Tube (chapter 5)

Ed Gray’s power tube is unlikely to be COP>1. The genius behind his achievements was Marvin Cole whose ambition was to be a chef. Marvin built a motor which was certified as COP=237 by Cal-Tech’s independent testing, but when he disappeared from the scene, Ed was left at a bit of a loss. Ed only produced patent applications in order to reassure his investors and he never wanted to disclose anything of worth.

Roy Meyer’s Aerial System (chapter 7)

I know of only one person who tried to replicate this design. The first time he tried it, it worked ok although it was not aimed in the ‘right’ direction, but he was never able to get it to work again. So it appears that while the design may well work, it is not easy to replicate and get functioning.

Karl Schappeller’s Device (chapter 11)

To be perfectly honest, I have never managed to understand the work of either Karl Schappeller or that of Viktor Schauberger. Not properly understanding the design makes me believe that newcomers to free-energy construction work would have difficulty with this device. That may well be an unfair assessment and you are able to build and use this design, then please explain it to me so that I can document it properly.

The “HydroStar” and “HydroGen” devices (chapter 13)

These designs have been around for a long time and to date I have never heard of anyone who has managed to build one and got it to work. In theory, they are supposed to allow a car to run with water as the fuel. On the surface, I can see no way that that could happen unless it operates as a version of the Joe Cell, which it very well may do. If that is the case, then great patience will be needed before the vehicle will operate. I would not recommend anyone to build either of these designs.

Francois Cornish’s Aluminium-feed System (chapter 13)

This system is not economical in the broad sense in that it takes more energy to produce or reform the aluminium than is given out when it is converted to oxide in the process which produces hydrogen for combustion. It can be economical for the user in that the processed aluminium is less expensive than oil products. However, the oxide residue generated by the process limits the effective applications for the process as a whole. It is not a good constructional project.

The Motionless Electric Generator (“MEG”) (chapter 13)

This is a device which most people find very difficult if not impossible to get to COP>1 operation. If the frame is made of Metglas nanocrystalline material, then it might be possible. However, the design has been around for a long time and it has not (yet) made it to commercial production, so I would suggest that this is a device which is not a good choice for a constructional project.

Devices which are not really possible

The ShenHe Wang Permanent Magnet Motor (chapter 1)

While there is a patent for this design, there is not enough information for there to be any reasonable degree of success if you were to try to replicate it. For that reason, it probably should not be considered as being a viable construction project at this time. It may well become available commercially at a later date.

Thomas Henry Moray’s Aerial System (chapter 7)

While this device is, without question, a most impressive device which was demonstrated in public on many occasions, Thomas was intimidated and so never released full constructional details of how his device worked. That lack of specific information prevents this from being a realistic constructional project.

Steven Mark’s Toroidal Power Unit (“TPU”) (chapter 5)

While this unit has been demonstrated on video, showing impressive operation, I understand that it overheats after 22 minutes of operation. That is not a major problem and could be overcome, but the lack of specific constructional or design information makes this a research project rather than a normal constructional project.

Paul Baumann’s “Thestatika” Generator (chapter 13)

The late Paul Baumann designed and built several self-powered generators which were demonstrated on many occasions. These are still in the possession of a Swiss religious commune who refuse to release the details as they think that “the world is not ready for this information”. The lack of the vital design information makes replicating the device a non-starter which is a great pity since it has a substantial mains power output which could ease suffering around the world.

Muammer Yildiz’s “Ocean Star” Generator (chapter 13)

While the demonstration of this device looks quite like a hoax, Muammer’s credibility jumped massively with the production of his current permanent-magnet-only motor which has been demonstrated publicly. The “Ocean Star” device was supposed to be able to power a house, but the patent information is not nearly clear enough to deduce how to build the device. Perhaps somebody could ask Muammer to explain it in more detail and disclose the key design details in order to allow home-built replications.

Topic: Electrolysis

Question:

I was reading the D9.pdf file you put together on Bob Boyce's electrolyser and PWM3G circuit. The close up picture of the PWM3G circuit shows only 5 LED lights but below under the Testing the Completed Board section it talks about 8 LED lights. also on the animated picture (the one with all the components on the board) there are 8 led lights. did bob build another type of board with fewer LED's on it? If so could you explain how to test the different board? Also I was considering buying the board from the Hydrogen Garage website, would you recommend this?

Answer:

The D9 document was created long before the 3G version of the board was produced. The version shown in the document is only there to give an impression of what the board was like at the time. Bob has always been reluctant for any specific details of his circuits to be published which is why the circuit schematic is not shown in the document. The supplier of your board will tell you how to tune it. I would not expect it to be a different method. Essentially, you start with the frequency variable resistors in their central position and the Mark/Space resistors set to about 10% On time. Then you tune the top frequency of 42.8 kHz to give the best gas output. You then adjust the middle frequency to give the best gas output. Finally, you adjust the lowest frequency channel to give the best gas output. The Hydrogen Garage in the US or Courtierstown Marine in the UK can advise you.

The Hydrogen Garage is run by a very honest and reliable electrolysis enthusiast with many years of practical experience behind him, and there is no reason why you should not buy from there if you want to.

Question:

OK, so if I want to build one of those boosters and I have 14.8 volts in my car how am I going to power 18 plates 5" x 4". That's the only thing that's confusing because there would not be enough voltage

Answer:

I'm not sure where the idea of 18 plates came from. It is likely that your electrics give 13.8 volts rather than 14.8, although that is not critical in any way. You are aimed at seven cells in a chain so that each cell gets about 2 volts across it. If you put partitions in your box, then with your proposed current you would use just two 5" x 4" plates per cell - a total of 14 plates. If you wanted to provide more plate area, then you would use three plates per cell, making 21 plates. However, if all your journeys are short and the cell will never get up to its full temperature due to the short time it operates, then you could go for just six cells and with three plates per cell and that would make 18 plates. If you use separate plates, then you have the difficulty of making good-quality electrical connections between six pairs of plates, and that can be quite difficult to do. I would suggest that you consider the bending method shown at the start of Chapter 10 as that overcomes the need for making any electrical connections inside the cells.

The best plate performance is with two to four square inches per amp of current. As only bending is involved, it would pay off to have a generous plate area, especially if you are using mesh. Mind you, the mesh surface area is not much reduced by the holes as the surface around each hole as it passes through the thickness of the plate is also active. The hole edges are also very helpful in getting the bubbles to break away when the cell is new. Later on, when the cell is conditioned, the bubbles will not stick to the plates at all.

Question:

Is it possible to generate electricity using hydroxy gas?

Answer:

Yes, it is perfectly possible to generate electricity using hydroxy gas: 1. Take a standard electrical generator such as a Honda 6.6 kVA V twin or a Vanguard V twin. 2. Adapt it by filling in the timing key slot and cutting another which lets you set the spark timing to two degrees after TDC. 3. Build any electrolyser capable of producing 5 lpm of hydroxy gas. 4. Feed the generator air, hydroxy and cold water mist from a Venturi tube, pond fogger or miniature carburettor. 5. The generator can run well on that and produce kilowatts of excess electricity over and above the amount needed to power the electrolyser. This has already been done on at least nine different generators and run 24 x 7 for two and a half years now. However, please be aware that generator engines wear out eventually and will need a rebuild or replacement, so the electricity produced is not "free".

Q: What mmw (efficiency) rating of hydroxy generation is need to achieve this? Also, is it necessary to be using some type of resonance system or will brute force/catalytic electrolysis work?

A: You can use any type of electrolyser you like. Unlike the alternator in a vehicle, a generator is designed to put out a major amount of electrical power on a continuous basis. So, if you take half a kilowatt or more generating the hydroxy, who cares? If the generator is called a 5.5 kW by the manufacturer and you wish to run it at 4.5 kW assuming that the seller is being generous with his rating in order to compete with other brands, then if you use 0.5 kilowatts (12V at 40 amps) for electrolysis you are definitely in business. The two makes of generator quoted, have proven very reliable in long-term use. The addition of very tiny cold water droplets is a key factor in making this work.

Question:

Do you know if the V-twin Vanguard and Honda generator you have mentioned, do not have the waste spark? I would like to buy one, but need to make sure before doing so.

Answer:

The people who have done these conversions say that retarding the spark to 2 degrees after Top Dead Centre was sufficient. Never having worked on internal combustion engines, I can't personally confirm it myself from my own experience. If you decide to do it and are successful (as I would expect), then I would be happy to produce a document for you which would go out under your name. If you decide to do that, then please take photographs before, during and after your filling in of the timing key slot and the cutting of the new one as that is one item which would benefit from having detailed pictures. Supplier details for the cold water mist device which you pick, be it pond fogger, Venturi tube or miniature carburettor, would be helpful for others following after you.

Question:

Do you have any values for Peter Lowrie's coils, the ones mentioned in the doc are "from a commercial installation with copper sheet wrapped around them" as it is my intention to use a Marine alternator.

Answer:

There are two different techniques for producing hydroxy gas: 1. Pulsed DC signal which can reach 1,200% Faraday. 2. Brute force DC which is usually less than Faraday although with great care, it can reach 212% Faraday. Peter Lowrie used a marine alternator solely because he wanted three separate 2-volt supplies at 900 amps each. It was because of his very high current that he used an industrial 3-phase power supply choke. Unless you are aimed at currents that high, then you definitely don't need chokes of that massive current capability. If you are determined to use a similar item, then you need to look at the spares options for professional, commercial equipment. Peter only used a marine alternator for its very high current producing capability and he told me that a second-hand truck alternator would do just as well.

Question:

You said... "When that gas is added to gasoline droplets in a gasoline engine, it acts on those fuel droplets during the compression stroke, breaking those long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms into shorter, more active fragments of chains. This produces more active and better combustion of the fuel when it is ignited by the spark, and that extracts more energy from the gasoline, energy which would have been wasted in the catalytic converter and in producing unwanted excess heat in the engine". This is the first time I have heard that the Hydroxy is doing something BEFORE it is ignited. I thought the Hydroxy ignition was what was breaking down the gasoline into short molecules? Can you explain this more? Also, can you email me here or privately what you feel are the best Free Energy Devices these days. I think many may be interested in Free Energy Devices to drive their electrolysers. I'm interested in the devices themselves. Also, is anything near to coming to market?

Answer:

On 14th January, Bob Boyce's post to his Hydroxy forum included the statement: "When either hydroxy gas, or HHO, is compressed in an engine cylinder, it is after it has been diluted with intake air, as well as fuel in non-diesel engines. Not only does the dilution in air raise the auto-ignition pressure, but in non-diesel engines the orthohydrogen has already bound to the long hydrocarbon fuel chains and broken them prior to compression. As this bonding occurs, orthohydrogen decays to parahydrogen. It is the energy from this decay which breaks the hydrocarbon chains into simpler hydrocarbons. These simpler hydrocarbons combust much more efficiently and completely. With diesels, the process is slightly altered, as there is less time for bonding to occur, so improvement occurs much better at lower RPM than at higher RPM". Gasoline molecules vary from chains of seven carbon atoms surrounded by sixteen hydrogen atoms, to chains of nine carbon surrounded by twenty hydrogen atoms. These chains need to be broken down in order for those hydrogen atoms to combine with oxygen atoms from the air in the cylinder, to produce the heat and expansion which powers the engine. That is why the spark is generally about eight degrees before Top Dead Centre, giving time for this to happen. The more broken up those chains are before the spark, the better. With regards to free-energy devices, I get asked on a regular basis, what device is best for somebody to try building. The question always comes without the relevant details needed to even make a rough guess at a realistic answer. There is generally no information on country, skills, tools, finance, workspace, time available, main objective, local materials available, environmental space, etc. etc. Obviously, if someone has converted a pick-up to electric operation and could put a water-fuel generator in the back, the kilowatts of excess electrical power would extend the battery range substantially and would recharge the batteries during a meal break or while away from the vehicle. To try and avoid saying the same things over and over again, I produced a document with my suggestions in it. It is called "Questions.pdf" and is on my websites, such as www.free-energy-info.com so I suggest that it might answer your question, although almost everybody will have a different opinion.

There is massive opposition to any free-energy device being brought to market. Shenhe Wang intended his permanent magnet motor/generator design to be given freely to all countries in the world. I always felt that he had to be completely unaware of how governments who get billions per year in oil taxes and utility company taxes, would view such a venture, not to mention the oil companies who would see their massive revenue stream being threatened by the introduction of a small device which can output kilowatts of electrical power without using any form of fuel. At this time, it appears that Shenhe's generator is being restricted to China, which hardly comes as a shock.

Chas Campbell in Australia has a viable, commercial machine which also produces significant power without the need for any fuel. He can't find anyone interested in manufacturing it and his local power company just doesn't want to know. There are several devices which could readily be brought to market at this time, but I am not aware of any planned commercial launch planned for the immediate future.

Question:

I have bought a 7-cell, series-connected electrolyser but the terminals are not marked for Plus and Minus connections. Does it matter which way round it is connected?

Answer:

Any series-connected electrolyser will operate well when connected either way around. However, there is an effect if the unit has already been run. If you are aiming for the top level of efficiency of DC electrolysis, having prepared, cleansed and conditioned the plates with Bob Boyce's methods, then the plates will have been conditioned with the current flowing in one direction. If the direction of current flow is reversed on Meyer type cells the conditioning reverses, the performance drops off and then the conditioning rebuilds, bringing the performance back up again. I am reasonably sure that the same thing happens in a Boyce conditioned electrolyser, so if at all possible, try to identify which way round the unit was originally connected and keep to that direction of current flow.

Question:

In Bob Boyce's electrical diagram, it shows three heavy-duty chokes: one from the rectifier bridge positive, one on the negative and one from the positive line to the circuit board. My question is: "what is the value or specification for these chokes and where can you find them?"

Answer:

There is a document called "D9.pdf" which provides the details of Bob Boyce's resonant electrolyser design. On page 30 of that document, immediately under the circuit diagram it tells you the choke core, the supplier of that core, the wire used to wind the choke and the number of turns to be wound on the core.

Question:

What size hose would be required to run a V-8 on all hydroxy? Does anyone have a flow chart for gas, or know were to find/get one?

Answer:

It is not possible to answer your question directly as we don't know what rate of gas flow you think would be needed or how long the pipe has to be. There is a table of pipe sizes for various gas flow rates on the web site:

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/natural-gas-pipe-sizing-d_826.html and as 1 cubic foot per hour is about 0.15 litres per minute, if you were feeding the engine 150 lpm, then the table entry would be 1000 cu. ft./hr. and you would be looking at the nominal pipe size of 1.25 inch inner diameter. My guess would be a 1.5 inch pipe as the less restriction to gas flow the better. If you want to get a feel for the capacity of any particular diameter of pipe, then try blowing through it. The results are surprising and a small pipe around a quarter of an inch in diameter (6 mm) is incredibly difficult to blow through in spite of looking like an easy gas-flow path. The amount of gas needed for your engine is reduced massively if you add cold water mist to the intake air. Nobody can answer the question for you because engines vary so much. Even supposedly identical engines have very different gas requirements, so you really need to experiment with your engine to discover what it actually needs. There is some cold water mist information in Chapter 10.

Q: Thank you for that chart, it's just what I was looking for. Now that I know what size of pipe can carry any particular gas-flow rate, I guess the real question is "how many lpm would it take to run a 318 cubic inch Dodge motor?" I read somewhere that it takes 80 litres per minute per 100 cubic inches of engine capacity. I may have got that backwards. Any thoughts?

A: Unfortunately, there isn't any fixed answer to your question and you definitely can't use a rule of thumb to get a reliable answer. Using cold water fog from a pond fogger reduces the amount of hydroxy gas needed by a large percentage, so try reading Chapter 10 which explains this. You need to understand the operating principles if you are to be successful. Also, you have a much easier task if you start with an engine which is much smaller in size, so I suggest that you begin with an electric generator of about 6 kilowatts as described in Chapter 10 before trying to run a very large engine of 318 cubic inch capacity (5.21 litres), which is about twenty times more difficult.

Question:

I am trying to make different devices in order to improve gas mileage on my car. However, I have some difficulties in understanding the automotive circuits. Could you, please, help me?...

I found in Tad Johnson’s experience this: “What I found frustrating is that the cell temperature would change and the system would stop making gas. In order to keep the system making gas you constantly have to keep the cell in resonance, and thus you really need the system to be controlled by a processor, that constantly checks frequency on both legs and then adjust inductance to keep the cell in resonance. This is why Stanley moved to the other patents where the spark plug type of electrolysis chamber was used instead of a large cell.”

In this case you gave me a clue in this paragraph: “A John Bedini pulser circuit can be used very effectively with a cell of this type and it adjust automatically to the resonant frequency as the cell is part of the frequency-determining circuit.”

First, I didn’t find in your book a Bedini pulser circuit so please give me direction where I can find it.

Second, in Stan Meyer's large cell, I understand, we have two kinds of resonance. One resonance is in an LC circuit where the "C" is the cell itself and the coil is the "L". This is electronic resonance. Another resonance is mechanical resonance where the tube pairs vibrate at the same frequency as the electronic circuit (or a harmonic of that frequency). In this case if I make a device to check the current of the cell, this device can adjust the frequency to be identical with the frequency of the tubes, because the current is in direct relation with resonance. If I am wrong, please let me know.

In your book there is a quotation which says: “I plan to market a pre-programmed chip capable of making any hydroxy system work. While I plan to have a profitable venture with the professional pre-programmed architecture, I also believe in the open source do-it-yourself community, which is where I got started. The chips I plan to sell will be a ‘plug and play’ device. You send me the info on the type of vehicle you are modifying, and the efficiency data of your cell, and I’ll be able to send you a chip that will make your ECU work with those conditions. The Do-it-yourself version would be quite time consuming but, would work for less than one quarter of the price.” I may be interested in buying the chip if you let me know the price before I order it.

Answer:

Tad Johnson used 1,200 volts and was able to get 3 lpm of hydroxy gas at just 1 milliamp of current (1.2 watts) but he found that he could not scale it up for greater gas output.

Chapter 10 has a circuit which finds and holds a cell on its resonant frequency and that circuit will be available ready-made from Courtierstown Marine in the near future. The Stan Meyer "Water Fuel Cell" has been replicated by Dave Lawton of Wales and the full construction details are in Chapter 10. Further advances have been made by Dr Scott Cramton who is getting 6 lpm on just 12 watts of input energy (plus the waveform from the generator which he is boosting - probably 36 watts overall - 12 volts at 3 amps) and who can reduce the diesel requirement of any diesel engine or generator by 60%. Chapter 10 also shows how to run an electrical generator on water alone.

The ECU piggyback chip details are found in the www.free-energy-info.com/D17.pdf document and it is Les Pearson of the USA ( lespearson@hotmail.com ) and not myself who is dealing with piggyback chips. I am located in the UK and European vehicles have a completely different computer control system to the ECUs of vehicles in the USA.

Question:

My project is to deliver HHO to a Mazda turbo rotary with 13 lbs boost. I'm not comfortable about injecting HHO into the low-pressure side of the turbo. Even thought it's mixed with incoming air, the turbo radial scroll is a wicked device with lots of sharp blades and turbulent flow. The discharge air at full power can reach over 300 degrees Fahrenheit and easily exceed the 13 lbs boost to compensate for losses. This pressurised air charge is sent to a double-pass intercooler before going on to the manifolds. A violent, hot, and long path. If the HHO survives the journey it has definitely reverted to diatomic. I need to know what to expect if the HHO can leave the bubbler/dryer and move directly to a diaphragm compressor (premixed and diluted with air, if necessary) for direct port injection at 20 psi. What data are available to show auto-ignition at 15 psi? What temperatures, concentrations, method of compression, etc. If I can't up the delivery pressure for direct port injection, I might consider stopping development of my prototype. Please, there must be a safe way to do this???

Answer:

This subject has come up several times on the different forums and the experienced people recommend putting the hydroxy in on the low-pressure side of a turbo-charger. The hydroxy gets heavily diluted by being mixed with the incoming air and so its characteristics change before it reaches the potential trouble spots which you mention. I am not an automotive expert and so can't make any useful comments from my own experience. One or two people have tried putting it in on the high-pressure side and have found it ok, but it is distinctly possible that their hydroxy gas was low-grade and already laced with hot water vapour, lowering it's energy level and potential hazard, so my money is definitely on the low-pressure side. The self-ignition at 12 to 15 psi information comes from Bob Boyce who is easily the most experienced hydroxy user and investigator on all of the forums. That figure relates to Bob's hydroxy which is the highest possible quality and most people never manage to get anything as high-energy as Bob's gas output. The information comes from repeated experiments by Bob who just lets the pressure build up and then notes the pressure at which it explodes inside his container which is strong enough to withstand the explosion.

Q: Thank you for your quick reply. I am due to meet with Bob Boyce next week. I hope he will have the time (and patience) to deal with my newbie questions but I intend to drill down on this turbocharger thing. For my project, it's mandatory that I run with a turbo, and mandatory that I can feed the maximum amount of high quality HHO. This engine will be developing 400 hp with 13 lbs boost. I think I'll be defeating my purpose if trying to push maximum amounts of HHO into the low pressure side of the intake. First, it will partially displace the necessary air for combustion. Second, it has a torturous route to travel. Third, it will no longer be monatomic HHO when it finally reaches the engine. There must be a better way.

That's why I was hoping to experiment with a medical diaphragm compressor (same as they use to store hydrogen). If I can blend some outside air with the HHO prior to compression, maybe Bob can tell me what ratio of air/HHO to offset/raise the self-ignition. I'm only looking for 20 psi so maybe the dilution won't be a big deal. Anyway, I'm trying to maintain the purity of the HHO prior to engine combustion.

A: Bob Boyce, who is a very highly experienced hydroxy researcher, states categorically, that you should use the low-pressure side of the turbocharger. I am reasonably certain that there is no need for you to pre-mix the hydroxy and air as that happens adequately during the normal intake process, but Bob can certainly give you much more specific detail on this than I ever could. The pressure for self-ignition is raised enormously when the hydroxy is mixed with air, so it should not be a problem in your case. The objective is to extract a higher proportion of the energy contained in the normal hydrocarbon fuel, and not to add in energy produced by the combustion of hydroxy gas. That being the case, the amount of hydroxy does not have to be enormous for there to be a very significant gain in engine power and thrust quality. Again, Bob is the man to give you the specifics. Good luck with your project, and I hope your visit to Bob works out well.

Question:

I'm spending my day watching YouTube videos of Bob Boyce. It seems every minute I'm learning more and more. Big problem for me is (-40) cold weather and freezing of the water when not in use. (Canadian winters are brutal). The bubblers can be filled with KOH, no problem there. Same with the main cell if I use KOH. But the biggest problem is the water reservoir and supply lines. I had thought of 50/50 blend of methyl hydrate/water (windshield washer fluid) but, according to one of Bob's videos, the carbon will bond with the nickel in the stainless steel plates and eventually stop gas production (sigh). If I had a consistent and reliable electrical power source, I could just plug in a heater of some fashion, but I won't always have that luxury. Any thought on the subject??

Answer: Please do NOT put KOH in your bubblers as a major function of the bubblers is to wash all traces of KOH out of the gas before it reaches your engine as traces of KOH are not good for your engine. You can use alcohol or paraffin ("kerosene" in the US) which many Canadians have found satisfactory in bubblers as the fumes are not harmful to your engine in any way. If you are boosting, then the water usage will be so low that you can manually top up with warm water from time to time.

Question:

I have watched the interview of Bob Boyce with Chris Patton countless times, even now, looking for signs of 'bullshit'. I have a good intuition which I trust and listening to Bob I can't help but like the guy and still believe every word he says. I'm a plumber and have no previous experience with hydrogen. I've built a 101 plate electrolyzer following your plans and I'm getting 4 lpm when using 190 volts DC and about 4 amps of current. I've wound my toroid and just run out of money for a scope to try to get the resonance. I've noticed that no one seems to have ever replicated what is described on your website and that Bob is copping it on the forums. I believe him still, but I was wondering in your opinion why is it that no one has managed to get 50 lpm or anything mind blowing? Where could the problem be? I'll tell you one thing though, I'm gonna keep at it as soon as I can afford a scope.

Answer: Resonance is very important in any COP>1 system, which is what Bob Boyce's hydroxy system is. I'm not sure about your need for an oscilloscope, but don't let me discourage you from getting one. If you have not seen them, the series of YouTube video clips on resonance http://www.youtube.com/user/gotoluc#p/u/15/L0AZkovLTT8 should be both interesting and helpful. Dave Lawton has designed and tested a circuit which finds and locks on to the resonant frequency of his style of cell. That circuit is available as a pcb, a kit, or a ready-made unit from Courtierstown Marine in Aberdeen. However, Bob Boyce's design calls for three drive channels instead of just one. Bob has designed, built and tested what he calls his "Hex Controller" which is probably a PIC chip programmed device. He has kept it secret while he applies for a patent on it, but it should become commercially available shortly. I understand that like Dave's design, it locates and locks on to the resonant frequency of the cell. When not tuned to resonance, the pulsing system should give about three times the gas output of the DC cell performance. When tuned to resonance, the increase should be five or six times. As you are probably aware, the electrolyser needs to have the plates cleansed and conditioned as described in the D9.pdf document on Bob's unit. Then the cell needs to be "run-in" on DC until it gives around twice the Faraday output. After that, the unit is filled with 28% by weight KOH electrolyte and fed the pulsing signal. Faraday defined electrolysis as being 2.34 watts per litre per hour of gas output. That is 2.34 x 60 = 140.4 watts for 1 lpm of hydroxy. At this time, you are feeding in 4 amps at 190 volts which is 760 watts. For that 760 watts Faraday would expect 5.41 lpm, which means that your unit is running at 74% Faraday, or about one third of the expected output from Bob's design before it is ready to go to pulsing operation. Admittedly, the 190 volts is fractionally low for 100 cells, but it is close enough not to be any problem. So, at this point in time, your cell needs mechanical attention in order to get up to the 11 lpm or so that can be achieved on DC alone. When it reaches that level of performance on a 10% NaOH solution, it should then achieve 33 lpm or more with untuned pulsing. But the first step is to get the cell to it's necessary DC performance level, which, unfortunately, probably will need the plates to be prepared to a higher degree. Unfortunately, there is a difficulty with Bob's design and that is that the plates need to be positioned and sealed to a degree well beyond the capabilities of the average person to construct. If you bought your case from Ed Holdgate, then there will be no problem, but a home-made case can't generally be constructed to the necessary 1/3000 inch accuracy by the average person, as that is a skilled job for an expert machinist who needs to know the exact, actual electrode plate thickness before he starts making your box. The need for that extreme accuracy is because the resonant operation sets up a magnetic waveform inside the plate array and that won't happen unless the plates are positioned VERY accurately. The gas bubbles form in the electrolyte between the plates rather than on the plates and when that happens it looks like the electrolyte is boiling although it is actually quite cool. I'm sorry that my reply has to sound so negative especially since you will already have put in a large amount of effort on your project. Good luck with your upgrades

Question:

You must be busy, but I'd appreciate any feedback about this link:

http://www.pureenergysystems.com/news/2005/03/17/6900069_Acetone/ Would you say engines in good condition get improvement, or the opposite? In you opinion, could I damage a diesel tractor engine, or car gasoline engine by trying small amounts of acetone added?

Answer:

There was a lot of discussion about acetone some years ago. Some people got around 20% mpg improvement while others got no improvement at all. It appears to depend on the engine and the condition that the engine is in when the test is run. You need to understand that I am not an automotive expert and so my opinion does not count for much. I would expect it to be the older and poor-condition engines which would benefit most from acetone - which, incidentally, is a fairly dangerous substance for humans and needs to be handled with considerable care as it can be absorbed through the skin and by inhalation and it can cause kidney damage.

I don't think that you will damage any engine by adding some to the fuel. Having said that, you can get up to 60% fuel reduction on a diesel engine by adding hydroxy gas in sufficient quantity and petrol engines respond even better than diesels. The GEET device allows a major reduction in fuel use and is very popular in France where many tractors use it. The www.panacea-bocaf web site has a good deal of information on it and are experimenting with it at this time. There are also two GEET enthusiast forums.

Question:

I have a Ford "Transit" diesel 70 hp manufactured in 1995. Is it possible to add hydrogen in order to let it run with less fuel consumption and be more environmentally friendly?

Answer:

The fuel consumption of a diesel engine can be reduced by anything up to 60% by adding hydroxy gas to the incoming air. As far as I am aware, no modification to the engine is needed. The improvement in fuel consumption is proportional to the amount of hydroxy gas added. I hope that this helps and good luck with your project.

Question:

Hello, we need your help. Based on your 6-cell model of Chapter 10, we have built such a generator, which is as follows:

- Stainless steel type 304 (do not get the 316), calibre 0.08.

- Badges 4 "1 / 4 X 2", 4 plates per cell, total 24 plates (206.4 in2).

NaOH was used as electrolyte, with a concentration of 20% (as described in chapter 10), we just apply 13.5v a current consumption of 1.5A. We use a higher concentration of electrolyte at 30%, 40% and gave us the same result with a current consumption always similar to 1.5A. We need to know because consumption is so low that, according to calculations based on Chapter 10, current consumption with 12V, it should be up to 40A. Or have we miscalculated? See attached ima

Answer:

You have invented your own plate arrangement which needs 6 volts per cell because you have 3 (very inefficient) voltage gaps inside each cell. At this time, you are applying only 0.7 volts between each pair of plates and that is why the current does not change much with stronger electrolyte. You need to change the plate arrangement to what is shown in this drawing. Good luck with your project.

Question:

In the WaterFuel1978 Yahoo forum, the contributor "s1r9a9m9" says that he runs his large capacity car which has 8-cylinders, using just water and an inverter. Do you know of anyone who has replicated this?

Answer: I am reasonably sure that Nathren Armour is a professional con artist, paid to mislead people investigating how to run an engine on water. "s1r9a9m9" (Nathren Armour of the USA) came on the scene about four years ago. I didn't believe him at all, so I asked him some questions by direct e-mail. I was very surprised when his answers were quite convincing. This was in the old "egaspower" forum. So I wrote a document drawing together all that he had said about the design and adding in each relevant post by people in the egaspower forum who tried to understand and build his design. After two years of intensive experimentation by several competent people, there was not the slightest success by anyone. Because of this, I withdrew the document "D13.pdf" (although there are probably copies still floating around). I no longer believe that anything Nathren says now, or said back then, is true. In the early days, he posed as an uneducated country car mechanic, who for some unknown reason, was asked by NASA to make some component for a mission to Mars. Why NASA should rely on a country car mechanic is not at all clear. At that time, he told me in a direct e-mail, that he had converted his own personal car, and the engine out of a truck which he used to power an electrical generator, and the cars (plural) of his friends. His car has 8 cylinders, the truck at least 4 (though probably more), at least two friends with four cylinder cars, makes a minimum of 20 relays needed, plus one which he took apart to see how it was made, so say 21 although 27 would be a more likely number. When writing at that time, his posts were written in broken, uneducated English with a space before the full-stop at the end of each of his sentences. Now, his posts are in much better English, the gap before the full-stop has gone and the relay count which he states, contradicts what he told me by a really major factor. He no longer allows for the relays used for his friend's cars, or the one which he supposedly took apart. Any time he was asked for specific information, he always made unconvincing excuses and supplied no worthwhile data. He has posted videos of the Steorn device, showing bench test equipment of a type which no country car mechanic would ever own or understand. His videos have sound but he does not say a single word, which is most unusual for an English speaker, and in this case is highly suspicious. My opinion is that his information is wholly fake. It is distinctly possible that this con is now being carried on by a second fake "Nathren Armour". I have never heard of anyone managing to replicate any part of his supposed invention, and I doubt that anyone will ever manage it, although I would be delighted to be proved wrong. It is perfectly possible to run an engine of any size on what appears to be water alone (the engine actually runs on stored energy drawn directly from the local environment, coming mainly from our Sun). I know of several "petrol-powered" electrical generators which have been converted to run on water in spite of the fact that the efficiency of their tiny internal combustion engines can be as low as 10%. Some of those generators have been running continuously for more than two years now. Running a large engine on water alone is a much more difficult task but it can be achieved by the energising and injection systems of Stanley Meyer. Sorting out a system of that type has been quite difficult as Stan developed many different types and styles of adaption and it was not immediately clear to me, which of his descriptions apply to which of his systems. Additional information from the contributor whose ID is "H2Opower", has been most helpful, and Stan's design is now much more understandable, which means that replications are now a distinct possibility.

Question:

My daughter came to visit from California. She got 27 miles per (US) gallon average on the trip up here with her Buick Regal. For her return trip with a full car load of her stuff I installed an improved (single water bath) electrolyser, current control with a BASIC Pulse-Width Modulator, and I made her a MAP sensor enhancer override. She followed the same route back to California and averaged just under 40 miles per gallon (a 45% increase). No other changes were made. The electrolyser has eight 2.5" x 5" stainless steel plates with 1/8" spacing in a Mason jar. The plates were all cross-hatched with sanding score marks and all skin oils were removed with trichloretheleyne (Automotive Brake Parts Cleaner). I used the method Boyce recommended of polarizing the plates with a wire wrapped around the body of the plates and sparking across a 12 volt DC source. I set the Pulse-Width Modulator to supply 18 amps steady once warmed up. Previous to this project the best I had achieved is a 23% increase. Your book helped me to tweak a few things and waah-laaaah 39+ mpg.

I do have one problem which I've been trying to figure out. I am building a Don Smith type device. The unit he showed is rated at 8,000 volts at 20 amps (160 KW). I used a 10 foot section of #12 solid copper wire for the L2 coil wound around a 2" pvc pipe. I then released the hold on the wire allowing it to expand to approx 3"diameter coils. Then I cut four ABS plastic strips and hot glued them into the interior of the coil spaced evenly. The coils are spaced at 3/8" space per turn. I then used insulated #12 multi-stranded (maybe 50 strands) wire 2.5 feet long for the L1 coil wrapped around a 1.5" PVC pipe which made about 5 and 1/8 turns. the excess wire was run through holes into the centre of the pipe and carried through to near the lower end to exit the pipe and was then led to the terminal strip for the neon generator.

The neon generator throws a 2" spark until it is hooked to the coil. Once the L1 coil is hooked up I can't get the slightest spark! The spark gap will not arc even a 64th of an inch. I've tried rectifying the output of the neon transformer and tried direct hook-up. It seems odd to expect that a spark could be drawn with the L1 coil direct shorted across the transformer output. My understanding is that the spark gap is required to maintain the frequency as a trigger when DC is used, but that it is not absolutely necessary with AC. Is this your understanding? I know from Tesla's drawings that he commonly used them, but often it was after a capacitor.

When I was looking at the photo clip of the device I didn't see any diodes. Could they be in the black insulating tubing on the terminal strip? Do you know why he converts to DC before he goes into the coil, when he again rectifies with a bridge after the L1 / L2 coil assembly? Could he just as well be using AC until he completes the zero-point energy collection process like Tesla often did or are you positive he has diodes in there at the neon transformer?

One last thing... Do you know how I can read the frequency of the neon's High Voltage High Frequency output with an oscilloscope? I tried to contact the sellers of the devices and they have no idea what the frequency of the output is. They just read what the data plate says on input frequency. I am now trying to get the info from the manufacturer, so far unsuccessfully.

Answer:

May I suggest that you hold off on your assessment of the improvement in mpg got by your daughter. Some ECUs are programmed to adapt to changes such as the addition of hydrogen, and after a few days or weeks, revert to pumping in excess gasoline. Let's see what the effect is after some time has passed. Certainly, the improvement achieved so far is a good indication of what is definitely possible in spite of the opposition from the ECU. I'm afraid that the suggestion on wrapping wire around the plates and pulsing it, came from me rather than Bob Boyce, who I understand thought that it was a ridiculous idea until one electrolyser builder told him that he had got a substantial percentage gas improvement by doing that. In theory, if the steel is perfect, then it would have no effect, but if, as can happen, the steel supplied is not perfect, then it could help, especially in the early stages of electrolysis. The devices described by Don Smith are probably the most difficult you could try to replicate (with the possible exception of the Joe Cell). Each of Don's devices need to be tuned to resonance which is difficult to do unless you have a lot of patience, equipment and know-how. Your construction method sounds great and your choice of materials, very good - most people ignore what they are told and decide to do something else and then say that "it doesn't work", while in reality, they should be saying "I couldn't get my altered design to work". In my opinion, the spark will not occur unless you have a capacitor across the L1 coil, forming an L-C combination which has high impedance at the frequency produced by the neon driver circuit. On it's own, I would expect the L1 coil to load the neon supply too heavily to get any serious voltage across it. As an L-C pair, the impedance at one particular frequency will be very much higher (which is how an AM crystal set radio receiver tunes in a particular station). The spark will only occur at resonance as the voltage will be pulled down too low at all other frequencies. The diodes are hard to see in the video. They are long and black and don't show up well against the dark background. There are actually four of them on the output side and as you correctly remark, Don describes them as a bridge. They are very long because of their high voltage rating, perhaps ten times as long as they are wide. I think that the neon driver which Don had, gives two separate high voltage outputs and Don combines them on the input side of L1 with two diodes to stop them interacting with each other. Your neon driver circuit is liable to be very different to Don's. The frequency and shape of the neon driver output pulses can be read with an oscilloscope. You set the horizontal time adjustment so that you have two successive pulses widely spaced on the screen, and then the horizontal timing setting combined with the number of squares on the screen between the start of each pulse shows you how far apart in time the pulses are. If the time between them is 0.033 milliseconds, then the number in one second (which is the frequency) will be the number of 0.033 milliseconds which fit into one second (of 1000 milliseconds), i.e. 1000 / 0.033 = 30,000 pulses per second or 30 kHz.

Topic: Magnetic Motors

Question:

If a Flynn Magnet Motor has an even number of magnets and coils on the Stator, how does the motor self start when power is applied, if at all?

Would the assumption be correct that the position of the two magnets on the rotor would be slightly off the exact point of registration of their opposing coils in the direction of rotation, say by 1 or 2 degrees or less perhaps as power is applied to them? The next obvious question would be, how long does the energising pulse have to be? I realise it has to be long enough for the face of the rotating magnet to pass over the Stator magnet. After how many degrees will the rotating magnet be caught in the attraction flux of the next magnet? This period of the coil being energised must obviously be as short and effective as possible, since this will determine the input power.

You state in the literature that the two opposing coils, 180 degrees apart are driven in series. What's the reason for series instead of parallel? If current consumption is the problem, then an adjustment in coil design could easily make a parallel connection draw the same current as a series connection, no?

I know this is not a reasonable question but one I wish to ask anyway. If a motor with the magnets I propose to use, works and works well, using a single platter with the specifications as they are, what could one expect in the way of output power, and what would the total input power be? IF and that is a big IF, this design could attain, even 6000 rpm, it could generate considerable power. If speeds of 20 000 rpm as claimed by Flynn are possible, then I guess even a small motor like this one, could in fact yield a heck of a lot of power !!

Answer:

Self-starting requires a different number of stator magnets or coils to the number of rotor magnets. If the numbers are the same and the stator has separate magnets rather than being one large ring magnet, then the rotor will stop in a position with exact registration of the magnets. So if the build does not allow the user to give it a starting twist, then an odd number of magnets are necessary. I would suggest that you use an electronic circuit to control the length of the pulse but if that is not convenient, then I would suggest a twin-rotor optical method of adjusting the pulse length as shown for the timing of the Robert Adams motor in Chapter 2. By adjusting to position of the two timing rotor slots relative to each other it allows you to control the unmasked slot length in the timing disc and so adjust the pulse length passed to the optical sensor. Connecting coils in series or in parallel is just a choice governed by the windings and the user's choice of current, as you point out. The point being made in the text was that being exactly opposite each other, the pulses occur at exactly the same time. However, as you point out, that arrangement would have starting problems. The torque provided by a single rotor depends directly on the radius of the rotor from the bearing out to the centre of the magnets. Another factor is the pull provided by the permanent magnets. The final factor (ignoring the bearing friction and wind resistance) is the speed of the rotor as the number of drive pulses experienced by the rotor depends directly on the rotational speed. I could see the power output of such a motor as being substantial, even with just one rotor, and by adding additional rotors on a single shaft, the power level should be almost unlimited and I can see no reason why a standard electrical generator could not be driven by such a magnet motor. Remember that only one coil is powered at any one time.

Question:

Here is a question which I hope you can answer. I really have no idea why the coils in the Flynn Magnet Motor drawing have such a large area inside the windings. Obviously the shape of the coil follows the shape of the magnet, but why is the centre cavity so large? If the magnets are circular would there still be a large centre hole? I have noticed this in coils designed for wind generators as well. Your explanation would be appreciated.

Answer:

When a current is passed through a coil of wire the strongest part of the magnetic field which is generated is inside the coil windings. The gap inside the coil windings is the most electronically shielded area when the coil is activated and that is why the gaps inside the coils cover the majority of the stator area. This would be the same if the stator was non-magnetic and had circular magnets mounted on it. In that instance, the gap inside the coil would be the same size and shape as the stator magnet and might well surround it.

Question:

I am interested in experimenting with the Phi transformer. I have been reading your free-energy e-Book for quite some time now. You mention tests with a COP of 8.5 , namely, 140 watts input and 1.2 kilowatt output. Would you assist by pointing me in the right direction in examining studies/literature on the Phi transformer.

Answer:

I'm afraid that I am just passing on the research information which I have come across, and I have not built and tested everything mentioned in the eBook as that would take a great deal of money and probably several lifetimes. In the case of the Phi transformer, I only came across it twice. Once on a German website where there was a very nice photograph of an exceptionally well-built prototype and once on JL Naudin's website. Unfortunately, I lost track of the German site and did not take a copy of that nice photograph. I think that the performance figures came from that site. I tried e-mailing JL Naudin about the variation shown by him but he never replied, which I gather is not unusual for him. I am not aware of anywhere else that carries information on the Phi transformer. Two people e-mailed me about their attempts to replicate it using very rough bent steel strips and spinning the rotor with a power drill. Their initial tests appeared to confirm that there was either very little, or no Lenz Law effect. They soon dropped me out of the loop and went on developing while communicating directly with each other. I don't recall ever hearing their final results but have the impression that they did not do very well. However, my impression of the quality of their construction and testing was that it was not great, and with free-energy devices, a high quality of construction can make a major difference. Having said that, I would suggest that you pick on some other device with which to experiment and I would like to remind you that the eBook is upgraded about seventy times per year on average, so downloading another copy is probably not a bad idea. One think you might care to consider is adapting a generator to run on water alone as the excess output is in the kilowatts range and not much construction work is needed. Alternatively, if internal combustion does not appeal, then perhaps the RotoVerter which can give a 90% saving in the running costs of electrical equipment. Hope this helps, and good luck with whatever project you pick,

Question:

I've got this idea for a motor and want your feedback. Say you have a wheel, and around the edge you place magnets having the same poles pointed outward. Maybe 30 magnets and all have their north poles facing outward on this wheel. One magnet is then brought, south end first, at right angles to the magnetic field of one of the magnets. The idea is that this will push the magnet in one direction and force the wheel to move, and because all of the magnets have the same pole exposed, this process of continually interacting magnetic fields should keep on for a while. Very possibly a crackpot idea. I'm getting 40 magnets shortly, each with a pull force of 11 pounds, so I hope they're strong enough to do something.

Answer:

It is very difficult indeed to get a permanent-magnet-only motor going and the setup which you appear to suggest is one which is commonly tried by almost everyone. It generally doesn't work because while there is a repulsion on one magnet which drives the wheel around, as soon as the next magnet on the rotor approaches, it encounters a backward push of exactly the same size and that causes the rotor to oscillate and then come to a stop with the magnets at their shortest distance apart. Using electric shielding to block the unwanted retarding action, as in the Adams motor or the Flynn motor, makes a major difference and can produce great results and high rotational speeds. Good luck with your experimenting.

Question:

Regarding the Orbo details in Chapter 1: What Sean at Steorn is saying is that the permeability of the ferrite core decreases as the rotor magnet approaches (I have verified that this assertion is true). When the permeability is at its lowest point, the coil is pulsed with a very small current so that complete saturation occurs. The ensuing small magnetic field then allows the magnet to skate past the ferrite core. Once the magnet no longer influences the core, a large change of inductance occurs in the core, and as Sean states, it leads to an "energy gain". At this point, the flyback voltage can be captured, and indeed, it is greater than the energy it took to energise the coil. The higher the RPM, the more energy can be captured. There are numerous factors involved in all of this, all of which are quite critical in achieving maximum performance -- coil positions, core permeability, speed, etc.

Answer:

Thank you for the detail on the Orbo design. I find it quite hard to get excited about it due to the earlier Adams and Flynn motor designs. I am more than happy that the people in Dublin are genuine as that was my strong impression when I met them on the first day of the failed London demos. We are only scratching the surface here. I have had person-to-person information on the Adams motor, information which I think has never been made public. Robert Adams was not willing to share his more advanced developments and died before he decided to share his findings. I am informed that he had got a 200 mm diameter rotor motor/generator up to megawatt level output, which is pretty spectacular. I wonder if we will ever replicate that performance. I understand that Chas Campbell in Australia reached COP=10 before moving on to a more advanced design which he says has unlimited energy output. He says: "How 2 Fix

To create a power source by using Gravity you must have a constant source of momentum and it doesn't have to be perpetual motion, My system uses an electric motor to generate centrifugal force this is achieved with flywheels. A balanced flywheel attached to an electric motor will actual reduce the power consumption of the electric motor while generating Torque, and you use that extra power to drive another flywheel and so on. Remember, to produce electricity you only have to spin a alternator at its designed speed once that speed is reached you use the torque (hp) to keep it spinning - sounds too easy doesn't it? I can spin a flywheel which weighs 80 kg, at 1,000 rpm and the power consumption of the 750 watt motor is less than it takes to spin the motor when it is attached to nothing.

As a matter of interest, the flywheel has a diameter of 600 mm. Imagine a steel wheel weighing 80 Kg travelling at 113 kilometers per hour. So the next time your electricity bill arrives, ask yourself "why does it cost so much when it can be produced by Free wind, Free sun, Free tides, Free water and Free Gravity which can be produced on site?" No more power lines or high insurance cover needed on your solar panels or wind towers.

Gravity is available everywhere even to the 2+ billion people who live without electricity. I am not smart enough to write a book or design a computer game so I decided to invent something that would make me rich it's been a lot of fun and very frustrating as everybody keeps saying "it can't be done". I am now 73, live in a unit, have a foreign landlord and have spent all my money on my invention. It's time that I told the world how to build the "Safe, Affordable, Helpful, & Clean" generator.

Sir/Madam if you, your company, or your Government would like to be associated with something that will make the world a better, safer place please contact me. I've had a film made that I'm sure you will find very interesting.

If you send your POSTAL ADDRESS with a small amount to cover my costs to my POSTAL ADDRESS, then a copy of the film in DVD mode will be posted to you.

Sincerely,

Chas Campbell

PO BOX 137, Sunnybank, Queensland, Australia 4109."

It looks like Chas has hit the same brick wall of "zero funds" that most other inventors have. He also seems to have been bitten by the "hey, this design is worth a lot of money, so I could get rich here if I play my cards right" bug. If he manages to make big money, then he will be the first inventor to ever do it.

Question:

How can I block the magnetism between two strong magnets for my new magnet motor design? I am using five layers of mu-metal at the moment but I need a complete magnetic block.

Answer:

Your question suggests that you do not fully understand the nature of magnetism, which is not too surprising as it is not really well taught anywhere at the present time.

If you place two circular steel flanges on a plastic shaft, wind a coil on the plastic shaft and power the coil. the resulting magnetic field is strongest between the outer edges of the flanges and weakest at the coil of wire. Unexpected, but true. The reason is that magnetic "lines of force" (for want of a better term) spread out along the paths of least resistance and the flow divides up in direct proportion to the resistance of the paths. Steel has 1000 times the magnetic conductivity when compared to air, so for every 1 unit flowing through the air, 1000 units will flow through the steel if it provides an alternative path. As the flange diameter increases, so does the area of steel in the flange and hence the magnetic conductivity. The result is that the strongest magnetic field between the flanges is at the outer edge as can be seen from the attached diagram. There IS additional magnetic flow (not shown on the diagram) through the air outside the flanges, but it is very small compared to the flow directly between the flanges.

The bottom line is that it is not possible to block magnetic flow with a shield (and mu-metal is one of the very best materials for attempting that). The most you can do is to provide a more attractive flow path for the "lines" of magnetic force, and so persuade them to divert to another direction - they never just stop at a barrier.

So, for your problem, I would suggest just two ways of dealing with it:

1. Use an identical magnet as the "shield" but reversed so that the field oppose each other. That will work, but if your design requires the shield to be moved into position, then there will be a very marked overhead of the force needed to move the magnet against the existing magnetic fields.

2. You oppose the magnetic flow with a magnetic field from a coil, the field only being present when the coil is being powered. That is very effective and the motor power is very much greater than the mechanical power which could be generated from that same electric current. That arrangement is called a Flynn Motor and it works very well indeed.

One other option which does not match your query, is to physically move one of the two magnets relative to the other as is done in the Steven Kundel magnet motor.

Good luck with your project,

Topic: Don Smith’s Devices

Question:

I am a bit confused though by the frequency conversions necessary to find the proper length of coil for an L1 coil. On page 338 of PJLBook.pdf it says... Point 1, section d "If using one quarter wavelength, then divide 247 by the frequency in MHz." My frequency reads 35.4 KHz or 35400 Hz. That calculates out to .035400 MHz. If I divide 247 by .035400 I get 6,977.40112994 feet. In reading the examples given in Dons pictures and text no reference is given to use of anywhere near that length of wire. In fact the reference to length is in the ten foot range. Am I way off base here or what? Do you come up with the same figures? I have to be missing something, can you help me see it?

Answer:

You are not the first person to ask me that question. It needs to be understood that you are quoting Don Smith and not myself. You should also understand that Don Smith does not reveal everything about any of his designs and I, personally, do not by any means understand all that he says. The Don Smith devices are some of the most difficult to understand and replicate. Don uses various techniques with his different designs although most of those techniques appear to have a common background strategy for energy extraction from what he describes as "the ambient background" and others call "the local environment". Don goes into the overall principle for estimating the resonant frequency of a coil, where a factor of 247 comes into play. However, a coil and capacitor combination resonate at a different frequency set by their combined characteristics. This is clearly seen in a "crystal set" radio receiver. These very simple receivers can be tuned to a radio station by adjusting the number of turns on a coil. The coil is generally built like a rheostat with a slider connecting to each coil wind in turn.

The tuning relies on the fact that a coil of any particular characteristics such as length, diameter, core material, turn spacing, etc., has one frequency at which it has a very high resistance to AC current flow through it. While we don't tend to think of it as such, a radio signal coming down an aerial wire heading for an earth connection, is actually an AC signal causing an AC current in the aerial and earth connections (and consequently, the coil connected between them). If there happens to be a radio signal which is at that exact frequency, then it finds it very hard to get through the coil and tries to find an easier way past the blockage. The radio builder provides that easier path by connecting a germanium diode and a pair of headphones across the coil. Only that one radio signal takes a detour through the headphones and so the listener only hears one radio station out of the many coming down his aerial.

An alternative construction is where the set is tuned by adjusting the setting of a variable capacitor connected across the coil which has a fixed number of turns. This adjustment causes the coil/capacitor combination resonate at different frequencies, the frequencies of interest are those used by different radio transmitters. The average person thinks of this as "tuning the radio in" to different radio stations, but the reality is that the user is altering the resonant frequency of a coil/capacitor pair. The higher the required frequency, the smaller the capacitor needed. If a coil has its turns spaced out like the Barker & Williamson coils which Don uses, the coil's inherent self-capacitance is increased dramatically. Dealing with coils energised at high frequencies is a fairly tricky area as there is stray capacitance through the air between components on a board, and so, the physical layout of the circuit becomes a factor in the design and in some instances, placing your hand near the tuning components can alter the stray capacitance of the tuning system. Don admits freely that he does not reveal all of the details about any of his designs, but he does share enough for enthusiasts to have a reasonable chance of working out the missing details for themselves. To help with this, he explains a couple of his easiest designs in fair detail. The neon tube driver design is one of these. Here, the frequency of the commercial driver circuit is imposed on the small "L1" primary coil winding. If it is not the natural resonant frequency of the coil, then circuit forces the frequency on the coil by pulsing it at that frequency. However, one thing which Don does not mention is the fact that the current which will flow through that "L1" coil depends on the applied voltage (which is very high and might be 6,000 volts) and on the coil's impedance at that frequency. The practical details of this radio-frequency work is something about which I am almost 100% ignorant, so you would need to read up on the subject or consult an experienced radio-frequency expert. In the design which Don shows most frequently, he indicates that the performance of the first part of the circuit is governed by the resonant match between the L1 and L2 windings of the Tesla Coil which he uses to step up the voltage to a high level. To make these two coils resonate in step with each other, the L1 coil needs to be made from wire which is exactly one quarter of the length of the wire in the L2 coil. If the coils were the same diameter, that would give a 1:4 step up in voltage, but as the L1 coil has a larger diameter, the wire length makes fewer turns than one quarter of the number of turns in the L2 coil. Consequently, the step-up ratio is more than 1:4 and more than four time the voltage is generated in the L2 coil. Don implies that if the coil winding is not absolutely exact, you might need a very small capacitor across the L2 coil in order to make the two coils resonate at the same frequency. If this were the only requirement then you would expect to see one capacitor across the "L2" coil to make the matching perfect. However, you will notice that Don uses a capacitor across both of the coils. So, why does he need two? This may be my ignorance showing here, but I would suggest that the capacitor across the "L1" coil has nothing directly to do with the "L2" coil at all but is there to tune the "L1" coil exactly to the output frequency of the neon-tube driver circuit, presenting it with a high impedance at the working frequency and so it will draw very little current from the driver circuit. The frequency in L2 will always be the same as that in L1 which is driving it, but the energy performance is massively better if the L2 coil is operating at its own natural resonant frequency. This may well be achieved by the wire length ratio between L1 and L2 but as the L1 natural frequency has been manipulated slightly by putting a small capacitor across it, I suggest that the capacitor across the L2 coil is to match the capacitor-induced shift in resonance of L1. In versions of this design, Don converts the AC coming out of L2 to DC with a high-voltage four-diode rectifier bridge and then feeds the power into a large high-voltage capacitor before stepping the voltage down and the current up, with an "isolation" output transformer. I have seen it said by several different people that a capacitor used like this causes a change in the nature of the incoming energy, making it much more like conventional electricity. It seems highly likely that what Dons says has a typing error and the "MHz" should read "kHz" and the wire length at your 35.4 kHz would then be 6.9774 feet (not including the straight connecting wires) or 6 feet, 11 inches, and 23 thirty-seconds or 2127 mm. Wound on a 3" former with wire of 0.25" diameter, that would be about 8.22 turns which does not seem unrealistic. However, bottom line, you have to consider me to be a source of unreliable information here as you are asking me to interpret what Don means and there are probably not many people who can do that and I am definitely not one of them and so have to resort to guesswork here. With regards to the Ecklin-Brown style motor-driven rotor device, I would suggest that although he does not show it or mention it, that Don tunes the power pick-up coils to the resonant frequency of the pulsing produced by the rotor arms passing by the magnet pairs. Remember that the title of Don's document is "Resonant" Energy Methods and he shows the Ecklin-Brown style device in that document.

Question:

Just to let you know I was at first impressed with Don Smith's research. Having checked other comments about him I now have my doubts. The question is: why did he not commercialise his Tesla system which is described in sufficient detail in your eBook? One of the sites I found did not have good things to say about him. Who does one believe. I sent him an e-mail recently and it just bounced back. It seems that Don has gone quiet.

Answer:

Don Smith is very elderly at this point in time and he has suffered several severe strokes. It is almost certain that he is in no fit state to respond to e-mails. There is a web site set up by his son who gives every appearance of not understanding anything much about his dad's technology. Don methods are some of the most difficult to replicate as he freely admits that he withholds some vital information because he exploits his designs financially and so Non Disclosure Agreements get in the way. In his various video lectures he remarks that it is not in his financial interests to disclose all of the details but he says that he discloses enough to allow an experienced developer deduce the missing parts and fill in the gaps for himself. Probably a key point is having the "L1" / capacitor combination reflect a high impedance at the frequency of the driving circuit (probably a neon tube driver). With a high impedance, there is little current draw. Another feature is the need to feed the energy into a capacitor before attempting to use it for "useful work" as the nature of the energy changes in the capacitor and aligns it to our everyday power supplies. The radio frequency experts have a head start in understanding Don's designs as they are nearly all based on high frequency and, for example, RF experts know that metal can be used to insulate between two wires if the spacers are the correct length for the frequency used. Although Don does not say it, it is probable that his Ecklin-Brown style device has the output coils tuned to the frequency produced by the spinning rotor arms. Also, it is likely that he is using wire with a very large number of fine strands inside it and that seems to have quite an effect on the output.

Question:

I took off from the internet PJK book. I am interested in the device by Don Smith. Unfortunately, since my English is bad, and his logic is a bit different than my Croatian language, I have problems with understanding. The problem is on page 223, chapter 3-37. So I do not understand why I have to divide some numbers with frequency in order to get the length of the wire. For example, if I want to get the wire length in meters for one-quarter the length of the coil, why do I have to divide the number of 75.29 with the desired frequency. What does that number - 75.29? Also I am interested in one quarter wavelength? What do you mean by the term wavelength? Also, do you think that the term quarter means the length of the wire or it means the length of the coil? I counted the number of turns in the coil of Don and concluded that the coil L1 is a 1 / 4 of 1 / 2 of the coil L2. Can you help me, please, to understand it.

Answer:

Your question is not easy to answer, but I will try to answer it. If you hit a church bell with a hammer, the bell will vibrate and produce a musical note which depends on the size of the bell. That bell always produces the same note when it is struck. The bell produces a waveform in the air very much like the electronic waveform produced by most electronic devices. The note (or "pitch") produced by the bell has a 'wavelength' which is determined by how many times it vibrates in one second and how fast the signal moves away from the bell during that second. The "wavelength" is the distance travelled by the sound during the length of time which it takes for a single vibration. In electronics, a coil of wire has a resonant frequency, just like the bell has. At that frequency, the coil will vibrate with the minimum amount of input energy possible. The wavelength of the resonant frequency of the coil is the distance which the electronic signal travels in the length of time needed for just one cycle of it's vibration. Electronic signals generally travel at what is called 'the speed of light' and believed to be about 299,792,458 metres per second. If the coil is vibrating 30,000 times per second (30kHz), then the wavelength will be about 299,792,458 / 30,000 metres or about 9993 metres. As far as I know, the number quoted by Don Smith is a fixed relationship between the length of wire in a coil and the wavelength of the coil at it's resonant frequency. I am not expert in radio frequency technology, so my explanation of that number may not be fully correct. A very good resonant ratio between the primary coil ("L1") and the secondary coil ("L2") of a Tesla Coil is 1:4 which means that the length of wire in the secondary coil should be exactly four times the length of wire in the primary coil. That automatically gives the quarter wavelength ratio without you needing to know what the actual wavelength is. In Don's case, he takes the frequency generated by his neon-tube driver module, and uses the number which you are asking about, to calculate the length of wire in a primary coil which will require the lowest possible amount of current to make it vibrate. That is, the coil's resonant frequency of vibration will match the neon-tube driver module frequency exactly. Other wire lengths will work, but the very best length is the one which he calculates. I hope this helps in spite of the language difficulty.

Question:

in Don’s air core coil builders guide he says for L2 wire length at 1/4 wave - divide 247 by frequency. in his example it works out nicely at 10ft. My transformer is from 30 to 40kHz. lets say 35kHz to be in the middle. 35kHz = 0.035MHz (I think). so 247 divided by 0.035= 7057 ft! Now that’s a wee tad on the long side me thinks! So I’m guessing that I can keep dividing until I reach a realistic coil length? Here’s the question, for L2 to be in harmony with the 35kHz transformer output should I keep dividing the 7057 by even numbers OR by 247, or am I barking up the wrong tree completely?

Answer:

I don't claim to be any kind of expert on this stuff, but this is what I understand:

The heart of a Don Smith design is a resonant transformer. That transformer runs at high frequency and so it needs to be air-core. It can be either step-up or step-down. The lower voltage side needs wire of twice the thickness of the high voltage side. It is this transformer which is the ONLY part of the design which must be resonant and the resonance is between the two windings of that transformer, because at resonance (and not at ANY other frequency) the secondary becomes a room-temperature superconductor with no resistance at all.

To get that exact resonant match, either the length of wire in the turns of the thick-wire coil has a length which is exactly one quarter of the length of wire in the turns of the thin-wire coil OR alternatively, either or both of those coils has a capacitor placed across it so that the coil/capacitor combination has exactly the same resonant frequency of the other coil (or coil/capacitor pair if the other coil also has a capacitor wired across it).

If the two sides of that transformer are matched for resonance, then it doesn't matter what frequency is fed to the primary as the secondary will resonate with it. It is like striking a bell with a hammer. The bell has a specific resonant frequency and it will resonate at that frequency no matter how fast or how slowly it is hit with a hammer.

So, if you let your high-frequency power supply fill up a small high-voltage capacitor to some high voltage until it discharges suddenly through a spark gap (or neon or gas-filled discharge tube) and through the primary, that sudden voltage spike will generate a massive output in the superconducting secondary winding, even though the frequency of the sparks is not the resonant frequency of the primary coil.

The main problem is now encountered and that is the fact that the voltage and current in the secondary coil are ninety degrees out of phase. That means that when the voltage is high, the current is very low and when the current is very high, the voltage is very low, and so the output power appears to be very low even though it has the potential of massive output power. As I understand it, one way to overcome this is to wind the second half of the output coil in the opposite direction to the turns in the first half of the coil. That is, if the first half has clockwise turns, then the second half has counter-clockwise turns. The two ends are then joined together either with a high-voltage diode on both ends or without any diode. The output is then between the centre of the two-section coil and the two combined ends. This joining of the ends of the coil, combines the current and voltage outputs and that composite signal is then ready to drive the primary of an air-core step-down transformer to give lower voltage at higher current, ready to be rectified to DC or to have it's frequency altered by pulsing the output at the local mains frequency.

Chapter 3 has an attempt to explain this in fair detail, starting at page 46. Some people are of the opinion that the grounding wire and/or the connection to the load will alter the frequency of the secondary coil. I have no idea if that is so or not and experimentation is needed to check it out.

Good luck with your project

Topic: General Items

Question:

I was doing a web search today and came across your comprehensive book on free-energy devices. Since I've recently been introduced to this concept of the Zero-Point Energy Field, and still remain sceptical of a true Over Unity machine... I would like to ask if you have seen any such models working in person, with your own eyes? Something that runs without external energy input for an extended period of time! If I were to replicated some of the experiments, is it easy to get in contact with those inventors? Have you been able to contact them and have had fruitful communications in the past? My curiosity is high, and I would highly appreciate your assistance!

Answer:

Thank you for your e-mail. I fully understand your caution in accepting something which you can't see and about which conventional science appears to be doubtful - calling it "dark energy". I have met with just a very few of the people mentioned in the eBook as the internet allows us to talk freely to anyone around the world while getting together is usually VERY expensive and often almost impossible. I have met with Bob Boyce and Ed Holdgate in the USA and Dave Lawton who is in Wales. I have corresponded with many people around the world, including John Bedini, Tom Bearden, Ravi Ravu, Lawrence Tseung, Scott Cramton, Tom Thayer, Ron Pugh, Bill Williams, Lawrence Rayburn and a host of other people who have achieved COP>1. Because of the fact that people are so scattered around the world, I have only seen "with my own eyes" two COP>1 electrolysis systems and one battery-charging COP>1 system. After much correspondence, I have not the slightest doubt as to the complete honesty of many of the people claiming to have working devices, many of whom do not want their names published and several who do not want any details of what they have achieved, disclosed in any way. Many people think that those who claim these things are just seeking publicity while the reality is just the reverse with most wanting to be left in peace and many quite reluctant to share the details of what they have achieved. One of my biggest problems is that most inventors are driven by curiosity and when they succeed, they lose interest and move on to something else about which they are curious, usually taking the successful device apart in order to use the components for something else, and never documenting what they did. Dave Lawton's successful replication of Stan Meyer's "Water Fuel Cell" had reached his spares box for recycling when he happened to mention it to me when talking on the phone. I then persuaded him to let me document it, and dozens of people have, since then, made successful copies of Dave's cell. Dr Scott Cramton worked on from that document and has reached 6 litres per minute of hydroxy gas for about 36 watts of input power (which Faraday would have believed to be impossible, stating the maximum possible performance would be 842.4 watts to get 6 litres per minute). There is no way that I could convince you of the reality of the energy field, although I might be able to persuade you on devices which have a greater output than your input (your refrigerator for example which is COP=3).

Question:

I was looking through the "bedini_monopole3" Yahoo forum files for performances achieved, and most people have reported COP results of between 0.85 and 1.2 with a couple of wild results. Is this all you can get from a Simple Schoolgirl battery pulser? If the recapture of Back EMF is central to COP success, then should we simply set up a coil, pulse it with DC, capture the Back EMF, making sure that the pulsing frequency is low enough to allow the coil to charge up? It seems too easy and too straightforward.

Answer:

The Ron Pugh Bedini pulser shown with photographs in the eBook has run at COP=11 with a bank being charged from a single battery. Few people construct to that quality or tune accurately like they should. Batteries are not a great solution and a generator running on water has massively greater use to a person - you won't get any battery pulser gaining more than 4 kilowatts. Picking up Back EMF can be relatively straightforward. Remember the man in South Africa who charges up his 10 Amp-Hour battery each night using the battery which is being charged to power the circuit which is doing the recharging. That system uses Bob Boyce's toroid plus three diodes and one small toroidal choke. At the present time, that circuit recharges at just 12 watts (i.e. 1 amp of current) which is not a massive rate of recharging, but the overall performance is spectacular as present-day science says that doing this is "impossible" and yet this man has done it more than 35 times in a row.

I have a problem with batteries. To get the sort of current supply which a household needs, an impossible number of large, expensive batteries are needed. Even if you keep the rate of discharge down to discharging over the recommended twenty hour period, those batteries will need to be replaced on a regular basis. Also, batteries are not 100% efficient and so part of the current which you feed into them will not be returned to you when you need it to power your equipment. What is really needed is some alternative system which can generate the needed power at the time when you need it. For that reason, while I am not a fan of internal combustion engines, a generator which has been adapted to run off water alone and which provides several kilowatts of excess power, looks like a much more viable solution to off-the-grid power.

Question:

I would welcome your comments re certain passages in Chapter 5. It talks about the load being powered indefinitely. However there are certain references to discharged batteries being restored under a minute and also that the batteries would charge up to nearly 36 volts with no apparent ill effects. After the discharged battery is restored after a minute this would seem to indicate that after one minute all batteries would start being overcharged. Does this matter? Is there any danger of damage, fire or explosion? There was some mention of control circuitry to prevent over-charging. If the circuit behaved itself during trials why would control circuitry be needed? Also, would not this compromise the correct working of this system? At the moment I am only thinking of using rechargeable batteries.

Answer:

Rechargeable batteries should be ok. John Bedini's "cigar-box" demo Tesla Switch used rechargeable and it ran for six months solid until it was smashed by the opposition who then intimidated John. The section in Chapter 5 which you mention is a quotation of what the Electrodyne Corp. people reported as their experiences with their implementation of the Tesla Switch. They were using four ordinary car batteries. I don't think that lead-acid batteries have any problem with over-voltage when they have become conditioned through Tesla Switch use for a month or two. The over-voltage protection was a suggestion from me and I believe that any problems which they had with the higher voltage were most likely to do with the voltage rating of the components in their circuit rather than with the batteries themselves. Please be aware that the Tesla Switch pulser physical layout on stripboard shown in that chapter was corrected for an error very recently and so you should download a new copy of chapter 5 (or the eBook) if you intend to build from that particular layout.

Question: I may have missed any discussion in regards to patents, so I would like to know if these are public domain, or what, if any, restrictions are involved in making one for oneself, or selling plans, or products. Also, do you have a recommended parts warehouse? I am in the midst of searching, and would like to buy capacitors, chokes, and diodes from the one place. Any help you can give along these lines would be appreciated.

Answer:

Patents are documents of Public Record and so may be reproduced by anybody for any purpose. You are able to make anything shown in a patent for your own use. A patent has extremely limited power and is only there as a low-grade tool against competing commercial companies trying to outsell the patent holder. They can be used by rich and powerful individuals to harass and oppose the individual inventor or very small business by wasting a massive amount of time in court - time which should have been spent in production, and wasting vast amounts of money in defending against court cases (which may well be frivolous). Even if you personally, hold a patent on some device, you would need a tremendous amount of money to fight a patent application from someone else, even though the new application is clearly based on your design. Patents are only useful for very rich people. There are links to electronics outlets on my websites, but you don't say what country you are in. In the USA, mouser.com might be a good source, while in the UK, perhaps ESR, Maplins or RadioSpares might be your choice.

Question: May I ask what excess energy devices are there which have no moving parts?

Answer:

There are many devices of that type, with Don Smith having about four dozen, Herman Plauson describing aerial systems of his as being "small" if their output is not over 100 kilowatts, Bob Boyce's toroid which self-charges batteries, Steven Mark's toroid, the Colman/Seddon-Gillespie 1 kW battery, and many, many more. Mind you, the ones with no moving parts are more difficult to get working as they usually need tuning and most people don't have the necessary level of patience (and many don't have the know-how either).

Question: It appears resonance is the key to success. Although I have a background as an electronic technician, I am a complete novice regarding "free energy". I have been reading everything I can get my hands on. If you have any other informative references please let me know.

Answer:

The problem with the information is that different people have different theories on what happens and how it happens in the free-energy arena. Some people believe that it is electron spin while others believe that it is the ambient background being nudged into imbalance and others believe that the interface is through rotating magnetic fields. It is distinctly possible that each of these views is correct and that there are several ways of tapping this energy. However, I can't point you at any one definitive text which describes it all in detail and explains how to gather and use it easily and cheaply. We have been held back to the 1903 level of flight where flying is just not available to almost anyone. For us now, free-energy is just not available to almost anyone. Worse still, the internet is being smothered with legislation to curtail its use. Unelected people can dictate that any site is excluded from people in their country. The countries which have already implemented this are China, Australia and the UK and I think that the US is likely to do the same in the near future. I would expect my website to be in the list of excluded sites. So, to answer your question, if I knew of any really good material on the subject, I would either have it on my web site or I would point to it. So sorry, nothing additional springs to mind.

Question: I recently read with interest what you had to say about colloidal silver, but have I think found a problem! You state that in order to produce colloidal silver that it is necessary to use distilled water and that the silver rods are placed on opposite sides of the beaker. Well even at 27 Volts it is impossible to produce Colloidal Silver in distilled water with a electrode spacing of say 6.5 cm. So I ask, is distilled water really used or if it is anything else added?

Answer:

Highly distilled water is indeed used, and if you don't stir it, you can see streamers moving across between the electrodes. I have found the resulting colloidal silver to be very effective. Ravi in India uses the 200 cc container as he treats many people. I use a much smaller "snifter" glass whose internal dimensions are 40 mm tapering to 28 mm over a depth of 45 mm. This is because I generally use a nebulizer (or apply it externally which is really excellent for skin damage) and the dose volume needed is then very small, perhaps 8 cc or so. I generally prepare the liquid for about 15 minutes and clean the silver oxide off the negative electrode twice in that period as it builds up very fast. The positive electrode goes non-reflective grey. I could only get much smaller diameter silver wire and so I use about eight strands on each side, bent back on itself in a vertical bundle, in order to get greater surface area.

Question: There are so, so many areas of possible research that the challenge, for me anyway, is just in making the decision on what to try. There are two that I think I'd like to take a stab at:

1. The Tesla Switch.

2. The Stephan Leben circuit (base upon the original of Alexander Meissner).

However, I have a question concerning each of them. For the Tesla Switch, I've read that an electro-mechanical switch is preferred (and maybe necessary for the highest potential for bringing in radiant energy). In searching a switch of this type I could not find much online to help direct me, so can you suggest a possible component here?

For the Leben/Meissner circuit, what would be a likely choice for the transistor? (That is the only component that was not named, of all the parts listed).

I would have preferred to just dig in and try these two on my own, but since my electronics background is practically nil (with the exception of assembling a Xenon strobe light circuit from a kit many years ago) I was hoping you might take some pity on this poor physics-challenged soul and offer a couple of pointers. Any information you may provide in this regard will be most appreciated. Thank you, in advance.

Answer:

Thank you for your e-mail. Chapter 12 is supposed to give you enough electronics background to allow you to understand and build circuits of this kind. If it has not done that for you, then please give me a steer as to what more is needed and I will expand the chapter accordingly. (This is a genuine request on my part and is not meant to have any kind of negative connotations.)

The phrase electro-mechanical switch does not ring an immediate bell with me but the term implies that it is a mechanical switch which is activated electrically. That would include relays and the mechanical motor-driven switch shown as being what the Electrodyne Corp. staff used (it seems likely that Don Kelly was one of those Electrodyne Corp. people). Transistors were used in John Bedini's circuit replication which ran solidly for six months before it was smashed and he was intimidated into silence.

The reason why mechanical switching is sometimes recommended is because many people do not know how to get fast switching with semiconductors. The Tesla Switch circuit needs to have all the components working together and so even the diameter and length of the connecting wires can make a difference. It is a circuit where heavy loads will work better than tiny test loads as cold electricity operates the reverse of hot electricity and so the heavier the load, the better it works. It is one of the most difficult circuits to get working well, so you might be better off picking a different project.

I think that it is unlikely that the transistor in the Leben circuit is at all critical. Technically, it needs to be able to handle the current, and that will depend on the wire size you use and the number of turns (and to a lesser degree, on the frequency which is determined by the size of the capacitor). An MJ11016 is a powerful, high-gain transistor which should work well. A BD243C transistor is popular in circuits of this type although it has a much lower gain. Hope this helps, and good luck with your project(s).

Question:

Always been a fan of yours ever since I built my first "D18" cell which may I add is still going strong and saving me loads of money. I have a question regarding the Tesla Switch: you mention that the contacts on the discs attached to the motor are set at angles. Can you please explain in more detail.

Answer:

You are the first person I have ever come into direct contact with who has ever had any success with the "D18" Nitro Cell and I have had to classify it as a "doubtful" device because of that. If you are getting a benefit from it, then I would be delighted to change it's classification and combine with you to do a better presentation of the cell including your experiences with making and using it - if you have no objection to this, then please get back to me.

I'm sorry that you have found the switching disc details difficult to understand and I will upgrade the description in the next issue of the eBook. What I was trying to say is that each disc has one sixth of it's circumference clad in copper while the following sixth of the circumference is a non-conducting material.

As there are 360 degrees in a complete circle, one sixth of the circle covers an angle of 60 degrees, which is why 60 degrees is mentioned at the present time. I will expand the description to explain this in more detail. There is no question of the actual copper cladding (or whatever method of conducting contact that you choose to use) being itself angled in any way - it is just a case of there being three sections of the disc being conducting and having an equal sized non-conducting section on each side of the conducting sections. as the contact pairs are exactly opposite each other, this causes one pair of contacts to conduct while the pair directly opposite it is not conducting. Hope this helps and my apologies for the poor description in the eBook.

Question:

I was starting to get really interested in this Free Energy stuff, and before I found your website, I had contacted CAT (Centre for Alternative Technology, based in Wales). I presume that you have heard of them? Anyways, I was hoping to get some information from them regarding the best renewable source of energy (I was thinking of using a small hydro scheme). I thought I'd also ask their advice on Hydroxy production. As I should have expected, they lambasted and patronised my comments so thoroughly I gave up any idea of hydroxy. If an organisation such as CAT finds hydroxy ridiculous, I couldn’t believe that there was any future for Hydroxy on demand. Do you know of anyone that has managed to heat their home using hydroxy? and if so how? Would be interested to hear any ideas.

Answer:

The 'Chapter14.pdf' document shows ways to use hydroxy for heating - which is one of the most difficult things to use it for. Your problem with ‘CAT’ is due to your not understanding the overall situation. Please don't for a moment take what I am about to say as being condescending or negative in any way as it most definitely is not intended to be. There is a foreign State which is not answerable to anyone, based in London but it is not part of England or Britain. They have chosen the deliberately confusing name of "The Crown" (which has nothing to do with any Monarch) or the "Inner City of London". Their objective is to enslave and rob the British population without them ever realising what is happening. They are a consortium of bankers and lawyers and their biggest attack weapon is a society which they set up and own. It is called "The Law Society" and they use it to mount attacks on people who do not understand the situation. They have set up a large number of commercial companies, each with a name intended to confuse and distract. One of their companies is called "The Ministry of Justice" and the name is intended to give the impression that it has ruling powers, when in fact, it is no different to a company such as Ladbrokes betting shop. Other companies which it owns include every Magistrates Court, every Police Constabulary, every Local Council, "The Bank of England", etc. etc. They bolster their illusion by having a 'parliament' where their employees appear to argue with each other and people in general are fooled into thinking that those employees are working for them, and every so often, they even get to choose which employees are hired. The reality is that all important decisions are made in accordance with whatever the owners want and those decisions bear no relationship whatsoever to the facts or the benefit of the population as a whole. Vast amounts of money are stolen on a continuous basis, using names such as "National Debt", "Foreign Aid", "Income Tax", "Council Tax", "Value Added Tax", "Fuel Levy", "TV Licence", etc. etc. etc. They own agencies such as CAT and under no circumstances would they ever approve the use of any fuel which you do not have to buy from them, so HHO is OUT !! I suspect, although I have no direct evidence for it, that any subsidies offered for "green" projects are arranged to funnel money into the coffers of their friends and colleagues as that would be wholly consistent with everything else that they do. They will only ever support projects which will be ineffective and expensive. Dave Lawton has suffered at their hands when he made a grant application and was then visited by two CIA operatives (and yes, the CIA does operate freely in Britain with the full approval of the government which is owned by the foreign independent State "The Crown"). So, your asking them about HHO was roughly equivalent to asking them if they would mind if you were to stab them with a large knife - not exactly a popular enquiry. They repeatedly undertake false public relations exercises to convince the population that free-energy is 'impossible' and that using an HHO booster on an engine never gives any benefits at all - both of those statements being wholly false. So, I would suggest that you stay away from CAT and similar companies as they are, in fact, the opposition and most definitely are not there to help you.

Question:

In chapter 14 you talk about the Frenette heater, under that article you make the suggestion that one could spin magnets next to an Al plate and make heat. I do not quite understand this, is there any way you could explain a little further, or make some drawing with suggestions?

Answer:

A simple magnetic heater is just a motor with a disc mounted on it's shaft. That rotor disc has magnets mounted on it and an aluminium plates is placed beside it as shown in the diagram below. As the magnet disc spins, it causes rapidly changing magnetic currents in the aluminium which causes it to heat up. If you use an ordinary fan to blow air across the aluminium plate, you get a hot-air heater system. Having sideways "fin" plates on the aluminium sheet should improve the heat transfer to the air.

However, I have asked a man who has considerable experience in this area and he says:

Magnetic Heaters:

These are pictures of magnetic heaters which I have built and tested:

These pictures are of a magnetic heater driven by an induction motor. There are magnets placed between steel pole pieces which are adjustable to allow for the expansion caused by heating. The cylinders are made from A53 type steel. Cast iron is not suitable as the motor used spins at 3,600 rpm and cast iron has a different magnetic angle, which, while it causes a lot of resistance when being turned, slowly, does not heat up at the high speed used my me.

The steel cylinder needs to be electrically isolated from all of the other working parts of the heater and it needs to be allowed to float on the shaft so that it can increase in length as it heats up. The speed of rotation was 3,600 rpm and the cylinder was cut to a wall thickness of 0.108 inch (2.75 mm).

The colour distortion on the cylinders shown in the last photograph was caused by the heating of the cylinder when in use. These cylinders reached about 850OF and with the volume of air blown through the cylinder it produced air exhaust temperatures of 148OF. importantly, this exiting air was ionized which provided benefits in addition to heating. Technically speaking, this ionization is actually an inefficiency.

When performing magnetic heating, the magnetic field needs to go through the metal and not along it’s surface as is the case in the heater shown above. Because of this, a different style of heater was built as shown here:

With this design, the magnets should not cover more than one quarter of the disc face and the magnetic field must pass all the way through each disc. Even with air being blown between the discs, the magnets get so hot that it becomes a long-term problem in that magnets lose their magnetism if raised to too high a temperature. The disc thickness is important.

There are some advantages of this type of heating mainly the motor type and power consumption allows for better than normal efficiency but that is not high enough for the construction cost to be recovered and that is why this type of heater is not popular. However, it has the advantage that the ionization of the heated air can suppress virus and bacteria on surfaces.

It is important to note that a magnet moving over a plate heats only a small zone and the heated metal is only a narrow area within the magnetic field.

The magnetic cylinder heater shown was designed in 1989 by the late Frederick J. Galloway. Four videos have been made specifically for this query, showing the 4-kilowatt input power cylinder heater at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JN1BXx-zXLA Part 1 of 4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aS3SSeFbyds Part 2 of 4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhmQP0UStcA Part 3 of 4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cV4Pg61wcp0 Part 4 of 4

Question:

What drawing package do you use to produce the diagrams in your eBook?

Answer:

I use the “Paint” program which comes free with Windows. As that answer upsets people, I have produced three casual videos explaining how easy it is to use. As I don’t have a video camera or a phone with video facilities, these videos were produced using the FoxMagic program “Screen Virtuoso”.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6inBL3f13E&context=C3f535afADOEgsToPDskI07u7HkyPbPJElEQhd5qpV

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUfXT5U-xGg&feature=context&context=C3f535afADOEgsToPDskI07u7HkyPbPJElEQhd5qpV

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBAm7LwTG_4&feature=context&context=C3f535afADOEgsToPDskI07u7HkyPbPJElEQhd5qpV

Patrick Kelly

www.free-energy-info.co.uk

www.free-energy-devices.com

engpjk@free-energy-info.co.uk

engpjk@gmail.com